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Agricultural Commodities: Projections for 1970.
Journal of the American Statistical Association
... The main sugar producing countries are shown inFig. 3[13]. Brazil is by far the most dominant sugar producing country, accounting for nearly 35% of global production in 2007, followed by India at over 22%. ...
... All other countries produce much less, but with many countries such as China, Thailand and Australia still producing considerable amounts. In 2005, over 10 15 tonnes of bagasse were consumed for power production[13]. ...
The sustainability of electricity generation from biomass has been assessed in this work according to the key indicators of price, efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, availability, limitations, land use, water use and social impacts. Biomass produced electricity generally provides favourable price, efficiency, emissions, availability and limitations but often has unfavorably high land and water usage as well as social impacts. The type and growing location of the biomass source are paramount to its sustainability. Hardy crops grown on unused or marginal land and waste products are more sustainable than dedicated energy crops grown on food producing land using high rates of fertilisers.
... Moreover, it may be possible to extend the RHA volumes in producing SCC by incorporating a fine filler material. The use of filler use may improve the properties of the SCC without increasing the cost, and the elimination of grinding as the cost associated with it increases the feasibility of using RHA in concrete production, particularly for small contractors and projects near rice production zones (2014).). ...
It is widely accepted that the vibration used to compact fresh concrete into the casing releases excess air bubbles and that the extent of the compaction has a direct influence on the initial and long-term properties of the concrete. Also, at present, in the compaction process, the vibrator creates the pressure wave, which then controls the aggregate particles in order to collapse and overcome the friction between cement paste and aggregates. To use the vibrator efficiently, workers need specific requires knowledge and skills. When workers lack the requisite skills to, for example, produce adequate vibration or sufficient flow into the vibrating area, the concrete properties are significantly affected in a negative way. In addition, the vibrator is difficult to apply due to the complex structure of the concrete, although this can be negotiated through a process of re-vibration. Further, it is difficult to use manual vibration or a rod for vibrating compaction in confined zones. This method tends to produce concrete that lacks the necessary consistency and is segregated. The method also has negative effects on the health and safety of workers. For example, it has been reported that workers can become sick with white finger syndrome and that they have a hearing loss from the vibration. The innovation of using self-consolidating concrete (SCC), i.e., high-performance concrete, however, means that reduced high vibration level: SCC is self-compactable and does not lead to either segregation or excessive bleeding. Further, the production of SCC consumes relatively little energy in the process of vibration.
... Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most widely cultivated and consumed legume of the genus Phaseolus throughout the world (FAO 2012). It is a non-centric crop (Harlan 1971 ) having two major ecogeographical gene pools-Mesoamerica and the Andes with multiple domestications (Kwak and Gepts 2009). ...
Common bean is one of the most important legume crops worldwide. Response to selection and success of hybridisation in common bean primarily depends on the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity present in the germplasm used. Germplasm comprising 4274 accessions originating from 58 countries were characterized for 22 phenotypic traits for two years. Genetic diversity for traits such as leaf length (4.5–20.7 cm), leaf width (3.4–17.5 cm), pod length (PL) (3.5–23.5 cm), no of pods/plant (4.2–59.6), seeds/pod (2.1–9.6) and 100-seed weight (SWT) (3.5–96.3 g) was observed in the accessions. Based on multivariate analysis, the entire collection was grouped into 10 genetically diverse clusters irrespective of the origin or place of collection of accessions. First three components obtained through principal component analysis explained 80.44 % of the total variance and it was contributed mainly by PL, pod width (PW), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), pods/plant and SWT. Correlation coefficient of seed weight was positively significant with leaf length, PL, PW, SL and SW while it was negatively correlated with days to flowering, pods/plant and seeds/pod. Regression analysis showed highest direct effect of SW on seed weight followed by SL, and PL. For bean anthracnose, [600 accessions showed resistance under field conditions, however when subjected to screening under artificial conditions against four most prevalent races (03, 515, 598 and 529) of Col-letotrichum lindemutianum, we identified 16 accessions which have complete resistance and good agronomic superiority. These accessions may serve as useful genetic material to plant breeders for breeding bean varieties for anthracnose resistance and high yield.
... Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most widely cultivated and consumed legume of the genus Phaseolus throughout the world (FAO 2012). It is a non-centric crop (Harlan 1971 ) having two major ecogeographical gene pools-Mesoamerica and the Andes with multiple domestications (Kwak and Gepts 2009). ...
Common bean is one of the most important legume crops worldwide. Response to selection and success of hybridisation in common bean primarily depends on the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity present in the germplasm used. Germplasm comprising 4274 accessions originating from 58 countries were characterized for 22 phenotypic traits for two years. Genetic diversity for traits such as leaf length (4.5–20.7 cm), leaf width (3.4–17.5 cm), pod length (PL) (3.5–23.5 cm), no of pods/plant (4.2–59.6), seeds/pod (2.1–9.6) and 100-seed weight (SWT) (3.5–96.3 g) was observed in the accessions. Based on multivariate analysis, the entire collection was grouped into 10 genetically diverse clusters irrespective of the origin or place of collection of accessions. First three components obtained through principal component analysis explained 80.44 % of the total variance and it was contributed mainly by PL, pod width (PW), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), pods/plant and SWT. Correlation coefficient of seed weight was positively significant with leaf length, PL, PW, SL and SW while it was negatively correlated with days to flowering, pods/plant and seeds/pod. Regression analysis showed highest direct effect of SW on seed weight followed by SL, and PL. For bean anthracnose, [600 accessions showed resistance under field conditions, however when subjected to screening under artificial conditions against four most prevalent races (03, 515, 598 and 529) of Col-letotrichum lindemutianum, we identified 16 accessions which have complete resistance and good agronomic superiority. These accessions may serve as useful genetic material to plant breeders for breeding bean varieties for anthracnose resistance and high yield.
... Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most widely cultivated and consumed legume of the genus Phaseolus throughout the world (FAO 2012). It is a non-centric crop (Harlan 1971 ) having two major ecogeographical gene pools-Mesoamerica and the Andes with multiple domestications (Kwak and Gepts 2009). ...
Common bean is one of the most impor- tant legume crops worldwide. Response to selection and success of hybridisation in common bean pri- marily depends on the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity present in the germplasm used. Germplasm comprising 4274 accessions originating from 58 countries were characterized for 22 phenotypic traits for two years. Genetic diversity for traits such as leaf length (4.5–20.7 cm), leaf width (3.4–17.5 cm), pod length (PL) (3.5–23.5 cm), no of pods/plant (4.2–59.6), seeds/pod (2.1–9.6) and 100-seed weight (SWT) (3.5–96.3 g) was observed in the accessions. Based on multivariate analysis, the entire collection was grouped into 10 genetically diverse clusters irrespective of the origin or place of collection of
accessions. First three components obtained through principal component analysis explained 80.44 % of the total variance and it was contributed mainly by PL, pod width (PW), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), pods/plant and SWT. Correlation coefficient of seed weight was positively significant with leaf length, PL, PW, SL and SW while it was negatively correlated with days to flowering, pods/plant and seeds/pod. Regression analysis showed highest direct effect of SW on seed weight followed by SL, and PL. For bean anthracnose, [600 accessions showed resistance un- der field conditions, however when subjected to screening under artificial conditions against four most prevalent races (03, 515, 598 and 529) of Col- letotrichum lindemutianum, we identified 16 acces- sions which have complete resistance and good agronomic superiority. These accessions may serve as useful genetic material to plant breeders for breeding bean varieties for anthracnose resistance and high yield.
