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Antifungal and Zearalenone Inhibitory Activity of Pediococcus pentosaceus Isolated from Dairy Products on Fusarium graminearum
Abstract and Figures
The present study was aimed to evaluate the bio-control efficacy of Pediococcus pentosaceus isolated from traditional fermented dairy products originated from India, against the growth and zearalenone (ZEA) production of Fusarium graminearum. The cell-free supernatants of P. pentosaceus (PPCS) were prepared and chemical profiling was carried out by GC-MS and MALDI-TOF analysis. Chemical profiling of PPCS evidenced that, the presence of phenolic antioxidants, which are responsible for the antifungal activity. Another hand, MALDI-TOF analysis also indicated the presence of antimicrobial peptides. To know the antioxidant potential of PPCS, DPPH free radical scavenging assay was carried out and IC 50 value was determined as 32 ± 1.89 µL/mL. The antifungal activity of P. pentosaceus was determined by dual culture overlay technique and zone of inhibition was recorded as 47 ± 2.81%, and antifungal activity of PPCS on F. graminearum was determined by micro-well dilution and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PPCS was determined as 66 ± 2.18 µL/mL in the present study. Also a clear variation in the micromorphology of mycelia treated with MIC value of PPCS compared to untreated control was documented. Further, the mechanism of growth inhibition was revealed by ergosterol analysis and determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PPCS treated samples. The effects of PPCS on mycelial biomass and ZEA production were observed in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism behind the suppression of ZEA production was studied by reverse transcriptase qPCR analysis of ZEA metabolic pathway genes (PKS4 and PKS13), and results showed that there is a dose dependent down-regulation of target gene expression in PPCS treated samples. The results of the present study were collectively proved that, the antifungal and ZEA inhibitory activity of PPCS against F. graminearum and it may find a potential application in agriculture and food industry as a natural bio-controlling agent.
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... Previous studies have shown that P. pentosaceus occurs naturally in fermented products and may have an active function in product quality, food safety, and production efficiency (Balakrishnan and Agrawal, 2014;Jang et al., 2015;Gong and Qi, 2020;Montemurro et al., 2020;Jiang et al., 2021;Xu et al., 2021). Furthermore, different research has reported that P. pentosaceus has probiotic functions including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, detoxifying, and cholesterol-lowering activities (Zhao et al., 2012;Thirabunyanon and Hongwittayakorn, 2013;Sellamani et al., 2016;Asami et al., 2017;Kim et al., 2019). However, the use of LAB does not support the different needs in food processing, so the demand for more types of probiotic strains is growing and P. pentosaceus represents a good candidate due to its application value and probiotic effect attracting great interest by the food industry (Qi et al., 2021). ...
... However, the use of LAB does not support the different needs in food processing, so the demand for more types of probiotic strains is growing and P. pentosaceus represents a good candidate due to its application value and probiotic effect attracting great interest by the food industry (Qi et al., 2021). Researchers from various countries have studied the probiotic potential of P. pentosaceus in local foods to determine the best use of P. pentosaceus in the food industry, maintaining its probiotic effect in the human body (Shukla and Goyal, 2014;Sellamani et al., 2016;Nanasombat et al., 2017;Ghosh et al., 2019). ...
Introduction
Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains are currently gaining attention in the food industry and various biological applications because of their harmless and functional properties. Given the growing consumer demand for safe food, further research into potential probiotic bacteria is beneficial. Therefore, we aimed to characterize Pediococcus pentosaceus DSPZPP1, a LAB strain isolated from traditional fermented sausages from the Basilicata region of Southern Italy.
Methods
In this study, we analyzed the whole genome of the P. pentosaceus DSPZPP1 strain and performed in silico characterization to evaluate its applicability for probiotics and use in the food industry.
