The Effect of Organic Flaxseed Paste on The Colorimetric Parameters of Demineralized Tooth Surface

Abstract

Abstract— Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the
efficacy of flaxseed paste on the surface lightness (L), chroma
(C) and hue (h) of extracted teeth. Materials and Methods:
Thirty extracted human teeth (incisors and canines) were
selected and grouped into control (no treatment), flaxseed
(treatment) and fluoride (positive control) groups. Teeth in
control group were placed in saline throughout the experiment,
whilst the teeth in flaxseed and fluoride groups were immersed
in a carbonated drink for two days to induce demineralisation
prior to the treatment using fluoride toothpaste and 1gm/ml of
freshly prepared flaxseed paste respectively. The values L, C
and h were measured at 3 stages (initial, during treatment, after
treatment) using a spectrophotometer. Computerized digital
imaging analyses were performed using Photoshop CS6
software (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA). Statistical analyses were
performed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: At the
final reading, spectrophotometric analysis showed decrease in L
in both positive control and test groups. Fluoride was more
effective, but not significant, in reducing the lightness (L=55.69
 5.38, p=0.070) than flaxseed (L=67.60  5.34, p=0.070). The
mean C value was higher in flaxseed group (C=2.75  2.73,
p=0.010) compared to fluoride group (C=2.78  2.73, p=0.010).
In contrast, the mean h value for flaxseed group was much
lower (h=121.50  10.53, p=0.000) when compared to fluoride
group (h=260.02  10.53, p=0.000). Conclusion: Flaxseed paste
has shown to be effective in reducing L. Although fluoride
toothpaste produced obvious decrease in L, organic flaxseed
paste shows promising effect in alleviating surface lightness,
hence enhancing tooth surface mine