In this paper, the effects of calcium carbonate powder on the properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) incorporated with untreated rice husk ash (RHA) and calcium carbonate powder (CC) are presented. CC was utilized as an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) substitute at percentage replacements of 20% and 40% by weight, and RHA was used as a fine aggregate replacement material at a percentage replacement of 20% by weight. The SCC mixtures were designed with a controlled slump flow of 725 ± 25 mm. The properties in the fresh and hardened states of the blends of OPC and CC were investigated using the slump flow time, V-funnel flow time, flow diameter from the J-ring test, compressive strength, and resistance to sulfuric acid attack. The results showed that the use of CC can reduce the water content of the powder materials (OPC + CC). Remarkably, the resulting concretes maintained their slump flow and could flow through a V-shaped box and the obstacles used to assess the J-ring test, thus satisfying the criterion declared by European Federation of Producers and Applicators of Specialist Products for Structures (EFNARC). Moreover, the highest compressive strength was achieved in the SCC mixture with 20% CC1 (Dv, 50 = 3.95 μm). Compared with SCC without RHA, the addition of RHA requires an increased ratio of water/powder (w/p) materials (OPC + CC). Furthermore, in the case of concrete without RHA, the SCC containing CC exhibited a lower weight loss after sulfuric acid (H2SO4) attack than the control SCC.
Legume seed inoculation prior to sowing is a well-known practice in agriculture. Nitrogen fixation, due to the symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia, improves the productivity of legumes. Rhizobia strain specificity can be observed very often, leading to differences in the total protein content. In this study two faba bean cultivars (‘Karmazyn’ and ‘Bartek’) and five pea cultivars (‘Retrija’, ‘Zaiga’, ‘Lāsma’, ‘Vitra’ and ‘Bartek’) were tested using various rhizobia strains. In addition, strain effectivity was observed in four different soil types. Overall, the protein content increase was observed after seed inoculation with
Vitamins are chemically reactive components of foods and their retention can be influenced by various factors during processing and storage. Reflecting their global significance as staples, there has been a renewed focused upon cereal grain foods including the various styles of Asian wheaten noodles. Although these are typically regarded as good sources of the B-group vitamins, relatively high losses of up to 97% have been reported. The factors responsible for the losses vary for each vitamin investigated, with product pH, as well as heat, being among the significant determinants of retention. The nutritional potential of cereal grain foods, including Asian noodles and rice, is reviewed with particular emphasis on folic acid fortification. The recent studies have highlighted the risks of assuming similar patterns of retention in all foods, along with the importance of applying rigour in adapting extraction procedures and analytical methodology for use with different food products.
Banana, Musa sp,. é uma das frutas mais consumidas em todo o mundo, e o Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais. A farinha de banana verde apresenta os maiores teores de amido resistente, quando comparada à banana madura. Estas características tornam a farinha de banana verde (FBV) e purê de banana verde (PBV) excelentes matérias-primas, capazes de aumentar o conteúdo de fibra alimentar (FA) nos alimentos adicionados, aumentando o apelo funcional. No presente estudo, pães foram preparados com diferentes percentuais de farinha e purê de banana verde (10%, 20% e 30%), em substituição à farinha de trigo e avaliada a qualidade do pão em função da altura, volume, rendimento, tempo de fermentação, a percentagem de umidade, cor da crosta/miolo e reologia do produto final. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativaentre o rendimento e o teor de umidade das formulações. Pães que foram preparados com FBV e PBV resultaram em produtos mais escuros em relação ao padrão, e a luminosidade (L*) diminuiu com o aumento do nível de substituição. Pães com 10% de FBV e até 20% de PBV não diferiram estatisticamente do padrão em relação à dureza. Estes resultados sugerem a viabilidade da aplicação dessas matérias-primas (FBV e PBV) em pães, o que, em função das caracteristicas já demonstradas em pesquisas, poderá elevar o valor nutricional desse tradicional alimento.
