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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Translucidithyrium thailandicum gen. et sp. nov.: a new
genus in Phaeothecoidiellaceae
Xiang-Yu Zeng
1,2
&Sinang Hongsanan
2
&Kevin D. Hyde
2,3
&Chomnunti Putarak
3
&Ting-Chi Wen
1
Received: 23 March 2018 /Revised: 12 June 2018 /Accepted: 13 June 2018 / Published online: 28 June 2018
#German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract
A sooty blotch and flyspeck fungus with semi-transparent ascomata was discovered in northern Thailand. Its multi-loculate-like
ascomata arrangement is similar to species of Lecideopsella (Schizothyriaceae), but ascomata lack a network-like arrangement.
The new genus also has ascospores with appendages at both ends. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian
inference analyses of a combined ITS and partial LSU sequence dataset revealed that this new taxon is a member of the family
Phaeothecoidiellaceae, but it is distinct from any other genera. Therefore, Translucidithyrium thailandicum gen. et sp. nov. is
introduced here with descriptions and illustrations. The discovery of this new genus with sexual characters in Capnodiales will
make contributions to the further understanding of sooty blotch and flyspeck fungal group.
Keywords Capnodiales .Flyspeck .New taxa .Phylogeny .Sooty blotch
Introduction
The sooty blotch and flyspeck complex is caused by a group
of fungi that occur on the surface of fruits, leaves, twigs, and
stems (Yang et al. 2010; Gleason et al. 2011; Hongsanan et al.
2017). BFlyspeck^encompasses clusters of shiny, black,
round to ovoid, sclerotium-like bodies lacking a visible my-
celial mat, whereas Bsooty blotch^refers to colonies that form
dark mycelial mats with or without sclerotium-like bodies
(Yang et al. 2010; Li et al. 2011; Hongsanan et al. 2017).
These fungi cause no physiological damage to the underlying
host, but may cause substantial economic problems (e.g.,
blemish of apple, pear, persimmon, hawthorn, and other fruit
crops worldwide) (Batzer et al. 2005;Yangetal.2010;
Gleason et al. 2011). The sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi
are generally difficult to culture, as they either rarely
sporulate, or grow extraordinarily slow and thus can
be easily contaminated by saprobes, which has resulted in a
poor understanding of this group (Batzer et al. 2005; Yang et
al. 2010; Gleason et al. 2011).
Phaeothecoidiellaceae is a newly described family intro-
duced by Hongsanan et al. (2017), including Chaetothyrina,
Houjia,and Phaeothecoidiella, and is placed in the order
Capnodiales (Wijayawardene et al. 2018). Members of
the family all occur on the fruit plants (Chaetothyrina
on Musa,Houjia,andPhaeothecoidiella on Malus,and
Translucidithyrium on Syzygium). Chaetothyrina was in-
troduced by Theissen (1913), characterized by ascomatal
setae, hyaline, 1-septate ascospores, and the absence of
superficial hyphae (Reynolds and Gilbert 2005), and has six
estimated species (Wijayawardene et al. 2017). Species from
Chaetothyrina can cause flyspeck disease, which is a
disease complex caused by a diverse array of epiphytic
fungi that colonize the epicuticular wax layer of fruits, stems,
and leaves of many plants. It is also the only sexual genus in
Phaeothecoidiellaceae. Houjia was introduced by G.Y. Sun
and Crous, as a hyphomycetous genus, characterized by
brown, septate, branched hyphae, solitary, monoblastic
conidiogenous cells, and euseptate conidia (Yang et al.
Section Editor: Gerhard Rambold
*Ting-Chi Wen
tingchiwen@yahoo.com
1
The Engineering and Research Center of Southwest
Bio-Pharmaceutical Resource, Ministry of Education, Guizhou
University, Guiyang 550025, China
2
Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University,
Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
3
Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132
Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
Mycological Progress (2018) 17:1087–1096
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1419-0
2010) and comprises two species (Wijayawardene et al.
2017). Phaeothecoidiella was introduced by Batzer and
Crous as a hyphomycetous genus, characterized by brown,
regularly septate, branched hyphae with internally pigmented,
phragmospore-like endoconidia (Yang et al. 2010) and com-
prises two species (Wijayawardene et al. 2017).