Results and Discussion
The whole-genome assembly and functional annotations revealed many interesting characteristics of the DSPZPP1 strain. Sequencing raw reads were assembled into a draft genome of size 1,891,398 bp, with a G + C content of 37.3%. Functional annotation identified 1930 protein-encoding genes and 58 RNAs including tRNA, tmRNA, and 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNAs. The analysis shows the presence of genes that encode water-soluble B-group vitamins such as biotin, folate, coenzyme A, and riboflavin. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that the DSPZPP1 strain can synthesize class II bacteriocin, penocin A, adding importance to the food industry for bio-enriched food. The DSPZPP1 genome does not show the presence of plasmids, and no genes associated with antimicrobial resistance and virulence were found. In addition, two intact bacteriophages were identified. Importantly, the lowest probability value in pathogenicity analysis indicates that this strain is non-pathogenic to humans. 16 s rRNA-based phylogenetic analysis and comparative analysis based on ANI and Tetra reveal that the DSPZPP1 strain shares the closest evolutionary relationship with P. pentosaceus DSM 20336 and other Pediococcus strains. Analysis of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) identified glycosyl transferases (GT) as a main class of enzymes followed by glycoside hydrolases (GH). Our study shows several interesting characteristics of the isolated DSPZPP1 strain from fermented Italian sausages, suggesting its potential use as a promising probiotic candidate and making it more appropriate for selection as a future additive in biopreservation.
... Furthermore, RUT and ZEN exhibited a notable interaction with the mRNA expression level of kiss1-r in the pituitary gland of mice. A study revealed that treatment with 5 µg/L ZEN led to a notable increase in the mRNA expression level of ER-α in the brain, gonads, and liver [47]. This could potentially lead to contradictions, as our study revealed an increase in the hypothalamus's mRNA expression level of ER-β. ...
... Interestingly, pretreatment with RUT mitigated the reproductive toxicity induced by ZEN through modulation of the HPG axis in male mice ( Figure 6). µg/L ZEN led to a notable increase in the mRNA expression level of ER-α in the brain, gonads, and liver [47]. This could potentially lead to contradictions, as our study revealed an increase in the hypothalamus's mRNA expression level of ER-β. ...
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin found in many agricultural products and can cause reproductive disorders, mainly affecting spermatogenesis in male animals. Rutin (RUT) is a natural flavonoid compound recognized for its significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic properties. The present study aimed to determine the protective role of RUT against ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice. Twenty-four adult Kunming male mice were divided into four groups: control, RUT (500 mg/kg RUT), ZEN (10 mg/kg ZEN), ZEN + RUT (500 mg/kg RUT + 10 mg/kg ZEN), with six replicates per treatment. The results indicated that RUT mitigated ZEN-induced disruption in spermatogenic cell arrangement, decreased spermatozoa count, and increased sperm mortality in the testes. RUT significantly restored ZEN-induced reduction in T, FSH, LH, and E2 serum levels. Moreover, RUT mitigated ZEN-induced apoptosis by increasing the mRNA expression level of bcl-2, decreasing the mRNA expression level of kiss1-r, and decreasing the protein expression level of caspase 8 in reproductive tissues. These findings indicate the protective role of RUT against ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice by regulating gonadotropin and testosterone secretions to maintain normal spermatogenesis via the HPG axis, which may provide a new application direction for RUT as a therapeutic agent to mitigate ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity.
... The effect of the B. integerrima and B. vulgaris extracts on the mycelial structure of F. solani and F. graminearum was investigated by SEM with some modifications to the Sellamani et al. (2016) method. A volume of 20 μ of spores (2×10 6 spores mL -1 ) was added to the SDA culture at MIC50 amounts of methanolic extracts and incubated at 25 °C. ...
... Mycelia grown in cultures without extract were considered as control. (Sellamani et al., 2016) ...
