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58
ISSN 0011-6793 impresa - ISSN 1850-1699 en línea
Original recibido el 25 de octubre de 2017, aceptado el 19 de abril de 2018
Editor Asociado: Mario Saparrat
DARWINIANA, nueva serie 6(1): 58-67. 2018
Versión nal, efectivamente publicada el 31 de j ul io d e 2 018
DOI: 10.14522/darwiniana.2018.61.775
Abstract. Silva-Filho, A. G. S.; M. A. Teixeira-Silva & V. G. Cortez. 2018. New species, new combination, and notes
on Clitocella and Rhodocybe (Entolomataceae) from Paraná state, Brazil. Darwiniana, nueva serie 6(1): 58-67.
NEW SPECIES, NEW COMBINATION, AND NOTES ON
CLITOCELLA
AND
RHODOCYBE
(ENTOLOMATACEAE) FROM PARANÁ STATE, BRAZIL
1 Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Caixa Postal 19031, CEP 81531-980
Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil; silvalhoags@gmail.com (author for correspondence).
2 Faculdade Meta, Estrada Alberto Torres, 947, Bairro da Paz, Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil.
3 Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Rua Pioneiro 2153, Jardim Dallas, CEP 85950-000,
Palotina, Paraná, Brasil.
Alexandre Gonçalves dos Santos Silva-Filho1, Márcia de Araújo Teixeira-Silva2 & Vagner G. Cortez3
In a survey of Agaricales fungi in Seasonal Semidecidual Forest remnants from Paraná State,
southern Brazil, two Clitocella and two Rhodocybe species were identified. Based on morphological
data, Clitocella pallescens is described as a new species, and a new combination is proposed to Clitocella
himantiigena. Rhodocybe galerinoides and C. himantiigena are new records from Brazil. Rhodocybe
caelatoidea, already registered in Paraná State, is also described, illustrated and discussed.
Keywords. Agaricoid fungi; Atlantic Forest; mycobiota; morphology; taxonomy.
Resumen. Silva-Filho, A. G. S.; M. A. Teixeira-Silva & V. G. Cortez. 2018. Nuevas especies, nueva combinación y notas
sobre Clitocella y Rhodocybe (Entolomataceae) del estado de Paraná, Brasil. Darwiniana, nueva serie 6(1): 58-67.
En un estudio de los hongos del orden Agaricales, en los remanentes del bosque estacional semideciduo
en el estado de Paraná, al sur de Brasil, fueron identificadas dos especies de Clitocella y dos de Rhodocybe.
Como resultado de los análisis morfológicos, se describe Clitocella pallescens como nueva especie para
la ciencia; además, se propone una nueva combinación: Clitocella himantiigena. Las especies Rhodocybe
galerinoides y C. himantiigena son nuevos registros para Brasil. Rhodocybe caelatoidea, ya conocida en
el estado de Paraná, es también descrita, ilustrada y discutida.
Palabras clave. Bosque Atlántico; hongos agaricoides; micobiota; morfología; taxonomía.
INTRODUCTION
Agaric fungi belonging to the Rhodocybe-Clitopilus
clade are placed in Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouzar
and groups mushroom species recognized by the
presence of attached lamellae and basidiospores that
appear angular in face and profile views, with pinkish
color in deposit (Baroni, 1981; Singer, 1986; Largent,
1994; Co-David et al., 2009). The classification of
this group has been subject of recent discussion:
Co-David et al. (2009), based on basidiospore
ultra-structure and molecular analysis, proposed to
include members of Rhodocybe-Clitopilus clade,
into a single genus, Clitopilus (Rabenh.) P. Kumm.;
based on larger subset analysis of specimens of the
Rhodocybe-Clitopilus clade, Baroni & Matheny
(2011) recognized and proposed four major clades:
Clitopilus-Rhodocybe p.p., Clitopilopsis, Rhodocybe
s. str. and Rhodophana; Kluting et al. (2014), presented
a new approach based on a multigene phylogeny and
proposed a new topology for the phylogenetic tree
59
A. G. S. SILVA-FILHO ET AL.
Clitocella
and
Rhodocybe
from Paraná, Brazil
with five monophyletic clades, splitting Clitopilus in
five genera: Clitopilus, Clitocella Kluting, T.J. Baroni
& Bergemann, Clitopilopsis Maire, Rhodocybe
s.str. Maire, and Rhodophana Kühner. In a more
recent paper, Morgado et al. (2016) reached similar
phylogenetic results, indicating a more established
classification for this clade.