This study provides additional morphological characters
and phylogenetic data of a new sexual genus and will make
contributions to further understanding of the sooty blotch and
flyspeck group.
Materials and methods
Morphological studies
Fresh living leaves with black colonies were collected from
Chiang Rai, Thailand, and returned to the laboratory in paper
envelopes. The samples were processed and examined by
using microscopes. Photographs of ascomata were taken using
a compound stereomicroscope (Zeiss Discovery.V8 with
camera AxioCam ERc 5s). Sections were made using
a stereomicroscope (Motic) and mounted in water.
Photomicrographs of fungal structures were taken with
a light microscope (Nikon Eclipse Ni–U) fitted with a
digital camera (Canon DS126311 EOS 600D). Single
spore isolation was carried out following the method
described by Chomnunti et al. (2014). The holotype is
deposited at Mae Fah Luang University (MFLU)
Herbarium. The extype strain is deposited at Mae Fah
Luang University Culture Collection (MFLUCC). MycoBank
and Facesoffungi numbers are registered (Crous et al. 2004a;
Jayasiri et al. 2015).
DNA isolation, amplification, and sequencing
Genomic DNA was extracted from fungal mycelium grown
on PDA or MEA at room temperature with the Fungal gDNA
Kit (BioMIGA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s in-
structions. The partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA was ampli-
fied with the primer pair LROR and LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester
1990). Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was amplified with
the primer pair ITS1 and ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The partial
small subunit (SSU) rDNAwas amplified with the primer pair
NS1 and NS4 (White et al. 1990). The partial translation elon-
gation factor 1 alpha (TEF) pcDNA was amplified with the
primer pair EF1-983F and EF1-2218R (Rehner and Buckley
2005). PCR reactions were conducted with an initial denatur-
ation at 95 °C for 3 min followed by 34 cycles of 1 min at
95 °C, 50 s at 51 °C (LSU and SSU) or 53 °C (ITS and TEF)
and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension at
72 °C for 5 min. All PCR products were sequenced by
Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
Sequences alignments and phylogenetic analysis
Sequences generated from forward and reward primers were
reassembled with BioEdit v.7.2.5 (Hall 1999)toobtaincon-
sensus sequences. Consensus sequences were aligned with
ingroup sequences downloaded from GenBank (Table 1)by
Mafft v7.187 (Katoh and Standley 2013) and then manually
aligned where necessary. Phylogenetic trees were performed
using maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML),
and Bayesian inference (BI) at the CIPRES web portal (Miller
et al. 2010).
Maximum parsimony analysis was performed using the
BPAUP on XSEDE^tool (Swofford 2002). Trees were in-
ferred using heuristic search option with 1000 random taxa
addition. Maxtrees were set up to 5000, branches of zero
length were collapsed and all multiple parsimonious trees
were saved. Parsimony scores including tree length (TL),
consistency index (CI), retention index (RI), and homo-
plasy index (HI) were calculated for trees generated under
different optimality criteria. Clade stability was assessed using
a bootstrap (BT) analysis with 1000 replicates, each
with 100 replicates of random stepwise addition of taxa
(Hillis and Bull 1993).
Maximum likelihood analysis was performed using
BRAxML-HPC BlackBox^tool (Stamatakis et al. 2008).
One thousand non-parametric bootstrap iterations were
employed with the generalized time reversible (GTR)
model and a discrete gamma distribution (Stamatakis
et al. 2008;Lietal.2011).
Bayesian inference (Larget and Simon 1999)wasper-
formed using the BMrBayes on XSEDE^tool (Huelsenbeck
and Ronquist 2001;Ronquistetal.2012). The Markov chain
Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm of four chains started in
parallel from a random tree topology. The run was stopped
automatically when the average standard deviation of split
frequencies fell below 0.01. Trees were sampled every 1000
generation and burn-in was set at 25%. The remaining trees
were used to calculate posterior probabilities (PP).
All trees will be visualized in FigTree v1.4.0 (Rambaut
2012).
