Michenera incrustata sp. Nov. (Peniophoraceae, Russulales) from southern China
Abstract and Figures
A new species, Michenera incrustata from southern China, is described and illustrated. It is the second species in Michenera and differs from the generic type, M. atrocreas, by its hyaline, thick-walled lamprocystidia and larger basidia and basidiospores. The 5.8S–ITS2 and nrLSU sequence similarities between M. incrustata and M. atrocreas are 83% of 437 base pairs and 95.5% of 870 base pairs, respectively. © 2018 J. Cramer in Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.
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... The species in the genus have resupinate, coriaceous basidiomata, smooth to tuberculate hymenophore and a dimitic hyphal structure with simple septa or clamps on generative hyphae, skeletal hyphae densely branched and sometimes forming dendrohyphae or dichohyphae, strongly dextrinoid and cyanophilous and the presence of cystidia, basidia tubular to uniform and subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, variably amyloid basidiospores and causing white rot (Donk 1956, Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010, Wang et al. 2020, Tabish and Daniel 2021, Zhang et al. 2023. The most obvious character of this genus is the tough and leathery texture of the basidiome, as well as dextrinoid and dichotomously branched skeletal hyphae (Rattan 1974, Liu et al. 2019. After several rearrangements (Donk 1956, Gilbertson 1962, Boidin 1967, Rattan 1974, Boidin and Lanquetin 1977, Lanquetin 1984, Boidin and Lanquetin 1987, Boidin and Gilles 1988, Hjortstam 1990, Stalpers 1996 and recent discoveries of the genus (Nakasone 2008, Wang et al. 2020, Zhang et al. 2023, Li et al. 2023, so far, 42 species have been described or transferred to the genus worldwide (Donk 1956, Bernicchia and Gorjón 2010, Wang et al. 2020, Tabish and Daniel 2021, Zhang et al. 2023, Li et al. 2023. ...
Background
Wood-rotting fungi as an important group within the Basidiomycota are known for their ecological role in the forest ecosystem in terms of decaying living and dead trees and recycling nutrients in forest ecosystems. Many new species were revealed in the last five years. In the present study, during an ongoing study on Scytinostroma, a new species of Scytinostroma was found from China. It is described and illustrated on the basis of the morphological and phylogenetic evidence.
New information
Scytinostroma bambusinum sp. nov. is described as a new species, based on morphological and molecular evidence. It is characterised by annual, resupinate and broadly ellipsoid basidiomata with white to cream hymenophore, a dimitic hyphal structure with generative hyphae bearing simple septa, the presence of cystidioles and amyloid basidiospores measuring 5.5–7 × 4–5.3 µm. Phylogeny, based on molecular data of ITS and nLSU sequences, shows that the new species forms an independent lineage and is different in morphology from the existing species of Scytinostroma.
... However, morphologically V. daweishanensis is distinguishable from V. isabellina by its pale yellowish hymenial surface, clamped generative hyphae, and smaller gloeocystidia (9-23 × 7-10.5 µm), longer basidia measuring as 26-46 × 5-8 µm, narrower allantoid basidiospores (9-13 × 3.5-5 µm; Zou et al. 2022). Moreover, V. sinensis was grouped with five taxa: V. breviphysa, V. pirispora, V. fusispora, V. abortiphysa, and V. insolita, however, morphologically, V. breviphysa is distinguishable from V. sinensis by having light yellow to light brown basidiomata, larger subcylindrical gloeocystides (50-65 × 6-8.5 µm), larger basidia (30-38 × 5.5-7 µm), and longer fusiform basidiospores (16-20 × 4-5 µm, Boidin and Lanquetin 1975;Liu et al. 2019); the species V. pirispora is distinct from V. sinensis by its larger subcylindrical gloeocystides (40-65 × 6-8 µm), longer basidia measuring as 36-52 × 6-7 µm, larger pyriform basidiospores (10-16.5 × 5-7 µm; ; V. fusispora can be delimited from V. sinensis by having larger cylindrical gloeocystidia (40-60 × 5-6 µm) and oval to fusiform gloeocystidia (24-60 × 6-12 µm), subclavate basidia (35-56 × 6-9 µm), and larger fusiform basidiospores measuring as 14-17 × 4-6 µm (Cunningham 1955); V. abortiphysa is distinct from V. sinensis by its plagio and subcylindrical gloeocystides measuring as 25-45 × 4.5-9 µm, and longer cylindrical basidiospores (14-17 × 2.2-2.8 µm; Boidin and Lanquetin 1975); V. insolita is distinguishable from V. sinensis by having larger gloeocystidia measuring as 60-80 × 5-8 µm, longer subcylindrical basidia (30-78 × 5.5-6.5 µm), and longer subfusiform basidiospores (12-16 × 4.2-5.75 ...
