No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Antifungal activity and chemical composition of ginger essential oil against ginseng pathogenic fungi
Abstract
A large number of common herbs possess antimicrobial activity, because of their bioactive components, and some of them have become new potential anti-infective agents. In the present study, the antifungal activity of the essential oil from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) was tested. The compositions of the oil was analyzed by GC/MS. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against six pathogenic fungi causing ginseng root rot disease were determined for the essential oil. Ginger essential oil possessed significant antimicrobial effects against all phytopathogenic fungi tested. Only 0.3 % (v/v) concentration of ginger oil exhibited complete inhibition against Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Sclerotinia nivalis. The major constituents of ginger (Zingiber officinale) oil were citral (2, 6-octadienal, 3, 7-dimethyl) (76.94%), verbenyl ethyl ether (3.98 %), geranic acid (2.57%) and artemiseole (1.12%). The results of this investigation show evidence that the essential oil of ginger represent a potentially rich source for natural antimicrobials and may be useful as alternative anti-infectious agent to control ginseng root rot fungi.
... Unas alternativas sostenibles son el uso del control biológico y extractos vegetales, los cuales disminuyen la cantidad de desechos químicos, no generan resistencia, no conlleva riesgos para la salud humana y tampoco afectan a la entomofauna benéfica, además de ser de fácil implementación (Zaker, 2016;Zelaya-Molina et al., 2022;Greff et al., 2023). Several plant extracts have been shown to have antimicrobial activity or capacity to reduce or inhibit the development of gray mold, and multiple reports indicate that they reduce the appearance of rotting in strawberries and its decomposition (Hussein and Joo, 2018). ...
... Extracts of ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberacea), when tested in in vitro environments, have been indicated to serve as inhibitors of: Aspergillus flavus Link (Ascomycota), B. cinerea, Monilinia fructicola G.Winter (Ascomycota), Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl (Ascomycota) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib. (Ascomycota) (Alvarado et al., 2011;Moon et al., 2018;Hussein and Joo, 2018). ...
... Ginger has a long history of use, ranging from infusions, spice, candies, among others, and this is because different properties are attributed to it, one of them are the antimicrobial ones. The extract of this rhizome has been evaluated as an in vitro treatment against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria, yielding favorable results for considering ginger extracts or essential oils as a viable option against Botrytis cinerea (Hussein and Joo, 2018;Beristaín-Bauza et al., 2019). In the chemical structure of essential oils and oleoresin, molecules such as zingiberene, a predominant sesquiterpene in the oil up to 60%, as well as gingerols, shogaols, and zingerone, are found. ...
Actualmente, en la agricultura sustentable se ha incrementado el interés en la búsqueda y aplicación de productos naturales para el control de plagas y enfermedades, mediante la utilización de extractos vegetales, los cuales disminuyen el uso de agroquímicos sintéticos y se evitan los efectos negativos que éstos generan; siendo los extractos vegetales una alternativa agroecológica de bajo costo e impacto sobre los agroecosistemas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la efectividad de extractos etanólicos obtenidos a partir de residuos de jengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) (Zingiberaceae) de dos zonas de cultivo de la región de Xicotepec (La Ceiba y Tlaxcalantongo), Puebla, sobre el moho gris (Botrytis cinerea Whetzel) (Ascomycota). Se evaluó la actividad fungicida de los extractos bajo diferentes concentraciones (1, 3 y 5 % v/v), se utilizó el método de difusión en disco, incubación a 27.5 °C y después se midió el crecimiento in vitro del hongo. Se compararon resultados de las medias del halo de crecimiento de cada concentración con respecto a un control (agroquímico comercial), encontrándose que el extracto de jengibre, en concentraciones de 3 y 5 % fueron los mejores para inhibir el halo de crecimiento. Los resultados sugieren que los extractos de jengibre poseen actividad fungicida sobre el moho gris y pueden utilizarse en el desarrollo de productos fungicidas de bajo impacto ambiental.
... These components usually contain sulfur compounds such as allicin, ajoene, allylmethyltrisulfide, diallyltrisulfide, diallyldisulfide, saponins, flavonoids, among other compounds that inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria (De Falco et al., 2018;Fufa, 2019;Liaqat et al., 2019). On the other hand, the extracts of Z. officinale are composed mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes such as citral, ethyl ether verbenil, geranic acid, artemiseole, among other compounds that allow the inhibition of various fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria (Hussein and Joo, 2018). Currently, the development of phytopathogenic pests is a constant problem in the agricultural industry. ...
... On the other hand, with the 15% dose, the biofungicide that totally (100 %) inhibited the fungus was also the BIO3. This inhibition was carried out from the third day of incubation until the last day of experimentation as a result of citral, verbenyl ethyl ether, geranic acid, among other compounds belonging to the species of Z. officinale that totally inactivate the growth of phytopathogens (Hussein and Joo, 2018). In other works, the crude extract of Z. officinale managed to inhibit B. cinerea by 17.5% at a dose of 0.5% (Hussein and Joo, 2018). ...
... This inhibition was carried out from the third day of incubation until the last day of experimentation as a result of citral, verbenyl ethyl ether, geranic acid, among other compounds belonging to the species of Z. officinale that totally inactivate the growth of phytopathogens (Hussein and Joo, 2018). In other works, the crude extract of Z. officinale managed to inhibit B. cinerea by 17.5% at a dose of 0.5% (Hussein and Joo, 2018). The difference in the percentages of inhibition could be associated to the incubation temperature of the plates submitted during the experimental development, since the extract of Z. officinale presents synergistic properties (Sacchi Sneha, 2016) that allow them to inhibit the mycelial growth of B. cinerea at low temperatures of 21 to 25°C (Ramírez et al., 2020). ...
The use of fungicides based on plant extracts for the inhibition of phytopathogens has become a sustainable alternative for the environment. In this sense, research has developed biofungicides based on extracts of Allium cepa (A. cepa), Allium sativum (A. sativum), Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) and Domestic Residual Oil (DRO) for the inhibition of Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum). The inhibition of the two phytopathogenic fungi was evaluated in vitro, measuring the growth of mycelium of the fungi inoculated in the potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium, subjected to four treatments with three different doses (10, 15 and 20 %). The treatment that totally inhibited the mycelial growth of B. cinerea and F. oxysporum was the biofungicide composed by Z. officinale and domestic residual oil with a dose of 15 %. Finally, it is concluded that the use of the biofungicide is favorable for the control of fungi and could be used as an environmentally friendly alternative.
... Therefore, to solve pesticides contamination problems, several research groups have explored a natural source of effective ingredients to control soil-borne pathogens. The findings of low toxicity, biodegradability, antifungal and antimicrobial activities of plants essential oils allow us to use eco-friendly plant protection instead of chemical (Abdolahi et al., 2010;Hussein & Joo, 2017;Reang et al., 2020;2020). Essential oils have been widely studied and applied in the food, medicine and cosmetic industries (Zabka et al., 2014;Carvalho, Estevinho & Santos, 2016; ). ...
... Subsequently, mycelial growth of pathogen was not so effectively inhibited like after 2 days, although a smaller diameter was measured with increasing concentration at 4 and 7 DAI. According to Hussein & Joo (2017), distinctive antifungal activity against all fungi (Alternaria, Fusarium, Sclerotinia, Cylindrocarpon and Botrytis spp.) was showed under the influence of lavender EO 5 and 10% concentrations in Petri plates after 10 days of incubation. In Lu et al. (2019) work, lavender EO at 1,000 L -1 possessed high impact on radial colony growth among the 34 EOs at 3 DAI. ...
