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The Lichenicolous Fungi of Greenland
... Cladina in Greenland. Recent treatments of Arctic lichenicolous fungi include Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990, Diederich et al. 2002, Hansen & Alstrup 1995, Ihlen 1998, Triebel 1989, Zhurbenko 2000, Zhurbenko & Hafellner 1999and Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996 During field trips to different places throughout the Arctic, the authors have collected many fungi growing on Cladonia. Additional findings were made during investigation of herbarium collections. ...
... Conidia pale to medium brownish olive, subglobose, 8-11 µm in diam., composed of 2-10 (sub)globose finely verruculose cells 3.5-7 µm in diam. Alstrup & Hawksworth (1990) reported conidia composed of 10-15(-20) cells 3-4 µm in diam. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. ...
... The type host lichen species of Sphaerellothecium araneosum is Ochrolechia upsaliensis. Alstrup & Hawksworth (1990) provided a detailed description of this species (as Echinothecium glabrum M.S.Christ., Alstrup & D.Hawksw.) on the type host. They found the mycelium and ascomata to be superficial, the mycelium torulose, of thick-walled hyphae 5-7.5 µm thick, walls verruculose through splitting of the outer wall layers; ascomata 30-50(-60) µm in diam.; ascoma wall pseudoparenchymatous of cells 8-10 µm in diam.; asci broadly saccate, 20-25 × 10-15 µm; spores colourless, not or slightly constricted at septum, (7.5-)9-12(-14.5) ...
Four taxa are described as new –Polycoccum laursenii Zhurb., Pronectria tibellae Zhurb., Taeniolella strictae Alstrup and Sphaerellothecium araneosum var. cladoniae Alstrup & Zhurb. The combination Arthonia epicladonia (Nyl.) Alstrup &Zhurb. is proposed. Lecanora leptacinella, Niesslia cladoniicola and Roselliniella cladoniae are reported as new to Russia, Cercidospora cladoniicola, Epicladonia stenospora, Protothelenella santessonii and Taeniolella beschiana as new to Svalbard, Lichenosticta alcicornaria as new to Iceland, Epicladonia sandstedei as new to Ireland, Cercidospora punctillata as new to Jan Mayen, and Bachmanniomyces uncialicola, Lichenoconium pyxidatae and Taeniolella beschiana as new to USA. Cercidospora punctillata, Dactylospora deminuta, Protothelenella sphinctrinoidella and Rinodina egediana are reported on the genus Cladonia for the first time. A worldwide key to 77 fungi on Cladonia species is provided.
... frigida. En ĉi tiu laboraĵo ni mencias Pseudopyrenidium tartaricola unua que chez le type abondent des asques contenant des spores mal développées et déformées, ce qui explique la mention par aLstruP et HawkswortH (1990) de deux types de spores. À notre avis, les petites spores mentionnées par aLstruP et HawkswortH (1990), subglobuleuses ou ovoïdes, de seulement 10-17 µm de long et à 1 ou 2 cloisons, sont vraisemblablement des spores mal développées, car bien qu'elles ne se rencontrent pas sur le spécimen des U.S.A, de telles spores mal venues existent également sur quelques spécimens de Russie, où elles sont très peu nombreuses. ...
... En ĉi tiu laboraĵo ni mencias Pseudopyrenidium tartaricola unua que chez le type abondent des asques contenant des spores mal développées et déformées, ce qui explique la mention par aLstruP et HawkswortH (1990) de deux types de spores. À notre avis, les petites spores mentionnées par aLstruP et HawkswortH (1990), subglobuleuses ou ovoïdes, de seulement 10-17 µm de long et à 1 ou 2 cloisons, sont vraisemblablement des spores mal développées, car bien qu'elles ne se rencontrent pas sur le spécimen des U.S.A, de telles spores mal venues existent également sur quelques spécimens de Russie, où elles sont très peu nombreuses. Nous n'avons pas inclus ces spores anormales dans la statistique des dimensions des spores. ...
... En outre ces auteurs ne décrivent pas la septogenèse chez la spore (voir Description de l'espèce) qui est bien distincte de celle des Weddellomyces (Navarro-rosiNés et roux, 1995) et des Pyrenidium (Navarro-rosiNés et al., 2010, sous presse), genres où les cloisons sporales apparaissent en même temps ou bien la cloison médiane apparaît en premier (voir Discussion). L'ornementation de la paroi sporale de Pseudopyrenidium tartaricola, fortement granuleuse en microscopie photonique (en fait microrugulée), et non finement verruqueuse comme l'écrivent aLstruP et HawkswortH (1990), est un autre caractère important qui différencie cette espèce des Weddellomyces et des Pyrenidium. ...
Pseudopyrenidium un nouveau genre pour inclure Weddellomyces tartaricola (champignon lichénicole non lichénisé, Ascomycota) Resumo : Priskribo de nova genro, Pseudopyrenidium, por inkludi Weddellomyces tartaricola (= Verrucaria tartaricola), nelikeniĝintan fungon likenloĝan parazitan al pluraj grundoloĝaj Ochrolechia. Pseu dopyrenidium supraĵe similas al Weddellomyces kaj al Pyrenidium pro hamatecio kaj askosporoj ĉefe triseptaj, sed diferencas de ambaŭ gen-roj pro malsimila ontogenio de la askosporoj. Pseudopyrenidium dife-rencas de Weddellomyces ankaŭ pro askujoj sen cefalotekoidaj platoj. Kvankam la plej multaj askosporoj de Pseudopyrenidium tartaricola havas tri aŭ kvar septojn, askosporoj kun pli da septoj ne estas maloftaj, kaj eĉ esceptokaze videblas sporoj kun kroma oblikva aŭ laŭlonga septo, do submurecaj sporoj ; la sporoj unue senkoloraj, poste grade bruniĝas kaj maturstadie estas malhele brunaj. En la septiĝo de la sporoj estiĝas unue la du ekstremaj septoj, nur poste la mezaj septoj. Ni proponas loki Pseudopyrenidium en la familion Adelococcaceae. Resumé : Description d'un nouveau genre, Pseudopyrenidium, pour inclure Weddellomyces tartaricola (= Verrucaria tartaricola), cham-pignon lichénicole non lichénisé parasite de plusieurs Ochrolechia terricoles. Pseudopyrenidium ressemble superficiellement à Weddel lomyces et à Pyrenidium par ses ascospores principalement triseptées, mais diffère de ces deux genres par son hamathécium et l'ontogénie de ses ascospores. Pseudopyrenidium se distingue également de Weddello myces par ses ascomes dépourvus de plaques céphalothécoïdes. Bien que la plupart des ascospores de Pseudopyrenidium tartaricola aient trois ou quatre cloisons transversales, des spores avec plus de cloisons ne sont pas rares et, exceptionellement, certaines ont en outre une cloison oblique ou longitudinale, et sont donc submurales ; les spores, d'abord incolores, deviennent progressivement brunes et sont brun foncé à maturité. La septation des spores débute par la formation de deux cloisons distales, suivie de la formation des cloisons médianes. Nous proposons de placer Pseudopyrenidium dans la famille des Adelococcaceae. 130 Navarro-Rosinés et al. Bull. Soc. linn. Provence, t. 61, 2010 Enkonduko Okaze de la revizio de la genro Pyrenidum (Navarro-Rosinés k al., 2010, presata), du el la aŭtoroj de ĉi tiu laboraĵo (P. N.-R kaj C. R.) havis la eblon studi, sur la talo de iu Ochrolechia cf. androgyna grundoloĝa, nelikeniĝintan fungon likenloĝan supraĵe similan al Pyrenidium, sed kun mikroskopa strukturo tre diferenca. Komparinte la karakterojn de ĉi tiu speci meno kun tiuj de la jam priskribitaj taksonoj kreskantaj sur Ochrolechia, ni venis al la konkludo, ke ĝi apartenas al Verrucaria tartaricola (Lindsay, 1871). Ĉi tiu specio, kiun lokis en la genron Weddellomyces Alstrup k Hawksworth (1990), diferencas de ĝi pro malesto de cefalotekoidaj platoj (tio, kion cetere preci zigas ĉi tiuj du aŭtoroj), pro sporogenezo kaj pro sporoj kelkafoje submurecaj (Navarro-Rosinés et Roux, 1995). Detale studinte ĝin morfologie kaj anatomie, ni proponas loki ĝin en novan genron, Pseudopyrenidium, pro supraĵa simileco al la genro Pyrenidium, al kiu J. Poelt atribuis la specimenon, kiun li kolektis en la Rokaj Montaroj (Kolorado, Usono), kaj el kiu originas ĉi tiu laboraĵo. Sub la nomo Weddellomyces tartaricola, ĉi tiu specio estis multfoje menciita en diversaj arktaj lokoj far la alia aŭtoro de ĉi tiu laboraĵo (M. Z.). La studo de la respondaj specimenoj ebligis kompletigi la morfologian studon kaj la disvastiĝon de ĉi tiu specio.
