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Phytotaxa 348 (3): 199–210
http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/
Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press Article PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
Accepted by Alfredo Vizzini: 6 Apr. 2018; published: 2 May 2018
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.348.3.3
199
Phylloporia minuta sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Hymenochaetales): a remarkable
species discovered in a small protected urban area of Atlantic Forest
FELIPE BITTENCOURT1, SIDNEY LUIZ STÜRMER2, MATEUS ARDUVINO RECK3 & ELISANDRO RICARDO
DRECHSLER-SANTOS1
1Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade,
CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil;
2Laboratório de Micorrizas, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga n. 140,
Victor Konder, CEP: 89030-903, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil;
3Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná,
Brazil.
Abstract
During fungal surveys in a small urban Protected Area in Southern Brazil a species of Phylloporia was found with its minute
basidiomata emerging from living stems of Doliocarpus schottianus. It is characterized by pileate and strikingly small ba-
sidiomata, context with a black line separating an upper tomentum, 3–7(–8) pores per mm, a monomitic hyphal system and
ellipsoid basidiospores. In phylogenetic analysis based on partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA sequences, these specimens
are resolved as a new clade within Phylloporia. The species is therefore described as P. minuta sp. nov. Ecological data (host
and distribution) and the importance of small and urban protected areas are discussed.
Key words: Dilleniaceae, host-specialization, Hymenochaetaceae, Neotropics, polypores, taxonomy
Introduction
Phylloporia Murrill (Hymenochaetaceae), typified with P. parasitica Murrill (1904: 141), is morphologically diverse
and predominantly distributed in tropical regions. In general, species of Phylloporia are characterized by small
basidiomata, context with a black line separating an upper tomentum, monomitic to rarely dimitic hyphal system,
small, yellow, thick-walled, non-dextrinoid and frequently collapsed basidiospores, and absence of setae. The substrate
includes living plant stems, living leaves, dead and living roots and, more rarely, dead wood (Wagner & Ryvarden
2002, Ryvarden 2004, Zhou & Dai 2012).
Several new species of Phylloporia were proposed in the last decade (Cui et al. 2010, Valenzuela et al. 2011,
Zhou & Dai 2012, Decock et al. 2013, Zhou 2013, Gafforov et al. 2014, Decock et al. 2015, Yombiyeni et al. 2015,
Ferreira-Lopes et al. 2016, Zhou 2016, Ren & Wu 2017, Yombiyeni & Decock 2017, Zhou 2017), totaling currently
about 45 species. Many of these species are known to occur in a restricted region and/or are specific to a host, as P.
afrospathulata Yombiyeni & Decock (Yombiyeni et al. 2015: 1000), P. elegans Ferreira-Lopes, Robledo & Drechsler-
Santos (Ferreira-Lopes et al. 2016: 140–142), P. flabelliforma Decock & Yombiyeni (Decock et al. 2015: 459–460), P.
gabonensis Decock & Yombiyeni (Decock et al. 2015: 460–463), P. lespedezae G.J. Ren & F. Wu (2017: 244–246), P.
nouraguensis Decock & Castillo 2013 (Decock et al. 2013: 21–25) P. rzedowskii R. Valenzuela & Decock (Valenzuela
et al. 2011: 344–346) and P. ulloai R. Valenzuela, Raymundo, Cifuentes & Decock (Valenzuela et al. 2011: 346–
347). Also, many of these species were discovered during polypore surveys within large protected areas and/or well
conserved ecosystems, while small and urban protected areas and forest remnants are poorly investigated.
During a survey for polyporoid fungi in a small and urban protected area of the Atlantic Forest domain in southern
Brazil, a species of Phylloporia was found with its basidiomata emerging from a living plant. This species is described
as new based on morphological, molecular, and ecological data (host and distribution). Moreover, we provide a
comparison with morpho-ecological similar and phylogenetically related species.
BITTENCOURT ET AL.