Purpose: Berberis integerrima Bunge and Berberis vulgaris L. are traditional plants known for their many health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal potential of B. vulgaris and B. integerrima fruit extracts against Fusarium spp. pathogens as an environmentally compatible natural antifungal compound. Research methods: The antifungal activity of methanolic fruit extracts of B. vulgaris and B. integerrima against Fusarium solani, and Fusarium graminearum was investigated using the microdilution method, growth area measurement, and morphological Changes were studied using scanning electron microscopy analysis. Findings: The methanolic fruit extracts of B. vulgaris and B. integerrima had significant antifungal activity against the studied plant pathogens, with B. integerrima exhibiting a stronger effect. The MIC values of B. vulgaris fruit extract against F. graminearum and F. solani were 150 and 75 mg mL -1 , and B. integerrima fruit extract had 100 and 75mg mL -1 , respectively. F. graminearum was the most resistant fungal species. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the extracts of both medicinal plants changed the structure and morphology of mycelia and, dose-dependently, inhibited conidia formation. Research limitations: There were no limitations. Originality/Value: The study showed that fruit extracts of B. vulgaris and B. integerrima have the potential to be used as natural and environmentally friendly agents against Fusarium species.
... Among the most hazardous microorganisms that can contaminate food and threaten the safety and quality of food, food products, and feed are fungi [33]. Up to 30% of crop products can be destroyed by fungus plant diseases, and rotting fungi and their toxins contaminate roughly 25% of the raw materials used in agriculture worldwide [34]. In Western Europe, the yearly economic damage resulting from fungi causing bread to decay is expected to exceed 200 million euros [35]. ...
Fungi can spoil the majority of baked products. Spoilage of cake during storage is commonly associated with fungi. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the quality of different types of cakes sold in the market. The most predominant fungal genera in the tested cake samples (14 samples) were Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp. On Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), the medium fungal total count was 43.3 colonies /g. Aspergillus was the most dominant genus and was isolated from six samples of cake. Aspergillus was represented by 3 species namely, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. nidulans, represented by 13.32, 19.99, and 3.33 colonies /g respectively. On Malt Extract Agar (MEA) Medium, the fungal total count was 123.24 colonies / g. Aspergillus was the most dominant isolated genus from 11 samples of cake and was represented by 5 species, namely, A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceous, A. terreus, and A. versicolor (26. 65, 63.29, 3.33, 6.66, and 3.33 colonies / g , respectively). Twenty-four isolates (88.88 %) of the total tested twenty-seven filamentous fungi showed positive results for amylase production. Ten isolates (37.03%) of the total tested filamentous fungi showed positive results for lipase production, and finally eleven isolates (40.74 %) of the total fungal isolates showed positive results for protease production. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and ochratoxin A were not detected in fourteen collected samples of cake. In this study, clove oil was the best choice overpeppermint oil and olive oil for preventing mold development when natural agents were compared. It might be due to the presence of a varietyof bioactive chemical compounds in clove oil, whose major bioactive component is eugenol, which acts as an antifungal reagent. Therefore, freshly baked cake should be consumed within afew days to avoid individuals experiencing foodborne illnesses.
... Previous studies have reported the probiotic potential of Ped. pentosaceus, including obesity treatment, anti-inflammation, anticancer, antioxidant, antifungal, and cholesterol-lowering activity [11][12][13][14]. Several strains of Ped. ...
