First Report of Black Pod in Tamarind due to Aspergillus niger from India

Abstract

Among Arid Zone Fruits, tamarind, Tamarindus indica L. of the family Leguminosae is a major fruit crop. Survey was conducted to find out major disease of tamarind and found black pod disease was major constraints. Black pod of tamarind incidence was observed range from 8.00 -22 per cent in pod on tree and incidence in storage was observed 5-22.5 per cent at different location in Jhalawar district during 2013 to 2017. Subsequently, the pathogen was isolated and pure culture of fungus established. The pathogenicity of fungus was proved and it was identified as Aspergillus niger by Indian Type Culture Collection, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.

Full text

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(4): 1127-1130
1127
Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.123
First Report of Black Pod in Tamarind due to Aspergillus niger from India
Chaturbhuj Meena1*, P. Bhatnagar1, R.R. Meena2, V.C. Prahlad1 and Ashok Kumar1
1College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalrapatan, Jhalawar, Rajasthan-326 023, India
2Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jhalawar, India
*Corresponding author
A B S T R A C T
Introduction
Tamarind native to tropical Africa, the tree
grows wild throughout the Sudan and was so
long ago introduced into and adopted in India
that it has often been reported as indigenous
there also, and it was speciously from this
Asiatic country that it reached the Persians
and the Arabs who called it "tamar hindi"
(Indian date, from the date-like appearance of
the dried pulp), giving rise to both its common
and generic names. Unfortunately, the specific
name, "indica", also perpetuates the illusion of
Indian origin. Of all the fruit trees of the arid
zone fruit, none is more widely distributed nor
more appreciated as an ornamental than the
tamarind, Tamarindus indica L. of the family
Leguminosae. Tamarind is a slow-growing,
long-lived, massive tree reaches, under
favorable conditions, a height of 80 or even
100 ft (24-30 m), and may attain a spread of
40 ft (12 m) and a trunk circumference of 25 ft
(7.5 m). It is highly wind-resistant, with
strong, supple branches, gracefully drooping
at the ends, and has dark-gray, rough, fissured
bark (Karale, 2006; Dilip Babu and Saroj
2018). Several diseases have been reported to
infect tamarind in India, including various tree
rot and bacterial leaf spot. The major disease
reported are leaf spot (Bartalinia
robillardoides, Tassi., Exosporium tamarindi
Syd., Hendersonia tamarindi Syd., Pestalotia
poonensis V. Rao., Phyllosticta tamarindicola
P. tamarinedina Chandra and Tandon,
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 04 (2018)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Among Arid Zone Fruits, tamarind, Tamarindus indica L. of the family
Leguminosae is a major fruit crop. Survey was conducted to find out major
disease of tamarind and found black pod disease was major constraints.
Black pod of tamarind incidence was observed range from 8.00 -22 per cent
in pod on tree and incidence in storage was observed 5-22.5 per cent at
different location in Jhalawar district during 2013 to 2017. Subsequently,
the pathogen was isolated and pure culture of fungus established. The
pathogenicity of fungus was proved and it was identified as Aspergillus
niger by Indian Type Culture Collection, Division of Plant Pathology,
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
Ke ywords
Black Pod,
Aspergillus niger,
Tamarindus indica
Accepted:
10 March 2018
Available Online:
10 April 2018
Article Info