200 • Phytotaxa 348 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press
Material and Methods
Study area:—Specimens were collected in the São Francisco de Assis Natural Municipal Park, municipality of
Blumenau, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil (26°55’19” S, 049°04’44” W, elev. 87 m). The Park is a protected
area (23 ha) intensively visited and located in the central and urban region of the municipality. Although surrounded
mainly by the urban area, this protected area is separated in its southwestern portion from a larger forest remnant
(20.000 ha) only by a 20 m broad highroad (Sevegnani 2003). The vegetation of the Park is in advanced stage of
succession and is classified as subtropical lowland broadleaved forest according to Oliveira-Filho (2015), belonging
to the Atlantic Forest domain, with Euterpe edulis Mart. as the dominant species (Veloso & Klein 1968, Sevegnani
2003). The climate is classified by Köppen-Geiger as warm temperate climate, fully humid with hot summer (Kottek et
al. 2006). The collected specimens were dried and deposited in the FURB, FLOR and SP Herbaria (acronyms follows
Thiers 2017).
Morphological analyses:—Macro-morphological analyses of the basidiomata (shape, color and number of pores
per mm) were made with a Zeiss Stemi 2000-C Stereomicroscope. Color names and codes were obtained after dried
basidiomata, following Munsell Soil Color Chart (Munsell Color 1975). For the micro-morphological analyses and
measurements, freehand sections of the tomentum, context and tubes were made with a barber blade, mounted on
microscopic slides with water, 5% KOH and Melzer’s reagent and observed using under a Zeiss Axio Imager.A2
light microscope up to 1000× magnification, to observe the hyphal structure, basidiospores and other microscopic
structures. For a better visualization of the hyphae organization and measurements, sections were treated with 5%
NaOH and dissected with acupuncture needles before being mounted.
All microscopic measurements were made with materials mounted in Melzer’s reagent with the help of ZEN Lite
2012 software. In presenting the variation in the size of the structures, 5% of measurements were excluded from each
end of the range, and are given in parentheses. Basidiospores measurements were based on 40 profile basidiospores per
specimen, and the following abbreviations were used for the measurements:
x
= arithmetic average, = arithmetic
average of ratio length/width. This work follows the terminology of the resupinate Russulales species database (http://
www.cbs.knaw.nl/russulales/) to describe basidiospore shape.
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing:—DNA extraction was carried out using dried basidiomata
according to Góes-Neto et al. (2005). PCR amplification followed the parameters described in Larsson & Larsson
(2003) for the 28S (nrLSU) gene region, using the primer pair LR0R (Cubeta et al. 1991) and LR7 (Vilgalys &
Hester 1990). All PCR products were purified with PEG (polyethylene glycol) (Sambrook et al. 1989). Sequencing
reactions of PCR products were prepared with the addition of a mix composed of 1 μL BigDye® Terminator v3.1
Cycle Sequencing Kit, 1 μL 5× Buffer, 1 μL primer, 5 μL H2O q.s.p., to 2 μL of the amplification product. Primers
LR0R (Cubeta et al. 1991) and LR5 (Vilgalys & Hester 1990) were used for sequencing, which performed at the
Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The generated
sequences and their respective chromatograms were manually checked and edited with Geneious 6.1.8 (Kearse et al.
2012). Sequences were further deposited at GenBank® (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
Phylogenetic analyses:—A total of 98 28S (nrLSU) sequences available in GenBank® of Phylloporia were
included in the dataset, as well as some representatives of closely related genera: Coltricia Gray, Fomitiporella Murrill,
Fulvifomes Murrill, Inocutis Fiasson & Niemelä and Inonotus P. Karst. Inonotus cuticularis (Bull.) P. Karst. (Karsten
1879: 39) and Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst. (Karsten 1879: 39) were designated as the outgroup taxa (Larsson
et al. 2006). All sequences used in this study are listed in Table 1. Sequences were aligned with MAFFT v.7 (Katoh
& Standley 2013) under the G-INS-I strategy and manually inspected with MEGA v. 7.0.21 (Kumar et al. 2016), in
search for unreliably aligned positions and adjusted whenever necessary.
Phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood (ML) using RAxML v.8.2.9 (Stamatakis 2014)
and Bayesian inference (BI) as implemented in MrBayes v.3.1.2 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003), both available in the
CIPRES science gateway (Miller et al. 2010, http://www.phylo.org/). The best fit model of nucleotide evolution was
selected according to BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion) using the software jModelTest 2.1.4 (Guindon & Gascuel
2003, Darriba et al. 2012). The ML analysis first involved 100 searches, each one starting from one randomized
stepwise addition parsimony tree, under a GTRGAMMA+I model, with all the other parameters estimated by the
software. To assess the reliability of the nodes, multi-parametric bootstrapping replicates under the same model were
computed, allowing the program to halt bootstrapping automatically by the autoMRE option.
The BI was implemented by two independent runs, each one starting from random trees, with four simultaneous
independent chains and performed 10.000.000 generations, keeping one tree every 1.000th generation. A total of 20%
PHYLLOPORIA MINUTA SP. NOV. (BASIDIOMYCOTA) Phytotaxa 348 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 201
of the sampled trees were discarded as burn-in and checked by the ESS (Effective Sample Size) of LnL in Tracer v.1.6
(Rambaut et al. 2014), while the remaining ones were used to reconstruct a 50% majority-rule consensus tree and
to estimate posterior probabilities (PP) of the branches. A node was considered to be well supported if it showed a
bootstrap (BS) ≥ 75% and/or PP ≥ 0.95.
TABLE 1. List of taxa, vouchers and accession numbers used in the phylogenetic analyses.
Species Voucher Origin GenBank® accession number
Coltricia stuckertiana MUCL47643 Argentina HM635663
C. stuckertiana Robledo 219 Argentina KC136219
C. stuckertiana Robledo 281 Argentina KC136221
C. cf. stuckertiana Urcelay 625 Argentina KT223570
Fomitiporella cavicola N153 United Kingdom AY059052
Fo. resupinata Douanla-Meli 476 Cameroon JF712935
Fo. umbrinella CBS 303.66 United States AY059036
Fulvifomes fastuosus CBS 213.36 Philippines AY059057
Fu. robiniae CBS 211.36 United States AF411825
Inocutis jamaicensis Gilb. 14740 United States AY059048
Inonotus cuticularis*92-829 Germany AF311010
I. hispidus*97-97 Germany AF518623
Phylloporia afrospathulata GA06_166 Gabon KC136229
P. afrospathulata YOM47 Gabon KC136230
P. bibulosa Ahmad 27088 Pakistan AF411824
P. capucina Robledo 1610 Argentina KJ651919
P. chrysites N.W. Legon (O) Puerto Rico AF411821
P. chrysites MUCL 52763 Mexico HM635665
P. clausenae Yuan 3528 China KJ787795
P. clausenae Dai 10831 China KJ787796
P. crataegi Dai 11014 China JF712922
P. crataegi Dai 11016 China JF712923
P. cylindrispora Yuan 6144 China KJ787797
P. cylindrispora Yuan 6148 China KJ787798
P. dependens Dai 13167 China KP698746
P. elegans FLOR 51178 Brazil KJ631408
P. elegans FLOR 51179 Brazil KJ631409
P. ephedrae E. Parmasto TAA 72-2 Turkmenistan AF411826
P. flabelliforma MUCL 55569 Gabon KU198349
P. flabelliforma MUCL 55568 Gabon KU198351
P. flacourtiae Yuan 6204 China KJ787799
P. flacourtiae Yuan 6360 China KJ787800
P. fontanesiae Li 194 China JF712924
P. fontanesiae Li 199 China JF712925
P. fulva GA_657VS Gabon KJ743247
P. cf. fruticum MUCL 52762 Mexico HM635668
P. cf. fruticum MUCL 52863 Mexico HM635670
P. gabonensis MUCL 55572 Gabon KU198352
P. gabonensis MUCL 55571 Gabon KU198353
P. gutta Dai 4103 China JF712926
P. gutta Dai 4197 China JF712927
P. hainaniana Dai 9460 China JF712928
P. homocarnica Yuan 5750 China KJ787803
P. homocarnica Yuan 5766 China KJ787804
P. inonotoides GA12_858VS Gabon KJ743251
P. inonotoides GA12_860VS Gabon KJ743252
P. littoralis MUCL 56144 Gabon KY349140
P. littoralis MUCL 56145 Gabon KY349141
P. minuta (H) FURB 55088 Brazil MG264039
P. minuta FURB 55085 Brazil MG264040
P. minutipora LWZ 20150531-13 China KU904465
P. minutipora LWZ 20150531-14 China KU904466
...continued on the next page
BITTENCOURT ET AL.