In spite of numerous species reported from
Europe and North America, in Brazil only 12 species
belonging to the genus Rhodocybe were recorded
(Maia et al., 2015). Singer (1973, 1989) described
three species: R. crepidotoides, R. angustispora and R.
conica. Raithelhuber (1990) described R. oenocephala
Raithelh., but this species requires revision (Baroni &
Halling, 1992). Recently, de Meijer (2008) described
R. levispora de Meijer, and recorded R. cf. caelata
(Fr.) Maire, R. caelatoidea Dennis, R. aff. conchata
E. Horak, R. aff. mellea T.J. Baroni & Ovrebo. R. cf.
mycenoides Singer, and R. pseudonitellina Dennis (de
Meijer, 2006). On the other hand, Clitocella was, so
far, an unknown genus in Brazil.
In a survey of the agaricoid fungi in areas of
Seasonal Semideciduous Forest from the western
Paraná State (Silva-Filho et al., 2016; Silva-
Filho & Cortez, 2017), specimens of Clitocella
and Rhodocybe were gathered and are reported
here, aiming to improve the knowledge of south
Brazilian mycobiota.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fieldwork was conducted from January to
December 2015 in two fragments of seasonal
semideciduous forest, belonging to the Atlantic
Forest Biome, in the western region of Paraná
State, southern Brazil (Fig. 1): Parque Estadual São
Camilo (abbreviated as PESC), in the city of Palotina
(24°18’26”S and 53°54’29” W), and Reserva
Particular do Patrimônio Natural Fazenda Açu
(abbreviated as RPPN Fazenda Açu), situated in the
city of Terra Roxa (24°11’54” S and 53°58’4” W).
Collected specimens from 2010-2014 at PESC were
also examined and considered in the present survey.
All specimens were analyzed both macro-
and micromorphologically following standard
procedures (Baroni, 1981). Color names and codes
used in the macroscopical descriptions are according
to Kornerup & Wanscher (1978); colors for the
microscopic features are under 3% KOH (potassium
hydroxide), although Congo red dye was added to
preparations later. Microscopic measurements and
photographs were made under an Olympus CX31
optical microscope with a Toup Cam FMA050
digital camera, and measurements were taken
through software Toup Tek, Toup View 3.7. In the
basidiospores description, Q is the quotient between
the length and width, Qm is the medium value of Q, and
n is the number of measured basidiospores/number of
analyzed basidiomata/number of collections.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies
followed the modified procedure by Baroni (1981)
and were performed at the Center of Electron
Microscopy of the Universidade Federal do Paraná
(UFPR) at Curitiba, under a Jeol JSM-6360LV.
Specimens are preserved at the Herbarium of
Campus Palotina (HCP), except the types, housed
at the Herbarium of Department of Botany (UPCB)
in Curitiba. Generic taxonomical concepts are
following Kluting et al. (2014).
Fig. 1. Distribution map of Clitocella and Rhodocybe
species recorded in western of Paraná State. Color
version at http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/
darwiniana/article/view/775/754
60
DARWINIANA, nueva serie 6(1): 58-67. 2018
RESULTS
Clitocella himantiigena (Speg.) Silva-Filho
& Cortez, comb. nov. Basionym: Clitocybe
himantiigena Speg., Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci.
Republ. Argent. 23: 373 (1919). Rhodocybe
himantiigena (Speg.) Singer, Lilloa 22: 609
(1951). Clitopilus himantiigenus (Speg.)
Noordel. & Co-David, Persoonia 23: 162
(2009). MycoBank MB 825225. Figs. 2, 6A.