Full text

International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR)
ISSN: 2454-4116, Volume-4, Issue-6, June 2018 Pages 01-09
1 www.ijntr.org
 Abstract— Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the
efficacy of flaxseed paste on the surface lightness (L), chroma
(C) and hue (h) of extracted teeth. Materials and Methods:
Thirty extracted human teeth (incisors and canines) were
selected and grouped into control (no treatment), flaxseed
(treatment) and fluoride (positive control) groups. Teeth in
control group were placed in saline throughout the experiment,
whilst the teeth in flaxseed and fluoride groups were immersed
in a carbonated drink for two days to induce demineralisation
prior to the treatment using fluoride toothpaste and 1gm/ml of
freshly prepared flaxseed paste respectively. The values L, C
and h were measured at 3 stages (initial, during treatment, after
treatment) using a spectrophotometer. Computerized digital
imaging analyses were performed using Photoshop CS6
software (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA). Statistical analyses were
performed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: At the
final reading, spectrophotometric analysis showed decrease in L
in both positive control and test groups. Fluoride was more
effective, but not significant, in reducing the lightness (L=55.69
 5.38, p=0.070) than flaxseed (L=67.60  5.34, p=0.070). The
mean C value was higher in flaxseed group (C=2.75  2.73,
p=0.010) compared to fluoride group (C=2.78  2.73, p=0.010).
In contrast, the mean h value for flaxseed group was much
lower (h=121.50  10.53, p=0.000) when compared to fluoride
group (h=260.02  10.53, p=0.000). Conclusion: Flaxseed paste
has shown to be effective in reducing L. Although fluoride
toothpaste produced obvious decrease in L, organic flaxseed
paste shows promising effect in alleviating surface lightness,
hence enhancing tooth surface mineralisation that may be
explored further in future research.
Index Terms— Flaxseed, digital imaging analysis, lightness,
mineralisation, spectrophotometer.
I. INTRODUCTION
The first clinically observable stage of caries initiation is
the development of white spot lesion (WSL) (Hallgren,
Akyalcin, English, Tufekci, & Paravina, 2016). Besides
being an aesthetic challenge, WSLs are regions of
demineralized enamel which are porous and structurally
weaker (Figure 1). The mechanism of action is the
dissolution of mainly calcium and phosphorus in the enamel
matrix by acids.
Marlene Azlia Abd Raffur, Year 5 Student, Facylty of Dentistry,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Sungai Buloh,
Selangor, Malaysia.
Izzati Mohd Shaharuddin, Year 5 Student, Facylty of Dentistry,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Sungai Buloh,
Selangor, Malaysia.
*Luay Thanoon Younis, Centre of Studie for Preclinical Sciences,
Facylty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus,
47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Figure 1: White spot lesions developed after orthodontic
treatment due to poor oral hygiene
Under optimal circumstances, salivary constituents have a
natural buffering system that maintain the pH at optimum
levels, and acts as a physical mechanism to remove acids
from enamel surfaces. However, as the oral cavity becomes
increasingly acidic, the pH of dental biofilm will decrease as
well (Igarashi, Hamada, Nishimaki, Sakurai, & Kamiyama,
1987; Wolff & Larson, 2009).
Derived from the Flax plant, flaxseed (Linum
usitatissimum L.) has been touted as a superfood, owing to its
high omega-3 fatty acid -linolenic acid (ALA) and high
fibre content (Shim, Gui, Arnison, Wang, & Reaney, 2014).
Flaxseed, also known as linseed, boasts of several distinctive
qualities. Previous study suggested that flaxseed’s has
polyphenol compound called lignans which possesses
antibacterial activity against the cariogenic bacteria,
Streptococcus mutans (Imran et al., 2015). The mucilage or
soluble fiber in flaxseed is believed to be a suitable saliva
replacement in dry mouth patients (Andersson et al., 1995).
The mineral composition in flaxseed, per 100g, was found to
be 255mg, 392mg, 642mg, and 813mg for calcium,
magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively (Goyal,
Sharma, Upadhyay, Gill, & Sihag, 2014). The availability of
calcium, phosphorus and fluoride in the oral cavity is one of
the factors which affect remineralization rates of enamel
(Ramashetty Prabhakar & Arali, 2009). When salivary pH
level is above the critical pH, calcium and phosphorus will be
precipitate into hydroxyapatite as part of enamel
remineralization (ten Cate, 2008). Furthermore, it was found
that a test dentifrice which contained potassium nitrate
showed significant remineralization of artificially
demineralized enamel (Zero et al., 2006).
The color of enamel surface, can be objectively measured
via spectrophotometric analysis (Lunardi, Correr, Rastelli,
Lima, & Consani, 2014; Peskersoy, Tetik, Ozturk, & Gokay,
2014; Vieira, Arakaki, & Caneppele, 2008). Its function is
based on a principle that is uniform across all
The Effect of Organic Flaxseed Paste on The
Colorimetric Parameters of Demineralized Tooth
Surface
Marlene Azlia Abd Raffur, Izzati Mohd Shaharuddin, Luay Thanoon Younis

