Access to this full-text is provided by Pensoft Publishers.
Content available from ZooKeys
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database 141
Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database
Camille Moreau1,2, Christopher Mah3, Antonio Agüera1, Nadia Améziane4,
DavidBarnes5, Guillaume Crokaert1, Marc Eléaume4,6, Huw Griths5,
CharlèneGuillaumot1, Lenaïg G. Hemery6, Anna Jażdżewska7,
QuentinJossart1,8, VladimirLaptikhovsky9,10, Katrin Linse5, Kate Neill11,
Chester Sands5, omasSaucède2, Stefano Schiaparelli12,
Jacek Siciński7, Noémie Vasset4,13, BrunoDanis1
1 Marine Biology Lab, CP160/15 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium 2 UMR
CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000
Dijon, France 3 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C. 4 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de
la Croix, BP 225 9182 Concarneau Cedex 5 British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Rd, Cambridge
CB3 0ET, United Kingdom 6 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Origines, UMR7205
ISYEB MNHN-CNRS-UPMC-EPHE, CP51, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France 7 University
of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydro-
biology, Laboratory of Polar Biology and Oceanobiology. 12/16 Banacha st., 90-237 Lodz, Poland 8 Marine
Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium 9 Centre for Environment,
Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakeeld Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, United Kingdom 10 Shallow Ma-
rine Surveys Group, P.O. Box 598, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands 11 National Institute of Water and
Atmospheric Research, Coasts and Oceans Centre, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington, New Zealand 12 Di-
partimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università di Genova, C.so Europa
26, Genova I-16132 Italy 13 Noémie Vasset has been central in compiling all POKER 2 samples, among other
things, while she was at the MNHN. She passed away August 22, 2016
Corresponding author: Camille Moreau (mr.moreau.camille@gmail.com)
Academic editor: Y. Samyn| Received 4 December 2017| Accepted 23 March 2018| Published 2 April 2018
http://zoobank.org/E149BD11-BFFB-47CD-AE05-14201C33FDBD
Citation: Moreau C, Mah C, Agüera A, Améziane N, Barnes D, Crokaert G, Eléaume M, Griths H, Guillaumot C,
Hemery LG, Jażdżewska A, Jossart Q, Laptikhovsky V, Linse K, Neill K, Sands C, Saucède T, Schiaparelli S, Siciński
J, Vasset N, Danis B (2018) Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database. ZooKeys 747: 141–156. https://doi.
org/10.3897/zookeys.747.22751
ZooKeys 747: 141–156 (2018)
doi: 10.3897/zookeys.747.22751
http://zookeys.pensoft.net
Copyright Camille Moreau et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
DATA PAPER
Launched to accelerate biodiversity research
A peer-reviewed open-access journal
Camille Moreau et al. / ZooKeys 747: 141–156 (2018)
142
Abstract
e present dataset is a compilation of georeferenced occurrences of asteroids (Echinodermata: Aster-
oidea) in the Southern Ocean. Occurrence data south of 45°S latitude were mined from various sources
together with information regarding the taxonomy, the sampling source and sampling sites when avail-
able. Records from 1872 to 2016 were thoroughly checked to ensure the quality of a dataset that reaches
a total of 13,840 occurrences from 4,580 unique sampling events. Information regarding the reproductive
strategy (brooders vs. broadcasters) of 63 species is also made available. is dataset represents the most
exhaustive occurrence database on Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic asteroids.
Keywords
Antarctic, Asteroidea, presence-only data, Southern Ocean, Sub-Antarctic
Introduction
Mapping and understanding life diversity are major issues for the community of biolo-
gists and ecologists who focus on the Southern Ocean (SO). For several years, many
initiatives such as the International Polar Year, the Census of Antarctic Marine Life
(CAML 2005–2010), the Scientic Committee on Antarctic Research: Marine Bi-
odiversity Information Network (SCAR MarBIN, www.biodiversity.aq) or the Bio-
geographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean (De Broyer et al. 2014) have also gathered
information from distinct and transversal scientic domains to provide new multidis-
ciplinary insights in the study of the SO marine ecosystems, linking biogeographic,
phylogeographic, physiological, oceanographic, and biogeochemistry data. Such pro-
grams have established the most exhaustive and accurate inventories of scientic data
ever, since the rst historical researches of James Cook in 1772–1775 in the region,
and have provided open source information systems (e.g., Register of Antarctic Marine
Species, De Broyer and Danis 2010; Global Biodiversity Information Facility, http://
www.gbif.org; Ocean Biogeographic Information System http://www.iobis.org/; Van
de Putte et al. 2015, http://www.biodiversity.aq).
is extensive assessment was pursued by major improvements in methodolo-
gies and data analyses. Improvement of dataset completeness and resolution facilitates
modelling approaches (Gutt et al. 2012) that provide interesting tools to better under-
stand distribution patterns in this poorly documented part of the world.