Pileus 67-81 mm diam., at first plane to slightly
umbonated at the disc, infundibuliform in mature
specimens, then slightly depressed at disc, surface
smooth to slightly pruinose, margin involute, non-
striate, rimose, yellowish brown (5D5) to greyish
brown (6F3) at the center, dark brown (6F5)
toward the margin. Lamellae decurrent, crowded,
with five sizes of lamelullae, margin even to wavy,
concolor with the sides, fleshy, greyish yellow
(1B2) to brownish grey (6D2). Stipe 31-33 × 8-13
(apex) 8-9 (base) mm, central, terete, at first equal
in young species, becoming tapered at the base,
surface striated, fleshy, brownish grey (5C2), with
white (1A1) rhizomorphs (Fig. 2A). Context thin
(2.5 mm thickness), pale grey (1A2). Spore print
not observed. Spot test: not reacting (reddish) with
KOH 3% at pileus of dried specimens.
Basidiospores 5-8 × 3.5-5.5 µm, (n=53/5/5,
Q=0.83-1.77, Qm=1.40), short-broadly ellipsoid
in profile view, globose in polar view, with
obscure pustules, appearing almost smooth or
with minute to obscure angles in polar view,
hilar appendix conspicuous, thin-walled, hyaline,
inamyloid (Fig. 2B, 6A). Basidia 23-33 × 6.5-
7.5 µm, clavate, tetrasporic, rarely mono- or
bisporic, hyaline (Fig. 2C). Pleurocystidia and
cheilocystidia absent (Fig. 2E). Lamella edge
fertile. Pseudoparaphyses on lamella edge, 15-30
× 3-9 µm, filiform, cylindroclavate, rare branched
at apex, septate, hyaline (Fig. 2D). Lamellar
trama irregular with hyphae 3-6 µm diam.,
smooth, hyaline in KOH (Fig. 2E). Pileus trama
with interwoven hyphae, 4.5-10.5 µm diam.,
smooth, hyaline. Pileipellis a cutis of interwoven
hyphae, 3-5 µm diam, composed of two layers:
the upper layer with hyphae smooth and hyaline,
the lower layer with hyphae brown incrusted,
hyaline and brown (Fig. 2F-G). Stipitipellis
composed of a cutis of subparallel hyphae 2-7 µm
diam., incrusted, hyaline. Stipititrama regular,
with hyphae 2-4 µm diam., slightly incrusted,
hyaline. Caulocystidia 13.6-36 × 3-6.5 µm,
catenulate, clavate, cylindro-clavate, hyaline.
Clamp connections absent. Oleiferous hyphae
(thrombopleurous) observed only in the lamella
and stipe trama.
Distribution and habitat. Solitary in the
forest, terricolous, among litter fall, possibly
arising from a buried wood. Known only from
Paraguay and Argentina (Singer, 1949) and now
in Brazil (Fig.1).
Observations. Clitocybe himantiigena was
described by Spegazzini (1919) based on a
collection from Paraguay, which Singer (1949)
transferred to Rhodocybe and provided a more
detailed description, including microscopic
features. Baroni (1981), on the other hand,
synonymized the South American R. himantiigena
with R. mundula (Lasch) Singer, a known species
in North America and Europe. After molecular
studies, Co-David et al. (2009) recombined this
species to Clitopilus. However, based on the
above cited features and conclusions by Kluting
et al. (2014), C. himantiigena is considered a
good member of Clitocella, reason for which we
propose the combination to that genus.
Our specimens were identified based on
Singer’s (1949) description, who reported the
following features: robust basidiomata with dark
colored pileus, basidiospores size (4.3-8 × 3.7-
5 µm), absence of pleuro- and cheilocystidia,
presence of versiform pseudoparaphyses and
pileipellis a cutis of incrusted brown pigments.