Fungal pathogens Alternaria spp., Botrytis spp. and Colletotrichum spp. cause a significant loss of horticultural crops and their yield annually. The most convenient way for controlling diseases caused by these pathogens is the use of chemical fungicides. However, current practices still result in soil, water and air pollution, contribute to the loss of biodiversity and climate change, also are harmful to human health. Therefore, there is a growing demand for environmentally friendly plant protection methods. Herbs, especially, volatile oils, are a natural source of active ingredients. The findings of antimicrobial and antifungal activities, low toxicity, and biodegradability of essential oils make them potential for use in plant protection against pathogens instead of chemicals. This research aimed to evaluate the ability of Lamiaceae plants essential oils to suppress the growth of Alternaria spp., Botrytis spp., and Colletotrichum spp. in vitro. The study was carried out at the LAMMC Institute of Horticulture, Lithuania. Essential oils from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) were obtained by hydrodistillation and poured to potato dextrose agar medium at 200 1,000 L-1 concentrations. The radial colony growth of each pathogen measured after placing mycelial plugs of each fungus on Petri dishes. Results demonstrated that thyme essential oil significantly suppressed the growth of all three investigated fungal pathogens at concentrations starting from 400 L-1 7 days after inoculation as no growth of the pathogens observed. Meanwhile, lavender essential oil had lower antifungal activity than thyme. The most significant concentration of lavender essential oil was 1,000 L-1. To conclude, thyme essential oil showed high antifungal activity, and lavender essential oil showed moderate antifungal activity for our tested horticultural crop fungal pathogens. Both oils can be applied as one of the eco-friendly ways to control plant pathogens.
... In the case of the methanolic extract of ginger samples, This result is found comparable with the result reported by Rawal et, al., andJantan et. al., these results presented the zone of inhibition for C. ablicans was 12.3 ±2.5 mm and antifungal activity increased with increasing concentration[23,24]. ...
Zingiber officinale, an important spice cash crop is an herbaceous perennial aromatic, medicinal plant that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. Five samples of gingers were collected from Kaski (G1), Kanchanpur (G2), Makwanpur (G3), Sunsari (G4), and, Kathmandu (G5) districts. Ginger extracts were extracted by cold percolation method and essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus. Ginger extract G4 showed the highest TPC (total phenolic content) of 140.91±2.93 mg GAE/g and G3 showed the lowest 43.31±6.80 mg GAE/g TPC value. Sample G5 showed the highest TFC (total flavonoid content) of 25.67 ± 1.16 mg QE/g and, G1 showed the lowest of 14.57±1.07 mg QE/g. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity of the ginger samples. The ginger sample G4 shows potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 162.73±3.22 μg/mL. The extract of sample G1 showed less radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 279.63±14.68 μg/mL. The essential oil of sample G5 shows potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 68.98±7.24 μL/mL and, that of G4 showed less scavenging activity with an IC50 330.40±8.70 μL/mL. The diameter of the zone of inhibition (ZOI) produced by ginger extracts and essential oil on particular bacteria and fungi was measured for the estimation of their antimicrobial activity. Methanolic extracts and essential oils of ginger from all districts are ineffective against E. coli but displayed variable ZOI against Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and Salmonella typhi. Ginger extracts of all samples show a zone of inhibition in Candida ablicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Aspergillus flavus, but Fusarium oxysporum does not show any zone of inhibition. Essential oil has more antifungal activity than methanolic extracts. The LC50 value of the methanolic extract of sample G1 was found to be 1×105 μg/mL and the least from the methanolic extract of sample G2 with an LC50 value of 3.0×103 μg/mL, indicating that the methanolic extract of ginger was non-toxic.
... Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against six pathogenic fungi causing ginseng root rot disease were determined for the essential oil. Ginger essential oil possessed significant antimicrobial effects against all phytopathogenic fungi tested [Hussein and Joo (2018)]. Fig. 5 shows that the effect of threshing extract gave the lowest percentage of inhibition compared to other extracts, where its percentage amounted to 2.5 cm to inhibit F. oxysporum and its percentage was 5.3 cm in inhibiting A. terreus. ...
... Against F. oxysporum spp., the activity is lower than those of Cestrum nocturnum L. ethyl acetate and methanol extracts (500 µg·mL −1 ) [89] and A. maritima extract (750 µg·mL −1 ) [44], and it is comparable to that of Cestrum nocturnum hexane and chloroform extracts (1000 µg·mL −1 ) [89]. As for S. sclerotiorum, higher activities have only been reported for A. maritima (375 µg·mL −1 ) [44] and for some C. nocturnum extracts (250-1000 µg·mL −1 ) [89], and a comparable activity has been reported for Zingiber officinale Roscoe essential oil (1000 µg·mL −1 ) [100]. ...
The Euphorbia genus is the third-largest group of blooming plants, features a rich morphological variability, has a near-cosmopolitan distribution, and diverse medicinal uses. Nonetheless, phytochemical information about Euphorbia serrata L. extracts is not available. The objective of this research was to examine the constituents of the hydromethanolic extract of its aerial parts and propose valorization pathways. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC−MS) demonstrated that 3-methylbutyl formate, quinic acid, N1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-N3-methylguanidine acetate, and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one were the main phytocompounds, which have antimicrobial activity. Such activity was assayed against Pseudomonas cichorii, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, four of the most destructive diseases of borage (Borago officinalis L.) crops, obtaining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 750 and 1000 μg·mL−1 against the bacterium and the three fungal taxa, respectively, in in vitro tests. Conjugation of the extract with chitosan oligomers (COS) enhanced this activity, leading to MIC values of 187.5, 750, 500, and 500 μg·mL−1 for P. cichorii, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, and S. sclerotiorum, respectively. Additional in vivo assays against two of the pathogens confirmed the protective action of the COS–E. serrata extract conjugate complexes on artificially inoculated plants at a dose of 375 and 1000 μg·mL−1 for P. cichorii and F. oxysporum, respectively. These findings suggest that this plant species can be a rich source of biorationals for prospective use in crop protection.
... Ginger contains various bioactive compounds, such as terpenes, oleoresin known as ginger oil, flavonoids, alkaloids, gingerol, paradols, shogaol, zingiberene, and zingerone, which have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anticlotting, antiarthritic, and antioxidative properties [11]. Ginger also has antifungal and antibacterial properties [12][13][14]. ...
A 10 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of ginger powder (GP) and ginger extract nanoparticles (GNPs) on the growth parameters, digestive enzymes (lipase and amylase) activities, blood hematology, blood biochemical indices, immune indices (interleukin 10, immunoglobulin M, nitric oxide, and lysozymes), antioxidant activity, histological characteristics of kidney, spleen, liver, and intestine, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila or Pseudomonas putida infection in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish (n = 225, 27.01 ± 0.15 g) were stocked in 15 glass tanks (50 × 40 × 60 cm) and randomly allocated to five experimental treatments (TRTs) in triplicate (15 fish/replicate, 45 fish/TRT), consisting of five isocaloric–isonitrogenous diets. The treatments comprised the basal diet (1) without any additives (control group, CON), (2) with 0.5% GP (GP0.5), (3) with 1% GP (GP1), (4) with 0.5% GNPs (GNPs0.5), and (5) with 1% GNPs (GNPs1). Fish were manually fed to satiety three times a day (at 9 a.m., 12 p.m., and 2 p.m.). Fish were weighed at the start of the experiment, then the body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined at the end of the experiment. At the end of the feeding period, 15 fish/TRT were intraperitoneally inoculated with two pathogenic bacterial strains (A. hydrophila or P. putida) in two separate challenge tests. Blood samples were collected from each TRT at two aliquots for hematological and biochemical analysis at the end of the feeding period. A significant improvement in fish growth was observed in GP and GNPs TRTs compared to the control group. There were no significant changes in the total amount of feed intake/fish in response to the experimental diets. Diets enriched with GNPs, particularly the GNPs1 TRT, resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in digestive enzyme activity (lipase and amylase), serum growth hormone level, proteinogram, and immune indices (lysozyme, immunoglobulin M, interleukin 10, and nitric oxide). In addition, a significant increase in hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and catalase) was observed in fish fed with GNPs-enriched diets. Survival percentages following bacterial challenge were higher in GNPs1, followed by GP1 and GNPs0.5 TRTs. Normal histomorphology was found in liver, kidney, and spleen tissues in all experimental TRTs. We conclude that GP and GNPs could be included in Nile tilapia diets for promoting fish growth, immunity, antioxidant status, and disease resistance without harming organ functions. In particular, the most effective treatment was GNPs1.