Probiotics play a significant role in enhancing health, and they are well known for bacteriocins production. Evaluating probiotics’ whole-genome sequence provides insights into their consumption outcomes. Thus, genomic studies have a significant role in assessing the safety of probiotics more in-depth and offer valuable information regarding probiotics’ functional diversity, metabolic pathways, and health-promoting mechanisms. Marine Pediococcus pentosaceus E3, isolated from shrimp gut, exhibited beneficial properties, indicating its potential as a probiotic candidate. Phenotypically, E3 strain was susceptible to most antibiotics assessed, tolerant to low pH and high bile salt conditions, and revealed no hemolysin activity. Interestingly, E3-neutralized CFS revealed significant antibacterial activity against pathogens under investigation. Therefore, the concentrated CFS was prepared and evaluated as a natural biopreservative and showed outstanding antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, integrated-based genome assessment has provided insight into probiotic characteristics at the genomic level. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that the E3 genome possesses 1805 protein-coding genes, and the genome size was about 1.8 Mb with a G + C content of 37.28%. Moreover, the genome revealed the absence of virulence factors and clinically related antibiotic genes. Moreover, several genes consistent with probiotic microorganisms’ features were estimated in the genome, including stress response, carbohydrate metabolism, and vitamin biosynthesis. In addition, several genes associated with survival and colonization within the gastrointestinal tract were also detected across the E3 genome. Therefore, the findings suggest that insights into the genetic characteristics of E3 guarantee the safety of the strain and facilitate future development of E3 isolate as a health-promoting probiotic and source of biopreservative.
... The cause can be found in micro-organisms of different types (such as bacteria, molds, and fungi or yeasts), or in larger living organisms such as insects or small animals; in any case, their presence is due to the ideal mix of food source and optimal environmental conditions for their growth [2,3]. In particular, fungi spoilage is responsible for significant food waste and economic losses; worldwide, microbial contamination caused by fungi and toxins is believed to cause problems for about 25% of products in the food sector [4]. ...
The primary goal of this scoping review is to collect, analyze, and critically describe information regarding the role of the main compounds (reuterin, phenyllactic acid, and exopolysaccharides) produced by LAB that possess antifungal properties and provide some suggestions for further research. The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to mitigate spoilage and extend the shelf life of foodstuffs has a long history. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the unique properties of these additions to the foodstuffs in which they are applied. In recent studies regarding biopreservation, significant attention has been given to the role of these microorganisms and their metabolites. This fascinating recent discipline aims not only to replace traditional preservation systems, but also to improve the overall quality of the final product. The biologically active by-products produced by lactic acid bacteria are synthesized under certain conditions (time, temperature, aerobiosis, acidity, water activity, etc.), which can be enacted through one of the oldest approaches to food processing: fermentation (commonly used in the dairy and bakery sectors). This study also delves into the biosynthetic pathways through which they are synthesized, with a particular emphasis on what is known about the mechanisms of action against molds in relation to the type of food.
... These methods include maintaining good storage conditions, application of chemical and physical treatments [12], including acidic/basic solutions [13], ozonation [14], UV irradiation [15] and adsorption [16], or the application of antagonistic fungal strains, which inhibit unwanted moulds including mycotoxin producers [17]. Various studies showed that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) [18][19][20] and Bacillus spp. [21][22][23], express species-and strain-specific antifungal activity against different moulds. ...
Mycotoxins present in cereals are a worldwide problem and are a result of the presence of mycotoxin producing fungi. A strategy to reduce these fungi and mycotoxin levels in contaminated grains is with the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or Bacillus spp., which can degrade or bind toxins. In this study, LAB and Bacillus spp. were isolated from mycotoxin contaminated wheat grains and, together with additional plant-derived strains, an antifungal screening against Fusarium graminearum was performed. Furthermore, these strains were screened for their ability to reduce zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Finally, the mode of action of the most promising microorganisms was investigated by analyzing toxin reduction with viable and dead cells, cell extracts and supernatants. Out of 212 tested strains, 70 showed high antifungal activity and 42 exhibited the ability to detoxify more than 90% ZEA, i.e., Bacillus licheniformis (19), B. megaterium (13), and Levilactobacillus brevis (10). None of the tested strains were able to decrease DON. The mode of action of ZEA reduction could not be fully elucidated. Neither dead cells (<20%), nor cell extracts nor supernatants could reduce ZEA in high amounts, which exclude high binding capacity and the involvement of extra- or intra-cellular enzymes.