... 13-16 × 5-6.5 µm. Known from scattered finds in Europe, Asia, North America and South America, mainly in the arctic-oreophytic environments (Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990;Hafellner & Türk, 1995;Santesson, 1998;Diederich & Sérusiaux, 2000;Hafellner et al., 2002;Santesson et al., 2004;Etayo & Sancho, 2008;Hafellner, 2008;Zhurbenko 2009a;Etayo, 2010 (Alstrup & Cole, 1998;Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990;Etayo & Sancho, 2008;Hafellner & Muggia, 2006;Øvstedal & Lewis Smith, 2001; Etayo & Sancho, 2008) and subsequently also reported from North America (the U.S.A.: Kocourková, 2009) and Europe (Luxembourg: Eichler et al., 2010). (Poelt, 1985). ...
... 13-16 × 5-6.5 µm. Known from scattered finds in Europe, Asia, North America and South America, mainly in the arctic-oreophytic environments (Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990;Hafellner & Türk, 1995;Santesson, 1998;Diederich & Sérusiaux, 2000;Hafellner et al., 2002;Santesson et al., 2004;Etayo & Sancho, 2008;Hafellner, 2008;Zhurbenko 2009a;Etayo, 2010 (Alstrup & Cole, 1998;Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990;Etayo & Sancho, 2008;Hafellner & Muggia, 2006;Øvstedal & Lewis Smith, 2001; Etayo & Sancho, 2008) and subsequently also reported from North America (the U.S.A.: Kocourková, 2009) and Europe (Luxembourg: Eichler et al., 2010). (Poelt, 1985). ...
... (Calatayud et al., 2013). (Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990;Sérusiaux et al., 1999;Hafellner, 2002Hafellner, , 2018Santesson et al., 2004;Knudsen & Lendemer, 2006;Joshi et al., 2016 (Joshi et al., 2018) in 1(rarely 2-3)-septate vs. 1-septate, larger ascospores, (7.5-)10.2-14.2(-17.0) × (4.7-)5.0-6.0(-6.6) ...
Seventy-four species of lichenicolous fungi, including two species of lichenicolous lichens, are reported from Mongolia. Arthonia xanthoparmeliarum, Katherinomyces cetrariae s. lat. and Lichenochora arctica are newly reported for Asia. Arthonia epiphyscia, A. excentrica, A. molendoi, Carbonea vitellinaria, Cercidospora xanthoriae, Didymocyrtis rhizoplacae, Endococcus propinquus, Intralichen christiansenii, Lichenochora caloplacae, L. rinodinae, Lichenodiplis lecanorae, Lichenostigma dimelaenae, L. triseptatum, Niesslia peltigericola, Polycoccum trypethelioides, Rhymbocarpus neglectus, Sphaerellothecium phaeorrhizae, S. propinquellum, Stigmidium xanthoparmeliarum, Taeniolella pertusariicola and Tetramelas phaeophysciae are reported new to Mongolia. The occurrence of Stigmidium psorae in Mongolia is confirmed. Flavocetraria and Rhizoplaca are reported as new host genera for Katherinomyces cetrariae s. lat.
... For example, Arthonia pannariae differs from A. lecanorina by the pale hypothecium and the distinctly aggregated ascomata. Five Arthonia species have been reported on the members of Pannariaceae: A. clemens s. lat. on Protopannaria pezizoides (Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996) and Psoroma hypnorum (Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990;Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996), A. fuscopurpurea on Psoroma hypnorum (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990), A. lepidiota on Fuscopannaria praetermissa (Santesson et al. 2004), Arthonia pelvetii (Hepp) H.Olivier on Protopannaria pezizoides (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990), and A. sampaianae (Diederich & Etayo) Ertz & Diederich on Fuscopannaria sampaiana (Ertz et al. 2005). We have re-examined Arthonia specimens on Protopannaria pezizoides (Zhurbenko 94294, lat. ...
... For example, Arthonia pannariae differs from A. lecanorina by the pale hypothecium and the distinctly aggregated ascomata. Five Arthonia species have been reported on the members of Pannariaceae: A. clemens s. lat. on Protopannaria pezizoides (Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996) and Psoroma hypnorum (Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990;Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996), A. fuscopurpurea on Psoroma hypnorum (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990), A. lepidiota on Fuscopannaria praetermissa (Santesson et al. 2004), Arthonia pelvetii (Hepp) H.Olivier on Protopannaria pezizoides (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990), and A. sampaianae (Diederich & Etayo) Ertz & Diederich on Fuscopannaria sampaiana (Ertz et al. 2005). We have re-examined Arthonia specimens on Protopannaria pezizoides (Zhurbenko 94294, lat. ...
... For example, Arthonia pannariae differs from A. lecanorina by the pale hypothecium and the distinctly aggregated ascomata. Five Arthonia species have been reported on the members of Pannariaceae: A. clemens s. lat. on Protopannaria pezizoides (Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996) and Psoroma hypnorum (Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990;Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996), A. fuscopurpurea on Psoroma hypnorum (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990), A. lepidiota on Fuscopannaria praetermissa (Santesson et al. 2004), Arthonia pelvetii (Hepp) H.Olivier on Protopannaria pezizoides (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990), and A. sampaianae (Diederich & Etayo) Ertz & Diederich on Fuscopannaria sampaiana (Ertz et al. 2005). We have re-examined Arthonia specimens on Protopannaria pezizoides (Zhurbenko 94294, lat. ...
... The species have been reported from Denmark (Alstrup and Laessoe, 1986), Greenland (Alstrup and Hawksworth, 1990) and Poland (Czarnota and Hernik, 2014). From India the species is reported from the state of Tamil Nadu (Fig. 5). ...
... Notes: Steinia geophana is mostly observed in lichenized condition but Alstrup and Laessoe (1986), Alstrup and Hawksworth (1990) and Czarnota and Hernik (2014) reported the species on the thallus of various species of Peltigera. The specimen examined in the present study is similar to the description provided by the aforementioned studies but differ in the host. ...
The current study reports ten lichenicolous fungi as new distributional record for India: Arthonia
pepei Etayo and Pérez-Ortega, Cladophialophora parmeliae (Etayo and Diederich) Diederich and Unter.,
Didymocyrtis melanelixiae (Brackel) Diederich, R.C. Harris and Etayo, Nesolechia thallicola (A. Massal.)
Rehm, Ovicuculispora parmeliae (Berk. and M.A. Curtis) Etayo, Pyrenidium aggregatum Knudsen and
Kocoruk., Sclerococcum pseudosipmanii Zhurb. and Diederich, Spirographa parmotrematis Flakus, Etayo and
Miądl., Steinia geophana (Nyl.) Stein and Zwackhiomyces macrosporus Alstrup and Olech. Further, Arthonia
pepei, Nesolechia thallicola, Pyrenidium aggregatum, Spirographa parmotrematis, Steinia geophana and
Zwackhiomyces macrosporus have also extended their host range.
... Small pycnidia with glaucous green peridium and bacilliform conidia 3-5 × 1 μm were interspersed among the perithecia. (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990) and North America (Esslinger 2008 (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990), Iceland (Kristinsson & Heiðmarsson 2007) and Siberia (Zhurbenko, in press Polycoccum trypethelioides (Th.Fr.) R.Sant. ...
... Small pycnidia with glaucous green peridium and bacilliform conidia 3-5 × 1 μm were interspersed among the perithecia. (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990) and North America (Esslinger 2008 (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990), Iceland (Kristinsson & Heiðmarsson 2007) and Siberia (Zhurbenko, in press Polycoccum trypethelioides (Th.Fr.) R.Sant. ...
Altogether 93 species of lichenicolous fungi are reported, the majority collected during the Nordic Lichen Society excursion in 2003 to the Skibotn area, Troms, Norway. Cornutispora ciliata, Intralichen cf. lichenum, Opegrapha stereocaulicola and Sphaerulina cf. dubiella are new to Scandinavia, 11 species are new to Norway, and further 42 are new to Troms. Stigmidium aggregata is also reported as new to Greenland. Host lichens, localities, collectors and collection numbers are given.
... NOTES. -In the species protologue conidia were reported 7.5 × 3.5-4 μm (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990). In the material I examined they were (6-)8-10(-11) × (3-)3.5-4(-4.5) ...
... MZ 9871 (Vouaux 1914: 197). The species has mostly been reported from Xanthoria, but also from Phaeophyscia and Physcia (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990, Søchting et al. 2007. It was unknown from Russia, Asia or the Russian Arctic, and from Physconia. ...