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(4): 1127-1130
1128
Prathigada, tamarindi Muthappa,
Xanthomonas tamarind Cook., Sphaceloma
spp. and Stigmina tamarindi (Syd.) Munjal
and Kulshrestha, powdery mildew (Erysiphe
polygoni DC and Oidium spp.), sooty mould
(Meliola tamarindi Syd.), stem disease
(Fracchiaea indica Talde), whit rot and wood
rot (Ganoderma lucidum (leyss) Karst
Lenziles Pliosti Fr.), stem rot (Pholiota gollani
P. Henn), trunk or root rot (Stereum nitidulum
Berk.), collar rot (Phytophthora nocitianae
var. nicotianae); (Siddaramiah et al., 1980),
stem canker (Hypoxlon nectrioides Speg)
(Mukherji and Bhasin, 1986; Siddaramiah and
Kulkarni,1982; Morton, 1987; Parrotta, 1990),
stony fruit Pestalotia macrotricha syd.
(Lokesha and Shetty, 1991). Rots attacking the
tree include sap rot, Xylaria euglossa,
brownish sap rot, Polyporus calcuttensis, and
white rot, Trametes floccose, powdery mildew
Erysiphe polygoni. Present survey was
conducted to find out the major disease of
tamarind in Rajasthan under All India
Coordinated Research Project on Arid Zone
Fruit at College of Horticulture and Forestry,
Jhalawar Rajasthan.
Materials and Methods
A survey was conducted during 2013 to 2017
for disease of tamarind at different location
(Table 1 and 2) in Jhalawar district and sample
of tamarind pod collected from stored
tamarind pod by the farmers and pod on tree at
different location in Jhalawar district. The
pathogen was isolated from infected pod and
purified using standard procedure.
Results and Discussion
Survey results revealed that diseases like leaf
spot, powdery mildew and black pod observed
in tamarind at different location in Jhalawar
Rajasthan. Among the disease observed black
pod was major constraints and its incidence
was range from 8.00 -22 per cent at different
location on tree (Table 1 and Figure 1) and in
storage the incidence was observed 5-22.5 per
cent at different location (Table 2 and Figure
2). Subsequently, the pathogen was isolated
and pure culture of fungus established (Figure
3) and pathogenicity of fungus was proved.
The Sporulating sections of black pod were
removed and single-spore isolations were
made on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium.
The single spore isolates developed into a
compact white basal mycelium covered with a
dense layer of conidiophores (Figure 4)
covered with dark brown to black spores
(Figure 5). The vesicles of the conidiophores
were large and globose. The conidiophores
were smooth-walled, hyaline with vesicle.
Black pod of tamarind pathogen was identified
as Aspergillus niger (Figure 4 and 5) by Indian
Type Culture Collection (ITCC), Division of
Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi.
Table.1 Incidence of black pod in tamarind on tree
Year
Per cent Incidence
Location
2016
18.00
Dityakheri, Jhalrapatan
22.00
Motipura Jhalrapatan
13.00
Urmal Jhalrapatan
8.00
Garnavda Bhavani mandi
2017
17.00
Motipura Jhalrapatan
15.00
Amali Kala Bhuwani mandi
14.00
Mishroli, Bhuwani mandi
10.00
Gharnavada Bhuwani mandi

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(4): 1127-1130
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Table.2 Incidence of black pod of tamarind in stored pod
Year
Per cent Incidence
location
2013
22.5
Ananda Jhalrapatan
2014
5.00
Kuntara, Khanpur
15.00
Sarola Kala, Khanpur
2015
6.00
Borda, Aklera
14.00
Tharol, Aklera
2016
19.00
Amlikala Bhavani Mandi
2017
18.00
Mishroli Bhawanimandi
12.00
Garnavada Bhawanimandi
Figure 2Incidence Black Pod of
tamarind on tree
Figure 1Black pod in stored
tamarind pod
Figure 3Pure Culture of Aspergillus
niger isolated from tamarind pod
Figure 3Microscopic picture of conidiophore of
A. niger
Figure 5 Microscpic picture Conidia of A.niger
Similarly, fruit rot caused by Aspergillus
niger in lemon was also reported by Liaquat
et al., (2016).
Acknowledgement
The Authors are grateful to the Central
Institute Arid Horticulture, Bikaner for
providing financial support to conduct this
research and required facility provided by
Dean CHF, Jhalawar, AU, Kota. We also
express our sincere thanks to ITCC, Division
of Plant Pathology, IARI, New Delhi for
culture Identification.
References
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Tamarind: A Promising Arid Fruit
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How to cite this article:
Chaturbhuj Meena, P. Bhatnagar, R.R. Meena, V.C. Prahlad and Ashok Kumar. 2018. First
Report of Black Pod in Tamarind due to Aspergillus niger from India.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(04): 1127-1130. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.123