Various methods are been used to control post-harvest diseases of tomato fruits. With the increasing restrictions on the use of fungicides, due the food safety and environmental impacts, the use of alternative methods and biological control of postharvest diseases have been stimulated. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of alternative products in post-harvest treatment of tomato “Delta” and “Debora” produced under two cropping systems: intermediate (IS) and conventional system (CS). The components evaluated were the reduction of fresh mass, pH, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA) and the pathogens incidence after being treated by immersion with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), Azadirachta indica crude extract, citric biomass extract and fumigation with essential oils (EO) of Syzygium aromaticum and Citrus aurantium ssp. bergamia. The products did not affect the parameters analyzed in the fruits from the CS, regardless of cultivar. In the fruits produced in IS was observed influence of the treatments. For weight reduction, were observed the lowest values in fruits of “Debora” treated with EO and ASM. Were observed also, the highest values of SS and TA in fruits “Debora” treated with S. aromaticum EO and ASM. The fruits “Delta” had the highest pH when treated with S. aromaticum EO.
A preocupação com o meio ambiente cresce a cada ano e faz com que sejam pesquisados e descobertos novos materiais para aplicações inovadoras, que apresentem viabilidade econômica e, ao mesmo tempo, com o menor dano possível ao meio ambiente. O processo de adsorção de determinadas categorias de compostos químicos por fibras naturais pode ser citado como uma destas alternativas. Destacam-se pesquisas científicas relacionadas a processos de adsorção como, por exemplo, fibra de coco verde, fibra de bagaço de cana de açúcar, fibra de algodão, casca de banana, casca de arroz e palha de milho, entre outros. Outra fibra que vem apresentando possibilidade de uso como biossorvente é aquela presente no pseudocaule da bananeira. Durante a colheita das bananas, retira-se o cacho contendo os frutos e todo o restante da planta, ou seja, folhas e seu pseudocaule são descartados no próprio ambiente de cultivo, decompondo-se e tornando-se resíduos orgânicos para o solo. Estudos vêm mostrando que as fibras presentes na casca de banana têm um bom potencial como adsorvente de metais pesados em água. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a capacidade adsortiva da fibra do pseudocaule da bananeira na adsorção de azul de metileno, sem ou com tratamento químico prévio. As fibras foram removidas mecanicamente, lavadas, trituradas em tamanhos menores que 3 mm e secas em estufa, a 60ºC. Parte desse material foi tratado com HCl e NaOH, 1 M. A adsorção foi realizada partindo-se de uma solução de concentração 50 mg.L-1 de azul de metileno, em um reator encamisado. A adsorção foi controlada por UV-Vis. Os resultados demonstram um poder de adsorção de cerca de 90% para fibra quimicamente tratada. Desta foram, conclui-se que as fibras do pseudocaule da bananeira apresentam potencial para atuação como biossorventes para uma remoção prévia de pigmentos orgânicos.
Palavras-Chave: Adsorção. Biossorventes. Fibra de Bananeira. Azul de Metileno.
O Brasil é o nono maior produtor mundial de arroz e o maior fora da Ásia. A casca do arroz é o subproduto mais expressivo do processo de beneficiamento do arroz e seu volume representa cerca de 20% da massa do arroz em casca. Esta casca pode ser considerada uma matéria-prima de baixo custo, de difícil reaproveitamento e de baixas propriedades nutritivas. Em função do seu elevado poder calorifico, a casca de arroz é hoje considerada uma biomassa, produzida de maneira sustentável, substituindo o uso convencional de madeira visando a produção de energia. Com o crescente uso da casca como biomassa e a necessidade de obtenção de uma cinza de casca de arroz de melhor qualidade, se faz necessário o aprofundamento de estudos referentes a casca de arroz, através de sua caracterização. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma caracterização preliminar de duas cascas de arroz de diferentes regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A fim de utilizar a casa de arroz como biomassa para geração de energia foram realizadas análises de teor de umidade; cinzas; materiais voláteis; carbono fixo, massa específica, análise termogravimétrica, granulometria e poder calorífico. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as duas cascas analisadas são muito semelhantes e que estas apresentam elevado potencial de utilização como biomassa para geração de calor e eletricidade.