A total of 141 species of lichenicolous fungi, 12 lichenicolous lichens, and 94 biogeographically interesting non-lichenicolous lichens, mainly from the Russian Arctic, are reported and many are discussed. Corticifraga fusispora sp. nov. (on Peltigera), Odontotrema japewiae sp. nov. (on Japewia), and Opegrapha pulvinata var. placidiicola var. nov. (on Placidium) are described from Russia. Dactylospora rinodinicola is reduced to synonymy with D. deminuta. New to North America: Didymellopsis latitans, Epilichen glauconigellus, Polycoccum bryonthae, Psora elenkinii, Stigmidium solorinarium, and Unguiculariopsis refractiva. New to Asia and Russia: Adelococcus alpestris, Arrhenia peltigerina, Arthrorhaphis olivacea, Buellia lecanoricola, Epibryon solorinae, Hobsoniopsis santessonii, Lecidea polytrichinella, Lichenochora coppinsii, L. elegantis, Muellerella atricola, Odontotrema cuculare, Opegrapha geographicola, Phaeoseptoria peltigerae, Phoma denigricans, P. physciicola, Polydesmia lichenis, Pronectria walkerorum, Rhagadostoma brevisporum, Roselliniella pannariae, Sclerococcum montagnei, Scutula dedicata, Tremella christiansenii, Trichosphaeria lichenum, Unguiculariopsis thallophila, Weddellomyces protearius, Zwackhiomyces immersae, and Z. physciicola. New to Asia, but not Russia: Capronia peltigerae, Dacampia rufescentis, Lasiosphaeriopsis salisburyi, Lichenochora weillii, Pronectria minuta, P. tibellii, Reconditella physconiarum, Skyttea tephromelarum, Stigmidium mitchellii, and Xenonectriella ornamentata. New to Russia, but not Asia: Chaenothecopsis parasitaster, Polycoccum crassum, Rhymbocarpus geographici, Stigmidium psorae, S. squamariae, Vouauxiomyces santessonii, and Zwackhiomyces coepulonus. New to Kyrgyzstan: Stigmidium solorinarium. New to Mongolia: Cercidospora verrucosaria. New to the Arctic: Aspicilia transbaicalica, Dactylospora homoclinella, Didymellopsis latitans, Epibryon solorinae, Hobsoniopsis santessonii, Lasiosphaeriopsis salisburyi, Lecanora baicalensis, Lichenochora coppinsii, L. elegantis, Lichenoconium xanthoriae, Lichenostigma elongatum, Lobaria epovae, Muellerella atricola, Opegrapha geographicola, O. pulvinata, Phaeoseptoria peltigerae, Phoma denigricans, P. peltigerae, P. physciicola, Polycoccum crassum, Polydesmia lichenis, Psora elenkinii, Reconditella physconiarum, Rhymbocarpus geographici, Roselliniella pannariae, Sclerococcum montagnei, Scutula dedicata, S. epiblastematica, Skyttea tephromelarum, Stigmidium squamariae, Tremella christiansenii, Trichosphaeria lichenum, Unguiculariopsis thallophila, Weddellomyces protearius, Xenonectriella lutescens, Zwackhiomyces immersae, and Z. physciicola. New to the American Arctic: Arthonia glebosa, Caloplaca epithallina, Polycoccum bryonthae, Psorula rufonigra, Scutula tuberculosa, Stigmidium solorinarium, S. tabacinae, and Unguiculariopsis refractiva. New to Greenland: Taeniolella diederichiana. New to Svalbard: Graphium aphthosae, Llimoniella groenlandiae, and Polycoccum bryonthae. New to the Russian Arctic: Caloplaca tominii, Dactylospora homoclinella, Glypholecia scabra, Lecanora argentea, L. cavicola, Neolamya peltigerae, Phaeospora peltigericola, Polycoccum pulvinatum, Psora vallesiaca, Rhagadostoma brevisporum, Rimularia insularis, Squamarina lentigera, Stigmidium mitchellii, Tetramelas phaeophysciae, Xenonectriella ornamentata, and Zwackhiomyces coepulonus. Twenty species of lichenicolous fungi or lichens are reported on new host genera, and 35 species on new host species.
... Of these, 18 species of lichenicolous fungi are restricted to this host genus. Another two species are almost confined to Stereocaulon: Arthonia stereocaulina has also been recorded on Leprocaulon and Taeniolella christiansenii on Arthonia stereocaulina, growing on Stereocaulon (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990). It is noteworthy that among the remaining ten species of lichenicolous fungi occasionally found on Sterocaulon, none is specific to Stereocaulaceae in the modern sense, which includes Hertelidea, Lepraria, Stereocaulon, Squamarina and Xyleborus (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2007). ...
... The key is based on data in Alstrup & Hawksworth (1990), Etayo (2002), Etayo & Sancho (2008), Hansen et al. (1987), Hawksworth (1979), Ihlen & Wedin (2007), Santesson et al. (2004), Thomson (1997), Thorn et al. (1998), Triebel (1989, Zhurbenko (2009b), Zhurbenko & Matveeva (2006), Zhurbenko & Triebel (2008), Zhurbenko et al. (2009) and the present publication. Along with the proper lichenicolous fungi, eight lichens and one basidiomycete species, occurring on Stereocaulon as well as on various soil substrates and/or thalli of other lichens, are also included. ...
A total of 22 species of lichenicolous fungi and three lichens are reported on Stereocaulon species and discussed. Lichenopeltella stereocaulorum sp. nov., Lichenosticta dombrovskae sp. nov. and Odontotrema stereocaulicola sp. nov. are described from Stereocaulon. Arthonia stereocaulina, Opegrapha stereocaulicola, Rhymbocarpus stereocaulorum and Sphaerellothecium stereocaulorum are reported new to North America (except Greenland); Endococcus nanellus is new to Kazakhstan, Alaska and Greenland; Arthonia stereocaulina and Opegrapha stereocaulicola are new to Svalbard; Catillaria stereocaulorum, Cercidospora stereocaulorum, Lasiosphaeriopsis stereocaulicola, Polycoccum trypethelioides and Taeniolella christiansenii are new to the U.S.A.; Catillaria stereocaulorum and Niesslia peltigericola are new to the Canadian Arctic; Lasiosphaeriopsis stereocaulicola and Taeniolella christiansenii are new to British Columbia; and Catillaria stereocaulorum is new to Mongolia. Anzina carneonivea, Endococcus rugulosus s. l., Niesslia peltigericola, Phaeosporobolus alpinus and Protothelenella sphinctrinoidella are newly documented on Stereocaulon. Seventeen species of Stereocaulon are new hosts for various lichenicolous fungi. A key to the 39 species of fungi and lichens known to occur on Stereocaulon is provided. Study of the host relationships of lichenicolous fungi on Stereocaulon does not support a close relationship between the crustose and fruticose species of the genus. Terricolous arctic species of Stereocaulon with more solid thallus structure are more frequently colonized by fungi when compared to species with lax thalli.
... This species is known from all Fennoscandian countries, but is rarest in Finland (Nordin et al. 2020). It is an anamorphic ascomycete with peculiar, arcuate to falcate conidia (Hawksworth 1982;Hawksworth & Alstrup 1990) and can grow on various hosts (Kocourková & van den Boom 2005), although in Fennoscandia, it is known exclusively from Nephroma arcticum (Nordin et al. 2020). The infection locus on the lichen thallus is usually delimited by a brownish line. ...
... New for Lapponia enontekiensis. This species forms black synnemata on the thallus of Peltigera (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990;Puolasmaa et al. 2012), visible as tiny pins < 2 mm long and developing on older parts of the lichen. The conidia are characteristic cuneiform shaped. ...
Seven lichenicolous fungi new to Finland were found during the revision of lichen material collected by the second author from Finland and Norway, and of historical collections made by Prof. Theodor Lippmaa in the 1920s from north-western Finland. New localities for 29 lichenicolous species collected in the southern Finnish archipelago, in northern Finland or in northern Norway are also reported.
... Stigmidium congestum (Körb.) Triebel and Tetramelas pulverulentus (Anzi) A. Nordin & Tibell, which are both reported (Vouaux 1912;Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990) but unlikely to occur on Lecanora polytropa, have not been included. Fructifications (conidiomata and/or ascomata) are superficial granules entirely made of spherical yeast-like cells that easily separate in squash preparations, either with asci containing hyaline, later brown 1-septate ascospores or with brown subspherical conidia composed of c. 10 spherical cells; Berger & Brackel (2011, occurrence on L. polytropa fide e.g. ...
Arthonia epipolytropa Hafellner & Grube and Arthonia subclemens Hafellner, Grube & Muggia are described as new to science. Both are specific parasites of Lecanora polytropa s. lat., but of differing pathogenicity and of very different appearance. Whereas the clearly parasitic Arthonia epipolytropa with its agglomerated ascomata is presently known with certainty from a number of localities along the arch of the Alps (Austria, Italy, Switzerland), other parts of Europe (Norway, Albania) and northern America (USA), the less harmful A . subclemens with its isolated sunken ascomata is currently known only from a small number of localities in the Eastern Alps (Austria, Italy) and various mountain ranges in southern Europe (Spain, North Macedonia, Greece). The species are compared with other Arthonia species known from Lecanora or one of its recently segregated genera. A key to the fungi regularly found on Lecanora polytropa s. lat. is presented.