202 • Phytotaxa 348 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press
TABLE 1. (Continued)
Species Voucher Origin GenBank® accession number
P. minutispora MUCL 52865 Congo HM635671
P. minutispora Ipulet 706 Uganda JF712929
P. nandinae Dai 10588 China JF712930
P. nandinae Dai 10625 China JF712931
P. nodostipitata FLOR 51173 Brazil KJ631412
P. nodostipitata FLOR 51175 Brazil KJ631413
P. nouraguensis MUCL/FG-11-409 French Guiana KC136223
P. nouraguensis MUCL/FG-11-404 French Guiana KC136224
P. oblongospora Zhou 179 China JF712932
P. oreophila Cui 2219 China JF712933
P. oreophila Cui 9503 China JF712934
P. osmanthi Yuan 5655 China KF729938
P. pectinata R. Coveny 113 Australia AF411823
P. pulla Cui 5251 China KU904468
P. pulla Dai 9627 China KU904469
P. radiata LWZ 20141122-5 China KU904470
P. radiata LWZ 20141122-6 China KU904471
P. ribis Strain 82-828 Germany AF311040
P. ribis MUCL s/n France KU358724
P. rzedowskii MUCL 52859 Mexico HM635673
P. rzedowskii MUCL 52861 Mexico HM635675
P. spathulata Chay 456 Mexico AF411822
P. spathulata Robledo 1790 Argentina KJ651921
P. terrestris Yuan 5738 China KC778784
P. tiliae Yuan 5491 China KJ787805
P. ulloai MUCL 52866 Mexico HM635677
P. ulloai MUCL 52867 Mexico HM635678
P. weberiana Dai 9242 China JF712936
P. yuchengii YG033 Uzbekistan KM264324
P. yuchengii YG051 Uzbekistan KM264325
Phylloporia sp. Robledo 1220 Argentina KC136225
Phylloporia sp. FG-11-506 French French Guiana KC136227
Phylloporia sp. FG-11-462 French French Guiana KC136228
Phylloporia sp. MUCL 53433 Mexico KC136231
Phylloporia sp. FLOR 51258 Brazil KJ631406
Phylloporia sp. FLOR 51239 Brazil KJ631407
Phylloporia sp. Robledo 429 Argentina KJ651913
Phylloporia sp. Robledo 1134 Argentina KJ651917
Phylloporia sp. Robledo 1467 Argentina KJ651918
Phylloporia sp. MUCL FG11_506 French Guiana KJ743258
Phylloporia sp. MUCL FG12_522 French Guiana KJ743259
Phylloporia sp. MUCL FG12_523 French Guiana KJ743260
Phylloporia sp. MUCL FG13_754 French Guiana KJ743261
Phylloporia sp. MUCL FG12_670 French Guiana KJ743262
Phylloporia sp. MUCL FG13_721 French Guiana KJ743263
Phylloporia sp. MUCL FG13_722 French Guiana KJ743264
* = outgroup; (H) = holotype.