... Eugenol, Urosolic acid, Carvacrol, Linalool are constituents in the tulsi which mainly responsible for anti-microbial ,anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory activity. [39] It helps maintain moisture on scalp and reduce itchiness and dryness.It has antibacterial and anti-fungal properties which active against fungus that causes dandruff. [20] Ginger contains monoterpenoids, phenolic compounds and its derivatives,, sesquiterpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, which shows antimicrobial activity. ...
The most common problem in teenage and adult is of dandruff which is scientifically known as ‘Malassezia’ which if ignore can further continue with secondary symptoms like Acne, itching, discomfort etc. The present review highlighted the mechanism of ‘Malassezia’ along with the available treatment for it. Though the number of synthetic formulations available, the present review focuses on alterative and safe way to treat dandruff i.e. use of herbs with their biological source and constituents responsible for effectivity to solve the problem in broad population. Due to wide range of activity phytoconstituents like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal, these synergistic effect may increase the applicability of herbs in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals as well. Hence the considering the need of herbal formulation development an attempt has been made to discuss about formulation commonly used to treat dandruff i.e. shampoo, different parameters of evaluation and invitro method evaluation of Antidandruff activity.
... Hence, they can be technologically developed as biocontrol agents against soilinhabiting pests without threat to non-target insects ( Indigenous strains of entomopathogenic bacteria tend not to be robust, but the genetically modi ed strains improve the performance (Koppenhöfer et al. 2020). Recently, essential oils and bioactive substances are considered organic, broad-spectrum, and low-risk pesticides (Hussein and Joo, 2017). Essential oils are volatile liquid compounds obtained from plant extracts of owers, fruits, seeds, leaves, peel, and roots (Hyldgaard et al. 2012). ...
Background: Synthetic insecticides have a direct adverse effect on the natural enemies and long-term residual effects causing serious environmental pollution as well. The public awareness for a clean environment increased the attention on developing alternative eco-friendly approaches. This study aimed to detect the effect of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and natural products of plant-extract origin on the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions.
Results: The drench-bioassay results showed that mortality of larvae by B. bassiana KACC40224 increased from 10% to 80% as the dose was increased from 10 × 10⁵ to 10 × 10⁹ conidia ml⁻¹. However, mortality by M. anisopliae KACC40029 reached maximally 60% at the dose of 10 × 10⁹ conidia ml⁻¹. All natural-extract products tested against the insect pest were effective, except lavender oil, they caused mortality varied between 10% and 100%. Rosemary oil was found to be the most effective essential oil, showing 10% to 100% mortality indices at a concentration of 0.1 and 0.2% (v/v), respectively. S. frugiperda eggs tend to be more susceptible to entomopathogenic fungi rather than the larvae. The essential oils exhibited significant insecticidal properties against the larvae of S. frugiperda.
Conclusion: This study could help in the development of potential biopesticides for the environment-friendly management of the fall armyworm S. frugiperda pest and emphasize the advantages of entomopathogenic fungi application.
... In addition, terpenes possess hydrophobic and lipophilic properties that allow plant essential oils to penetrate into the lipids of cell membranes and mitochondria, resulting in increased fungal membrane permeability, causing cell content leakage (Friedly et al., 2009) and disrupting mitochondrial functions, resulting in a decrease in ATP production (Dhifi et al., 2016). Moreover, terpenes obstruct the membrane functions by causing a significant reduction in the amount of ergosterol, responsible for maintaining cell function, permeability, fluidity, and integrity (Hussein & Joo, 2018). Additionally, plant essential oils trigger the resistance mechanism in plants by releasing H 2 O 2 , which causes oxidative stress, and the plants respond similarly to when they experience biotic stress (Nazzaro et al., 2017). ...
Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera xanthii, is a devastating disease that can wipe out a cucumber crop in optimal weather conditions. Disease control management depends mainly on fungicides to inhibit the pathogen. However, they have fatal side effects on most organisms. This study evaluated the use of natural products as safe alternatives to fungicides for controlling cucumber powdery mildew. The effectiveness and phytotoxicity of the studied products, as well as their effects on leaf anatomy and pollen fertility, were evaluated. Although the fungicide tested (Score 25% EC) was the most effective treatment, it caused the highest phytotoxicity, leaf morphological changes, and pollen sterility. All the treatments used significantly reduced disease severity under greenhouse and field conditions, except for Spirulina, which recorded the lowest efficacy rate. Lemon oil, garlic oil, and Blight stop achieved the desired goal of controlling the disease and improving the plant’s physiological state. Therefore, we recommend using any of them to control cucumber powdery mildew, except for Spirulina, which we recommend as a biofertilizer.
... %. This confirms the effectiveness of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of ginger and lemongrass with their different concentrations in raising the germination rates of the yellow corn grains because the ginger plant contains many active substances, the most important of which are volatile oils known for their inhibitory effects on the growth of fungi [15]. germination of rice seed and being the most effective in suppressing rice seed-borne fungus [17]. ...
The current study included testing the effect of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of the ginger plant ( Zengiber officinal ) and the leaves of the lemongrass plant ( Cymbopogon citratus ) on the germination of local yellow corn grains stored in some local markets in the city of Al-Diwaniyah and studying the effect of four different concentrations of these extracts (10, 20, 30, and 40) mg/ml in the radial growth of some fungi isolated from yellow corn grains. The results showed that there were significant differences in the germination ratios of yellow corn grains for the different concentrations of the extracts in comparison with the control treatment, and there were no significant differences in the germination rates of yellow corn grains at a concentration of 40 mg/ml for the different treatments with the treatment of the fungicide Raxil at a probability level of 5 %. It was found that all the extracts had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungi tested on Potato Dextrose Agar medium by comparison with the control treatment, and these fungi are: Aspergillus niger, Ulocladium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium graminearum , and the alcoholic extracts of ginger and lemongrass extracts were higher to inhibition of the radial growth of fungi tested in the different treatments, the inhibition ratios were between 73.33-87.12 % in the alcoholic extract treatments for ginger and between 75.15-86.98 % in the alcoholic extract treatments for the lemongrass plant, and the two concentrations were 30 and 40 mg/ml for the alcoholic extracts of the ginger plant and lemongrass has a significant effect similar to that of the fungicide Raxil for all the tested fungi, while it was found that the concentration of 40 mg/ml of the aqueous extracts of ginger and lemongrass was the only concentration that produced a significant effect similar to that of the fungicide Raxil for all tested fungi.
... In their study, mint, ginger, and eucalyptus EOs were less effective, similarly to our study. In contrast, a better inhibitory effect of ginger essential oil was noted by Hussein and Joo [31]; in their study, ginger EO showed a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of all tested species of microscopic filamentous fungi. Ginger EO had a complete (100%) inhibitory effect on the growth of Cylindrocarpon destructans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Sclerotinia nivali at the concentration of 0.1% v/v. ...
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of selected essential oils thyme chemotype linalool (Thymus zygis L.), thyme chemotype tymol (Thymus vulgaris L.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), mint (Mentha piperita L.), almond (Prunbus dulcis Mill.), cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees), litsea (Litsea cubeba Lour. Pers), lemongrass (Cympogon citrati L. Stapf), and ginger (Zingiber officinalis Rosc.) in the vapor phase on growth, sporulation, and mycotoxins production of two Aspergillus strains (Aspergillus parasiticus CGC34 and Aspergillus ochraceus CGC87), important postharvest pathogens of green and roasted coffee beans. Moreover, the effect of the essential oils (EOs) on the sensory profile of the coffee samples treated with EOs was evaluated. The major components of tested EOs were determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results showed that almond, cinnamon bark, lemongrass, and litsea EOs are able to significantly inhibit the growth, sporulation, and mycotoxins production by toxigenic fungi. Sensory evaluation of coffee beans treated with EOs before and after roasting showed that some EOs (except lemongrass and litsea) do not adversely affect the taste and aroma of coffee beverages. Thus, application of the vapors of almond and cinnamon EOs appears to be an effective way that could serve to protect coffee during its transport and storage from toxigenic fungi.