... Tidskr. 54 (4): 511 (1960) Вид відомий з кількох локалітетів в Європі та Гренландії (Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990;Zhurbenko, 2009 (Наумович & Дармостук, 2015) Це поширений вид, що відомий з Австрії, Швейцарії (Hafellner, 1999), ...
... Etayo & Diederich, lichenicolous on Hymenelia lacustris (With.) M.Choisy, is similar to our new species in its perithecioid ascomata, and excipulum dark brown to black only in the upper part, but it differs from it by an Iþ pale blue hymenium, longer (55-65 lm) and 8-spored asci, and 3-septate and broader (5-7 lm) ascospores (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990). O. rotunda Hafellner, lichenicolous on Physconia distorta (With.) ...
Two new species of lichenicolous Opegrapha are described from New Brunswick, Canada. Opegrapha inconspicua was found once on a rock bluff above a river on the thallus of Verrucaria aethiobola. It is characterized by punctiform, rounded, black ascomata 75–170 µm diam., an excipulum dark brown to black only in the upper part and (1–)2(–3)-septate ascospores of (12.5–)15.5–25 × 4–5 (–5.5) µm. Opegrapha parmeliiperda was found in four localities on epiphytic Parmelia squarrosa and P. sulcata. It is characterized by short lirelliform ascomata 70–220(–250) × 70–120 µm, in ± loose groups of 5–15(–20) lirellae forming on black necrotic areas on the host thallus, 4-spored asci of 32–40 × 11–15 µm, and persistently hyaline and 3-septate ascospores of (11–)13–15.5(–17) × (3.5–)4–5(–5.5) µm. Opegrapha lamyi is reported for the first time in Canada, and O. anomea and O. sphaerophoricola for the first time in New Brunswick. One of only two previous reports of O. lamyi for the U.S.A. is based on a specimen from Colorado, revised here to Sclerococcum suburceolatum, the latter record representing a significant range extension for that species. Three of the five lichenicolous Opegrapha species reported here for New Brunswick are so far known in the province only in old mixedwood swamp-forests, highlighting the conservation significance of this forest community type. An identification key to the lichenicolous Opegrapha s.l. species known from Canada is provided. The worldwide diversity and host specificity of lichenicolous Opegrapha s.l. are discussed.
... From this viewpoint, lichens can be considered as an infinitesimal biological network (Farrar 1976;Seaward 1988), especially when lichenicolous fungi, because of their parasitic nature, considered as decomposers of this network. Along with the primary fungal and algal partner other symbiotic partners also cohabit lichen thallus, and the fungal population other then the primary fungi (i.e. the mycobiont), is termed as accessory or secondary fungi (Zopf 1897;des Abbayes 1953;Ahmadjian 1967;Nimis and Poelt 1987;Alstrup and Hawksworth 1990;Hawksworth 2003;Santesson et al. 2004;Lawrey and Diederich 2003). Besides these well documented lichenicolous fungi which are quite apparent on the upper cortex of lichen thallus, an abundant population of non-obligate microfungi was also revealed from within the lichens . ...
... This key is based on data from Keissler (1930), Hafellner (1979), Hawksworth (1979), Triebel (1989), Alstrup & Hawksworth (1990), Rambold & Triebel (1990), Gierl & Kalb (1993), Obermayer (1994), Roux & Triebel (1994), Aptroot et al. (1997), Ihlen (1998) (26) (Table 1). These fungi are known to grow on species of three of the five genera of Baeomycetaceae and on five of the eight genera of Icmadophilaceae. ...
Five species of lichenicolous fungi are described as new to science: Buelliella ohmurae Zhurb. & Diederich (on Icmadophila ), with a non-granulose epihymenium, not or only slightly enlarged, pale brown apical cells of paraphysoids and 1-septate, smooth ascospores; Catillaria japonica Zhurb. & Hafellner (on Dibaeis and Pseudobaeomyces ), with a medium to dark reddish brown epihymenium, exciple and hypothecium, rather frequently branched and anastomosed paraphyses with only slightly enlarged apical cells without a dark cap, and Catillaria -type asci; Cryptodiscus ihlenii Zhurb. (on Dibaeis ), with persistently immersed ascomata, non-amyloid asci and hymenium, not or only slightly enlarged apical cells of paraphyses and narrowly obovate, 1-septate ascospores; Llimoniella chilensis Zhurb. (on Dibaeis and a sterile microsquamulose lichen), with a K+ green exciple and epihymenium and aseptate, broadly ellipsoid ascospores; and Stigmidium phyllobaeidis Zhurb., Etayo & Flakus (on apothecial discs of Phyllobaeis ), with a hemiamyloid interascal gel, not previously reported in that genus, well-developed, 1‒2(‒4)-celled periphysoids, elongate asci and hyaline, 1-septate ascospores. An undescribed species of Arthonia (on Pseudobaeomyces ) is briefly characterized. Sphaerellothecium coniodes is newly reported for Asia. A key to the 32 species of lichenicolous fungi and lichens known to occur on baeomycetoid lichens and Icmadophila is provided.
... Por ejemplo, una confusión similar se produjo para Opegrapha geographicola (Arnold) Hafellner (Hafellner, 1994), un taxón que fue descrito como Phaeospora geographicola (Arnold, 1896) y, posteriormente, recombinado como Weddellomyces geographicola (Arnold) Alstrup et D. Hawksw. (Alstrup y Hawksworth, 1990), al considerar estos autores que los ascomas eran peritecioides. ...
Two species of non-lichenised lichenicolous fungi described in the genus Trematosphaeria : T. lophiostoma Werner et M. Choisy (1932) and T. dermatocarponis Werner (1963), are considered synonymous with Opegrapha pulvinata Rhem in Lojka (1869). The authors of these species attributed them to the genus Trematosphaeria by confusing the small lirellate ascomas with perithecia. Due to morphological differences, we also propose to separate into an independent species the specimens previously attributed to Opegrapha pulvinata, but growing on Placidium and Endocarpon : Opegrapha placidiicola (Zhurb.) Nav.-Ros. et Romero, comb. et stat. nov.
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Dos especies de hongos liquenícolas no liquenizados descritas en el género Trematosphaeria : T. lophiostoma Werner et M. Choisy (1932) y T. dermatocarponis Werner (1963), son consideradas sinónimos de Opegrapha pulvinata Rhem in Lojka (1869). Los autores de estas especies las atribuyeron al género Trematosphaeria al confundir los pequeños ascomas lireliformes con peritecios. Por sus diferencias morfológicas, se propone también separar como una especie independiente los ejemplares atribuidos previamente a Opegrapha pulvinata, pero que crecen sobre Placidium y Endocarpon : Opegrapha placidiicola (Zhurb.) Nav.–Ros. et Romero, comb. et stat. nov.
... The exploration of Arctic lichenicolous fungi is reviewed by Zhurbenko (2010a). The diversity of lichenicolous fungi is relatively well known for Greenland, Svalbard and Russia (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990, Alstrup & Elvebakk 1996, Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996, Lawrey & Diederich 2003, Alstrup 2005, Zhurbenko 2007, 2009a, 2009b, 2010a. ...
... The scattered, sessile apothecia are inconspicuous as they are usually pruinose. The type specimen originates from Greenland (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990) but all subsequent records are from Europe where it is rare, but widely distributed. Records for various European countries have been published by Alstrup (2004), Hafellner (1991, Haugan (1994), and Roux et al. (2014, sub Lecidella l.). ...
A total of 42 taxa of lichenicolous fungi – most of them non-lichenized, a few lichenized – are recorded from various countries in southeastern Europe. Of these, 22 species (Clypeococcum cetrariae, Didymocyrtis pseudeverniae, Illosporiopsis christiansenii, Lecanora lecanoricola, Lecanora printzenii, Lichenoconium erodens, Lichenoconium
reichlingii, Lichenostigma alpinum, Merismatium decolorans, Niesslia cladoniicola, Paralecia pratorum, Phaeospora peltigericola, “Phoma” lobariae, “Phoma” lobariicola, Raesaenenia huuskonenii, Stigmidium schaereri, Stigmidium stygnospilum, Taeniolella phaeophysciae, Taeniolella thelotrematis, Talpapellis beschiana, Trichonectria rubefaciens, and Zwackhiomyces lecanorae) are reported for the first time from the Balkan Peninsula. A further 20 taxa previously known from the Balkan are added to the mycofloras of additional Balkan countries. The new records for individual countries are: Muellerella erratica and Lichenoconium reichlingii for Albania; Didymocyrtis cladoniicola,
Lichenoconium erodens, Lichenostigma maureri and Taeniolella phaeophysciae for Bosnia and Herzegovina; Stigmidium gyrophorarum, Taeniolella phaeophysciae, and Xanthoriicola physciae for Bulgaria; “Phoma” lobariae and Taeniolella thelotrematis for Croatia; Didymocyrtis cladoniicola, Lichenoconium erodens, Merismatium decolorans, “Phoma” lobariicola, Talpapellis beschiana, Telogalla olivieri, and Zwackhiomyces lecanorae for Greece; Didymocyrtis pseudeverniae, Endococcus propinquus, Lecanora lecanoricola, Lichenoconium erodens, and Lichenosticta alcicornaria for Kosovo; Telogalla olivieri for North Macedonia; Arthonia molendoi, Arthonia varians, Buellia uberior, Clypeococcum cetrariae, Endococcus propinquus, Endohyalina insularis, Heterocephalacria physciacearum, Illosporiopsis christiansenii, Lecanora printzenii, Lichenochora weillii, Lichenoconium erodens, Lichenoconium usneae, Lichenostigma alpinum, Lichenostigma chlaroterae, Muellerella pygmaea var. athallina, Niesslia cladoniicola, Paralecia pratorum, Phaeospora peltigericola, “Phoma” lobariae, Raesaenenia huuskonenii, Stigmidium schaereri, Stigmidium squamariae, Stigmidium stygnospilum, Taeniolella phaeophysciae, Talpapellis beschiana, Thelocarpon epibolum, Toninia plumbina, and Trichonectria rubefaciens for Montenegro.