Results
Phylogenetic analyses:—The two newly generated 28S sequences for this study were deposited at GenBank®, with
their accession numbers labeled in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1). The 28S dataset with 98 sequences resulted in an
alignment of 918 characters, with 399 variable characters, of which 362 characters were parsimony informative.
In the ML searches, GTR+I+G was selected as the best-fit substitution model for Maximum Likelihood analysis.
RAxML found 422 distinct patterns in the alignment, with a proportion of gaps and completely undetermined characters
of 7.35%; the multiparametric BS search in ML analysis stopped after 204 replicates.
PHYLLOPORIA MINUTA SP. NOV. (BASIDIOMYCOTA) Phytotaxa 348 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 203
FIGURE 1. Best-scored tree from the ML analyses, showing the phylogenetic relationships of Phylloporia species inferred from 28S
sequences. The tree was rooted with Inonotus cuticularis and I. hispidus. New species is highlighted in bold. Thickened branches represents
bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) support values greater than or equal to 75% or 0.95, respectively. Support values are shown
above those branches (BS/PP).
BITTENCOURT ET AL.
204 • Phytotaxa 348 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press
According to the preceding analyses, TrN+I+G was chosen as the best-fit substitution model to the dataset in the
BI; however, RAxML do not support this model. In this case, the General Time Reversible (GTR) model with six
evolution types was used for the analysis. The two independent runs of Bayesian analysis converged to stable values of
the convergence criterion after approximately 2.500.000 generations, and the posterior inspection of the runs’ log files
in Tracer showed that the discarded 20% of burn-in to construct the consensus tree was a suitable value. All chains in
BI converged after 10 million generations, which was indicated by the ESS value of LnL close to 1.000.
The topologies of both ML and BS analyses were nearly congruent. Thus, only the best-scored ML tree is presented
with statistical values from both analyses (Fig. 1). The topologies of the trees regarding the relative positions of the
different genera of Hymenochaetaceae included were identical, except for Inocutis. Phylloporia clade is strongly
supported, and although terminal clades were significant supported in both analyses, most of the internal clades of
Phylloporia received low support. The two newly generated sequences formed a highly supported lineage within the
Phylloporia clade, distinct from other sampled species.
Taxonomy
Phylloporia minuta Bittencourt & Drechsler-Santos sp. nov. (Fig. 2)
MycoBank: MB823358
Diagnosis:—Basidiomata pileate, seasonal, pileus sessile, applanate to ungulate or campanulate, broadly attached, amplectens or pendant,
small, up to 16.5 mm wide, 3–7(–8) pores per mm, context with a black line separating an upper tomentum, monomitic hyphal
system and pale yellowish broadly ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid basidiospores with 4.0–5.1 × 2.8–3.8 μm.
Etymology:—minuta (Lat.): meaning small, referring to the small size of the basidiomata.
Type:—BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Blumenau, Parque Natural Municipal São Francisco de Assis, subtropical lowland broadleaved forest,
on living and young stems Doliocarpus schottianus Eichler, elev. 87 m, 26°55’19” S, 049°04’44” W, 15 April 2015, F. Bittencourt
393, Holotype (FURB! 55088). GenBank® accession number MG264039.