Clitocella himantiigena and C. mundula
(Lasch) Kluting, T.J. Baroni & Bergemann are
similar species and, as well as in C. obscura (Pilát)
Vizzini, T.J. Baroni, E. Sesli & Antonín and C.
popinalis (Fr.) Kluting, T.J. Baroni & Bergemann,
all these react positively to reddish under 3%
KOH on the dried pileal surface (Baroni 1981).
In addition, C. himantiigena and C. mundula
present similar basidioma stature, pileus size and
surface, lamellae insertion, stipe size, color and
surface, but the pileus color of R. himantiigena is
darker, when compared with European and North
61
A. G. S. SILVA-FILHO ET AL.
Clitocella
and
Rhodocybe
from Paraná, Brazil
American specimens of C. mundula, which also
range from pale to dark grey (Baroni, 1981). The
basidiospores of C. himantiigena are longer (5-8 ×
3.5-5.5 µm, in our specimens; 4.3-8 × 3.7-5 µm in
Singer, 1949) and predominantly short to broadly
ellipsoid in profile view, while in C. mundula
they are shorter (5-6.5 × 4-5 µm), subglobose to
obovoid in profile and face view (Pegler & Young,
1975). Singer (1949) reported filiform, cylindro-
clavate, rarely branched pseudoparaphyses, which
also were observed in our collections (Fig. 2D) and
are not reported in C. mundula (Baroni, 1981).
By the set of the above cited features and
by the collecting area close to type localitiy
(Paraguay, Spegazzini, 1919) and Argentina
(Niveiro & Albertó, 2014), we consider that C.
himantiigena is a South American species, distinct
of C. mundula, which is distributed in the northern
hemisphere, especially North America and Eurasia
(Noordeloos & Gates, 2012).
Specimens examined
BRAZIL. Paraná. Palotina. PESC, 09-VI-
2010; A. J. Ferreira & D. Souza 3-2 (HCP 1019);
22-I-2015, M. A. Teixeira-Silva 058 (HCP 1018),
11-V-2015, A. G. S. Silva-Filho 394 (HCP 1144);
RPPN Fazenda Açu. Terra Roxa, 20-IV- 2015, A.
G. S. Silva-Filho 282 (HCP 1016); 04-V-2015, A.
G. S. Silva-Filho 361 (HCP 1017).
Clitocella pallescens Silva-Filho & Cortez sp.
nov. MycoBank MB 825224. TYPE: Brazil.
Paraná. PESC, 03-II-2015, A. G. S. Silva-Filho
172 (holotypus UPCB). Figs. 3, 6B-C.
Diagnosis: Basidiomata clitocyboid, pileus 13-30
mm diam., infundibuliform to plano-convex, white
to pastel grey, lamellae decurrent, stipe cylindrical,
with mycelial pad and rhizomorphs, basidiospores
4-5 × 3-4.3 µm, globose to subglobose, smooth
to slightly angled in polar view, cystidia absent,
pileipellis a transition between trichocutis and a
trichoderm, clamp connection absent.
Pileus 13-30 mm diam., infundibuliform
when young, plane to plano-convex or depressed
when mature, surface smooth, margin smooth,
abrupt, lobed, rimose, pastel grey (1C1) to pale
grey (1B1) at the center and pale grey (1B1) to
Fig. 2. Clitocella himantiigena. A, bsidiomata. B, basi-
diospores. C, basidium. D, pseudoparaphyses E, section
of lamellar trama with oleiferous hyphae. F, pileipellis. G,
smooth and encrusted hyphae of pileipellis. All photos from
A. G. S. Silva-Filho 394. Color version at http://www.ojs.
darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/view/775/754
62
DARWINIANA, nueva serie 6(1): 58-67. 2018
white (1A1) at the margin. Lamellae decurrent,
crowed, with two-sized lamellulae, margin even
to eroded, concolor with the sides, consistency
fleshy to coriaceous, white (1A1), pale grey
(1B1) to greenish yellow (1C2). Stipe 12-15 ×
1-3 (apex) 3-6 mm (base), central, terete, tapered
at the apex, pale grey (1B1) to yellowish white
(1A2), consistency fleshy, smooth to slightly
striated, with white mycelial pad and rhizomorphs
(Fig. 3A). Context thin (<1mm thickness), pale
grey (1B1). Spore print not observed. Spot test:
not producing a reddish color reaction under 3%
KOH on pileus.