... Roux -on Ochrolechia mahluensis (thallus) growing on spruce twigs, XII: 46, LE 310130. -This species was previously known from scattered finds throughout Holartic, mainly from the Arctic and alpine habitats, growing on Ochrolechia (Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990;Alstrup & Elvebakk, 1996;Santesson et al., 2004;Navarro-Rosinés et al., 2010;Brackel, 2014). It was formerly known in Arkhangelsk Region only from its Arctic part, viz. ...
Thirty-one lichen-forming fungi, 12 lichenicolous fungi, and 5 non-lichenized fungi are reported as new for Arkhangelsk Region; 7 species are new for its mainland area. Micarea fallax is reported for the first time for Russia; M. laeta and M. pusilla are new for the European part of Russia. The second finding of Nicropuncta rugulosa for Russia is recorded; microconidia are first observed in this species. The records of ten species which have been included in the new edition of the Red Data Book of the Arkhangelsk Region (2020) are presented. Nephromopsis laureri from the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2008) and Leptogium rivulare from the IUCN Red List are reported for the first time for Arkhangelsk Region.
... The exploration of Arctic lichenicolous fungi is reviewed by Zhurbenko (2010a). The diversity of lichenicolous fungi is relatively well known for Greenland, Svalbard and Russia (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990, Alstrup & Elvebakk 1996, Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996, Lawrey & Diederich 2003, Alstrup 2005, Zhurbenko 2007, 2009a, 2009b, 2010a. ...
Fungi are one of the most species-rich groups of organisms
in the Arctic. While the occurrence, distribution
and ecology for lichenized fungi (lichens)1 are reasonably
well known, less is known about non-lichenized
fungi (normally just called fungi), including lichenicolous
fungi (fungi living on lichens)2 and in particular,
microfungi3. The known number of fungal species in
the Arctic is presently about 4,350, of which 2,600 are
macrofungi4 and 1,750 are lichens, the rest are microfungi.
The fungi have largely a cryptic life form and have
therefore not been exhaustively inventoried. Hence,
total fungal-species richness in the Arctic may exceed
13,000. Local species richness is typically high and can
be very high, e.g. about 50 lichen species on less than 1
m2. Most species appear to be present throughout the
Arctic, and they also occur in alpine habitats outside the
Arctic, particularly in the northern hemisphere. Few
fungi are endemic to the Arctic. Of the lichens, 143 species
are listed as Arctic endemics, but it is likely that the
major part will prove to be synonyms of other species.
Fungi are pivotal in Arctic terrestrial food-webs. Mycorrhizal,
saprotrophic5 and pathogenic fungi drive nutrient
and energy cycling, and lichens are important for
primary production. Reindeer lichens Cladonia subgenus
Cladina spp. form dominant vegetation types in many
areas and function as keystone species.
As for other inconspicuous organism groups, it is obviously
desirable to gain a better knowledge of the identity,
occurrence and functions of fungal species, and particularly
the large number of unrecorded species (mainly
microfungi). An evaluation of the conservation status
of Arctic fungi is feasible, and the mapping of rare and
endemic species is necessary. Enhanced monitoring and
functional research would enable more accurate prediction
of how fungal diversity and the ecosystem functions
of fungi will develop with climate change.
Effects of climate change on diversity of Arctic fungi
are predicted to be gradual but radical over time, due to
changes in vascular plant flora and vegetation, especially
the expansion of shrubs. Most fungal species associate
with living or dead parts of specific vascular plants and will respond directly to changing composition, abundance
and location of the vegetation. Similarly, terricolous6
lichen communities will be affected by increased
competition from vascular plants. The changing vegetation
will transform the fungal diversity and thereby
affect ecosystem services provided by fungi, such as
plant’s uptake of nutrients, decomposition and long-term
carbon sequestration in soil, although unknown how
and to what degree. The conservation status of Arctic
fungi is predicted to scarcely be affected within the next
decades but greatly changed over the long term.
... From this viewpoint, lichens can be considered as an infinitesimal biological network (Farrar 1976;Seaward 1988), especially when lichenicolous fungi, because of their parasitic nature, considered as decomposers of this network. Along with the primary fungal and algal partner other symbiotic partners also cohabit lichen thallus, and the fungal population other then the primary fungi (i.e. the mycobiont), is termed as accessory or secondary fungi (Zopf 1897;des Abbayes 1953;Ahmadjian 1967;Nimis and Poelt 1987;Alstrup and Hawksworth 1990;Hawksworth 2003;Santesson et al. 2004;Lawrey and Diederich 2003). Besides these well documented lichenicolous fungi which are quite apparent on the upper cortex of lichen thallus, an abundant population of non-obligate microfungi was also revealed from within the lichens . ...
With an estimated diversity of 5.1 million species, fungal kingdom is the most diverse group of eukaryotes on the blue planet but only a handful have been described leaving majority of the diversity missing. The missing fungal species can be found in three categories which are (1) fungi in tropical forests; (2) fungi in unexplored habitats; (3) lost or hidden species. The endophytes fall into the second category and considered to play a crucial role in the progression from an aquatic to a terrestrial way of life. Endophytes can be defined as “fungi that live within their host plants without causing any noticeable symptoms of disease and may become pathogenic when the host got stressed”. They are ubiquitous, highly diverse and are estimated at least 400 million years old. Their life-history strategy varies from facultative saprobe, to parasitic, to exploitive to mutualistic. Because of their specific functions and survival strategy in the host tissues, they produces secondary metabolites having novel biochemistry which belong to various chemical groups i.e., aliphatics, alkaloids, cytochalasines, depsipeptides, furandiones, isocumarines, phenols, quinines, steroids, terpenoids and xanthones. About 80% of these compounds are biologically active and have been commercially consumed for pharmaceutical and agricultural purposes. Endophytes have been isolated from the plants growing in boreal, temperate, tropical, xeric environments, extreme arctic, alpine regions and from almost all plant lineages including lichens. Generally lichens are considered as a classic symbiotic involvement of a fungus and an alga but it is found not to be completely true as lichens also harbor some other asymptomatic fungi called endolichenic fungi (ELF). Endolichenic fungi are species-rich among the Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota) and are predominant from the classes such as Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycetes and Sordariomycetes. Till date over 35 endolichenic microorganisms have been cultivated and studied in detail which leads to the chemical characterization of 196 novel natural product structures out of a total of 351 secondary metabolites, showing a wide range of biological activities. In comparison to the endophytes, the endolichenic fungi (their diversity, ecology, biology, physiology, nutrition, relationship with the host etc.) are still in the dark. This chapter arises many significant logical questions regarding endolichenic fungi which suggest the need to study this less studied group of fungi.
... From this viewpoint, lichens can be considered as an infinitesimal biological network (Farrar 1976;Seaward 1988), especially when lichenicolous fungi, because of their parasitic nature, considered as decomposers of this network. Along with the primary fungal and algal partner other symbiotic partners also cohabit lichen thallus, and the fungal population other then the primary fungi (i.e. the mycobiont), is termed as accessory or secondary fungi (Zopf 1897;des Abbayes 1953;Ahmadjian 1967;Nimis and Poelt 1987;Alstrup and Hawksworth 1990;Hawksworth 2003;Santesson et al. 2004;Lawrey and Diederich 2003). Besides these well documented lichenicolous fungi which are quite apparent on the upper cortex of lichen thallus, an abundant population of non-obligate microfungi was also revealed from within the lichens . ...
A large proportion of the drugs available in market are either of plant or microbial origin. Microbes produce various secondary metabolites and these metabolites turned out to be biologically active. Endophytic fungi are considered to be more creative in case of producing novel secondary metabolites. Lichens also harbor endophytes i.e. endolichenic fungi, which produces a large number of metabolites (alkaloids, cyclic peptides, polyketides, steroids and terpeniods) including a great proportion of novel metabolites displaying a wide spectrum of bio-activities. A great diversity of lichens is known across the world of which only a lichens have been screened for their endolichenic fungal diversity and secondary metabolites. So a huge proportion of work is left to be completed regarding the secondary metabolites of endolichenic fungi. This chapter entails all the possible metabolites of endolichenic fungi known so far and their bioactive potential.
