Some ascomycetes from the Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi County, Taiwan

Abstract

This paper represents partial result of an investigation of ascomycete diversity in Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi County, Taiwan, which was carried out during the year 2006 and 2007. A total of 54 species belonging to 38 genera of ascomycetes were collected and identified during the study; among which 13 are described and illustrated in this paper. Four species were new records for Taiwan: Amphisphaeria millepunctata, Immotthia hypoxylon, Roussoella hysterioides, and Trematosphaeria confusa. The teleomorph of Sporoschisma hemipsilum is recorded for Taiwan for the first time. © 2018 J. Cramer in Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.

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© 2018 J. Cramer in Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, www.borntraeger-cramer.de
Germany. DOI: 10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2018/0490 0029-5035/2018/0490 $ 3.00
Nova Hedwigia Vol. 107 (2018) Issue 3–4, 531–542
published online June 11, 2018; published in print November 2018 Article
C
Some ascomycetes from the Alishan National Scenic Area,
Chiayi County, Taiwan
Wei-Hsun Kuo1, Chi-Yu Chen2, Chang-Hsin Kuo3* and Teik Khiang Goh3
1 Department of Biological Resources, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road,
Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
2 Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd.,
South District, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
3 Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, 300 Syuefu Road,
Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
With 5 gures
Abstract: This paper represents partial result of an investigation of ascomycete diversity in Alishan
National Scenic Area, Chiayi County, Taiwan, which was carried out during the year 2006 and
2007. A total of 54 species belonging to 38 genera of ascomycetes were collected and identified
during the study; among which 13 are described and illustrated in this paper. Four species were new
records for Taiwan: Amphisphaeria millepunctata, Immotthia hypoxylon, Roussoella hysterioides,
and Trematosphaeria confusa. The teleomorph of Sporoschisma hemipsilum is recorded for Taiwan
for the first time.
Key words: Ascomycota, morphology, species diversity, taxonomy.
Introduction
The sac fungi, ascomycetes, constitute the largest group of fungi in the fungal kingdom
(Miller 1949). Kirk et al. (2008) have estimated that there were over 64,163 species
of ascomycetes worldwide, representing about 6,355 genera from various habitats.
Investigations of fungal flora of Taiwan started early during the last century, mostly by
the Japanese mycologists. Sawada in his eleven volumes of Descriptive Catalogue of
the Formosan Fungi listed 876 genera and 2464 species of fungi (Sawada 1919, 1922,
1927, 1928, 1931, 1933, 1942, 1943a, 1943b, 1944, 1959), among which there were
350 species of ascomycetes. Yamamoto in his mycological reports included 157 species
of ascomycetes (Yamamoto 1961). Thereafter no further significance contribution on
*Corresponding author: chkuo@mail.ncyu.edu.tw
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fungal diversity of Taiwan was achieved due to the lack of fungal taxonomists in Taiwan.
However, investigations on fungal diversity of Taiwan became active again since 1970,
as more mycologists have been working on the taxonomy of different groups of fungi
from Taiwan. In recent years more new species and new records of fungi are being
added to the list. To date, more than 1100 species of ascomycetes from Taiwan have
been recorded (Chen 1992, Chen & Hsieh 1993, 2000, 2004, Hsieh et al. 1995, 2000,
Sivanesan & Hsieh 1989, Wang et al. 1999, Wu 2002).
This paper represents part of a survey on species diversity of ascomycetes in Alishan
National Scenic Area, Chiayi County, Taiwan, which was carried out during the year
2006 and 2007.
Materials and methods
Sample collection and preServation: In order to understand the species diversity of ascomycetes in
Alishan area of Chiayi County, field expeditions were made in sampling areas of different altitudes:
between 750 and 2,000 meters, such as Leye, Da-Dong Mountain, Yeyuanping and Fengshan.
Sample collections were made at least in two sampling areas every month from February 2006 to
January 2007. Decaying woody branches of dicot plants or dead culms of bamboo were collected in
paper bags. For preservation, samples were dried in 40°C oven for about 12 hours or air-dried under
the sun for 1 week. Materials examined were labeled according to the collection sites: Leye (LY),
Da-Dong Mountain (DDS), Yeyuanping (YYP) and Fengshan (FS-I or FS-II). All the dried fungal
materials were deposited in the Herbarium of Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing
University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Slide preparation for microScopic obServation: Examination of fungal materials was done by
observing fruiting bodies under a dissecting microscope. When a mature ascoma was spotted, it was
horizontally cut with a scalpel to remove the upper portion and thus revealing the centrum. A drop
of water was added to soak the hymenium before picking it up by a needle for mounting on a glass
slide in drop of lactophenol. For smaller fruiting bodies, they were picked up directly for mounting
on a slide and gently crushed with a cover slip before examination under the microscope.