Basidiospores 4-5 × 3-4.3 µm (n=50/3/1,
Q=1.42-1.45, Qm=1.16), globose to subglobose
in profile view, globose in polar view, with
obscure pustules, almost smooth or with minute
and obscure angles in polar view, hyaline, thin-
walled, inamyloid (Fig. 3B, 6B-C). Basidia 17-26
× 4.5-6 µm, clavate to cylindro-clavate, uni-, bi-
and tetrasporic, hyaline (Fig. 3C). Pleurocystidia
and cheilocystidia absent. Lamella edge fertile.
Lamellar trama irregular, with hyphae 2.5-5.5
µm diam., smooth, hyaline (Fig. 3D). Pileus
trama with interwoven hyphae, 2-6 µm diam.,
prostrate, smooth, hyaline. Pileipellis a transition
between cutis and trichoderm (or trichocutis),
formed of subparallel hyphae, 2.5-6.5 µm diam.,
slightly gelatinized, smooth and hyaline (Fig. 3E).
Stipitipellis is a cutis of parallel hyphae 1.6-3.6
µm diam., smooth, hyaline. Stipititrama irregular,
composed of hyphae 1.5-5 µm diam., smooth and
hyaline. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections
absent. Oleiferous hyphae (thrombopleurous)
observed in the lamella trama.
Etymology. Latin reference to the pale color of
the basidiomata.
Distribution and habitat. Solitary or gregarious
on rotten wood, in the forest. Known only from
type locality.
Observations. Clitocella pallescens is proposed as
a new species, based in the singular morphology of
the basidioma. The centrally stipitate basidiomata,
pileus whitish, and decurrent lamellae, place it in
Rhodocybe sect. Decurrentes sensu Baroni (1981),
whose species are briefly discussed as follows.
Fig. 3. Clitocella pallescens. A, basidiomata. B, basidios-
pores. C, basidia. D, section of lamellar trama. E, section
of pileipellis, pileus and lamella trama, highlighting be-
low terminal hyphae of the pileipellis. All photos from A.
G. S. Silva-Filho 172. Color version at http://www.ojs.
darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/view/775/754
63
A. G. S. SILVA-FILHO ET AL.
Clitocella
and
Rhodocybe
from Paraná, Brazil
According to Baroni (1981, under Rhodocybe):
C. mundula, C. obscura and C. popinalis
produce a reddish reaction in 3% KOH, and for
this reason they differ from C. pallescens; on the
other hand, the European Rhodocybe hirneola
(Fr.) P.D. Orton does not become red in 3%
KOH, but has a grayish to dark grayish pileus,
and presents cheilocystidia; R. heterospora
(Murrill) T.J. Baroni present interwoven hyphae
in lamella trama and the basidiospores are larger
(5.5-7 × 5.5-6.5 µm); R. porcellanica (Dennis)
E. Horak, R. semiarboricola T.J. Baroni and R.
mairei T.J. Baroni have parallel to sub-parallel
hyphae in lamella trama, but these species have
grayish to dark grayish color at the pileus and
basidiospores are subglobose to short-broadly-
ellipsoid and longer (≥ 5µm).
Clitocella fallax (Quél.) Kluting, T.J.
Baroni & Bergemann does not react under 3%
KOH, the basidiomata is white to whitish and
the lamellae trama is parallel, as well as C.
pallescens. However, C. fallax has more robust
basidiomata, the pileus is larger (30-40 mm
diam.) and with a mammilate central umbo,
rhizomorphs are absent, basidiospores are
amygdaliform to ellipsoid and larger (6.5-8 ×
4-6.5 µm), the pileipellis is a loosely entangled
layer of ascending cylindrical hyphae (Baroni,
1981). In addition, C. fallax is distributed along
the northern hemisphere (Europe and North
America, Kluting et al. 2014).