Vararia is a species-rich genus in the family Peniophoraceae and has been shown to be polyphyletic. In this study, sequences of ITS and LSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. Seventeen lineages including six new species from China, i.e., V. fissurata , V. lincangensis , V. punctata , V. isabellina , V. sinensis , and V. yaoshanensis were recognized, in which V. fissurata is characterized by the brittle basidiomata with pruinose and cracking hymenophore having white to olivaceous buff hymenial surface, the clamped generative hyphae, presence of the two types gloeocystidia; V. lincangensis is characterized by the simple-septa generative hyphae, and thick-walled skeletal hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores; V. punctata is delimited by its thin to slightly thick-walled generative hyphae, and thick-walled skeletal hyphae, present thick-walled, clavate to cylindrical gloeocystidia; V. isabellina is characterized by having the cream to isabelline to slightly brown hymenial surface, thin to slightly thick-walled generative hyphae, and sub-fusiform to navicular basidiospores; V. sinensis is distinguishable by its white to slightly pink hymenial surface, thick-walled skeletal hyphae, and sub-fusiform to navicular basidiospores; V. yaoshanensis is characterized by cream to pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff hymenial surface, slightly thick-walled generative hyphae, the presence of two types gloeocystidia, and slightly thick-walled, ellipsoid basidiospores. Phylogram based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions included nine genera within the family Peniophoraceae as Amylostereum , Asterostroma , Baltazaria , Dichostereum , Michenera , Peniophora , Scytinostroma and Vararia , in which the six new wood-inhabiting fungi species were grouped into genus Vararia . The phylogenetic tree inferred from the combined ITS and LSU tree sequences highlighted that V. fissurata was found to be the sister to V. ellipsospora with strong supports. Additionally, V. lincangensis was clustered with V. fragilis . Furthermore, V. punctata was retrieved as a sister to V. ambigua . Moreover, V. sinensis was grouped with five taxa as V. breviphysa , V. pirispora , V. fusispora , V. abortiphysa and V. insolita . The new species V. isabellina formed a monophyletic lineage, in which it was then grouped closely with V. daweishanensis , and V. gracilispora . In addition, V. yaoshanensis was found to be the sister to V. gallica with strong supports. The present results increased the knowledge of Vararia species diversity and taxonomy of corticioid fungi in China. An identification key to 17 species of Vararia in China is provided.
... × 2.5-3 μm) , Liu & He 2016. Vararia breviphysa is distinguished from V. yunnanensis by having light yellow to light brown basidiomata, and larger basidiospores (16-20 × 4-5 μm, Liu et al. 2019). Vararia cinnamomea differs in its tan basidiomata, yellowish-brown dichohyphae, and oval to cylindrical basidiospores (11-13 × 5-6 μm, Boidin & Lanquetin 1984). ...
Vararia yunnanensis sp. nov. is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Vararia yunnanensis is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata with a cracking hymenial surface, a dimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing simple-septa, and colorless, slightly thick-walled, smooth, amyloid basidiospores measuring 5–12 × 3.5–9 µm. The phylogenetic analyses of ITS+nLSU in Russulales showed that V. yunnanensis nested into the family Peniophoraceae, in which V. yunnanensis grouped within the genus Vararia. Furthermore, the ITS sequence data indicated that the new species is sister to Vararia ellipsospora.
... Giraldo et al. (2017) recognized the synonymy of Licrostroma with Michenera but chose to use Licrostroma despite the priority of Michenera. Conversely, Liu et al. (2019) recognized Michenera including a new species; their phylogeny placed both the type and the new species of Michenera in a clade with the type of Scytinostroma, S. portentosum. Although the genus is not monophyletic (Larsson 2007), Scytinostroma currently includes 25 names, one of which was added by Wang et al. (2020). ...