... From this viewpoint, lichens can be considered as an infinitesimal biological network (Farrar 1976;Seaward 1988), especially when lichenicolous fungi, because of their parasitic nature, considered as decomposers of this network. Along with the primary fungal and algal partner other symbiotic partners also cohabit lichen thallus, and the fungal population other then the primary fungi (i.e. the mycobiont), is termed as accessory or secondary fungi (Zopf 1897;des Abbayes 1953;Ahmadjian 1967;Nimis and Poelt 1987;Alstrup and Hawksworth 1990;Hawksworth 2003;Santesson et al. 2004;Lawrey and Diederich 2003). Besides these well documented lichenicolous fungi which are quite apparent on the upper cortex of lichen thallus, an abundant population of non-obligate microfungi was also revealed from within the lichens . ...
Conventionally lichens are considered as an example of symbiotic involvement between a fungus and one or more algae but it is widely debated and deserves further investigation. With the discovery of endolichenic and lichenicolous fungi this relationship becomes much more complex to explain. The lichen thallus in itself is a comparatively established and proportionate symbiotic association with both heterotrophic and autotrophic participants. If the parasitic lichenicolous fungi are considered as decomposers of this ecosystem then the lichen can be considered as an autonomous minuscule biological network. The lichens produces plethora of secondary metabolites, such as, phenolic compounds, dibenzofurans, depsides, depsidones, depsones, lactones, quinones and pulvinic acid derivatives, which are accumulated externally on the hyphae rather within the cells. These compounds not only play substantial role in characterizing a species but also have bioactive potential and allow lichens to be used as food, fodder, dyes, medicines and pharamaceuticals. Besides this, since time immemorial, lichens have been used as best bio-indicators of air pollution. But now days, these tiny creatures are facing high risk of extinction and needed to be conserved. These organisms can be protected by the preservation of habitats, in-situ conservation of ecological niches, and also by promoting research on lichens. This chapter discusses the unique details about lichens and the rationale of studying lichens like other higher plants.
... From this viewpoint, lichens can be considered as an infinitesimal biological network (Farrar 1976;Seaward 1988), especially when lichenicolous fungi, because of their parasitic nature, considered as decomposers of this network. Along with the primary fungal and algal partner other symbiotic partners also cohabit lichen thallus, and the fungal population other then the primary fungi (i.e. the mycobiont), is termed as accessory or secondary fungi (Zopf 1897;des Abbayes 1953;Ahmadjian 1967;Nimis and Poelt 1987;Alstrup and Hawksworth 1990;Hawksworth 2003;Santesson et al. 2004;Lawrey and Diederich 2003). Besides these well documented lichenicolous fungi which are quite apparent on the upper cortex of lichen thallus, an abundant population of non-obligate microfungi was also revealed from within the lichens . ...
This book draws the reader into the latest debate on fungal diversity and the concept of lichen symbiosis. Chapters of this book cohere around four general themes: endolichenic fungi, isolation and culture, identification and bioactive potential. This is a highly informative book providing scientific insight for scholars interested in lichens and fungi. This research intrigues readers with this fascinating and less known fungal community residing inside lichens and arouses curiosity among lichenologists and mycologists about these fungi and their potential. This treatise provokes debate on the definition of lichen and its compositional organisms and invites further investigations on this topic by adding to the scholarly debate with various new perspectives on endolichenic fungi in the last chapter. Not only this, it also clarifies the differences between endolichenic fungi, mycorrhiza and lichenicolous fungi and the fungi found freely in air, water and soil and contributes to the development of the new field of endolichenic fungi. This book supports readers to build their knowledge through helpful case studies conducted throughout the globe and plentiful figures and illustrations and chemical structures of the novel compounds harvested from endolichenic fungi. This book covers both classical and cutting-edge technologies in the field of endolichenic fungi and offers step-by-step procedures for isolation and identification of endolichenic fungi and further contributes in how one can harvest the secondary metabolites from endolichenic fungi. This book shares the knowledge of some highly experienced authorities in the field of lichenology, mycology and endolichenic fungi and offers a first stop for specialists who need information about particular aspects in the field of endolichenic fungi. This research will equip researchers, professors, professionals working in this field to understand lichens and its intricate internal ecosystem with a fresh perspective and also enables readers to explore further through annotated references to other works.
... Por los datos previos disponibles de su distribución(ALSTRUP & HAWKSWORTH, 1990;ALSTRUP et al., 2008 ALSTRUP et al., y 2009BERGER, 2000;BRACKEL, 2010;KARATYGIN et al., 2003; KIRSTINSSON, 2010; LINDSAY, 1871; NAVARRO-ROSINÉS et al., 2010; SANTESSON, 2003;SVANE & ALSTRUP, 2004;ZHURBENKO, 2007 ZHURBENKO, y 2013ZHURBENKO & ZHDANOV, 2013), P. tartaricola se puede considerar como una especie típicamente ártico-boreal, y que, sin llegar a ser un taxón abundante, era conocido de diferentes localidades del norte de Rusia, tanto en la parte europea como en la siberiana, del norte de Europa (Escandinavia, Islandia y Spitsbergen), de Groenlandia y de Norteamérica (Canadá y Estados Unidos, de Colorado). A la vista de la nueva localidad aportada de los Pirineos, se pone de manifiesto que puede alcanzar también las zonas alpinas de regiones más meridionales de Europa. ...
About the presence of Pseudopyrenidium tartaricola (Eurotiomycetes, lichenicolous
fungi) in the Pyrenees (Spain). The presence of Pseudopyrenidium tartaricola is mentioned in the Pyrenees, specifically in the province of Huesca (Spain). Ps. tartaricola is a lichenicolous fungus with predominantly arctic-boreal distribution, which grows on different terricolous or muscicolous species of Ochrolechia. The provided record is the first mention for Spanish mycoflora, and corresponds to the southernmost European locality known for this fungus. This floristic note is complemented with original iconography of the habit and ascospores.
... S. TESTUDINEA (Ach.) A. Massal. 1,2,3,4,5a,5b,5c,6b,7,8,9a,9b,10,11a,11b,13a,13c,14 Alstrup & Hawksworth (1990) included this species in S. peltideae, but (L.) Del. ex Duby. 1,2,3,4,5b,5c,6a,6d,7,8,9a,10,11a,11b,13a,13c,13d. ...
... All other known Taeniolella species differ in septation, dimensions and wall texture of their conidia (Hawksworth 1979, Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990, Diederich 1990, Diederich & Zhurbenko 1997, Etayo & Calatayud 2005. There are several other hyphomycetes growing on species of Ramalina, viz. ...
Data on 13 species of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi from Belarus are presented; two lichens (Biatora efflorescens and Catillaria croatica) and ten lichenicolous fungi (Abrothallus microspermus, A. suecicus, Arthonia phaeophysciae, Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa, Merismatium decolorans, Phacopsis oxyspora, Polycoccum peltigerae, Pronectria subimperspicua, Taeniolella delicata and Zwackhiomyces echinulatus) are new to the country. Diploschistes muscorum is reported on lichens for the first time from Belarus. An updated checklist of lichenicolous fungi known from Belarus is also provided.
... The species of Dactylospora growing on the other members of Parmeliaceae clearly differ from D. anziae in the following way: D. allantoidea Alstrup & D. Hawksw. (reported on Xanthoparmelia pulla) has much larger allantoid ascospores 24.5-28 µm long (Alstrup & Hawksworth, 1990); D. inconspicua Etayo (on Menegazzia spp.) and D. polyspora Triebel (on Protoparmelia spp.) are characterized by polyspored asci (Etayo & Sancho, 2008;Triebel, 1989). ...
Dactylospora anziae growing on species of Anzia is described from Russia and Japan.
... Wegen der hyalinen, sehr großen Sporen und der andersartigen interascalen Filamente machten schon die Beschreiber auf die problematische Gattungszuordnung aufmerksam, was dann auch Grube & Hafellner (1990) hyalin, 40 -44 × 10 -13 µm, jung mit dünnem inkonstantem Perispor, die Septierung erfolgt primär median bis leicht paramedian, erst dann erscheinen gleichzeitig die beiden terminalen Septen. Ein Keimporus, wie bei Alstrup & Hawksworth (1990) dargestellt, war auch mit Lactophenol nicht darstellbar, die Sporen sind allerdings ziemlich jung und häufig noch im Übergang vom 2-zum 4-zelligen Stadium. ...