Results
The dataset of combined LSU and ITS sequences comprised
1590 characters after alignment, including 821 constant char-
acters, 188 parsimony-uninformative variable characters, and
581 parsimony-informative characters (TL = 4307, CI =
0.317, RI = 0.556, RC = 0.177, HI = 0.683). Bayesian infer-
ence totally generated 2260 trees when the average standard
deviation of split frequencies reached 0.01. One thousand six
hundred ninety-eight trees were finally used to calculate pos-
terior probabilities. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the
1088 Mycol Progress (2018) 17:1087–1096
Table 1 Isolates used in this study for the combined LSU and ITS sequence data and their GenBank accession numbers
Species Strain LSU ITS References
Acidomyces acidophilus MH1085 JQ172741 JQ172741 Hujslová et al. 2013
Batcheloromyces proteae CBS 110696 JF746163 JF746163 Taylor and Crous 2003
Baudoinia compniacensis CBS 123031 GQ852580 –Crous et al. 2009a
Brunneosphaerella protearum CPC 16338 GU214397 GU214626 Crous et al. 2009b
Camarosporula persooniae CBS 116258 JF770461 JF770449 Crous et al. 2011a
Capnobotryella renispora CBS 214.90 GU214398 AY220612 Crous et al. 2009b; Hambleton et al. 2003
Capnodium coffeae CBS 147.52 GU214400 DQ491515 Crous et al. 2009b
Catenulostroma protearum CPC 15368 GU214402 GU214628 Crous et al. 2009b
Chaetothyrina musarum MFLUCC 15–0383 KU710171 –Singtripop et al. 2016
Cladosporium herbarum CBS 121621 KJ564331 EF679363 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014;Schubertetal.2007
Cladosporium hillianum CBS 125988 KJ564334 HM148097 Bensch et al. 2010;Quaedvliegetal.2014
Cladosporium ramotenellum CBS 170.54 DQ678057 AY213640 Schoch et al. 2006
Colletogloeum sp. NY1_3.2F1c FJ031986 FJ425193 Díaz Arias et al. 2010
Conidiocarpus(Phragmocapnias) betle MFLUCC 10–0050 JN832605 –Chomnunti et al. 2011
Devriesia staurophora ATCC 200934 KF901963 AF393723 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Dissoconium aciculare CBS 204.89 GU214419 AY725520 Crous et al. 2004b,2009b
Dothidea sambuci AFTOL-ID 274 AY544681 DQ491505 Lutzoni et al. 2004
Dothistroma pini CBS 121011 JX901821 JX901734 Quaedvlieg et al. 2012
Elasticomyces elasticus CCFEE 5547 KF309991 –Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Extremus adstrictus TRN96 KF310022 –Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Friedmanniomyces endolithicus CCFEE 5199 KF310007 JN885547 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Hispidoconidioma alpinum L2–1/2 FJ997286 FJ997285 Tsuneda et al. 2010
Hortaea werneckii CBS 100496 GU301817 AY128703 De Leo et al. 2003;Schochetal.2009
Houjia yanglingensis YHJN13 GQ433631 GQ433628 Yang et al. 2010
Lecanosticta pini CBS 871.95 GQ852598 –Crous et al. 2009a
Leptoxyphium cacuminum MFLUCC 10–0049 JN832602 –Chomnunti et al. 2011
Melanodothis caricis CBS 860.72 GU214431 GU214638 Crous et al. 2009b
Microcyclosporella mali CPC 16171 GU570545 GU570528 Frank et al. 2010
Microxyphium citri CBS 451.66 KF902094 –Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Neodevriesia coryneliae CPC 23534 KJ869211 KJ869154 Crous et al. 2014
Neodevriesia hilliana CPC 15382 GU214414 GU214633 Crous et al. 2009b
Neodevriesia xanthorrhoeae CBS 128219 HQ599606 HQ599605 Crous et al. 2010
Neopseudocercosporella capsellae CBS 127.29 KF251830 KF251326 Verkley et al. 2013
Parapenidiella tasmaniensis CBS 124991 KF901844 KF901522 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Passalora eucalypti CBS 111318 KF901938 KF901613 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Penidiella columbiana CBS 486.80 EU019274 KF901630 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Periconiella velutina CBS 101950 EU041840 EU041783 Arzanlou et al. 2007
Petrophila incerta TRN 77 GU323963 –Ruibal et al. 2009
Phaeophleospora eugeniae CPC 15159 KF902095 KF901742 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Phaeothecoidea eucalypti CBS 120831 KF901848 KF901526 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Phaeothecoidiella illinoisensis CBS 125223 GU117901 GU117897 Yang et al. 2010
Phaeothecoidiella missouriensis CBS 125222 AY598917 AY598878 Videira et al. 2017
Phloeospora maculans CBS 115123 GU214670 GU214670 Crous et al. 2009b
Piedraia hortae CBS 480.64 GU214466 GU214647 Crous et al. 2009b
Piedraia quintanilhae CBS 327.63 GU214468 –Crous et al. 2009b
Pseudocercospora vitis CPC 11595 GU214483 GU269829 Crous et al. 2009b,2013
Pseudoramichloridium henryi CBS 124775 KF442561 KF442521 Unpublished
Pseudotaeniolina globosa CCFEE 5734 KF310010 KF309976 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Pseudoveronaea obclavata CBS 132086 JQ622102 –Li et al. 2012
Mycol Progress (2018) 17:1087–1096 1089
new collection clusters with Chaetothyrina,Houjia,and
Phaeothecoidiella, in Phaeothecoidiellaceae, but as a distinct
clade with 60% maximum likelihood bootstrap support and
0.90 posterior probabilities (Fig. 1).