With the change to one scientific name for fungal taxa, generic names typified by species with sexual or asexual morph types are being evaluated to determine which names represent the same genus and thus compete for use. In this paper generic names of the Agaricomycotina ( Basidiomycota ) were evaluated to determine synonymy based on their type. Forty-seven sets of sexually and asexually typified names were determined to be congeneric and recommendations are made for which generic name to use. In most cases the principle of priority is followed. However, 16 generic names are recommended for use that do not have priority and thus need to be protected: Aleurocystis over Matula; Armillaria over Acurtis and Rhizomorpha; Asterophora over Ugola; Botryobasidium over Acladium , Allescheriella, Alysidium, Haplotrichum , Physospora, and Sporocephalium; Coprinellus over Ozonium; Coprinopsis over Rhacophyllus; Dendrocollybia over Sclerostilbum and Tilachlidiopsis; Diacanthodes over Bornetina; Echinoporia over Echinodia; Neolentinus over Digitellus; Postia over Ptychogaster; Riopa over Sporotrichum; Scytinostroma over Artocreas, Michenera , and Stereofomes; Tulasnella over Hormomyces; Typhula over Sclerotium; and Wolfiporia over Gemmularia and Pachyma. Nine species names are proposed for protection: Botryobasidium aureum, B. conspersum , B. croceum , B. simile, Pellicularia lembosporum (syn. B. lembosporum ), Phanerochaete chrysosporium , Polyporus metamorphosus (syn. Riopa metamorphosa ), Polyporus mylittae (syn. Laccocephalum mylittae ), and Polyporus ptychogaster (syn . Postia ptychogaster ). Two families are proposed for protection: Psathyrellaceae and Typhulaceae . Three new species names and 30 new combinations are established, and one lectotype is designated.
Four new wood-inhabiting fungi were found in Southwestern China within the genera Phanerochaete, Phlebiopsis, Asterostroma, and Vararia of the families Phanerochaetaceae and Peniophoraceae, belonging to the orders Polyporales and Russulales individually. Combined with their morphological characteristics and molecular biological evidence, the present study describes them as new fungal taxa. Asterostroma yunnanense is characterized by the resupinate, membranaceous to pellicular basidiomata with a cream to salmon-buff hymenial surface, hyphal system dimitic bearing simple-septa, thin- to thick-walled, yellowish brown asterosetae with acute tips, and thin-walled, echinulate, amyloid, globose basidiospores. Phanerochaete tongbiguanensis is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata with a white to cream hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa generative hyphae, the presence of subclavate cystidia covered with a lot of crystals, and oblong ellipsoid basidiospores (6–9 × 3–4.5 µm). Phlebiopsis fissurata is characterized by the membranaceous, tuberculate basidiomata with a buff to slightly brown hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa, conical cystidia, and broadly ellipsoid. Vararia yingjiangensis is characterized by a corky basidiomata with a pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff hymenial surface, cracking, yellowish dichohyphae with slightly curved tips, subulate gloeocystidia, and thick-walled, ellipsoid basidiospores (6.5–11.5 × 5–7 µm). The phylogenetic analyses of ITS + nLSU revealed that the two new species were nested into the genera Phanerochaete and Phlebiopsis within the family Phanerochaetaceae (Polyporales), in which Phanerochaete tongbiguanensis was sister to P. daliensis; Phlebiopsis fissurata was grouped with P. lamprocystidiata. Two new species were clustered into the genera Asterostroma and Vararia within the family Peniophoraceae (Russulales), in which Asterostroma yunnanense was sister to A. cervicolor; Vararia yingjiangensis formed a single branch.
Scytinostroma is species-rich genus in Peniophoraceae, Russulales and has been shown to be polyphyletic. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analyses on the core clade of Scytinostroma based on concatenated ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-nrLSU sequence data. Fifteen lineages including four new species from China, Scytinostroma beijingensis , S. boidinii , S. subduriusculum , and S. subrenisporum , were recognized. The genus Michenera was nested within the Scytinostroma s.s. clade in the phylogenetic tree of Peniophoraceae. Sequences of S. portentosum (type species) and S. hemidichophyticum from Europe formed a strongly supported lineage sister to the S. portentosum sample from Canada. It is supposed that the European “ S. portentosum ” is S. hemidichophyticum , and the former species is restricted in distribution to North America. Scytinostroma duriusculum is supposed to be a species complex. Samples from Sri Lanka (the type locality) formed a lineage sister to those from China, Thailand and Vietnam (described herein as S. subduriusculum ) and two samples from France that might represent an undescribed species. The four new species are described and illustrated, and an identification key to all the 14 Scytinostroma s.s. species worldwide is provided. Until now, seven species of Scytinostroma s.s. have been found in China. Our results increased the knowledge of species diversity and taxonomy of corticioid fungi in China.