This paper enumerates 72 species of lichenicolous fungi belonging to 21 families and 43 genera from Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The study is based on published literature and specimens recently collected from some localities of Kishtwar High Altitude National Park, Jammu and Kashmir. Four species viz., Bachmanniomyces santessonii Etayo, Intralichen lichenum (Diederich) D. Hawksw. and M.S. Cole, Milospium graphideorum (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., and Roselliniella oxyspora Matzer and Hafellner are reported as new to India, while Milospium and Roselliniella are new generic records. Brief descriptions of the newly recorded species are presented. The geographical distribution, host lichens, and key to all the species of lichenicolous fungi presently known from Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh are also provided.
Taxonomic, ecological and chorological data are provided on 85 lichen and 3 lichenicolous fungi species found in four excludes from visitors areas in the Devesa del Saler (Albufera Natural Park, Valencia, E of Spain). The floristic composition of these areas is used to propose management tools for this protected natural area.
Zimmermann, E. & Berger, F. 2021. Lichenicole Pilze auf Thamnolia in den Alpen. – Herzogia 34: 461– 492. Ziel dieser Studie war eine Übersicht über die lichenicolen Pilze auf Thamnolia vermicularis in den europäischen Alpen. Insgesamt konnten wir 23 Arten nachweisen, das entspricht genau der Zahl der auf Thamnolia bekannten Arten aus der Arktis. In beiden Biomen zusammen sind nun 31 Arten bekannt, wobei sich 17 Arten in beiden Arealen fanden (ca. 55 %). Neu beschrieben werden Polycoccum alpinum und Scleroccoccum zhurbenkoi. Neufunde auf Thamnolia für die Alpen sind Capronia thamnoliae, Cercidospora thamnoliicola, Phaeospora arctica, Sphaerellothecium taimyricum, S. thamnoliae, Sphaeropeziza intermedia, S. santessonii, S. thamnoliae und Taeniolella sp. Erstfunde für die Schweiz sind Merismatium thamnoliicola, Polycoccum vermicularium und Stigmidium frigidum; neu für Österreich sind: Cercidospora thamnoliae, Corticium silviae, Merismatium thamnoliicola; neu für Italien: Corticium silviae, Polycoccum vermicularium und Stigmidium frigidum.
Zhurbenko, M. P. 2021. Studies on lichenicolous fungi in the Uppsala (UPS) collection curated by the late Rolf Santesson. – Herzogia 34: 493 –507. A new genus and species, Stromatoneolamya ugandensis, is described for a lichenicolous ascomycete growing on Canoparmelia nairobiensis that mainly differs from Neolamya peltigerae in its well-developed clypeus, completely immersed ascomata clustered in stromatic warts on the host thallus, and the absence of external periphyses. Three additional new species are described: Lichenopeltella mobergii (on Hypogymnia kiboensis), Llimoniella bryonthae (on Pertusaria bryontha), and Plectocarpon santessonii (on Parmotrema pseudonilgherrense). Polycoccum laursenii is reported as new to the southern hemisphere from Australia, Lettauia hypotrachynae new to Uganda, Merismatium corae new to Guatemala, Scutula miliaris new to China, and Stigmidium triebeliae new to Portugal from Madeira. Lettauia hypotrachynae is first reported from Hypotrachyna densirhizinata and Muellerella lichenicola from Pertusaria papillulata.
New provincial and territorial records for Canadian lichens and allied fungi are presented, many of which represent major range extensions. Crespoa crozalsiana is reported for the first time from Canada. New reports are made for the first time from five provinces and one territory: Newfoundland and Labrador (Geltingia associata on Ochrolechia), Nova Scotia (Abrothallus santessonii on Platismatia glauca, Mycocalicium albonigrum, Pertusaria superiana, Physcia thomsoniana, Ramboldia elabens), Nunavut (Hypogymnia apinnata, Tuckermanopsis subalpina), Ontario (Cladonia asahinae, C. kanewskii, Crespoa crozalsiana), Prince Edward Island (Lepraria caesiella, P. superiana), and Quebec (Chaenothecopsis exilis). Geltingia associata is also reported for the first time from the Canadian Low Arctic and Lecidella scabra is reported for the first time from mainland Nova Scotia.
Cercidospora lecidomae Zhurb. & Triebel (Dothideales, Ascomycetes) is described from the north of Holarctic, growing on apothecia and thalli of Lecidoma demissum. Its features and generic placement are discussed. A table with key characteristics and the host lichens of all known Cercidospora species is presented.
Five lichenicolous ascomycetes, Polycoccum ventosicola, Pronectria protopannariae, Skyttea dacampiae, Stigmidium leprariae and Sphaerellothecium soechtingii, are described as new to science from Norway. S. soechtingii is also present in Russia and Austria.
The new lichenicolous fungus, Clypeococcum lenae, growing on Solorina is described from the Siberian Arctic. The species is characterized by immersed, aggregated pseudothecia, united by a common, K+ violet clypeus, and often laterally and basally surrounded by stromatically transformed host tissues, I and K/I− hymenium, well-developed pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate, 8-spored, I and K/I− asci, and brown, ellipsoid to obovate, muriform ascospores. A key to the species of lichenicolous fungi that grow on Solorina is provided.
Résumé : Description de deux champignons lichénicoles sur Cladonia, Capronia diederichiana P. Pinault et Cl. Roux sp. nov., récolté sur deux espèces de Cladonia, et Knufia peltigerae, ordinairement sur Peltigera, mais se rencontrant également sur Cladonia (gr. pyxidata) et parfois même sur d’autres lichens (Enchylium tenax, Scytinium lichenoides) et sur bryophytes. Comparaison entre ces deux espèces bien distinctes, surtout par leurs spores. Différences entre Capronia diederichiana et les espèces voisines ou analogues. Considérations sur les genres Capronia (y compris leurs stades asexués Cladophialophora), Knufia et Merismatium, ainsi que sur l’hamathécium des Capronia s. l.
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Resumo : Priskribo de du nelikeniĝintaj fungoj likenloĝaj sur Cladonia, Capronia diederichiana P. Pinault et Cl. Roux sp. nov., kolektita sur du specioj de Cladonia, kaj Knufia peltigerae, ordinare sur Peltigera sed loĝanta ankaŭ sur aliaj likenoj (Enchylium tenax, Scytinium lichenoides) kaj sur briofitoj. Komparo inter tiuj du specioj bone diferencaj pro sporoj. Diferencoj inter Capronia diederichiana kaj la parencaj aŭ analogaj specioj. Rimarkoj pri la genroj Capronia (inklude de ties senseksaj stadiformoj Cladophialophora), Knufia kaj Merismatium, kaj ankaŭ pri la hamatecio de Capronia s. l.
Lichens are widely acknowledged to be a key component of high latitude ecosystems. However, the time investment needed for full inventories and the lack of taxonomic identification resources for crustose lichen and lichenicolous fungal diversity have hampered efforts to fully gauge the depth of species richness in these ecosystems. Using a combination of classical field inventory and extensive deployment of chemical and molecular analysis, we assessed the diversity of lichens and associated fungi in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska (USA), a mixed landscape of coastal boreal rainforest and early successional low elevation habitats deglaciated after the Little Ice Age. We collected nearly 5000 specimens and found a total of 947 taxa, including 831 taxa of lichen-forming and 96 taxa of lichenicolous fungi together with 20 taxa of saprotrophic fungi typically included in lichen studies. A total of 98 species (10.3% of those detected) could not be assigned to known species and of those, two genera and 27 species are described here as new to science: Atrophysma cyanomelanos gen. et sp. nov., Bacidina circumpulla , Biatora marmorea , Carneothele sphagnicola gen. et sp. nov., Cirrenalia lichenicola , Corticifraga nephromatis , Fuscidea muskeg , Fuscopannaria dillmaniae , Halecania athallina , Hydropunctaria alaskana , Lambiella aliphatica , Lecania hydrophobica , Lecanora viridipruinosa , Lecidea griseomarginata , L. streveleri , Miriquidica gyrizans , Niesslia peltigerae , Ochrolechia cooperi , Placynthium glaciale , Porpidia seakensis , Rhizocarpon haidense , Sagiolechia phaeospora , Sclerococcum fissurinae , Spilonema maritimum , Thelocarpon immersum , Toensbergia blastidiata and Xenonectriella nephromatis . An additional 71 ‘known unknown’ species are cursorily described. Four new combinations are made: Lepra subvelata (G. K. Merr.) T. Sprib., Ochrolechia minuta (Degel.) T. Sprib., Steineropsis laceratula (Hue) T. Sprib. & Ekman and Toensbergia geminipara (Th. Fr.) T. Sprib. & Resl. Thirty-eight taxa are new to North America and 93 additional taxa new to Alaska. We use four to eight DNA loci to validate the placement of ten of the new species in the orders Baeomycetales , Ostropales , Lecanorales , Peltigerales , Pertusariales and the broader class Lecanoromycetes with maximum likelihood analyses. We present a total of 280 new fungal DNA sequences. The lichen inventory from Glacier Bay National Park represents the second largest number of lichens and associated fungi documented from an area of comparable size and the largest to date in North America. Coming from almost 60°N, these results again underline the potential for high lichen diversity in high latitude ecosystems.