Longitudinal Sectioning of fruiting bodieS: In order to observe the detailed structure of fungal
fruiting bodies, ca. 5 mm cubes of natural substrata (i.e. wood or bamboo culm) containing mature
ascomata was sectioned with a Yamoto FX-801 freezing microtome. The cubes were first moistened
by a drop of water before subjected to sectioning. For materials of harder texture, they were softened
by pre-soaking in 3% potassium hydroxide solution for 5-10 min prior to sectioning. The sections
were made to about 10-20 µm thick, checked under the dissecting microscope for suitable sections
before mounting them on microscope slides for examination.
obServation and photographing of fungal materialS: Fungal fruiting bodies on natural substrata
were observed and photographed using the SZ-PT Olympus dissecting microscope equipped with
a digital camera (Olympus C-5050ZOOM). Detailed of ascomal sections, asci and ascospores were
observed under the Carl Zeiss Axioskop2 Plus microscope equipped with the Nomarski Interference
Contrast accessories. Characteristics of the fungal species were captured by a digital camera (Canon
Power Shot A640) connected to the microscope. For the unitunicate species, Melzer’s Reagent was
added to the slide in order to determine if the apex of asci was amyloid. For each species, at least
30 asci or ascospores were measured to obtain their average dimensions.
Results and discussion
A total of 54 species belonging to 38 genera of ascomycetes were collected and
identified during this study. Four genera were frequently collected, with Hypoxylon
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having the highest occurrence (33%), followed by Diaporthe (20% occurrence),
Eutypella (19% occurrence), and Massarina (5% occurrence). The other genera
collected were Amphisphaeria, Anthostromella, Astrosphaeriella, Biscogniauxia,
Bolinia, Cryptosphaeria, Diatrype, Didymosphaeria, Eutypa, Hypocreopsis,
Kirschsteiniothelia, Kretzchmaria, Linocarpon, Lophiosphaeria, Massaria,
Melanomma, Ophioceras, Penzigia, Phaeosphaeria, Phyllachora, Physalospora,
Pleurostroma, Pyrenula, Rhytismis, Rosellinia, Saccardoella, Thyronectria, Tubeufia
and Xylaria. Among the ascomycetes we collected, 15 were identified to specific
level; ten of which were already recorded in Taiwan (i.e. Astrosphaeriella africana,
Astrosphaeriella stellata, Didymosphaeria massarioides, Kirschsteiniothelia
incrustans, Massaria inquinans, Melanomma fusidulum, Phaeosphaeria microscopica,
Pleurostroma minima, Saccardoella macrasca, and Thyronectria pseudotrichia),
whereas the other four were new records (i.e. Amphisphaeria millepunctata, Immotthia
hypoxylon, Roussoella hysterioides, and Trematosphaeria confusa). The teleomorph
of Sporoschisma hemipsilum (synonym: Melanochaeta hemipsila) was found for the
first time for Taiwan.
The five new records of ascomycetes for Taiwan are described as follows:
Amphisphaeria millepunctata (Fuckel) Petrak, Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 329 (1923).
Fig. 1
Ascomata 330-400 µm high, 470-520 µm wide, immersed, solitary, scattered to
gregarious, subglobose, apex papillate, periphysate in ostiolar canal, with clypeus
around ostiole. Paraphyses filiform, septate, hyaline, up to 2 µm wide. Asci (126)135-
143(-150) × 7-12 µm, unitunicate, cylindrical, long-stalked, rounded at the apex, with
an amyloid apparatus, 8-spored. Ascospores uniseriate, (13-)17-20(-24) × 5-9 µm,
uniseptate, brown, ellipsoidal, rounded at the ends, surrounded by a thin mucilaginous
sheath.
Specimen examined: TAIWAN, Chiayi County, Alishan area, Fengshan, on rotten wood, FS-II-0704,
July 22, 2006, Wei-Hsun Kuo.
Known diStribution: Israel, Lithuania, Poland, Taiwan, Turkey (Selçuk & Hüseyin 2014, Grishkan
et al. 2003, Chlebicki 2008, Iznova & Rukšėnienė 2011).
note: The epithet "millepunctata" refers to the numerous punctate dots on the appearance
of substrate, which are clypeus around the ostiolar region of immersed perithecia. This
is characteristic for Amphisphaeria species. Amphisphaeria millepunctata differs from
other Amphisphaeria species in having non-constricted dark brown ascospores. In
the present Taiwanese material, the ascospores were seen to be surrounded by a thin
mucilaginous sheath. This was not reported previously (Wang et al. 2004).