Taxo nom y
Translucidithyrium X.Y. Zeng & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.
MycoBank number: MB 824636; Facesoffungi number:
FoF 04090
Etymology: Referring to the semi-transparent ascomata
Type species: Translucidithyrium thailandicum X.Y. Zeng
&K.D.Hyde
Epiphytes on living leaves. Sexual morph:Ascomata sol-
itary, scattered, light brown, semi-transparent, circular, flat-
tened, without ostiole, basal peridium poorly developed.
Upper wall thin, membranous, composed of pale brown,
interwoven, septate hyphae, with textura angularis,constrict-
ed at septa. Asci bitunicate, globose to subglobose.
Paraphyses absent. Ascospores irregular overlapping, hyaline,
ovoid or inequilateral 1-septate, constricted at the septum,
verrucose, with appendages. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Translucidithyrium thailandicum X.Y. Zeng & K.D.
Hyde, sp. nov. (Fig. 2)
MycoBank number: MB 824637; Facesoffungi number:
FoF 04091
Etymology: Referring to its occurrence in Thailand
Holotype: MFLU 16-0089
Colonies hypophyllous, visible as water dots on leaves.
Hyphae substraight, hyaline, forming around the base of
ascomata, hard to detect. Sexual morph:Ascomata solitary,
scattered, 500–700 μm(
x=621,n= 15) in diam., light brown,
semi-transparent, jelly-like, circular, flattened, without ostiole,
Tabl e 1 (continued)
Species Strain LSU ITS References
Racodium rupestre L346 EU048583 GU067666 Muggia et al. 2008
Racodium rupestre L424 EU048582 GU067669 Muggia et al. 2008
Ramichloridium apiculatum CBS 156.59 EU041848 EU041791 Arzanlou et al. 2007
Ramularia endophylla CBS 113265 AY490776 AY490763 Verkley et al. 2004
Ramularia pusilla CBS 124973 KP894141 KP894248 Videira et al. 2015
Ramulispora sorghi CBS 110578 GQ852653 –Crous et al. 2009a
Readeriella mirabilis CBS 125000 KF251836 KF251332 Verkley et al. 2013
Recurvomyces mirabilis CBS 119434 GU250372 FJ415477 Selbmann et al. 2008
Schizothyrium pomi CBS 486.50 EF134948 EF134948 Batzer et al. 2008
Scolecostigmina mangiferae CBS 125467 GU253877 GU269870 Crous et al. 2013
Scorias spongiosa CBS 325.33 GU214696 GU214696 Crous et al. 2009b
Septoria cytisi USO 378994 JF700954 JF700932 Quaedvlieg et al. 2011
Septoria lysimachiae CBS 123794 KF251972 KF251468 Verkley et al. 2013
Sonderhenia eucalyptorum CBS 120220 KF901822 KF901505 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014
Sphaerulina myriadea CBS 124646 JF770468 JF770455 Crous et al. 2011a
Stenella araguata CBS 105.75 EU019250 EU019250 Crous et al. 2007a
Teratoramularia kirschneriana CBS 113093 GU214669 GU214669 Crous et al. 2009b
Teratosphaeria fibrillosa CBS 1217,07 GU323213 KF901728 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014;Schochetal.2009
Toxicocladosporium irritans CBS 185.58 EU040243 EU040243 Crous et al. 2007b
Toxicocladosporium rubrigenum CBS 124158 FJ790305 FJ790287 Crous et al. 2009c
Translucidithyrium thailandicum MFLUCC 16-0362 MG993048 MG993045 This study