The fungal order Ostropales is unique in Ascomycota for including both lichen‐forming and non‐lichenized species and species with optional nutritional strategies depending on substrate. To address the phylogenetic relationships within the order, we assembled a dataset of 78 ostropalean species, including all major clades and 23 taxa that are only optionally lichenized or non‐lichenized. The analyses are based on sequences of the mtSSU and nuLSU rDNA and the protein‐coding gene RPB2. A close relationship of Graphidaceae and Gomphillaceae is suggested with the latter possibly nested within Graphidaceae. Odontotremataceae is composed of two distantly related groups. Coenogoniaceae and Porinaceae are sister taxa, and their relation to Gyalectaceae is unresolved. Gyalecta is paraphyletic with Belonia and Pachyphiale nested within. A polyphyletic Belonia indicates that perithecioid ascomata evolved more than once in Gyalectaceae. The new family Sagiolechiaceae is proposed to accommodate Rhexophiale and Sagiolechia and Solorinellaceae is reinstated distinct from Gomphillaceae. Belonia and Pachyphiale are reduced to synonymy with Gyalecta. The distribution of phenotypical character states is discussed with selected character states mapped onto a phylogenetic tree. A special focus is given on lifestyles. Our phylogeny suggests that there is more plasticity in the evolution of life‐styles in these fungi than was previously assumed.
Pronectria japonica growing on an unidentified Ochrolechia species is described as new to science. Dactylospora glaucomarioides, D. cf. pertusariicola, Lichenodiplis anomala, L. ochrolechiae and Sagediopsis campsteriana are newly reported for Japan. Pyrenidium actinellum s. l. is for the first time documented on Ochrolechia. A key to the known species of lichenicolous fungi and lichens growing on Ochrolechia is presented.
The date of publication of the generic name Abrothallus is discussed, along with typification of the Abrothallus names proposed by Giuseppe De Notaris, Søren Christian Sommerfelt, and Ignaz Kotte. Pertinent historical collections have been examined, and each typication is supplied with a description in order to facilitate correct identifications. The new combination A. santessonii (≡ Vouauxiomyces santessonii) is proposed, and the species description updated to include the sexual morph. © International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) 2018, all rights reserved.
A list of 275 lichens and 54 lichenicolous or allied fungi from five sites visited during the BLAM-excursion in 2016 to the Natural Park “Ballons des Vosges” (Grand Est and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France) is presented. The lichen Agonimia repleta and the lichenicolous fungi Arthonia coniocraeae, Cornutispora intermedia, Epicladonia simplex, Hainesia lecanorae, Nectriopsis hirta, Pronectria subimperspicua as well as Thelocarpon epibolum are new to France, Caeruleoconidia biazrovii new to Europe. Ten species (4 lichens, 6 lichenicolous fungi) were known only from one French locality. 21 species (11 lichens, 10 lichenicolous fungi) are in danger of extinction in France.
Sixty-one species (32 lichens and 29 lichenicolous fungi) are reported as new or noteworthy from Northern Germany or one of its federal states. Epicladonia simplex and Minutoexcipula tephromelae are new to Germany. Didymocyrtis cladoniicola, D. foliaceiphila, Endococcus fusiger, Hymenelia ceracea, Lichenochora coarctatae, Lichenostigma chlaroterae, Pyrenochaeta xanthoriae, Schismatomma umbrinum and Vouauxiella verrucosa are recorded for the first time from Northern Germany; nine species are added to the lichen flora of the federal state Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 34 species to Schleswig-Holstein, seven species to Lower Saxony and one species each to Hamburg and Saxony-Anhalt. Verrucaria polygonia is rediscovered in Germany after more than 150 years.
This is the second in a series, Mycosphere notes, wherein we provide notes on various fungal genera. In this set of notes we deal with genera of the families Perisporiopsidaceae and Pseudoperisporiaceae. These families have traditionally accommodated taxa associated with dead and living leaves of mostly tropical plants and comprised pathogens, saprobes or epiphytes. Most genera are poorly understood with only brief Latin descriptions, but molecular sequence data are needed to establish their taxonomic placements. In this study, 50 genera and 51 taxa are reexamined and their placements at the family level discussed. Thirteen new families Alinaceae, Balladynaceae, Cleistosphaeraceae, Dysrhynchisceae, Hyalomeliolinaceae, Lizoniaceae, Nematotheciaceae, Neoparodiaceae, Phaeodimeriellaceae, Pododimeriaceae, Polyclypeolinaceae, Stomatogeneceae and Toroaceae are introduced and Dimeriaceae is reinstated in this paper. One new species, Phaeostigme alchorneae is introduced. Nine genera are transferred to other families. However, fresh collections, epitypification or reference specimens including DNA sequence data, are required to confirm their phylogenetic placements.
The paper documents 70 species of fungi found on species of the lichen genus Cladonia, 65 of which are obligately lichenicolous. One genus, Brackelia, and seven species, Biciliopsis cladoniae, Brackelia lunkei, Caeruleoconidia biazrovii, Neolamya ahtii, Niesslia keissleri, Sclerococcum crassitunicatum and S. epicladonia, are here described as new to science. The names Caeruleoconidia and C. ochrolechiae are validated. Ameroconium cladoniae is considered as a heterotypic synonym of Taeniolella beschiana. Merismatium cladoniicola most likely is a heterotypic synonym of M. decolorans. Taxonomic notes on critical specimens, including those of Abrothallus cf. pezizicola, Arthonia cf. lepidophila, Cladophialophora cf. cladoniae, Hainesia cf. bryonorae, Merismatium cf. nigritellum as well as of unidentified species of Acremonium, Dactylospora, Leptosphaeria, Lichenopeltella and Pronectria found on Cladonia are provided. Cercidospora cladoniicola, Didymocyrtis cladoniicola, Hainesia longicladoniae, Pezizella ucrainica, Plectocarpon cladoniae and Polycoccum laursenii are documented as new to Asia. Biazrovia stereocaulicola, Hainesia longicladoniae and Polycoccum microcarpum are new to North America. The following species are new to various countries: Argentina (Bachmanniomyces uncialicola and Niesslia cladoniicola), Finland (Didymocyrtis foliaceiphila and Roselliniella cladoniae), Japan (Lichenosticta alcicorniaria), Lithuania (Abrothallus cf. pezizicola), Mongolia (Arthonia digitatae, Didymocyrtis cladoniicola, Epicladonia stenospora s. lat., Lichenostigma alpinum s. lat., Phaeopyxis punctum, Sphaerellothecium cladoniicola and Taeniolella beschiana), New Zealand (Abrothallus cladoniae s. lat. and Epicladonia sandstedei), Norway (Arthonia digitatae), Kazakhstan (Sphaerellothecium cladoniae), Kyrgyzstan (Epicladonia sandstedei), Papua New Guinea (Opegrapha cladoniicola), Portugal (Epicladonia stenospora s. lat.), Russia (Abrothallus cladoniae s. lat., A. cf. pezizicola, Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa, Didymocyrtis foliaceiphila, Hainesia longicladoniae, Neoburgoa freyi, Pezizella ucrainica and Polycoccum laursenii), Spain (Lichenoconium aeruginosum), U.S.A. (Biazrovia stereocaulicola, Hainesia longicladoniae, Niesslia cladoniicola and Polycoccum microcarpum), Venezuela (Roselliniella cladoniae) and Vietnam (Pyrenidium actinellum s. lat.). Epicladonia sandstedei and E. stenospora s. lat. are new to Macaronesia. Heterocephalacria bachmannii is for the first time documented in the polar desert biome. Biazrovia stereocaulicola, Coniochaeta sp., Merismatium coccisporum and Pyrenidium actinellum s. lat. are newly reported to occur on Cladonia. A key to 138 species of fungi so far known to occur on Cladonia is provided.
The new lichenicolous fungus Capronia suijae growing on the thallus of corticolous Xanthoria parietina is described from Belarus and compared with similar species. In addition to its host selection, the species is characterized by comparatively small ascomata, 40–80 μm diam., and (0–1–)3-septate ascospores, 9·5–11·5×4·0–5·0 μm. A key to the lichenicolous fungi growing on Xanthoria s. str. is provided.
A new Arthothelium species, A. hymeniicola in the apothecia of an unidentified Bacidia sp., is described from Campbell Island, New Zealand. The new species is remarkable, not only by being the first lichenicolous Arthothelium species, but also by being an endohymenial fungus not forming ascomatal structures. Previously, no Arthoniaceae species were reported as parasitic from Bacidia spp. However, both generic and family placements are tentative and the possibility of a placement in the Cookellaceae is also discussed. Differences between Arthoniaceae and Cookellaceae , and the generic delimitations within them, are generally based on the structures of the fruiting bodies, rendering the taxonomic placement of the new species challenging without molecular data; neither fruiting bodies nor molecular data are available for the new species and the Cookellaceae .
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