... Pediococcus pentosaceus is a gram-positive, nonmotile, and coccus-shaped lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with facultative anaerobic features. P. pentosaceus is considered a probiotic, as certain strains of P. pentosaceus are known to possess probiotic properties, such as antimicrobial [21,22], anticarcinogenic [23,24], anti-inflammatory [25,26], lipid-lowering [27,28], detoxification [29,30], and modulation of immune function [31][32][33][34]. Although several studies have reported the ability of P. pentosaceus to modulate immune response, its role as a vaccine adjuvant and how it works in this matter remain to be studied. ...
Increasing evidence shows that some probiotics can improve vaccine responses as adjuvants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus MIANGUAN (PPM) on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-elicited immune response in mice. Six-week-old female ICR mice were primed and boosted with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine intramuscularly at weeks 0 and 4, respectively. Mice were gavaged with PPM (5 × 10⁹ CFU/mouse) or PBS (control) for 3 days immediately after boosting vaccination. Compared to the control, oral PPM administration resulted in significantly higher levels of RBD-specific IgG binding antibodies (> 2.3-fold) and RBD-specific IgG1 binding antibodies (> 4-fold) in the serum. Additionally, PPM-treated mice had higher titers of RBD-specific IgG binding antibodies (> 2.29-fold) and neutralization antibodies (> 1.6-fold) in the lung compared to the control mice. The transcriptional analyses showed that the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway was upregulated in both splenocytes and BAL cells in the PPM group vs. the control group. In addition, the number of IFN-γ-producing splenocytes (mainly in CD4 + T cells as determined by flow cytometry) in response to restimulation of RBD peptides was significantly increased in the PPM group. RNA sequencing showed that the genes associated with T cell activation and maturation and MHC class II pathway (CD4, H2-DMa, H2-DMb1, H2-Oa, Ctss) were upregulated, suggesting that oral administration of PPM may enhance CD4 + T cell responses through MHC class II pathway. Furthermore, PPM administration could downregulate the expression level of proinflammatory genes. To conclude, oral administration of PPM could boost SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy through enhancing the specific humoral and cellular immunity response and decrease the expression of inflammation pathways.
We sequenced the genomes of Pediococcus pentosaceus strains MBBL4 and MBBL6, isolated from raw milk samples of healthy cows. The draft genomes of the MBBL4 and MBBL6 were 1,896,831 bp and 1,849,397 bp, respectively, and were fragmented into 58 and 42 contigs, with coverages of 118.2× and 128.7×, respectively.
Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species are secondary metabolites with low molecular weight formed by filamentous fungi generally resistant to different environmental factors and, therefore, undergo slow degradation. Contamination by Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals and millets is the foremost quality challenge the food and feed industry faces across the globe. Several types of chemical preservatives are employed in the mitigation process of these mycotoxins, and they help in long-term storage; however, chemical preservatives can be used only to some extent, so the complete elimination of toxins from foods is still a herculean task. The growing demand for green-labeled food drives to evade the use of chemicals in the production processes is getting much demand. Thus, the biocontrol of food toxins is important in the developing food sector. Fusarium mycotoxins are world-spread contaminants naturally occurring in commodities, food, and feed. The major mycotoxins Fusarium species produce are deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, zearalenone, and T2/HT2 toxins. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), generally regarded as safe (GRAS), is a well-explored bacterial community in food preparations and preservation for ages. Recent research suggests that LAB are the best choice for extenuating Fusarium mycotoxins. Apart from Fusarium mycotoxins, this review focuses on the latest studies on the mechanisms of how LAB effectively detoxify and remove these mycotoxins through their various bioactive molecules and background information of these molecules.
Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Shalgam (Şalgam) juice samples and phenolic acid decarboxylase activity of the strains were examined by HPLC method. The isolates were identified with biochemical tests and according to the results a significant number of the strains were determined as Lactobacillus plantarum. The abilities of 21 selected isolates to decarboxylate p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, o-coumaric, gallic and sinapic acids were determined. Six isolates were detected to have phenolic acid decarboxylase activity. The strains GK1, GK3, GK5, GK11 and GK13 reduced both p-coumaric and caffeic acid, and all the strains except GK3 and GK12 could metabolize gallic acid to p-coumaric acid. Our results demonstrate that some important phenolics were produced by different lactic strains during Şalgam fermentation process and these strains could be declared as potential starter cultures. In this study phenolic acid decarboxylase (PAD) activity of lactic acid bacteria were also determined by HPLC method in which ethanol was used as a component of the mobile phase to avoid deleterious environmental side effects associated with acetonitrile. Accordingly, ethanol can be used as a component of the mobile phase instead of acetonitrile in the HPLC method for the determination of phenolics.
The present study was aimed to establish the antagonistic effects of Ocimum sanctum L. essential oil (OSEO) on growth and zearalenone (ZEA) production of Fusarium graminearum. GC-MS chemical profiling of OSEO revealed the existence of 43 compounds and the major compound was found to be eugenol (34.7%). DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50) of OSEO was determined to be 8.5 μg/mL. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of OSEO on F. graminearum were recorded as 1250 and 1800 μg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscope observations showed significant micro morphological damage in OSEO exposed mycelia and spores compared to untreated control culture. Quantitative UHPLC studies revealed that OSEO negatively effected the production of ZEA; the concentration of toxin production was observed to be insignificant at 1500 μg/mL concentration of OSEO. On other hand ZEA concentration was quantified as 3.23 μg/mL in OSEO untreated control culture. Reverse transcriptase qPCR analysis of ZEA metabolic pathway genes (PKS4 and PKS13) revealed that increase in OSEO concentration (250-1500 μg/mL) significantly downregulated the expression of PKS4 and PKS13. These results were in agreement with the artificially contaminated maize grains as well. In conlusion, the antifungal and antimycotoxic effects of OSEO on F. graminearum in the present study reiterated that, the essential oil of O. sanctum could be a promising herbal fungicide in food processing industries as well as grain storage centers.
A toxin is any toxic substance that can be produced by an animal, plant, or microbe. Some toxins can also be produced by molecular biological techniques (protein toxins) or by chemical synthesis (low-molecular-weight toxins). The threat of biological warfare is an increasing concern in recent years. Advances in microbiology and genetic engineering have made it possible to create extremely dangerous toxigenic and pathogenic microorganisms. Accurately detecting and identifying biological warfare agents (BWAs) is the focal point for countering bioterrorism, methods for detection of these agents and treatments for infection are currently limited, and the development of highly rapid and sensitive field-deployable methods for early detection of biological warfare agents is crucial. There has been a remarkable progress in the detection, protection, and decontamination of biological warfare agents as many instrumentation platforms and detection methodologies are developed and commissioned. Furthermore in the past decade, there have been threats due to the emerging new diseases and also the reemergence of old diseases and development of antimicrobial resistance and spread to new geographic regions. The preparedness against these agents needs complete knowledge about the disease, better research and training facilities and diagnostic facilities, and improved public health system. Even then, the threat of biological warfare agents and their use in bioterrorist attacks still remain a leading cause of global concern. This review on the major fungal biological warfare agents will provide information on the biological warfare agents and their detection.