Thus, we consider that our sample collection
present unique features, as white to off-white
pileus (Fig. 3A), not producing a reddish
reaction in KOH 3%, absence of pseudocystidia
and small (≤ 5 µm long) globose to subglobose
basidiospores (Fig. 3B). Based on the combination
of these features, we propose it as a new species
of Clitocella. In spite of type collection is the
only collected material, it was composed of seven
basidiomata, which were in perfect condition
when gathered, allowing a full and detailed
examination of their macro- and microscopical
features, which we considered enough to prospose
it as a new taxon.
Specimens examined
BRAZIL. Paraná. PESC, 03-II-2015, A. G. S.
Silva-Filho 172 (UPCB Holotypus; HCP Isotypus).
Rhodocybe caelatoidea Dennis, Kew Bull. 15:
154 (1961). Clitopilus caelatoideus (Dennis)
Noordel. & Co-David, Persoonia 23: 161 (2009).
Figs. 4, 6D.
Pileus 12-25 mm diam., convex, slightly
depressed at the disc, surface smooth, margin
smooth to slightly translucent striate, lobed,
orange (6B7) to brownish orange (7C8). Lamellae
adnate to decurrent, close to subdistant, with
up to three sizes of lamellulae, margin slightly
wavy, concolor with the sides, membranous,
orange grey (6B3), greyish orange (6B4). Stipe
23-31 × 2-4 mm, central, slightly compressed,
surface smooth from the bottom to centre, and
velutinous at the apex, consistency fleshy to
coriaceous, brownish orange (7C8), greyish
orange (5B4), with basal mycelium (Fig. 4A).
Context thin (1-3 mm thickness), light orange
(6A5). Spore print not observed.
Basidiospores 7-8.5 × 5-6.5 µm, (n= 50/3/3
Q= 1.09-1.36, Qm= 1.21), subglobose to short
ellipsoid in profile view, globose to subglobose
and angular in polar view, undulate-postulate in
all views, hilar appendix evident, thin-walled,
hyaline, inamyloid (Fig. 4B-6D). Basidia 25-29
× 6.5-8 µm, cylindro-clavate to clavate, bi- and
tetrasporic, hyaline (Fig. 4D). Pleurocystidia
and cheilocystidia as pseudocystidia, 32-46
× 3-6 µm, ventricose-rostrate, ventricose to
lageniform, with brightly yellowish content,
granulated or coagulated, scattered, non-
abundant, little projecting from the hymenium
(Fig. 4C). Lamella edge fertile. Lamellar trama
subregular, with hyphae 4-5 µm diam., smooth,
hyaline. Pileus trama irregular, with hyphae
3-5.5 µm diam., hyaline. Pileipellis composed
of a layer of entangled hyphae, 2.5-6 µm diam.,
slightly incrusted, hyaline, terminal elements
filiform, forming a nearly a trichodermium,
26-43 × 4.5-8.5 µm (Fig. 4F-H). Stipitipellis a
cutis, formed by hyphae 2.5-3.5 µm diam., light
brown, incrusted, with fusiform and incrusted
terminal elements, 46 × 4 µm, thin walled,
hyaline. Stipititrama subregular, with hyphae
2-6 µm diam., smooth, with brightly yellowish
contents. Caulocystidia absent. Oleiferous
hyphae (thrombopleurous) scarce, present at
the pileipellis. Clamp connections absent.
64
DARWINIANA, nueva serie 6(1): 58-67. 2018
Distribution and habitat. Gregarious or
solitary on decaying wood. Neotropical species,
known only from South and Central America
(Dennis, 1961; Horak, 1978; Pegler, 1983). In
Brazil, only de Meijer (2006) reported the species
from Paraná state (Fig. 1).
Observations. Rhodocybe caelatoidea belong to
Rhodocybe sect. Rhodocybe sensu Baroni (1981),
due to presence of hymenial pseudocystidia (Fig.