Tripospermum myrti CBS 437.68 GU323216 –Schoch et al. 2009
Trochophora simplex CBS 124744 GU253880 GU269872 Crous et al. 2013
Uwebraunia communis CBS 114238 EU019267 AY725541 Crous et al. 2004b,2007a
Vermiconia foris CCFEE 5459 GU250390 KF309981 Quaedvlieg et al. 2014;Selbmannetal.2008
Xenoconiothyrium catenatum CMW 22113 JN712570 JN712502 Crous et al. 2011b
Zasmidium cellare CBS 146.36 EU041878 EU041821 Arzanlou et al. 2007
Zygophiala cryptogama OH4_1A1a FJ147157 FJ425208 Díaz Arias et al. 2010
Zygophiala tardicrescens MWA1a EF164901 AY598856 Batzer et al. 2005,2008
Zygophiala wisconsinensis OH4_9A1c FJ147158 FJ425209 Díaz Arias et al. 2010
1090 Mycol Progress (2018) 17:1087–1096
basal peridium poorly developed. Upper wall thin, membra-
nous, 5–6μm thick, composed of pale brown, interwoven, sep-
tate hyphae, with textura angularis, constricted at septa, thinner
towards the apex. Asci bitunicate, globose to subglobose, 57–
70 μm(x=64,n= 15) in diam., closely distributed in the
hamathecium. Paraphyses absent. Ascospores irregularly over-
lapping, hyaline, ovoid at young state, fusiform to inequilateral
at mature state, tapering at both ends, 1-septate, constricted at the
Fig. 1 The topology shows the family relationships of the order
Capnodiales based on analysis of a combined LSU and ITS dataset.
Bootstrap values of maximum parsimony/maximum likelihood higher
than 50% are shown above the branches, while values of Bayesian
posterior probabilities above 90% are shown below the branches. New
data in this study is in bold face. Branches with strong support
(bootstrap values higher than 70, Bayesian posterior probabilities
higher than 0.95) are given in bold. The tree is rooted with
Dothidea sambuci (Dothideaceae, Dothideales). TreeBASE no.:
22499
Mycol Progress (2018) 17:1087–1096 1091
Fig. 2 Translucidithyrium
thailandicum MFLU 16-0089
(holotype). aHost leaves. b
Ascoma on host surface. cSquash
of ascoma. dAscoma in cross
section. eUpper walls with
interwoven hyphae. fYou ng
ascus. g–hMature ascus. i–k
Ascospore. Scale bars: b–c=
100 μm, d=50 μm, e–h=
20 μm, i–k=10 μm
1092 Mycol Progress (2018) 17:1087–1096
septum, lower cell longer, verrucose, with circular, mucilaginous
appendages at both ends, (33-)40–61 × 9–15 μm(
x=47×12,
n=20). Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Huay Chom
Poo, Khun Kon Water Fall, on living leaves of Syzygium
levinei, 21 December 2015, Xiang-Yu Zeng (MFLU 16-
0089, holotype; isotype HKAS 101754), ex-type living cul-
ture MFLUCC 16–0362. Sequence GenBank accession num-
bers: LSU MG993048; ITS MG993045, SSU MG993055,
TEF MG992597.
Culture characteristic: Ascospores germinating on MEA
within 24 h and germ tubes produced at the apex of the lower
cell. Colonies slow growing on MEA and PDA, circular, vil-
liform, convex, white to gray, with flat surface on MEA, with
undulating to raised surface on PDA.