The Effect of Organic Flaxseed Paste on The Colorimetric Parameters of Demineralized Tooth Surface
2 www.ijntr.org
color-measuring devices, which is the illumination of an
object by an internal light source (Yang, Murakami, &
Yamaguchi, 2012). The authority on the science of light and
color Commission.
Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE), has defined the L*C*h
color space as a means of expressing colour attributes in
numerical terms (Acton & Dawson, 2004). The
spectrophotometer scans the object and translates it into color
constituents represented by the three axes in the L*C*h color
model (Figure 2), namely lightness (L), chroma (C), and hue
(h). L sits on the vertical axis. It is the measure of an object’s
brightness, which ranges from 0 (no lightness/absolute black)
to 100 (maximum lightness/absolute white). C represents the
saturation of an object, where 0 is completely unsaturated (i.e.
a neutral grey, black or white). A chroma value of 100 or
more represents very high saturation. Hue is every possible
saturated colour, represented by degrees, 0° (red) through 90°
(yellow), 180° (green), 270° (blue) and back to 0° (Kimura,
2018).
The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of
flaxseed as an organic remineralizing agent through
colorimetric values of L, C and h using a spectrophotometer.
Supplemental analysis of the same parameters is achieved by
using an image-editing computer software, Photoshop CS6
(Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA).
Figure 2: Illustration of L*C*h color space model (Acton
& Dawson, 2004)
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty human teeth consisting of incisors and canines were
collected. The samples were grouped into control (no
treatment), fluoride (positive control) and flaxseed (treatment)
groups (Figure. 3). Ten teeth in the control group were placed
in normal saline. The remaining ten teeth for flaxseed paste
treatment and ten teeth for fluoride paste treatment were
immersed in carbonated drink (Coke) for two days (Dincer,
Hazar, & Sen, 2002; Kitchens & Owens, 2007; Seow &
Thong, 2005) [7, 8, 32]. After two days of immersion,
spectrophotometer (Spectrophotometer CM-5, Konica
Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) (Figure 4) was used to measure the L,
C and h for all the groups on only the labial surfaces.
Then, 1gm/ml flaxseed paste was prepared using freshly
ground flaxseed and mixed with deionised distilled water.
The mixture was then properly mixed to the desired
consistency. Ten teeth in the flaxseed group were then treated
with the flaxseed paste for 14 days. For the positive control
group, the teeth were placed in 1450ppm fluoride toothpaste
(Colgate: Sugar Acid Neutralizer) for the same period of 14
days. The L, C and h were measured again. The immersion in
flaxseed paste and fluoride toothpaste was repeated. The final
reading was taken after another 14 days. At each stage,
clinical photo of the teeth were saved as a JPEG file and
computerized digital imaging analyses were performed using
Photoshop CS6 software (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA) (Table
3).
Figure 3: Thirty extracted teeth placed and labelled as
control (no treatment), fluoride (positive control) and
flaxseed (treatment group)
Figure 4: Spectrophotometer
The spectrophotometer (Spectrophotometer CM-5, Konica
Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) was calibrated using zero calibration
first, followed by white calibration. Then, each sample was
placed on the target mask, ensuring the tooth is as close as
possible to the specimen measuring port. Measurements were
taken three times and average readings were taken. The
measurements were then transferred to the computer and the
data were saved.
Computerized digital imaging analyses were performed
using Photoshop CS6 software (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA).
All the clinical photos that were taken and saved as JPEG
format were analysed using eyedropper tool which was
targeted on a point on the photo. The details of the L, C and h

International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR)
ISSN: 2454-4116, Volume-4, Issue-6, June 2018 Pages 01-09
3 www.ijntr.org
can be obtained from the foreground colour (Figure 5).
The results for spectrophotometric readings were analysed
by statistical analysis software SPSS 24.0 (IBM, Endicott,
NY, USA) using repeated-measures analysis of variance
(ANOVA) followed by a multivariate Pillai test. All tests
were carried out at a 5% level of significance.
Figure 5: Computerized digital imaging analysis using
Photoshop CS6 software
III. RESULTS
A. Spectrophotometric Results & Analysis
All the teeth in the two treated (flaxseed and fluoride)
groups showed decrease in lightness in the final reading. In
the fluoride group, the mean percentage of decrease in L is
29.62% whereas the flaxseed group showed 12.58% in mean
L reduction. The percentage of changes of L, C, and h is
illustrated in Figure 6. All ten samples in the flaxseed group
showed decrease in lightness at the second post-treatment
reading, whereas only 90% of the fluoride group showed L
reduction. As for chroma, there was only 7.95% reduction in
mean C value in the fluoride group, whereas flaxseed group
showed a decrease of 35.75%, which is four times this value.
Overall, C decreased in both groups. It was found that there
was a staggering difference between the rise in mean hue in
two treatment groups. The fluoride group showed a 130%
increase, but there was only 10.58% rise from the
flaxseed-treated teeth.
A summary of the spectrophotometric readings is shown in
Table 1.The pattern of change in lightness, chroma, and hue
for all three groups is shown in Figure 7. Overall, there was a
significant difference (F = 6.086, p < 0.007) of mean L value
among three different groups based on time (Table 2). At the
final reading, there was a difference of mean lightness value
between flaxseed group and fluoride group. Fluoride had a
lower mean L value (L=55.69 ± 5.38, p=0.070) than flaxseed
(L=67.60 ± 5.34, p=0.070). Figure 9 shows the mean C value
was higher in flaxseed group (C=2.75 ± 2.73, p=0.010)
compared to fluoride group (C=2.78±2.73, p=0.010). In
contrast, the mean h value for flaxseed group was much lower
(h=121.50±10.53, p=0.000) when compared to fluoride
group (h=260.02 ± 10.53, p=0.000) (Figure10).
Control group showed no significant changes between the
L mean values but had differences in C and h and in the initial
(L: 71.09, C: 3.29, h: 116.48) and final (L:70.54, C: 7.58, h:
101.40) readings.
Figure 6: Percentage of changes in three groups for L*C*h parameters