Uma das consequências das atividades industriais de produção de alimentos é a geração de elevados volumes de resíduos, cuja destinação pode ser problemática, por ocupar grandes espaços, e quando mal gerenciada pode representar riscos ambientais e à saúde da população. Segundo a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, Lei nº 12.305/10, para que um resíduo seja considerado rejeito é preciso que tenham se esgotado todas as possibilidades de aproveitamento. A partir da casca de laranja, resíduo gerado em grande quantidade pelas indústrias e também pelo restaurante universitário da UNISINOS, é possível obter coprodutos de alto valor comercial, como pectina e óleo essencial. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o resíduo casca de laranja na obtenção dos coprodutos óleo essencial e pectina. Para tanto, foi avaliada a obtenção destes produtos em cascas inteiras de laranjas e a partir da separação do albedo e do flavedo, e trituração das amostras. A extração da pectina foi realizada em meio aquoso. Para a extração do óleo essencial, utilizou-se o método de hidrodestilação. Destaca-se que o maior rendimento de pectina foi obtido quando se utilizou o resíduo gerado da extração do óleo. O segundo maior resultado da extração da pectina foi para o albedo seco e moído. Para o óleo essencial, foi para cascas segregadas e trituradas.
Background and AimsLeaf hydraulic properties are strongly linked with transpiration and photosynthesis in many species. However, it is not known if gas exchange and hydraulics will have co-ordinated responses to climate change. The objective of this study was to investigate the responses of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) in Glycine max (soybean) to growth at elevated [CO2] and increased temperature compared with the responses of leaf gas exchange and leaf water status.Methods
Two controlled-environment growth chamber experiments were conducted with soybean to measure Kleaf, stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthesis (A) during growth at elevated [CO2] and temperature relative to ambient levels. These results were validated with field experiments on soybean grown under free-air elevated [CO2] (FACE) and canopy warming.Key resultsIn chamber studies, Kleaf did not acclimate to growth at elevated [CO2], even though stomatal conductance decreased and photosynthesis increased. Growth at elevated temperature also did not affect Kleaf, although gs and A showed significant but inconsistent decreases. The lack of response of Kleaf to growth at increased [CO2] and temperature in chamber-grown plants was confirmed with field-grown soybean at a FACE facility.Conclusions
Leaf hydraulic and leaf gas exchange responses to these two climate change factors were not strongly linked in soybean, although gs responded to [CO2] and increased temperature as previously reported. This differential behaviour could lead to an imbalance between hydraulic supply and transpiration demand under extreme environmental conditions likely to become more common as global climate continues to change.
Adaptation to abiotic stresses is a quantitative trait controlled by many different genes. Enhancing the tolerance of crop plants to abiotic stresses such as drought has therefore proved to be somewhat elusive in terms of plant breeding. While many C(4) species have significant agronomic importance, most of the research effort on improving drought tolerance has focused on maize. Ideally, drought tolerance has to be achieved without penalties in yield potential. Possibilities for success in this regard are highlighted by studies on maize hybrids performed over the last 70 years that have demonstrated that yield potential and enhanced stress tolerance are associated traits. However, while our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that enable plants to tolerate drought has increased considerably in recent years, there have been relatively few applications of DNA marker technologies in practical C(4) breeding programmes for improved stress tolerance. Moreover, until recently, targeted approaches to drought tolerance have concentrated largely on shoot parameters, particularly those associated with photosynthesis and stay green phenotypes, rather than on root traits such as soil moisture capture for transpiration, root architecture, and improvement of effective use of water. These root traits are now increasingly considered as important targets for yield improvement in C(4) plants under drought stress. Similarly, the molecular mechanisms underpinning heterosis have considerable potential for exploitation in enhancing drought stress tolerance. While current evidence points to the crucial importance of root traits in drought tolerance in C(4) plants, shoot traits may also be important in maintaining high yields during drought.
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