Description:—Basidiomata seasonal to biseasonal, pileate, applanate to ungulate or campanulate; pileus solitary,
sessile, broadly attached, amplectens or pendant, with a soft consistency, up to 16.5 mm wide, 7.3 mm thick; pileus
surface fibrous, smooth to concentrically sulcate in biseasonal basidiomata, yellowish brown to strong brown (10YR
5/6–8, 7.5YR 4/6, 5/8), azonate; margin acute to round, sterile, concolorous with the pileus surface, sometimes lighter
in fresh basidiomata; pore surface very pale yellow to yellow (10YR 5/8, 7/4–6); pores angular, sometimes elongated
or fused, 3–7(–8) per mm, (76.3–)95.9–311.3(–362.3) μm diam.; dissepiments entire, thick, (33.4–)55.4–166.8(–301.7)
μm thick; tube layer concolours with the pore surface, 0.5–1.4 mm thick; basidiomata in section containing a context
and tomentum; context compact, corky, pale yellow, brownish yellow to yellow (10 YR 6/8, 7/6–8, 8/8), 0.4–1.8 mm,
with a black line separating the upper tomentum; tomentum loose, spongy, ferruginous brown, concolorous with the
pileus surface, 0.4–2.2 mm.
Hyphal system monomitic, simple-septate; generative hyphae in the hymenophoral trama thin to thick-walled,
pale to golden yellow, (2.8–)3.3–5.1(–7.1) μm wide, lumen (1.2–)1.6–3.3(–3.7) wide, regularly simple-septate; in
the context thick-walled, (3–)3.7–5.9(–6.9) μm wide, lumen (1.4–)1.9–4(–4.9) wide; in the tomentum pale to golden
yellow, thick-walled, often with collapsed portions, first adpressed, soon erected, loosely interwoven, (2.6–)3.2–
6.7(–7.5) μm wide, lumen (0.8–)1.3–4.4(–5.3) wide, arising from a dark line formed by agglutinated, golden brown,
frequently simple-septate and branched hyphae; Hymenium: cystidia not seen; basidia clavate, 16.8 × 6.9 μm (n=1);
basidiospores abundant, broadly ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, (3.5–)4.0–5.1(–6.0) × (2.4–)2.8–3.8(–4.0) μm (
x
=
4.5 × 3.3 μm, =1.4), thick-walled, with a ventral flattened side, often collapsed in one or more sides, pale yellow,
smooth, IKI-, sometimes forming masses of spores in the hymenium.
Habitat and distribution:—Hitherto found growing laterally or under thin living young stems of Doliocarpus
schottianus (Dilleniaceae) near a water stream in a valley covered by subtropical lowland broadleaved forest. So far
known only for municipality of Blumenau, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil.
Specimens examined (paratypes):—BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Blumenau, Parque Natural Municipal São Francisco
de Assis, subtropical lowland broadleaved forest, on living and young stems Doliocarpus schottianus, elev. 87 m,
26°55’19” S, 049°04’44” W, 15 April 2015, F. Bittencourt 394 (SP!); ibidem, idem, F. Bittencourt 395 (FURB! 55081);
ibidem, idem, F. Bittencourt 396 (FLOR! 63064); ibidem, idem, immature specimen, F. Bittencourt 397 (FURB!
55083); ibidem, idem, F. Bittencourt 399 (FURB! 55085); ibidem, idem, F. Bittencourt 400 (FLOR! 63063); ibidem,
idem, F. Bittencourt 401 (SP!); ibidem, 12 May 2015, F. Bittencourt 426 (FLOR! 47428); ibidem, 29 January 2016, F.
Bittencourt 749 (FURB! 49266).
PHYLLOPORIA MINUTA SP. NOV. (BASIDIOMYCOTA) Phytotaxa 348 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 205
FIGURE 2. Phylloporia minuta. A. Basidioma in situ indicated by a white arrow growing on Doliocarpus schottianus (FLOR 63064
–paratype); B. Detail of the sulcate surface of the basidioma (FLOR 63063–paratype); C. Minute dried basidiomata, showing the
hymenophore (SP–paratype); D. Detail of the basidiomata, showing the lower context and the upper tomentum separated by a thin black
line indicated by a white arrow (FURB 55088–holotype); D. Generative hyphae from the hymenophoral trama (SP –paratype); E. Mass of
collapsed basidiospores, observed in some specimens (SP–paratype); F. Basidiospores (FURB 55088–holotype). Bars: A, B = 10 mm; C,
D = 2 mm, E, F = 20 µm. Photos by F. Bittencourt.