A survey of the contamination of wheat, barley, and Japanese retail food by four Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin (T-2), and HT-2 toxin (HT-2), was performed between 2010 and 2012. A method for the simultaneous determination of the four
mycotoxins by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was validated by a small-scale interlaboratory study using two spiked wheat samples (DON was spiked at 20 and 100 μg/kg and ZEN, T-2, and HT-2 at 6 and 20 μg/kg in the respective samples). The recovery of the four mycotoxins
ranged from 77.3 to 107.2%. A total of 557 samples of 10 different commodities were analyzed over 3 years by this validated method. Both T-2 and HT-2 were detected in wheat, wheat flour, barley, Job's tears products, beer, corn grits, azuki beans, soybeans, and rice with mixed grains. Only
T-2 toxin was detected in sesame seeds. The highest concentrations of T-2 toxin (48.4 μg/kg) and HT-2 toxin (85.0 μg/kg) were present in azuki beans and wheat, respectively. DON was frequently detected in wheat, wheat flour, beer, and corn grits. The contamination level of wheat was
below the provisional standard in Japan (1,100 μg/kg). The maximum contamination level of DON was present in a sample of a Job's tears product (1,093 μg/kg). ZEN was frequently detected in Job's tears products, corn grits, azuki beans, rice with mixed grains, and sesame seeds. A sample
of a Job's tears product presented the highest ZEN contamination (153 μg/kg). These results indicate that continuous monitoring by multiple laboratories is effective and necessary due to the percentage of positive samples detected.
The present study was aimed to determine the inhibitory effects of Curcuma longa L. essential oil (CLEO) against the growth and zearalenone (ZEA) production of Fusarium graminearum. Chemical profiling of CLEO was carried out by GC-FID analysis and major compound was ar-turmerone (53.10%). Antifungal activity of CLEO was assessed by using micro-well dilution method, and minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were determined as 2450 and 3300 μg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, ROS played a major role in antifungal activity as evidenced by reactive oxygen species estimation from CLEO treated fungal cultures. Further, Scanning electron microscopy observations were carried at MIC and MFC concentrations. Results indicated that, CLEO significantly affected the morphology of mycelia and spore structures compared to untreated control culture. Effects of CLEO on fungal biomass as well as ZEA production were assessed by dry-weight and UHPLC analysis, respectively. Results indicated that, fungal biomass and zearalenone production was completely inhibited at 3500 and 3000 μg/mL, respectively. The results of the study conclude that, CLEO may find a potential application in the food industry to control the fungal infestation and ZEA contamination.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have historically been used as starter cultures for the production of fermented foods, especially dairy products. Over recent years, new areas have had a strong impact on LAB studies: the application of ?omics? tools; the study of complex microbial ecosystems, the discovery of new LAB species, and the use of LAB as powerhouses in the food and medical industries. This second edition of Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Novel Applications addresses the major advances in the fields over the last five years. Thoroughly revised and updated, the book includes new chapters. Among them: The current status of LAB systematics; The role of LAB in the human intestinal microbiome and the intestinal tract of animals and its impact on the health and disease state of the host; The involvement of LAB in fruit and vegetable fermentations; The production of nutraceuticals and aroma compounds by LAB; and The formation of biofilms by LAB. This book is an essential reference for established researchers and scientists, clinical and advanced students, university professors and instructors, nutritionists and food technologists working on food microbiology, physiology and biotechnology of lactic acid bacteria.
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin from Fusarium species commonly found in many food commodities and
are known to cause reproductive disorders, genotoxic and immunosuppressive effects. Although many
studies have demonstrated the cytotoxic effects of ZEN, the mechanisms by which ZEN mediates its cytotoxic
effects appear to differ according to cell type and route of exposure. Meantime, the available information
on the neurotoxic effects of ZEN is very much limited. In the present study we evaluated the role
of oxidative stress in ZEN mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and investigated the possible underlying
mechanism. ZEN induced ROS formation and elevated levels of MDA, loss of mitochondrial membrane
potential (MMP) and increase in DNA damage in a dose dependent manner as assessed by
COMET assay and agarose gel electrophoresis. However, there was no DNA damage by plasmid breakage
assay at 6, 12 and 24 h time points. DAPI staining showed apoptotic nuclei at 12 and 24 h. Further, ZEN
treated SH-SY5Y cells showed a marked suppressive effect on the neuronal gene expression. Use of an
antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reversed the toxin-induced generation of ROS and also attenuated
loss of MMP. Collectively, these results suggest that ROS is the main upstream signal leading to increased
ZEN mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.