4C), centrally stipitate basidiomata (Fig. 4A) and
absence of clamp connections. This species was
collected in this survey and can be confounded in
the field with R. galerinoides due the small reddish
basidiomata. However, as discussed below, R.
caelatoidea has non-hygrophanous and larger pileus
(12-25 mm), convex, slightly depressed at the disc
(Fig. 4A), while R. galerinoides is hygrophanous
with smaller pileus (7-14 mm), conical to convex,
umbonate to papillate at the disc (Fig. 5A).
Microscopically, the basidiospores of R. caelatoidea
are larger (7-8.5 × 5-6.5 µm, Fig. 4B) than those of
R. galerinoides (4.5-6.5 × 4-5 µm, Fig. 5B), and
the pileipellis has incrusted and oleiferous hyphae
(Fig. 4G-H), in contrast to the smooth hyphae of the
pileipellis of R. galerinoides (Fig. 5F).
Baroni (1981) related R. caelatoidea in the group
with terrestrial basidiomata, however the Antillean
collections by Pegler (1983) were lignicolous, as
well our sample collections, which were gathered
on very decayed wood and litter fall.
Rhodocybe retroflexa (Berk. & Broome) Pegler,
from Sri Lanka, is similar to R. caelatoidea, but
differs by the cream-buff pileus and the pileipellis
formed by an undifferentiated cutis of radial hyphae,
without anticlinal terminal elements (Pegler, 1986).
Rhodocybe caelatoidea was originally described
based on a type collection from Venezuela,
which later was reviewed by Horak (1978) and
Pegler (1983), who recorded and illustrated
specimens from the Lesser Antilles. From Brazil,
R. caelatoidea is known only from Paraná state,
reported by de Meijer (2006) in his checklist of
macromycetes, but no descriptions or illustrations
were provided by the author. According the reported
collections by de Meijer (2006), R. caelatoidea is
well distributed along the State of Paraná, being
reported from the eastern (Curitiba) central (Fênix)
and also western region (Altônia).
Fig. 4. Rhodocybe caelatoidea. A, Basidiomata. B, ba-
sidiospores. C, pseudocystidia. D, basidium. E, section
of lamellar trama and subhymenium. F, pileipellis. G,
oleiferous hyphae of pileipellis. H, terminal hyphae of
pileipellis. All photos from A. G. S. Silva-Filho 167. Co-
lor version at http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/
darwiniana/article/view/775/754
65
A. G. S. SILVA-FILHO ET AL.
Clitocella
and
Rhodocybe
from Paraná, Brazil
Specimens examined
BRAZIL. Paraná. PESC, 2-III-2015, A. G. S.
Silva-Filho 167 (HCP 1023), 11-V-2015, A. G. S.
Silva-Filho 372 (HCP 1025), 1-VI-2015, A. G. S.
Silva-Filho 513 (HCP 1024).
Rhodocybe galerinoides Singer, Sydowia 15: 81
(1962). Clitopilus galerinoides (Singer) Noordel.
& Co-David, Persoonia 23: 161 (2009). Figs. 5, 6E.
Pileus 7-14 mm diam., conical to convex,
umbonate to papillate at disc, surface velutinous
to slightly fibrillose towards the margin, margin
irregular, incurved, non- striated, orange (6A6) to
brownish orange (6C7). Lamellae subdecurrent,
abundant, close, with 3-5 sized lamelullae,
semicircular, margin entire and slightly wavy,
concolor with the sides, membranous, greyish
orange (6B3-6B4). Stipe 19-27 × 1-2 mm, central,
terete, equal, velutinous near the apex, coriaceous,
concolor to pileus, with basal mycelium (Fig. 5A).
Context thick (up to 5mm at the disc), pale grey
(1B1). Spore print not observed.
Basidiospores 4.5-6.5 × 4-5 µm, (n= 50/2/2,
Q= 1.09-1.36, Qm= 1.21); globose to subglobose
in profile view, globose and angular in polar view,
undulate-postulate in all view, thin walled, hilar
appendix evident, hyaline, inamyloid (Fig. 5B-6E).