... The antifungal activity of cinnamon, oregano, peppermint and rosemary against F. oxysporum and other mico-and phytopathogens has been recently corroborated [61,62]. Regarding tea tree essential oil, several studies reported activity against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi such as Ascochyta rabiei, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, F. graminearum, F. culmorum, Drechslera avenae, A. radicina, A. dauci and Aspergillus ochraceus [63,64], being the antifungal activity of ginger essential oil against F. oxysporum also noticeable at lower doses of only 0.3 % (v/v) [65]. On the other hand, eucalyptus, lemon eucalyptus, marjoram, scots pine and wintergreen essential oils, as well as carvacrol, showed similar antifungal activity to that of tebuconazole at 20 µL, although the fungal growth reduction was low at 10 µL and 5 µL (figure 3). ...
Consumers are aware of the dangers arising from the use of synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobials in the agrifood industry, demanding safer and “greener” alternatives. In this study, the antioxidant activity of commercial essential oils through DPPH method, their antimicrobial effects against the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae and the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum by means of the standardized disk method were determined. Clove along with winter savory, cinnamon and oregano essential oils as well as carvacrol showed the highest antioxidant activity comparable to reference standards. Wintergreen essential oil was the most potent inhibitor against P. syringae growth at the highest doses (20 and 10 μL). Oregano essential oil and its main component carvacrol were able to stop the bacterium growth even at the lowest treatment (1 μL). Cinnamon, oregano and peppermint essential oils inhibited F. oxysporum development at all doses (20, 10 and 5 μL) assayed. In general, most of the essential oils displayed more antifungal than antibacterial and antioxidant activities.
... The results of this study agree with those of other researchers who explained that chamomile EO exhibited antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of bacteria and fungi (Tolouee et al., 2010;Roby et al., 2013;Kazemi, 2014;Al-Snafi, 2016;Stanojevic et al., 2016;Göger et al., 2018;Alireza, 2012). Also, these results are in accordance with recent works of (Attiya et al., 2018;Baratta et al., 1998;Ali et al., 2005;Senhaji et al., 2007;Ionica et al., 2016;Mir & Qureshi, 2017;Hussein & Joo, 2018), who showed that ginger essential oil exhibited an inhibitory effect against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. It appears that there is a relationship between the chemical constituents of oil and its antimicrobial potential. ...
ESSENTIAL oils (EOs) as volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, possess significant antimicrobial activity, and have wide applications in the food industry and medicinal field. The purpose of this study focused on evaluating the antifungal properties of two commercial EOs, Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most common compound identified in chamomile essential oil was α-bisabolol oxide A (49.09%) as a dominant compound, followed by En-yn-dicycloether (8.12%). The major compound of ginger essential oil was identified as isopulegol acetate (53.92%). The antimycotic potentiality of essential oils was detected in vitro by using agar disc diffusion method, microdilution assay for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) against three pathogenic fungal strains, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The pathogenic strains were isolated from a stored seed-borne pathogen such as bean, popcorn, and rice. The results indicated that chamomile EO was the most effective extract and showed a potent antifungal activity against all the selected fungi when compared to ginger EO with maximum inhibition zone (5.15±0.07cm) against Penicillium chrysogenum. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of the chamomile EO on the test fungi were in the range of 1.25-2.5μg/ml and 2.5–5.0μg/ml, respectively. Chamomile EO extract would be a suitable candidate for further research to validate its role in pharmaceutical applications and agricultural purposes for safe and eco-friendly seed-treatments.
... Ginger essential oil was also found to be effective against fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, completely inhibiting conidial germination at 10 µg/mL of ginger essential oil as well as aflatoxin production at 15 µg/mL [25]. Finally, 0.3% (v/v) ginger essential oil exhibited complete inhibition against the phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, Cylindrocarpon destructans, F. oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and S. nivalis responsible for ginseng root rot disease [26]. ...
Ginger and turmeric are two food ingredients that are in high demand due to their flavor and positive effects on health. The biological properties of these spices are closely related to the aromatic compounds they contain. The chemical compositions of their essential oils and their in vitro phytotoxic activity against weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Lolium multiflorum, Echinochloa crus-galli, Cortaderia selloana, and Nicotiana glauca) and food crops (tomato, cucumber, and rice) were studied. Forty-one compounds, accounting for a relative peak area of 87.7% and 94.6% of turmeric and ginger essential oils, respectively, were identified by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analysis. Ginger essential oil with α-zingiberene (24.9 ± 0.8%), β-sesquiphelladrene (11.7 ± 0.3%), ar-curcumene (10.7 ± 0.2%), and β-bisabolene (10.5 ± 0.3%) as the main compounds significantly inhibited the seed germination of P. oleracea, L. multiflorum, and C. selloana at the highest dose (1 µL/mL) assayed, as well as the hypocotyl and radicle growth of the weeds. Turmeric essential oil with ar-turmerone (38.7 ± 0.8%), β-turmerone (18.6 ± 0.6%), and α-turmerone (14.2 ± 0.9%) as principal components significantly inhibited the seed germination of C. selloana and hypocotyl and radicle growth of weeds (the latter in particular) at the highest dose, whereas it did not affect either the seed germination or seedling growth of the food crops. Turmeric essential oil can be an effective post-emergent bioherbicide against the tested weeds without phytotoxicity to crops.
... Botrytis cinerea 0.05-0.5% 0.3% [73] Alternaria panax 0. flexneri. Both authors concluded that ginger essential oil, oleoresins, and extracts did not present any effect against E. coli. ...
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a plant used in traditional medicine against different diseases because of its various properties (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, etc.). Ginger is “generally recognized as safe” by the Food and Drug Administration. Numerous studies have been carried out to characterize and isolate its main bioactive compounds to elucidate the mechanisms of its antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in foods. Results indicate that ginger contains monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenolic compounds, and its derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, which provide a broad antimicrobial spectrum against different microorganisms and make it an interesting alternative to synthetic antimicrobials. However, its application in foods has been scarcely explored and represents an opportunity area for further research. This review provides an updated overview of the main bioactive compounds of ginger, its potential application, and toxicity as an antimicrobial in food products.
Essential oils (EOs) are highly concentrated and volatile blends of nonpolar substances, are derived from aromatic plant components and comprise terpenes, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids, exhibiting diverse biological and pharmacological properties. The burgeoning pet industry is interested in EOs as a potential solution for common health issues in domestic animals, particularly in addressing antimicrobial resistance. The present study summarizes the composition, properties, benefits, safety considerations, and effects of EOs on pets and animals. The applications of EOs range from antimicrobial effects to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities etc. Furthermore, EOs are used extensively in various industries, including beauty care products, detergents, and fragrances. The chemical constituents of EOs, exemplified by eucalyptus EO and rosemary EO, highlight their distinct aromatic profiles and potential benefits. Nevertheless, understanding the chemical makeup of EOs is fundamental in assessing their potential impacts on biological systems. Safety considerations, including potential toxicity, are essential when incorporating EOs into animal care routines. The feed additives incorporating EOs have shown promise in influencing gut microbiota balance, reducing inflammation, and acting as antioxidants. However, cautious application is paramount, considering the potential risks associated with high doses or multiple administrations. Preliminary studies suggest low toxicity levels, but further research is required to evaluate the safety of EOs. Though studies reported the beneficial effects of EOs on pets and animals, further research is needed to validate the findings in real-world conditions. The paper also discussed the regulatory considerations and future perspectives on applying EOs in veterinary medicine.
Synthetic insecticides have a direct adverse effect on the natural enemies and long-term residual effects causing serious environmental pollution as well. Public awareness of a clean environment increased the attention to developing alternative eco-friendly approaches. The objectives of this study are the detection of the effect of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and natural products of plant-extract origin on the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions. The drench-bioassay results showed that mortality of larvae by B. bassiana KACC40224 increased from 10 to 80% as the dose was increased from 10 × 105 to 10 × 109 conidia ml−1. However, mortality by M. anisopliae KACC40029 reached maximally 60% at the dose of 10 × 109 conidia ml−1. All natural-extract products tested against the insect pest were effective, except lavender oil, which caused mortality to vary between 10 and 100%. Rosemary oil was found to be the most effective essential oil, showing 10% to 100% mortality indices at a concentration of 0.1 and 0.2% (v/v), respectively. S. frugiperda eggs tend to be more susceptible to entomopathogenic fungi rather than the larvae. The essential oils exhibited significant insecticidal properties against the larvae of S. frugiperda. This study could help in the development of potential biopesticides for the environment-friendly management of the fall armyworm S. frugiperda pest and emphasize the advantages of entomopathogenic fungi application.