The Effect of Organic Flaxseed Paste on The Colorimetric Parameters of Demineralized Tooth Surface
4 www.ijntr.org
Figure 7: Line plots from mean values obtained from spectrophotometer for L, C and h.
Figure 8: Mean difference in lightness when measured using computerized digital imaging analysis for control, flaxseed and
fluoride
Figure 9: Mean difference in chroma when measured using computerized digital imaging analysis for control, flaxseed and
fluoride

International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR)
ISSN: 2454-4116, Volume-4, Issue-6, June 2018 Pages 01-09
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Figure 10: Mean difference in hue when measured using computerized digital imaging analysis for control,
flaxseed and fluoride.
Table 1: Summary of spectrophotometric L, C, h values
Group
Tooth
Initial*
Post-treatment**
L0
C0
h0
L1
C1
h1
L2
C2
h2
Control
1
71.09
3.29
116.48
66.49
6.16
100.62
70.54
7.58
101.40
2
71.56
6.30
101.35
68.96
8.23
97.74
63.38
8.66
98.97
3
69.22
9.37
97.45
59.18
6.31
103.17
72.93
14.71
92.92
4
55.53
5.10
90.69
64.97
9.83
88.72
68.75
9.24
90.42
5
56.01
7.34
89.78
64.72
9.56
84.53
67.49
11.38
85.85
6
72.88
2.62
116.49
57.12
1.71
200.75
57.40
2.41
122.09
7
65.15
4.38
98.55
75.72
6.74
101.10
66.74
4.09
106.82
8
74.97
7.42
99.18
66.91
6.91
101.19
70.78
7.99
97.70
9
68.45
11.51
88.10
63.06
9.32
90.25
54.45
5.87
92.75
10
74.23
12.65
92.57
68.79
13.00
93.26
59.14
9.23
92.67
Fluoride
1
79.13
3.02
113.21
58.78
7.75
87.10
55.69
2.78
260.02
2
64.97
3.44
112.35
64.98
8.06
90.66
68.58
6.23
98.86
3
75.72
11.04
97.67
64.10
18.44
79.13
71.49
8.06
96.67
4
77.11
5.17
108.81
65.30
15.16
84.47
69.84
3.27
121.84
5
79.32
11.76
88.55
64.92
19.41
78.67
75.24
9.94
90.87
6
76.51
12.45
86.45
63.18
17.80
75.84
71.82
6.90
88.64
7
75.53
9.85
95.98
68.39
12.40
86.77
68.77
7.22
94.28
8
65.87
4.83
98.77
52.40
12.12
81.26
68.60
2.10
122.65
9
78.06
9.89
99.24
66.05
19.23
81.38
71.24
5.79
106.86
10
73.58
6.11
106.25
53.76
16.40
78.02
74.27
7.55
97.86
Flaxseed
1
77.33
4.28
109.88
60.27
14.67
79.63
67.60
2.75
121.50
2
77.59
6.91
97.67
64.03
12.49
86.18
64.73
6.75
92.18
3
71.34
4.72
102.65
66.27
7.02
93.65
64.48
3.85
98.36
4
76.70
10.06
94.40
63.22
10.13
91.52
63.23
6.79
100.09
5
67.54
11.60
83.11
56.79
16.82
72.66
58.90
9.88
83.81
6
81.14
8.59
101.34
64.99
14.74
85.26
64.04
6.95
88.26
7
78.91
9.60
98.63
57.41
10.95
86.10
59.56
7.68
91.39
8
68.23
3.57
103.85
65.18
12.33
87.62
64.25
7.79
95.57
9
77.94
7.73
99.46
63.44
13.59
85.26
66.30
5.78
104.20
10
70.97
9.82
80.84
68.67
11.07
83.51
61.65
8.11
87.61
*After two days of immersion in carbonated drink
**14 and 28 days after treatment