Basidia 24.5-35 × 5.5-6.5 µm, cylindro-clavate to
clavate, tetrasporic, hyaline (Fig. 5E). Pleurocystidia
and cheilocystidia as pseudocystidia, 32-76 × 4-7
µm, ventricose, ventricose-rostrate to lageniform,
with brightly yellowish contents, granulated or
coagulated, scattered, a little projecting from the
hymenium (Fig. 5C). Lamella edge fertile. Lamellar
trama regular, with hyphae 3.5-6.5 µm diam., slightly
incrusted, hyaline and light brown (Fig. 5D). Pileus
trama regular, with hyphae 8.5-11 µm diam., some
slightly incrusted, light brown. Pileipellis composed
of a layer of entangled hyphae, 2-5 µm diam., with
some anticlinal terminal elements, 13.5-35 × 3-5 µm,
forming a nearly a trichodermium, hyphae septate,
smooth to slightly incrusted, light brown to brown
(Fig. 5F). Stipitipellis a cutis, composed of hyphae
3-6 µm diam., hyaline and light brown, thin walled,
hyaline. Stipititrama subregular, with hyphae 1.5-4.5
µm diam., incrusted, with brightly yellowish contents.
Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections absent.
Fig. 5. Rhodocybe galerinoides. A, basidiomata. B,
basidiospores. C, pseudocystidia. D, section of lamellar
trama. E, basidium. F, pileipellis. Photo A, from M. A.
Teixeira-Silva 060. Color version at http://www.ojs.
darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/view/775/754
66
DARWINIANA, nueva serie 6(1): 58-67. 2018
Distribution and habitat. Gregarious on
decaying wood. Previously known only from
Bolivia (Singer, 1962), it is now reported for the
first time in Brazil (Fig. 1).
Observations. Rhodocybe galerinoides and R.
caelatoidea are both classified in Rhodocybe sect.
Rhodocybe sensu Baroni (1981) as mentioned
earlier. It was named by virtue of small basidiomata
(7-14 mm diam), as well as the lignicolous habitat
among mosses, as several Galerina Earle species.
Rhodocybe nitellinoides E. Horak from Papua
New Guinea presents basidioma similar in size and
color, but differ in the non-hygrophanous pileus,
ovoid basidiospores, and pileipellis with incrusted
yellow hyphae (Horak, 1978).
Rhodocybe pruinosistipitata T.J. Baroni, Largent
& Aime, from Guyana, is also comparable to R.
galerinoides by the virtue of similar basidiomata,
basidiospore shape and presence of pseudocystidia,
but differs in the larger pileus (15-30 mm diam.)
and stipe (35-57 × 3-3.5 mm), presence of white
pruina over stipe surface, larger basidiospores (6.8-
8.1 × 4.7-6.8 µm), and incrusted hyphae of stipe
trama (Henkel et al., 2010).
Rhodocybe galerinoides was described and is
only known from Bolivia (Singer, 1962), thus it
is the first record from Brazil and the second for
this species.
Specimens examined
BRAZIL. Paraná. Palotina, PESC, 22-I-2013,
M. A. Teixeira-Silva 060 (HCP514); 11-V-2015,
A. G. S. Silva Filho 393 (HCP 1020); Terra Roxa,
RPPN Fazenda Açu, 12-XI-2015, A. G. S. Silva-
Filho 643 (HCP 1021).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by funds of the
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico (CNPq, Proc. 483455/2013-3), a grant
by Fundação Araucária (Convênio 675/2014) to VGC,
and student fellowship to AGSSF and MATS from
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível
Superior (CAPES). We thank the two anonymous
reviewers and André de Meijer for comments on the
earlier version of this manuscript.
Fig. 6. SEM micrographs of the basidiospores. A, C.
himantiigena. B-C, C. pallescens. D, R. caelatoidea –
whithout treatment. E, R. galerinoides.
67
A. G. S. SILVA-FILHO ET AL.
Clitocella
and
Rhodocybe
from Paraná, Brazil
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