Immotthia hypoxylon (Ellis & Everh.) Barr, Mycotaxon 29: 504 (1987). Fig. 2
Ascostromata 130-200 µm high, 150-200 µm, superficial, on subiculum, gregarious,
wide, obpyriform or globose, dark brown, apex papillate. Peridium membranous,
composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells, the outermost cells pigmented, the inner
cells hyaline. Pseudoparaphyses septate, hyaline, up to 2 µm wide. Asci (42-)48-54
(-65) × 5-8 µm, bitunicate, cylindrical, sessile to short-stalked, 8-spored. Ascospores,
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uniseriate, overlapping, 9-12 × 3-7 µm, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, the upper
cell slightly swollen near the septum, brown, broadly fusiform, smooth, rounded at
the ends.
Specimen examined: TAIWAN, Chiayi County, Alishan area, Leye, on rotten wood, LY-1102, Nov.
11, 2006, Wei-Hsun Kuo.
Known diStribution: Taiwan, USA (Barr 2009, Hyde et al. 2017).
Fig. 1. Amphisphaeria millepunctata. A. Longitudinal section of perithecium. B. Asci. C. Ascus. D.
Ascospores. Scale bar: A = 100 µm; B = 50 µm; C = 20 µm; D = 10 µm.
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note: This species has been reported to occur on stromata of Hypoxylon-allied fungi
(Akulov & Hayova, 2016, Jaklitsch et al. 2002) with an associated coelomycetous
anamorph, namely Coniothyrium parasitans, which produced pycnidia which were
indistinguishable from ascostromata. The Taiwanese material occured on mycelial
subiculum, which could be immature stromata of an unknown Hypoxylon-allied fungus.
The ascospores did not germinate on artificial medium, coinciding with the parasitic
nature of this species (Jaklitsch et al. 2002). The anamorph was not found.
Roussoella hysterioides (Ces.) Höhn., Sber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.- nat. Kl. 128:
563 (1919). Fig. 3
Ascostromata 230-280 µm high, 2-2.5 mm wide, immersed, flattened at the base,
multilocular, each locule 75-150 × 35-50 µm, with the ostiole erumpent through
the host epidermis. Pseudoparaphyses septate, hyaline up to 2 µm wide. Asci (100-)
105-120(-135) × 4-6 µm, bitunicate, cylindrical, short-stalked, rounded at the apex,
8-spored. Ascospores uniseriate, overlapping, 13-20 × 4-6 µm, uniseptate, constricted
at the septum, brown, fusiform, slightly pointed at the ends, with striate ornamentation
on surface.
Specimen examined: TAIWAN, Chiayi County, Alishan area, Leye, on dead culm of bamboo, LY-
1201a, Dec. 24, 2006, Wei-Hsun Kuo.
Known diStribution: France, Indonesia, Taiwan, Papua New Guinea (Höhnel 1919, Ju et al. 1996).
Fig. 2. Immotthia hypoxylon. A. Ascomata on natural substratum. B. Longitudinal section of
perithecium. C. Asci. D. Ascus containing 8 ascospores. Scale bar: A = 300 µm; B = 40 µm; C =
10 µm; D = 10 µm.
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note: The placement of this species in the Didymosphaeriaceae (Dothideales) has
been controversial. Aptroot (1995) considered that the asci of this species were
unitunicate and thus proposed to put it in the Amphisphaeriaceae (Xylariales).
Hyde and his coworkers observed that the asci of this species were bitunicate, with
a papillate inner wall, but they were not fissitunicate during spore release, thus it
Fig. 3. Roussoella hysterioides. A. Ascostromata on natural substratum. B. Cross section of
ascostromata on natural substratum C. Longitudinal section of ascostroma. D. Ascospore. E. Asci. F.
Ascus containing 8 ascospores. Scale bar: A, B = 1 mm; C = 200 µm; D = 5 µm; E = 20 µm; F = 10 µm.
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differed from typical bitunicate ascomycetes. They concluded that this was a species
of uncertain relationships in taxonomic placement and thus required further verification
at the molecular levels (Hyde et al. 1996). Kang et al. (2002) did a phylogenetic
studies of 23 related ascomycetes based on comparison of ITS sequences of the
nrDNA, which included Roussoella hysterioides, and supported its placement in the
Didymosphaeriaceae.
Sporoschisma hemipsilum (Berk. & Broome) Zelski, A.N.Mill. & Shearer, in Zelski,
Balto, Do, Raja, Miller & Shearer, IMA Fungus 5: 433 (2014). Fig. 4
@ Sphaeria hemipsila Berk. & Broome, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 14: 126 (1873).