The Effect of Organic Flaxseed Paste on The Colorimetric Parameters of Demineralized Tooth Surface
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Table 2: Results of statistical analysis for spectrophotometric L parameter
Table 3: Results of statistical analysis for spectrophotometric C parameter

International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR)
ISSN: 2454-4116, Volume-4, Issue-6, June 2018 Pages 01-09
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Table 4: Results of statistical analysis for spectrophotometric h parameter
Table 5: Summary of L, C, and h values determined using Adobe Photoshop CS6.
Group
Tooth
Initial*
Post-treatment**
L0
C0
h0
L1
C1
h1
L2
C2
h2
Control
1
42
30
161
17
19
48
7
26
52
2
45
26
156
15
19
47
3
32
56
3
42
22
154
20
31
41
9
32
44
4
43
23
162
16
33
38
6
22
48
5
41
18
100
16
35
39
7
29
53
6
45
17
143
18
11
55
12
26
45
7
47
22
164
16
17
50
12
24
53
8
45
16
106
20
24
25
16
28
47
9
43
18
110
18
36
41
15
44
45
10
42
16
128
18
25
49
16
28
68
Fluoride
1
44
18
142
21
17
44
23
13
45
2
51
17
84
21
25
42
25
24
45
3
46
26
66
25
30
44
14
20
57
4
45
28
62
26
24
43
28
19
41
5
50
32
67
25
34
42
24
31
41
6
51
13
132
19
35
42
10
19
54
7
41
20
78
21
33
44
17
12
55
8
40
21
92
20
30
43
25
21
46
9
44
18
78
22
25
45
26
15
80
10
40
22
73
23
27
43
16
12
66
Flaxseed
1
53
18
63
31
17
44
8
20
51
2
56
27
57
35
18
44
9
26
50
3
59
22
65
33
31
41
8
34
44