The cliff rose (Armeria maritima), like other halophytes, has a phenolics-based antioxidant system that allows it to grow in saline habitats. Provided that antioxidant properties are usually accompanied by antimicrobial activity, in this study we investigated the phytochemicals present in a hydromethanolic extract of A. maritima flowers and explored its antifungal potential. The main phytocompounds, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were: hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, 3-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester, and benzeneacetaldehyde. The antifungal activity of the extract and its main constituents-alone and in combination with chitosan oligomers-was tested against six pathogenic taxa associated with soil-borne diseases of plant hosts in the family Cucurbitaceae: Fusarium equiseti, F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Neocosmospora falciformis, N. keratoplastica, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In in vitro tests, EC 90 effective concentrations in the 166−865 µg·mL −1 range were obtained for the chitosan oligomers-A. maritima extract conjugate complexes, lower than those obtained for fosetyl-Al and azoxystrobin synthetic fungicides tested for comparison purposes, and even outperforming mancozeb against F. equiseti. In ex situ tests against S. sclerotiorum conducted on artificially inoculated cucumber slices, full protection was achieved at a dose of 250 µg·mL −1. Thus, the reported results support the valorization of A. maritima as a source of biorationals for Cucurbitaceae pathogens protection, suitable for both organic and conventional agriculture.
Plants are widely used as bioreactors for the production of essential oils (EOs) or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) utilized as pesticides in the agriculture sector. However, a major obstacle for the massive application of EOs is that they are synthesized in small quantities. In this context, metabolic engineering to improve the yields of EOs or VOCs such as the integration and expression of foreign genes in heterologous organisms through Agrobacterium ‐mediated transformation or induced mutations have been used. In the present chapter, we explored the use of plants as biofactories to produce EOs and VOCs with properties as insecticides, bactericides, and fungicides reported over the last five years. Furthermore, relevant information has been compiled on the different mechanisms of genetic manipulation applied to aromatic plants to increase the yield of EO and its pure components. Besides that, the bioconversion process of EOs and VOCs by microorganisms was also discussed with several examples from the bibliography. Finally, we will cover in vitro synthesis of desired compounds vs. their extraction from natural sources, by addressing the production of azadirachtin by Azadirachta indica .
Late blight of tomato, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is responsible for massive losses in yield of open field-grown tomato and is managed by use of synthetic fungicides. The rising demand for food safety calls for alternative yet effective crop protection products. Using a bioassay-guided approach the antifungal properties of ethanolic extracts of seven spices was evaluated and the constituents of the most inhibitory fraction determined using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clove extract was the most active and inhibited (100%) growth of P. infestans followed by black pepper (91%) turmeric (87%) and ginger (85%). The hexane fraction of clove extract equally inhibited growth of P. infestans 100%. The spice extracts reduced severity of late blight by between 29% and 40% with black pepper being the most efficacious under field conditions. These findings show the fungicidal potential of selected spices for the management of late blight of tomato.
Oleoresin is a mixture of volatile and nonvolatile components available in whole extract of natural herb or spice. It principally comprises essential oils and resin. Lemongrass oleoresins come from the Cymbopogon species, which grow in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Oleoresin of lemongrass is a dark green-colored viscous liquid having a characteristic lemon aroma and flavor and is mostly used as a flavoring ingredient. The lemon prefix in the lemongrass specifies the characteristic lemon-like odor, which is due to the availability of citral content (mixture of two isomeric aldehydes, geranial and neral). It has been utilized in synthesizing flavors, perfumes, cosmetics, detergents, and in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Different methods are used to extract the lemongrass essential oil, but steam distillation is the most suitable method as it doesn’t alter the quality of the obtained oil. The chemical composition of lemongrass oil varies depending on its extraction methods, genetic differences, harvest period, photoperiod, plant age, farming practices, and geographical origin. Lemongrass essential oil has shown several biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antiprotozoan, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antimutagenic, antiinflammatory, antimalarial, antinociceptive, antihepatotoxic activities, etc. Lemongrass oil is a potent food preservative because of its extraordinary antifungal and antibacterial activities.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) rhizome is widely used as a spice and medicine and, its large-scale production is being seriously affected by several fungal and bacterial diseases. Soft rot disease caused by various species of Pythium is the most destructive among them. Samples showing soft rot symptoms were collected from the ginger fields of Kozhikode and Wayanad districts of Kerala. Detailed study of the morphology, growth parameters and molecular characteristics of the fungal isolates confirmed the identity of Pythium deliense. The pathogenicity of the isolates was demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo methods. This is the first report of the pathogen, P. deliense causing soft rot in ginger from Kerala, India.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been traditionally employed in south East Asia as well as India and China for treatment of nausea, asthma, fever, vomiting, cough, constipation, pain, arthritis, inflammation, etc. This chapter discusses the phytochemical composition and pharmacological studies of ginger extracts, ginger essential oil (GEO), and active bioactive constituents. The essential oil of fresh and dry ginger was ranged between 0.2% - 2.62% and 0.72% - 4.17% respectively. The bioactive constituent zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, curcumene, β-bisabolene, β-farnesene, camphene, and gingerol and shogal are the major constituents in ginger extracts. These compounds are chief bioactive substances responsible for pharmacological activities such antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anticoagulant, antiradiation, anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, anti-obesity, and weight loss effects. Future research needs to investigate the suitable duration, maximum dosage of ginger, concerns of overdosage, and its side effects in animal models and humans.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a medicinal plant, mostly found in the Himalayan region. The neem leaf is commonly and historically used in medicine to treat a variety of illnesses such as eye disorders, nose bleeding, loss of appetite and liver problems etc. Because of its various pharmacological and therapeutic effects, it is included in the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. As a result, this review provides current information on ethno-medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, adverse effects of Azadirachta indica with future advancement. Several references were checked for identification, in-depth literature including online databases, documents, and blogs. Around 29% of the compounds in Azadirachta indica have been isolated and characterised. The limonoids in the neem tree have a wide variety of antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. Complex azadirachtin, salanin are active principles extracted from neem seed. These metabolites' biochemical pathways in the neem tree are completely unknown. Citrus sinensis is related to the neem tree phylogenetically. 62 percent of neem genomic was anchored into citrus chromosomes according to comparative study. The azadirachtin, nimbin, salanin and nimbidin from neem tissues were quantified by using LC-MS. This paper shows the various use of neem in different disorder.
Safe drinking water is the necessity of life. The present study reveals use of natural resources such as plant extracts and natural oils for water disinfection. Differences between oil and water soluble additives were highlighted for plant extracts and insoluble natural oils. A hybrid hydrodynamic cavitation process was quite effective in both the cases and high rates of disinfection were achieved. Studies were reported using oils (ginger, turmeric, lavender, tulsi) and rhizome derived plant extracts such as ginger, turmeric and mango ginger, as additives in process intensification (0.1% v/V). A vortex based cavitation device (vortex diode, nominal capacity 1 m³/h) was used with pressure drop of 1 bar. A high disinfection of 96% and 88% was obtained in 15 min for ginger oil and mango ginger extract respectively as compared to 44% using cavitation alone. Acoustic cavitation gave 94% and 30% disinfection with and without additive-mango ginger extract. The FTIR analyses before and after cavitation, with ginger additive, showed no by-products formation and indicated gingerol as active component in disinfection. The per-pass disinfection values were also higher, up to 5 times than cavitation alone. Hybrid hydrodynamic cavitation using natural plant derived materials can offer a promising technology alternative in water disinfection.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been traditionally employed in south East Asia as well as India and China for treatment of nausea, asthma, fever, vomiting, cough, constipation, pain, arthritis, inflammation, etc. This chapter discusses the phytochemical composition and pharmacological studies of ginger extracts, ginger essential oil (GEO), and active bioactive constituents. The essential oil of fresh and dry ginger was ranged between 0.2% - 2.62% and 0.72% - 4.17% respectively. The bioactive constituent zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, curcumene, β-bisabolene, β-farnesene, camphene, and gingerol and shogal are the major constituents in ginger extracts. These compounds are chief bioactive substances responsible for pharmacological activities such antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anticoagulant, antiradiation, anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, anti-obesity, and weight loss effects. Future research needs to investigate the suitable duration, maximum dosage of ginger, concerns of overdosage, and its side effects in animal models and humans.
Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are widely cultivated as edible resources and medical materials in China. Characterizing chemical compositions in yam germplasm is crucial to determine their diversity and suitability for food and medicine applications. In this study, a core germplasm containing 25 yam landraces was used to create an effective classification of usage by characterizing their nutritive and medicinal compositions. All studied landraces exhibited high contents of starch from 60.7% to 80.6% dry weight (DW), protein (6.3–12.2% DW), minerals (especially Mg 326.8–544.7 mg/kg DW), and essential amino acids. Allantoin and dioscin varied considerably, with values of 0.62–1.49% DW and 0.032–0.092% DW, respectively. The quality variability of the 25 yam landraces was clearly separated into three major clusters using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean clustering and principal component analysis. Using an eigenvalue ≥1 as the cutoff, the first three principal components accounted for most of the total variability (62.33%). Classification was achieved based on the results of the measured parameters and principal component analysis scores. The results are of great help in determining appropriate application strategies for yam germplasm in China.
In this study, soil samples were collected from cultivated fields of 1-5 year old Korean ginseng in Geumsan, Korea. Spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were extracted from soils and identified using morphological characteristics and 18s rDNA sequences of the spores. Total 10 species of AMF were identified: Acaulospora longula, Archaeospora trappei, Glomus caledonium, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, Glomus sp., Paraglomus occultum, Paraglomus brasilianum, and Scutellospora heterogama. Relative abundance of spores of A. trappei were increased with increase of cultivation period of the ginseng. However, relative abundance of other species of AMF and Shannon diversity (H') of AMF were significantly decreased with the increase of cultivation periods of the ginseng.
Zingiber officinale) oil as an antimicrobial agent for minimally processed produce: a case study in shredded green papaya. Int. J ABSTRACT The capacity of ginger oils, extracted by different method (hydrodistillation & solvent extraction method), to inhibit microorganisms was studied both in vitro and in vivo. Chemical compounds in oil extracts, their antimicrobial activity and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) were determined on shredded green papaya. It was found that the major constituents of ginger oil extracted by hydrodistillation method were camphene, 1,8-cineol and α-pinene, while for oil obtained by solvent extraction they were β-phellandrene and 1,8-cineol. The extracts obtained by both extraction methods inhibited Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus nutto, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Rhodoturola sp., Samonella newport DMST 15675, Samonella enteritidis DMST 15676 and Fusarium sp. There was however, no effect on growth rate of Escherichia coli, Campylobactor coli NTCT 11353 and Campylobacteor jejuni ATCC 33291. Moreover, the MIC of both ginger oil solutions were not significantly different. In case of shredded green papaya, samples were treated with ginger oil (0, 5, 10 & 15 μL) and kept at 13ºC for 4 days. The results showed that the growth rate of microorganisms was suppressed well in applied package with 5 and 10 μL ginger oils, while with 15 μL ginger oil reduction in growth rate was observed. Major volatiles detected in headspace of treated package were α-pinene, camphene, β-phellandrene and 1, 8-cineol. Thus, Ginger oils can be used to reduce the population of microorganisms in shredded green papaya and probably also in other fresh produce and minimally processed products.
To investigate the growth response of various crop species to mycorrhizal inoculation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were applied to Glycine max, Vigna angularis, Senna tora, Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon. Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Allium tuberosum, Solanum melongena, and Capsicum annuum. The biomass of the inoculated crops was measured every two weeks for the 12-week growth period. By measuring biomass, we calculated the mycorrhizal responsiveness of the nine crop species. Among the nine crop species, four species showed a significant response to mycorrhizal inoculation. The shoot biomasses of V. angularis, C. annuum, A. tuberosum, and S. tora significantly increased with mycorrhizal inoculation.
Essential oil from five Zingiberaceae species: ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.), galanga (Alpinia galanga Sw.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), kaempferia (Boesenbergia pandurata Holtt.) and bastard cardamom (Amomum xanthioides Wall.) obtained by hydrodistillation and two solvent extractions (petroleum ether and ethanol) was characterized. Their antibacterial effects towards Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes were tested by a disc diffusion assay. Essential oil of kaempferia and bastard cardamom obtained by hydrodistillation extraction could inhibit growth of all tested bacteria. Essential oil of ginger extracted by hydrodistillation had the highest efficiency against three positive strains of bacteria (S. aureus, B. cereus and L. monocytogenes), with a minimum concentration to inhibit B. cereus and L. monocytogenes of 6.25 μg/ml. Volatile compounds of all extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components of ginger, galanga, turmeric, kaempferia, and bastard cardamom obtained by hydrodistillation, were zingiberene, methyl chavicol, turmerone, γ-terpinene, and methyl chavicol, respectively.
In recent years, the use of essential oils (EOs) derived from aromatic plants as low-risk insecticides has increased considerably owing to their popularity with organic growers and environmentally conscious consumers. EOs are easily produced by steam distillation of plant material and contain many volatile, low-molecular-weight terpenes and phenolics. The major plant families from which EOs are extracted include Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae. EOs have repellent, insecticidal, and growth-reducing effects on a variety of insects. They have been used effectively to control preharvest and postharvest phytophagous insects and as insect repellents for biting flies and for home and garden insects. The compounds exert their activities on insects through neurotoxic effects involving several mechanisms, notably through GABA, octopamine synapses, and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. With a few exceptions, their mammalian toxicity is low and environmental persistence is short. Registration has been the main bottleneck in putting new products on the market, but more EOs have been approved for use in the United States than elsewhere owing to reduced-risk processes for these materials.
"I am pleased to provide you complimentary one-time access to my Annual Reviews article as a PDF file, for your own personal use. Any further/multiple distribution, publication, or commercial usage of this copyrighted material
requires submission of a permission request addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center (http://www.copyright.com/).". You may access the pdf at:
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/eprint/IbA58Imu4RCuBcyc4uUi/full/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100554
An improved method of sample preparation was used in a microplate assay to evaluate the bactericidal activity levels of 96 essential oils and 23 oil compounds against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica obtained from food and clinical sources. Bactericidal activity (BA50) was defined as the percentage of the sample in the assay mixture that resulted in a 50% decrease in CFU relative to a buffer control. Twenty-seven oils and 12 compounds were active against all four species of bacteria. The oils that were most active against C. jejuni (with BA50 values ranging from 0.003 to 0.009) were marigold, ginger root, jasmine, patchouli, gardenia, cedarwood, carrot seed, celery seed, mugwort, spikenard, and orange bitter oils; those that were most active against E. coli (with BA50 values ranging from 0.046 to 0.14) were oregano, thyme, cinnamon, palmarosa, bay leaf, clove bud, lemon grass, and allspice oils; those that were most active against L monocytogenes (with BA50 values ranging from 0.057 to 0.092) were gardenia, cedarwood, bay leaf, clove bud, oregano, cinnamon, allspice, thyme, and patchouli oils; and those that were most active against S. enterica (with BA50 values ranging from 0.045 to 0.14) were thyme, oregano, cinnamon, clove bud, allspice, bay leaf, palmarosa, and marjoram oils. The oil compounds that were most active against C. jejuni (with BA50 values ranging from 0.003 to 0.034) were cinnamaldehyde, estragole, carvacrol, benzaldehyde, citral, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, carvone R, and geranyl acetate; those that were most active against E. coli (with BA50 values ranging from 0.057 to 0.28) were carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, eugenol, salicylaldehyde, geraniol, isoeugenol, citral, perillaldehyde, and estragole; those that were most active against L monocytogenes (with BA50 values ranging from 0.019 to 0.43) were cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, citral, geraniol, perillaldehyde, carvone S, estragole, and salicylaldehyde; and those that were most active against S. enterica (with BA50 values ranging from 0.034 to 0.21) were thymol, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, eugenol, salicylaldehyde, geraniol, isoeugenol, terpineol, perillaldehyde, and estragole. The possible significance of these results with regard to food microbiology is discussed.