Four new fungi of the family Peniophoraceae, viz., Peniophora roseoalba, P. yunnanensis, Vararia daweishanensis, and V. fragilis are herein proposed, based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Peniophora roseoalba is characterized by resupinate, membranaceous basidiomata with a rose pink to pale pinkish grey hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, the presence of cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores. However, P. yunnanensis differs in being tuberculate, with a pale cream to cream hymenial surface, small lamprocystidia (18–29 × 4.5–7 µm), and subcylindrical basidiospores. Vararia daweishanensis is characterized by resupinate, membranous basidiomata with a pale yellowish hymenial surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, strongly dextrinoid dichohyphae, and allantoid basidiospores; V. fragilis is characterized by resupinate, brittle basidiomata, with a buff to ochraceous hymenial surface and small ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.5–5.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The nLSU analysis revealed that the four new species can be clustered into the family Peniophoraceae (Russulales), in the genera Peniophora and Vararia. Further studies based on the ITS dataset showed that four fungi of the family Peniophoraceae were new to science.
The accuracy and scalability of multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of DNAs and proteins have long been and are still important
issues in bioinformatics. To rapidly construct a reasonable MSA, we developed the initial version of the MAFFT program in
2002. MSA software is now facing greater challenges in both scalability and accuracy than those of 5 years ago. As increasing
amounts of sequence data are being generated by large-scale sequencing projects, scalability is now critical in many situations.
The requirement of accuracy has also entered a new stage since the discovery of functional noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs); the secondary
structure should be considered for constructing a high-quality alignment of distantly related ncRNAs. To deal with these problems,
in 2007, we updated MAFFT to Version 6 with two new techniques: the PartTree algorithm and the Four-way consistency objective
function. The former improved the scalability of progressive alignment and the latter improved the accuracy of ncRNA alignment.
We review these and other techniques that MAFFT uses and suggest possible future directions of MSA software as a basis of
comparative analyses. MAFFT is available at http://align.bmr.kyushu-u.ac.jp/mafft/software/.
Twenty species of corticioid fungi recorded from China for the first time include: Aleurodiscus tsugae, Amethicium luteoincrustatum, Coniophora arida, Dendrothele alliacea, Dentipellis leptodon, Hyphoderma variolosum, Hyphodontia lanata, H. ovispora, H. poroideoefibulata, H. subglobosa, Hypochnicium erikssonii, Licrostroma subgiganteum, Lopharia ayresii, Phanerochaete carnosa, P. crassa, P. leptoderma, P. rubescens, P. tropica, Pseudolagarobasidium calcareum, and Scytinostroma odoratum. Collections of these species were made from China during 2002-07. Sources of the modern description and line drawing are indicated for all these species.
— We studied sequence variation in 16S rDNA in 204 individuals from 37 populations of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Poiret 1801) across the core species range in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Phylogeographic, nested clade, and coalescence analyses were used to elucidate the species evolutionary history. The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Applying a recent extension of the nested clade analysis (Templeton 2001), we inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin. There is evidence supporting the idea that the formation of the secondary contact zone and the colonization of Germany might be postglacial events. The phylogeographic history inferred for C. unifasciata differs from general biogeographic patterns of postglacial colonization previously identified for other taxa, and it might represent a common model for species with restricted dispersal.