BITTENCOURT ET AL.
206 • Phytotaxa 348 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press
Discussion
In the last few years, a large number of Phylloporia species have been described, mostly from tropical regions. In
this paper, P. minuta is described based on morphological characters, phylogenetic analyses and ecological data (host
and distribution). This species is remarkable for its small basidiomata and growing habit on living young stems of D.
schottianus (Fig. 2, A–B).
Phylloporia fruticum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis 1869: 310) Ryvarden (1972: 235) is a similar species, also presenting
a parasitic habit on the stems of living climbing plants, context with a black line separating an upper tomentum, a
monomitic hyphal system, and similar basidiospores size (Wagner & Ryvarden 2002). However, this species has larger
basidiomata (up to 50 mm vs. up to 16.5 mm) and fewer pores per mm (2–4 vs. 3–7(–8)) and can be encountered
growing on stems of several climbing plant species (Wagner & Ryvarden 2002), while all examined specimens of P.
minuta were found growing on young and thin stems of D. schottianus. Phylloporia minuta also could be compared
to P. nouraguensis, which also grows in small living branches and has small basidiomata. However, the number of
pores per mm (8–9 vs. 3–7(–8)), smaller basidiospores (3.0–3.5 × 2.5–2.8 μm vs. 4.0–5.1 × 2.8–3.8 μm) and dimitic
hyphal system distinguish this species from P. minuta, besides being encountered growing, until now, only on Myrcia
sp. (Myrtaceae) in French Guiana (Decock et al. 2013). Phylloporia parasitica is also another similar species with
small basidiomata and monomitic hyphal system, but differs from P. minuta mainly by its completely resupinate
basidiomata that grows underneath living leaves (Wagner & Ryvarden 2002). All those and other morpho-ecologically
similar species are compared in Table 2. Two species were also described recently from the Atlantic Forest of Southern
Brazil, P. elegans and P. nodostipitada Ferreira-Lopes & Drechsler-Santos (Lopes et al. 2016: 142–144). However,
both species grows on the soil attached to living roots (Ferreira-Lopes et al. 2016).
In the phylogenetic analyses, sequences of P. minuta clustered in a strongly supported and distinct lineage
within the Phylloporia clade (Fig. 1). The new species have a strong phylogenetic relationship (BS 95%, PP 1) with
an unidentified species of Phylloporia from French Guiana (KJ743261), and a weak phylogenetic relationship (BS
52%, PP 0.61) with other specimens from the same country. Those specimens from French Guiana were collected on
roots and trunks of undetermined angiosperms (Yombiyeni & Decock 2017), thus not belonging to the same morpho-
ecological group.
As mentioned above, all specimens of P. minuta were found growing on living young stems of D. schottianus.
That plant is a hygrophyte and shadow-tolerant plant with climbing and scandent habit, distributed in south-eastern to
south coastal region of Brazil, endemic to a broad-leaved tropical to subtropical forest type (Kubitzki & Reitz 1971,
BFG 2015). Considering the exclusivity of D. schottianus as host species of P. minuta in the type locality, we suspect
that there is host specificity with this species or even others among Dilleniaceae. We also emphasize the fact that few
species of Phylloporia can be encountered in such uncommon habitat among polyporoid fungi (small living twigs
close to leaves) that can be easily overlooked, similar to P. nouraguensis, P. parasitica and P. rzedowskii (Valenzuela
et al. 2011, Zhou & Dai 2012, Decock et al. 2013).
We highlight the fact that this new species was found only in a small protected area in the downtown of the
municipality. Actually, this small protected area is near a larger one, Serra do Itajaí National Park, where nor the new
species or its host, D. schottianus, were found. Additionally, according to the speciesLink database (http://www.splink.
org.br/), there are no records of the host species for the Serra do Itajaí National Park. Although small protected areas
are expected to comprises less fungal diversity (Abrego et al. 2015), there still are important ecological processes
maintained in these kinds of areas that should not be neglected. They remain important biodiversity reserves to
conservation (Abrego et al. 2015) and environmental spaces capable of improving people’s health (Flies et al. 2017).