Five medicinal plants [Acacia nilotica, Acanthospermun hispidum, Gmelina arborea, Parkia biglobosa and Vitex doniana] used in diarrhoeal treatment in Kaduna State, Nigeria, were investigated. This study was carried out on perfused isolated rabbit jejunum and castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. The aqueous methanol extracts (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/ml) were generally found to cause a dose-dependent response in the isolated rabbit jejunum, though this was not uniform in all the plants. Gmelina arborea and Vitex doniana showed concentration dependent relaxation at low doses (0.5, 1.0 mg/ml), but showed no significant relaxation at higher doses (2.0, 3.0 mg/ml). Other extracts showed biphasic effects. For example, Acacia nilotica at 3.0 mg/ml caused initial relaxation quickly followed by contraction. In the castor oil-induced diarrhoeal, 100% protections were shown by extracts of Acacia nilotica and Parkia biglobosa (100, 200 mg/kg) while Vitex doniana showed a dose-dependent effect. The least protection was shown by Acanthospermun hispidum, at the same dose, when compared with the other four plants. The results obtained revealed that the aqueous methanol extracts of all the five medicinal plants investigated have pharmacological activity against diarrhoea. This may explain their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea.
Aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of 13 plants used in South Africa for the treatment of venereal diseases were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Among the plants tested, Gunnera perpensa, Harpephyllum caffrum, Hypoxis latifolia and Ledebouria ovatifolia showed the best antibacterial activity. The aqueous extracts of Gunnera perpensa and Harpephyllum caffrum were most active against all the tested bacteria. In antifungal screening, good activity was shown by the ethanolic extracts of Bersama lucens and Harpephyllum caffrum. Only in the case of Harpephyllum caffrum did aqueous extracts have activity against Candida albicans.
The essential oil isolated from Turkish tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC-MS. Thirty compounds representing 99.5% of total oil were identified. The predominant components in the oil were (Z)-anethole (81.0%), (Z)-beta-ocimene (6.5%), (E)-beta-ocimene (3.1%), limonene (3.1%), and methyleugenol (1.8%). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oils isolated from A. dracunculus, Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia santonicum, and Artemisia spicigera oils were also evaluated. In general, the oils exhibited potent antifungal activity at a wide spectrum on the growth of agricultural pathogenic fungi. Among the oils, the weakest antifungal activity was shown by the oil of A. dracunculus. In many cases, the oils of A. absinthium, A. santonicum, and A. spicigera completely inhibited the growth of some fungal species. As compared with antibacterial activities of all of tested oils, A. santonicum and A. spicigera oils showed antibacterial activities over a very wide spectrum. However, the essential oils tested showed lower inhibition zones than the inhibition zones of penicillin. In addition, antioxidant and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of tarragon oil were determined, and weak antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities were found in comparison to butylated hydroxytoluene.
Three citrus species (Citrus sinensis Cadenera, Citrus limon Eureka and Citrus bergamia Castagnaro) are involved in the biological control as an alternative to the use of chemical fungicides (metalaxyl) against aggressive Algerian strains of Phytophthora infestans, which are responsible for potato late blight. The fungal extracts from two potato-producing areas (El Abbadia, Ain Defla and Bourkika, Tipaza), which were respectively purified and identified as A1 and A2, were studied by in vitro and in vivo tests. The citrus essential oils varied in their in vitro inhibitory effects on sporulation, mycelial growth and survivability of P. infestans isolates. Meanwhile, the in vivo infection rate of detached potato leaves in soaking treatment was found to be significant and confirmed the fungicidal effect of citrus essential oils, which were in good consistency with in vitro results. Bergamot essential oil performed the best in both in vitro and in vivo tests, followed by the orange and lemon essential oils.
Essential oils of seventeen cultivars of fresh ginger from North-East India were isolated by hydrodistillation and chemoprofiled by gas chromatograph (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Among all the constituents of essential oil, seventeen major constituents of all cultivars were emphasized. Major volatile constituents including camphene (8.49±0.41%), neral (4.95±0.34%), geranial (12.36±0.46%), zingiberene (20.98±2.34%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (7.96±0.66%) were observed. Assam Fibreless cultivar showed highest yield of essential oil (4.17±0.05%) and higher monoterpene hydrocarbon content (38.65±0.11%) than sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (25.38±2.3%), which is unique among all cultivars. Among all these cultivars, Assam Tinsukia had the highest citral content (23.66±1.60%) and Meghalaya mahima had the highest zingiberene content (29.89±0.42%). These results can serve as a valuable database for ascertaining the quality of fresh ginger for trading and manufacturing sectors engaged in ginger processing. This study is the first of its kind where the essential oil compositions of seventeen major ginger cultivars from North-East India are identified and compared.
To study the cause of the injury by continuous cropping and the countermeasure for reduction on it's injury in ginseng cultivation by the period passed since post-harvest, and previous soil management far planting, the injury by continuous cropping was investigated from 2004 to 2005 at the continuous cropping field of National Institute of crop Science in Jungpyong county, Korea. There was negative correlation between the ratio of survived root and the Period Passed since post-harvest. The ratio infected by Cylindrocapon destructans and Fusarium spp. in root was about 8195% at continuous cropping field that passed by 34 years since post-harvest. Though the previous soil management for planting was somewhat effective to increase the ratio of survival root, but which was not effective to protect the infection of Cylindrocapon destructans and Fusarium spp. in root. There was no significant difference in reducing rotted root between management and nonmanagement. When previous soil management for planting was programed, it should be considered that Cylindrocapon destructans was detected at continuous cropping field that passed by above 10 years after harvesting.
Tensile and water vapor permeability properties of sodium caseinate based films were studied to optimize film composition in terms of kind and ratio of plasticizer (glycerol and sorbitol) and lipids (oleic acid and beeswax). Glycerol was more effective as plasticizer than sorbitol in the caseinate matrices; films with 90% sorbitol had similar tensile properties to those elaborated with 40–50% glycerol. Oleic acid, pure or mixed with beeswax, has a plasticizing effect in the films, increasing their elasticity, flexibility and stretchability, and reduces water vapor permeability with respect to sodium caseinate films. The films with a 1:0.3:0.5 protein:glycerol:lipid ratio containing a 70:30 OA:BW ratio were the ones which showed the most adequate functional properties if both tensile and water transport properties are taken into account (Elastic Modulus: 29.01±9.36MPa, Elongation at break: 23.90±2.05, water vapor permeability (WVP): 1.8±0.2gmm/kPahm2). Although the best water vapor permeability properties were obtained for films without glycerol (WVP: 0.63±0.07gmm/kPahm2), no adequate tensile properties were obtained in these cases.
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistilation of the leaves and rhizomes of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade were analysed by capillary GC and GC–MS. Forty-six constituents were identified in the leaf oil, while 54 were identified in the oil from the rhizomes. The leaf oil was clearly dominated by β-caryophyllene (31.7%), while the oil from the rhizomes was predominantly monoterpenoid, with camphene (14.5%), geranial (14.3%), and geranyl acetate (13.7%) the three most abundant constituents. The evaluation of antibacterial activities using the micro-dilution technique revealed that both the leaf and rhizome oils were moderately active against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacilluslicheniformis, Bacillus spizizenii and Staphylococcus aureus, and the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas stutzeri.
Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a perennial herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is used as a food flavouring agent, and well known medicinally for its powerful antimutagenic, antibacterial and chemopreventive properties. Essential oils were obtained from this plant by hydrodistillation (HD) and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME). GC–MS analyses of the oils revealed the presence of 24 and 21 compounds in the essential oils obtained through HD and SFME, respectively. The total yield of the volatile fractions obtained through HD and SFME was 0.31% and 0.39%, respectively. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as borneol, camphor, terpene-4-ol, linalool, α-terpeneol (28.6%) were present in the oil of SFME in comparison with HD (26.98%). However, HD oil contained more monoterpene hydrocarbons such as α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, trans β-ocimene, γ-terpenene, and cis sabinene hydrate (32.95%) than SFME extracted oil (25.77%). The essential oils obtained using the two methods of extraction were active against all the bacteria tested at a concentration of 10 mg ml−1. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.23 mg ml−1 and 7.5 mg ml−1.
Salvia bracteata Banks et Sol. and Salvia rubifolia Boiss. are known in folk medicine of Lebanon for the treatment of microbial infections, cancer, urinary and pulmonary problems. In the present study the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aerial parts of Salvia bracteata and Salvia rubifolia collected in Lebanon were evaluated. The oils were also tested for their potential antiproliferative effects against M14 human melanoma cells.
The oils were studied by GC and GC-MS and their antibacterial activity (MIC and MBC) was tested against ten bacteria species using the broth dilution method. The inhibitory effect on human melanoma cells (measurement of cell vitality, cell membrane integrity and genomic DNA fragmentation) was studied using MTT assay, calculation of LDH release and COMET assay.
The oils showed a good antibacterial activity (MIC = 50 microg/ml) against Gram+ bacteria. They besides exhibited an inhibitory effect on the human cancer cells examined inducing also apoptotic cell death, but the oil of Salvia rubifolia was significantly (p < 0.001) more active as compared to the oil of Salvia bracteata.
The results on the pharmacological activities of these Salvia species provide an in vitro scientific support for the use of these plants in traditional herbal preparations.
The composition and antifungal activity of clove essential oil (EO), obtained from Syzygium aromaticum, were studied. Clove oil was obtained commercially and analysed by GC and GC-MS. The EO analysed showed a high content of eugenol (85.3 %). MICs, determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols, and minimum fungicidal concentration were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the clove oil and its main component, eugenol, against Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte clinical and American Type Culture Collection strains. The EO and eugenol showed inhibitory activity against all the tested strains. To clarify its mechanism of action on yeasts and filamentous fungi, flow cytometric and inhibition of ergosterol synthesis studies were performed. Propidium iodide rapidly penetrated the majority of the yeast cells when the cells were treated with concentrations just over the MICs, meaning that the fungicidal effect resulted from an extensive lesion of the cell membrane. Clove oil and eugenol also caused a considerable reduction in the quantity of ergosterol, a specific fungal cell membrane component. Germ tube formation by Candida albicans was completely or almost completely inhibited by oil and eugenol concentrations below the MIC values. The present study indicates that clove oil and eugenol have considerable antifungal activity against clinically relevant fungi, including fluconazole-resistant strains, deserving further investigation for clinical application in the treatment of fungal infections.
The essential oils of Caesulia axillaris and Mentha arvensis have been tested for their fumigant activity in the management of biodeterioration of stored wheat samples by Aspergillus flavus and the insect pests, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum, at 1300 and 600 ppm, respectively. The findings indicate the efficacy of the oils as potent fumigants for management of the biodeterioration of stored wheat samples. The oils also controlled the blue mould rot of oranges caused by Penicillium italicum and enhanced the market life of the oranges for a considerable period, showing their efficacy as postharvest fungicides of higher plant origin.
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Essential oils, odorous and volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, have a wide application in folk medicine, food flavouring and preservation as well as in fragrance industries. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils have been known for many centuries. In recent years (1987-2001), a large number of essential oils and their constituents have been investigated for their antimicrobial properties against some bacteria and fungi in more than 500 reports. This paper reviews the classical methods commonly used for the evaluation of essential oils antibacterial and antifungal activities. The agar diffusion method (paper disc and well) and the dilution method (agar and liquid broth) as well as turbidimetric and impedimetric monitoring of microorganism growth in the presence of tested essential oils are described. Factors influencing the in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils and the mechanisms of essential oils action on microorganisms are reported. This paper gives an overview on the susceptibility of human and food-borne bacteria and fungi towards different essential oils and their constituents. Essential oils of spices and herbs (thyme, origanum, mint, cinnamon, salvia and clove) were found to possess the strongest antimicrobial properties among many tested.
The stimulating effect of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on the production of verocytotoxin (VT) by enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 has been claimed. The purpose of this study was to find an alternative, but bioactive medicine for the treatment of this organism. Fifty-eight preparations of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of 38 medicinal plant species commonly used in Thailand to cure gastrointestinal infections were tested for their antibacterial activity against different strains of Escherichia coli, including 6 strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Escherichia coli O26:H11, Escherichia coli O111:NM, Escherichia coli O22; 5 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine; and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Inhibition of growth was primarily tested by the paper disc agar diffusion method. Among the medicinal plants tested, only 8 species (21.05%) exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Acacia catechu, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Psidium guajava, Punica granatum, Quercus infectoria, Uncaria gambir, and Walsura robusta demonstrated antibacterial activity with inhibition zones ranging from 7 to 17 mm. The greatest inhibition zone against Escherichia coli O157:H7 (RIMD 05091083) was produced from the ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the agar microdilution method and agar dilution method in petri dishes with millipore filter. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Quercus infectoria and aqueous extract of Punica granatum were highly effective against Escherichia coli O157:H7 with the best MIC and MBC values of 0.09, 0.78, and 0.19, 0.39 mg/ml, respectively. These plant species may provide alternative but bioactive medicines for the treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection.
Twenty-five selected plants belonging to 19 families were collected from different localities of the island Soqotra, dried and extracted with the solvents chloroform, methanol and hot water to yield 80 extracts. The extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and against one yeast species using agar diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was demonstrated especially against Gram-positive bacteria including multiresistant Staphylococcus strains. The greatest activity was exhibited by the methanolic extracts of Boswellia elongata, Boswellia ameero, Buxus hildebrandtii, Commiphora parvifolia, Jatropha unicostata, Kalanchoe farinacea, Pulicaria stephanocarpa, Punica protopunica, Withania adunensis and Withania riebeckii. Only the methanolic extract of Buxus hildebrandtii displayed significant antifungal activity.
2014 -Growing and Marketing Ginseng, Goldenseal and other Woodland Medicinals. Copyright © 2014 by Jeanine Davis and W. Scott Persons. Previous edition ©
- J Davis
- W S Persons
Davis J, Persons WS. 2014 -Growing and Marketing Ginseng, Goldenseal and other Woodland
Medicinals. Copyright © 2014 by Jeanine Davis and W. Scott Persons. Previous edition ©
2005 and 2007 W. Scott Persons and Jeanine Davis. New Society Publishers P.O. Box 189,
Gabriola Island, BC V0R 1X0, Canada 250, 247-9737.
- J Eo
- M Choi
- A Eom
Eo J, Choi M, Eom A. 2014 -Diversity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Korean Ginseng Leaves
Mycobiology 42, 147-151
1993 -Soil fungi in Qatar and other Arab countries. The Centre of Scientific and Applied Research
- A H Moubasher
Moubasher AH. 1993 -Soil fungi in Qatar and other Arab countries. The Centre of Scientific and
Applied Research, University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
2016-Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Edited by Victor R. Preedy. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
- V R Preedy
Preedy VR. 2016-Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Edited by Victor R.
Preedy. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, King's College London, London, UK,
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, UK.
2010 -Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity fresh & dry ginger oils (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
- I A Sasidharan
- N Menon
Sasidharan IA, Menon N. 2010 -Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity
fresh & dry ginger oils (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). International Journal Current
Pharmaceutical Research 2, 39-43.
2012 -Essential oils in insect control: low-risk products in a high-stakes world
- V R Preedy
Preedy VR. 2016 -Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Edited by Victor R.
Preedy. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, King's College London, London, UK,
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, UK.
Regnault-Roger C, Vincent C, Arnason JT. 2012 -Essential oils in insect control: low-risk
products in a high-stakes world. Annual Review of Entomology 57, 405-424.