The genus Aleurodiscus Rabenh. ex J. Schroet. (sensu lato) is an artificial assemblage of large-spored 'thelephoraceous' hymenomycetes, which can no longer be maintained as a generic unit. The generic limits and the taxonomic position of Aleurodiscus (sensu stricto) (TYPE SPECIES: A. amorphus (Pers. per Purt.: Fr.) J. Schroet.) have been discussed by the writer (1964) in a separate paper. The present work supplements this earlier work, but is concerned primarily with an appraisal of the non-amyloid-spored Aleurodisci, all of which are removed from Aleurodiscus and either assigned to other recognized genera or relegated to new genera.Accordingly, two new genera and 15 new combinations are devised here to accommodate several species formerly placed in Aleurodiscus (sensu lato). The new genera, one of which is monotypical, are Aleurocorticium Lemke, gen. nov. (TYPE SPECIES: A. acerinum (Pers. per Fr.) Lemke, gen. & comb. nov.) and Licrostroma Lemke, gen. nov. (MONOTYPE: L. subgiganteum (Berk.) Lemke, gen. & comb. nov.). The additional 13 combinations proposed are Aleurocorticium album (Viégas) Lemke, comb, nov., A. alliaceum (Quél.) Lemke, comb. nov., A. candidum (Schw.) Lemke, comb. nov. A. dryinum (Pers.) Lemke, comb. nov., A. griseo-canum (Bres.) Lemke, comb. nov., A. lepra (Berk. et Curt.) Lemke, comb. nov., A. macrodens (Coker) Lemke, comb. nov., A. macrosporum (Bres.) Lemke, comb. nov., A. moquiniarum (Viégas) Lemke, comb. nov., A. nivosum (Berk. et Curt. ex Höhn. et Litsch.) Lemke, comb. nov., A. seriatum (Berk. et Curt.) Lemke, comb. nov., A. strumosum (Fr.) Lemke, comb. nov.; and Aleurocystis magnispora (Burt) Lemke, comb. nov.The genus Laeticorticium Donk (1956: 16) (TYPE SPECIES: L. roseum (Pers. per Fr.) Donk) is confirmed as a valid segregate from Aleurodiscus (sensu lato), but the species of Laeticorticium are not treated here aside from nomenclatural considerations. With the exception of the Laeticorticia, all of the remaining North American and many of the critical non-amyloid-spored species of Aleurodiscus (sensu lato) are reviewed.Particular emphasis is devoted to the genus Aleurocorticium Lemke, gen. nov. and a key to 14 North American species of Aleurocorticium is provided. Seven of the Aleurocorticia are reported from the North American mycobiota for the first time. These seven species, five of which are described as new to science, include Aleurocorticium alliaceum (Quél.) Lemke [= Aleurodiscus alliaceus (Quél) Boidin (1957)], Aleurocorticium dryinum (Pers.) Lemke [= Aleurodiscus dryinus (Pers.) Bourd,], Aleurocorticium incrustans Lemke, sp. nov., A. maculatum Jacks. et Lemke, sp. nov., A. mexicanum Lemke, sp. nov., A. microsporum Jacks. et Lemke, sp. nov., and A. pachysterigmatum Jacks. et Lemke, sp. nov.Corlicium hiemale [= Aleurodiscus hiemalis (Laurila) Eriksson (1958a: 78)] is, likewise, initially recorded for North America.Eight of the named species of Aleurodiscus are recognized as facultative synonyms. These names, as indicated, are offered as taxonomic discards: [Aleurodiscus albidus Massee =] Aleurocorticium lepra (Berk. et Curt.) Lemke; [Aleurodiscus albus (Burt) Rogers et Jacks. =] Xenasma clematidis (Bourd. et Galz.) Liberta; [Aleurodiscus guttulatus Rick =] Bourdotia cinerea (Bres.) Bourd. etGalz.; [Aleurodiscus jacksonii Ahmad =] Aleurocorticium candidum (Schw.) Lemke; [Aleurodiscus orientalis Lloyd =] Licrostroma subgiganteum (Berk.) Lemke; [Aleurodiscus reflexus Yasuda =] Licrostroma subgiganteum (Berk.) Lemke; [Aleurodiscus sendaiensis Yasuda =] Corticium evolvens (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr.; [Aleurodiscus subacerinus Höhn. et Litsch. =] Aleurocorticium alliaceum (Quél.) Lemke.The genus Cyphella Fr. (MONOTYPE: C. digitalis (Alb. et Schw. per Pers.) Fr.) is reinstated (see Code 1952: 76) and the combination Aleurodiscus digitalis (Alb. et Schw. per Pers.) Donk (1951: 210) is discredited.
Corticioid fungi are basidiomycetes with effused basidiomata, a smooth, merulioid or hydnoid hymenophore, and holobasidia. These fungi used to be classified as a single family, Corticiaceae, but molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that corticioid fungi are distributed among all major clades within Agaricomycetes. There is a relative consensus concerning the higher order classification of basidiomycetes down to order. This paper presents a phylogenetic classification for corticioid fungi at the family level. Fifty putative families were identified from published phylogenies and preliminary analyses of unpublished sequence data. A dataset with 178 terminal taxa was compiled and subjected to phylogenetic analyses using MP and Bayesian inference. From the analyses, 41 strongly supported and three unsupported clades were identified. These clades are treated as families in a Linnean hierarchical classification and each family is briefly described. Three additional families not covered by the phylogenetic analyses are also included in the classification. All accepted corticioid genera are either referred to one of the families or listed as incertae sedis.
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