@ Lasiosphaeria hemipsila (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 198 (1883).
@ Chaetosphaeria hemipsila (Berk. & Broome) Petch., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradenija 6: 336 (1917).
@ Melanochaeta hemipsila (Berk. & Broome) E.Müll. et al., Revue Mycol. 33: 377 (1969).
= Chaetosphaeria coelestina Höhn., Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wein, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl, 1 Abt.
118: 324 (1909).
= Sporoschisma saccardoi E.W.Mason & S.Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 31: 20 (1949).
Ascomata 210-230 µm high and 240-260 µm wide, superficial, solitary, scattered or
gregarious, obpyriform, apex papillate; wall composed of dark brown cells, covered
with stiff dark setae which are (80-)100-105(-120) µm long. Paraphyses filiform,
septate, hyaline, up to 2 µm wide. Asci 140-155 × 21-30 µm, unitunicate, narrowly
clavate to clavate, apex flattened, with a refractive, non-amyloid apical ring, 8-spored.
Ascospores biseriate, (33-)37-41(-50) × 7-11 µm, 5-septate, fusiform, curved, dark
brown except the end cells, which are lighter in color.
Specimen examined: TAIWAN, Chiayi County, Alishan area, Leye, on rotten wood, LY-1201, Dec.
24, 2006, Wei-Hsun Kuo.
Known diStribution: Sexual morph – Australia, French, Guiana, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand.
Asexual morph – Australia, Brunei, Darussalam, Canada, Ecuador, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy,
Malaysia, Peru, South Africa, Taiwan and Thailand (Sivichai et al. 2000).
note: This fungus was named under Melanochaeta hemipsila, a name based on
sexual morph (ascomycete). The asexual morph (hyphomycete) of this fungus was
Sporoschisma saccardoi, which has already been recorded in Taiwan (Matsushima
1980). This paper is however the first record of its sexual morph collected in Taiwan.
Melanochaeta and Sporoschisma were proven to be congeneric (Sivichai et al. 2000,
Fernández et al. 2006). In considering the rules of "one fungus one name" and priority
in nomenclature (Réblová et al. 2016), the sexual name M. hemipsila was replaced by
Sporoschisma hemipsilum (Zelski et al., 2014, as "hemipsila"). The name of its asexual
morph, S. saccardoi, was therefore put into synonymy (Zelski et al. 2014), since the
basionym Sphaeria hemipsila predates.
Trematosphaeria confusa (Garovaglio) Boise & D.Hawksw., in: Biose, Mycologia
77: 232 (1985). Fig. 5
Ascostromata 670-790 µm wide, 510-530 µm high, solitary, erumpent to superficial,
immersed only at the base, carbonaceous, conical, with a flattened base, apex papillate.
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Pseudoparaphyses septate, hyaline, up to 2 µm wide. Asci (135-)150-165(-180) ×
(15-)17-19(-22) µm, bitunicate, narrowly clavate, short-stalked, rounded at the apex.
Ascospores uniseriate to biseriate, overlapping, (30-)35-37(-39) × 8-12 µm, 3-septate,
constricted at the middle septum, brown, fusiform, slightly pointed at the ends, the
second cell slightly swollen, surrounded by a thin mucilaginous sheath.
Fig. 4. Sporoschisma hemipsilum. A. Ascomata on natural substratum. B. Young asci. C. Ascospore.
D. Longitudinal section of perithecium. E. Immature ascus containing 8 developing ascospores. Scale
bar: A = 200 µm; B = 30 µm; C = 10 µm; D = 100 µm; E = 30 µm.
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Specimen examined: TAIWAN, Chiayi County, Alishan area, Leye, on rotten wood, LY-1003, Oct.
15, 2006, Wei-Hsun Kuo.
Known diStribution: French Guiana (Courtecuisse et al. 1996), Taiwan.
Fig. 5. Trematosphaeria confusa. A. Ascostromata on natural substratum. B. Longitudinal section
of ascostroma. C. Ascus containing 8 ascospores. D. Asci. E: Ascospore. Scale bar: A = 600 µm; B
= 120 µm; C = 30 µm; D = 20 µm; E = 10 µm.
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note: The conical ascostromata and reddish ascospores from this material are
characteristic of Trematosphaeria (Tanaka et al. 2005). This fungus conforms to the
description of Barr (1990), and can be considered as a form of T. pertusa with 3-septate
ascospores. In T. pertusa, ascospores are mostly 1-septate (Barr 1990).
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