Furthermore, while efforts to discover fungal diversity tend to be centered in larger protected areas, we show that there
is potential in these often overlooked small and urban protected areas. Discovery of these new species may help inform
strategies for the conservation of tropical forests.
PHYLLOPORIA MINUTA SP. NOV. (BASIDIOMYCOTA) Phytotaxa 348 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 207
TABLE 2. Comparison table of morphological and ecological characters of Phylloporia minuta and morpho-ecological similar species of the genus.
Reference This study
Wagner &
Ryvarden
2002
Wagner &
Ryvarden 2002
Wagner &
Ryvarden 2002
Decock et al.
2013
Wagner &
Ryvarden 2002 Zhou 2016 Valenzuela et al.
2011
Valenzuela et al.
2011
Growing on
Living branches
of Doliocarpus
schottianus
Unknown
Living branches
of several bush
species
Living stems of
several tree and
bush species
Living stems of
Myrcia sp.
Living leaves of
several vegetal
species
Unknown living
climbing plant
species
Living branches
of Hybanthus
mexicanus
Living stems of
several climbing
plants
Basidiospores
size (μm)
(3.5–)4.0–5.1(–6.0) ×
(2.4–)2.8–3.8(–4.0) 4–5 × 3–3.5 2.5–3 × 1.5–2(–2.5) 3.0–4.5 × 2.5–3.0 3.0–3.5 × 2.5–2.8 3.7–4.5 × 2.2–3.0 2.5–3.5 × 2–2.5(−3) 4.2–6.0 × 2.4–3.2 3.2–3.6 × 2.5–3.2
Hyphal
system Monomitic Monomitic Monomitic Monomitic Dimitic Monomitic Monomitic Monomitic Monomitic
Pores per
mm 3–7(–8) 8–10 6–8 2–4 8–9 5–6(–8) 8–10 2–3 6–8
Black line in
the context Present Absent Present Present Present Absent Present Present Present
Basidiomata
shape and
size
Pileate, 16.5 × 7.3
mm
Pileate, 60 ×
7 mm
Pileate, 10–70 ×
15 mm
Pileate, 10–50 ×
20 mm
Pileate, 3–12 ×
1.2 mm
Resupinate, 8 ×
1 mm Pileate, 30 × 5 mm Pileate, 6–18 ×
5–12 mm
Pileate, 40–120 ×
15–35 mm
Species Phylloporia minuta
P. capucina
(Mont.)
Ryvarden
P. chrysites (Berk.)
Ryvarden
P. fruticum (Berk.
& M.A. Curtis)
Ryvarden
P. nouraguensis
Decock &
Castillo
P. parasitica
Murrill
P. radiata L.W.
Zhou
P. rzedowskii R.
Valenz. & Decock
P. ulloai
R. Valenz.,
Raymundo,
Cifuentes &
Decock
BITTENCOURT ET AL.
208 • Phytotaxa 348 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press
Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to Carlos S. Montoya for the help with the molecular work, Mayara K. Caddah for the help on
phylogenetic analyses, Claudio N. de Fraga for identifying the host and the Fundação Municipal do Meio Ambiente
– FAEMA for authorizing fungi collection in the Municipal Park. We also thank Aristóteles Góes Neto and the Fungi
BrBOL project for financing the molecular sequencing. This study was part of a research project supported by the
Governo do Estado de Santa Catarina and Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB) through research grant PIPe/
Art. 170 – 2016 from FURB. SLS thanks CNPq for a research assistantship (Grant number CNPq 309.163/2015-3).
We are in debt with Camille Delavaux for reviewing the English.
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