Notes: This new taxon is morphologically similar to members
of the Myriangiaceae and Schizothyriaceae, but it lacks a
network-like structure in the ascomata to divide the locules and
has appendages around ascospores. As the network-like structure
surrounding locules is missing, we could describe the asci as
closely distributed in the hamathecium, instead of Bmulti-
loculate.^Phaeothecoidiellaceae is a newly described family in-
troduced by Hongsanan et al. (2017), including Chaetothyrina,
Houjia,andPhaeothecoidiella. Phylogenetic analyses of MP,
ML and BI based on combined ITS rDNA and partial LSU
rDNA sequence dataset (SSU and TEF region are not included
due to limited data in GenBank) indicate that the new taxon
clusters with Chaetothyrina,Houjia,andPhaeothecoidiella,in
Phaeothecoidiellaceae, but as a distinct clade with 60% ML boot-
strap support and 0.9 posterior probabilities. This separation
matches with the morphological differences as having semi-
transparent ascomata and mucilaginous appendages at both ends
of ascospores, while appendages of ascospores are absent in the
other three genera of Phaeothecoidiellaceae. Therefore,
Translucidithyrium thailandicum gen. et sp. nov. is introduced.
Discussion
The new collection was found at a water fall in northern
Thailand, where the humidity is relatively high. It is typified
by its semi-transparent ascomata, which are visible as water
dot on leaves, and the host surface can be seen through the
jelly-like bodies. The hamathecium is full of closely distribut-
ed asci and lacks paraphyses. The hyphal system of
Translucidithyrium thailandicum indicates that its nutritional
mode is similar to other sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi,
which are commensal with the host. In addition, the occur-
rence of the new taxon on the lower surface of leaves is dif-
ferent from most sooty blotch and flyspeck fungi.
Myriangiaceae is a poorly known family and is characterized
by multi-loculate, immersed ascostromata, and multi-septate or
muriform ascospores (Dissanayake et al. 2014). The morphology
of the new taxon is most similar to Micularia in Myriangiaceae.
However, the former has appendages around the ascospores,
lacks an ascal pedicel and ocular chamber, and the ascomata
are flattened instead of subglobose. The only genus having a
sheath around the ascospores in Myriangiaceae is Diplotheca,
but arrangement of the ascomatal upper wall is quite different
from the new taxon, as well as the muriform ascospores.
Schizothyriaceae is also a poorly studied family with many
doubtful genera that lacks modern taxonomic study and is typ-
ified by membranous, multi-loculate ascostromata, with each
ascus formed in a locule, which is a Bcell^in a network-like
structure (Phookamsak et al. 2016). Due to its unique morpho-
logical features, Schizothyriaceae is suggested to be a member
of Myriangiales (Phookamsak et al. 2016). The morphology of
T. thailandicum is very similar to Lecideopsella in
Schizothyriaceae. They both grow on the lower surface of
leaves, with scattered, solitary ascomata visible as flattened, gray
spots, thin ascomatal upper walls, globose asci, and 1-septate
ascospores. However, the new taxon lacks the network-like
structure in the ascostromata and ascal pedicels, forms append-
ages around the hyaline ascospores, whereas ascospores in
Lecideopsella are rounded at both ends and can sometimes be
pale yellowish. Hexagonella is characterized by brown, 2-
septate ascospores, and hexagonal cell meshes in ascostromata.
Plochmopeltis produces reddish brown hyphal clumps at the top
of the ascostromata that cover the asci. Schizothyrium is typified
by slit-like dehiscence in the upper wall, and a multi-loculate
structure in ascostromata. All of the above structures are absent
in T. thailandicum, and the presence of ascospore appendages of
the new genus makes it distinct to other genera.
Both Phaeothecoidiellaceae and Schizothyriaceae are poor-
ly studied families, with similar morphological features and
close phylogenetic placements. They have tiny bodies difficult
to notice or study, while cultures are difficult to obtain. So far,
there are still very few sequence data of Phaeothecoidiellaceae
in GenBank, while sequence data of Schizothyriaceae are
from asexual morphs. With an increasing number of fresh
new collections and further understanding of this group, we
believe that there will be numerous novel discoveries for this
group in the future.
Acknowledgements Xiang-Yu Zeng would like to thank Shaun
Pennycook for the suggestion of the Latin diagnosis of the new genus
name, and Rungtiwa Phookamsak for advice on the new species.
Funding information This study was supported by the Science and
Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province (no. [2012]3173).
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