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4
53
19
90
30
23
41
8
23
56
5
50
33
55
26
36
41
7
35
46
6
41
15
93
31
17
45
29
26
45
7
55
26
59
29
21
45
8
24
52
8
40
10
112
25
32
39
7
26
50
9
51
19
81
32
20
45
10
29
49
10
51
21
81
27
34
40
17
50
39
*After two days of immersion in carbonated drink
**14 and 28 days after treatment
B. Computerized Digital Imaging Results & Analysis
Based on the data obtained from Table 2, a graph on changes
in lightness (Figure 8) was made using the average value and
reduction in L which was observed to decrease can be
observed for teeth treated with flaxseed which is from 50.90
to 11.10 for teeth in flaxseed group. L kept on decreasing in
value over time. The control group also showed reduction in
lightness upon time. As for the fluoride group, there is a
decrease in lightness although we can note the reduction in
lightness after 14 days of treatment, but when the
measurements were taken again in the next 14 days, half of
the teeth appears to have a slight increase in L. However,
when comparing the average value of L, we can note there is
still reduction in L from 45.20 to 25.80. From the average
value, the difference in L of teeth treated with flaxseed is
39.80 while teeth treated with fluoride is 19.4. Teeth that
were treated with flaxseed exhibited greater reduction when
compared with teeth that were treated with fluoride.
Results showed that C value of control group increased from
20.8 to 29.10 and C value for flaxseed group also increased
from 21.00 to 29.30. The C values for fluoride group,
however, decreased from 21.50 to 18.60 (Figure 9). Results
also showed that h value shows reduction in all three groups
(Control: from 138.40 to 51.10; Flaxseed: from 75.60 to
48.20; Fluoride: from 87.40 to 53.00) (Figure 10).
IV. DISCUSSION
The present pilot study was conducted to test the efficacy of
flaxseed as an organic remineralizing agent, by measuring
colorimetric parameters using a spectrophotometer and
adjunctive computerized digital imaging software analysis.
L, C and h were evaluated pre- and post-treatment with
flaxseed and fluoridated tooth paste. Lightness parameters
increased after immersion of teeth in carbonated drink, a
phenomenon which indicates that demineralization cause an
increase in surface lightness. As previously mentioned,
demineralization is more likely to occur when the
hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel become less closely
packed in low pH environment, rendering the enamel more
soluble and susceptible to lose its minerals (Hallgren et al.,
2015).
Loss of minerals, low fluorescence radiance and white
appearance are cardinal characteristics of incipient,
demineralized lesions. The mineral loss causes an alteration
in the refractive index of enamel and increases light
scattering in the WSL (Sundararaj, Venkatachalapathy,
Tandon, & Pereira, 2015). To simulate this, the samples in
fluoride and flaxseed groups were immersed in carbonated
drink prior to treatment to induce WSLs, or at the very least,
to leach minerals from the enamel surface. The composition
of Coke is carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup,
caramel colouring, phosphoric acid, natural flavours and
caffeine, among others. The pH recorded is 2.49 (Kitchens &
Owens, 2007), which is significantly lower than the critical
pH 5.5 at which demineralization starts to occur. Due to the
poor aesthetics that come hand in hand with WSL (Kim, Son,
Yi, Ahn, & Chang, 2016), vital bleaching is one of the
methods employed to restore acceptable clinical appearance
(Knosel, Attin, Becker, & Attin, 2007). However, it is
important to note that bleaching is used to only lighten the
surrounding background colour of the tooth for the WSL to
appear indistinct (Greenwall, 2009). Despite the ability to
satisfactorily camouflage inactive WSL, bleaching
treatments would require supportive remineralization therapy
to maintain enamel strength (Kim et al., 2016; Knosel et al.,
2007). In addition, reports of dental sensitivity during and
post-bleaching treatments are widely circulated (Moghadam,
Majidinia, Chasteen, & Ghavamnasiri, 2013). Therefore, we
believe it is imperative to find an agent that facilitates
remineralization that can aesthetically improve enamel
appearance without adverse effects such as sensitivity.
In this study, the decrease in L and C shown across all
samples treated with flaxseed, shows that it is capable of
reversing demineralization and probably restoring strength
and aesthetics of demineralized enamel. This is supported by
the theory that when an object’s translucency decreases, the
amount light passing through it will decrease as well, and the
object will seem less saturated (Vieira et al., 2008) [28]. It
can be postulated that the high content of calcium and
potassium aids in remineralization (Knight, McIntyre, Craig,
& Mulyani, 2006; Zhi, Lo, & Kwok, 2013). The
spectrophotometric analysis was made the primary data
measurement method because it precludes visual perception
or environmental lighting as digital imaging analysis could
be less accurate due to color deflections, shadows and
daylight interference (Peskersoy et al., 2014).
Molecule size will affect the penetrability of the enamel
(Jheon, Seidel, Biehs, & Klein, 2013) by chemicals, saliva or
even bacteria; hence, it would certainly affect flaxseed paste
penetration. Flaxseed paste solubility will also affect the
amount of flaxseed minerals penetrating the tooth surface and
subsequently influence the colorimetric parameters. In
healthy enamel, the percentage of these pores is only 0.1%. In
contrast to that, an initial lesion that lies above sound enamel
will have 1% of these pores. This is called the translucent
zone. These pores or micro-channels have a diameter of 0.5
to 1.5 μm and a depth of 100 μm, which eventually allow
bacterial invasion (Barbosa de Sousa, Dias Soares, &
Sampaio Vianna, 2013). We anticipate that using flaxseed
paste for remineralizing the enamel surface would block
these micro-channels and subsequently hinder bacterial
invasion, therefore, saving the tooth from further mineral loss
and destruction.
Due to flaxseed’s remarkable mineral content, especially for
calcium, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium; and its

International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR)
ISSN: 2454-4116, Volume-4, Issue-6, June 2018 Pages 01-09
9 www.ijntr.org
effect on the demineralized tooth surface, it would be
interesting that future investigation can be implemented to
clarify the biochemical mechanism of flaxseed role on the
demineralized enamel surface or mineral loss.
V. CONCLUSION
Flaxseed induces noticeable effect on the tooth surface by
reducing the lightness parameters of the demineralised
surface. The decreased lightness values of enamel surface
after flaxseed application is attributed to the influx of high
calcium and potassium minerals content of flaxseed paste
into the enamel structure, rendering it less permeable to light,
which makes flaxseed a promising complementary organic
agent for tooth remineralization.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No conflict of interest existed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would also like to thank Ms. Izyan Hazwani Baharuddin
for her assistance in the statistical analysis of our research
results.
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