Among benthic taxonomic groups, Asteroidea (Echinodermata) are well repre-
sented in the SO with 12% of the global species richness present in the region (Mah
and Blake 2012). Around 300 species (Moreau et al. 2015) were reported at all depths
including some potential keystone species in benthic communities (McClintock et al.
1988, 2008). As for many taxonomic groups, adaptations of invertebrates to the polar
conditions of the SO environments have been widely reported (Peck 2002, 2016) and
have led to unique biological traits and life-strategies as well as high levels of endemism
in the region (Chown et al. 2015). In particular, reproductive strategies are diversied
in the SO with a distinction between brooding and broadcasting species (Poulin et al.
2002; Pearse et al. 2009). In asteroids, the two distinct reproductive strategies strongly
Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database 143
drive species distribution patterns and the biogeography of the class in the SO (Moreau
et al. 2017).
e present dataset is a compilation of georeferenced occurrences, at species level,
for the whole class Asteroidea in the SO. Records from 1872 to 2016 have been gath-
ered from various open source databases. Data collected during recent and unpub-
lished campaigns were also added including records from literature, reaching a total
of 13,840 occurrences from 4,580 unique sampling events. is dataset represents the
most exhaustive database on Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic asteroids.
Project description
Project title: Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database
Personnel: Camille Moreau, Charlène Guillaumot, Quentin Jossart, Antonio
Agüera, Guillaume Crokaert, Marc Eléaume, omas Saucède, Katrin Linse, Huw
Griths, Chester Sands, David Barnes, Vladimir Laptikhovsky, Anna Jażdżewska, Ja-
cek Siciński, Noémie Vasset, Lenaïg G. Hemery, Christopher Mah, Nadia Améziane,
Stefano.Schiaparelli, Bruno Danis
Funding: e work was supported by a “Fonds pour la formation à la Recherche
dans l’Industrie et l’Agriculture” (FRIA) grants to C. Moreau. is is contribution no.
16 to the vERSO project (http://www.versoproject.be), funded by the Belgian Science
Policy Oce (BELSPO, contract n°BR/132/A1/vERSO). is is contribution to the
IPEV programs n°1124 REVOLTA and n°1044 PROTEKER and to team SAMBA of
the Biogeosciences laboratory.
Study area descriptions / descriptor: is study focuses on the Antarctic and
Sub-Antarctic regions located at latitudes south of 45°S. e Southern Ocean is a vast
region characterised by the paucity of its scientic data (Griths 2010; Griths et al.
2011) and available collections are the compilation of several historical campaigns. e
objective of this work is to integrate the most complete database of species occurrences
for the class Asteroidea in the described geographic extent.
Design description: e compilation of occurrence data of asteroid species over the
extent of the SO was realised by gathering data available from various biodiversity in-
formation systems (OBIS, GBIF, biodiversity.aq, PANGAEA https://www.pangaea.de/)
as well as published literature, including original manuscripts (e.g., Gutt et al. 2014;
Moles et al. 2015), data papers and cruise reports. Compiled occurrences were comple-
mented with data from personal communications of unpublished works and museums
registered collections. is extensive dataset was developed to describe distribution pat-
terns in the SO as well as faunal anities among 25 Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic biore-
gions (see Moreau et al. 2017). Several analytical methods such as Bootstrap Spanning
Network, non-metrical multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and clustering contributed
to highlight the importance of the reproductive strategy on the contemporary observed
distribution patterns. e importance of environmental parameters such as inuence of
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), the inuence of the Polar Front (PF), the pres-
Camille Moreau et al. / ZooKeys 747: 141–156 (2018)
144
ence of gyres or the geographic distance among locations has also been emphasised. is
dataset helped to better describe the dierent biogeographic patterns within asteroids,
which are overall congruent with other taxa and diers according to species reproduc-
tive strategy. is suggests a dierential inuence of dispersal capabilities on species
distribution patterns. Analyses at genus levels also revealed the underlying legacy of past
oceanographic and geodynamic processes in present-day patterns such as the existence
of a trans-Antarctic pathway that split the Antarctic continent into two entities in the
past. e detailed results are available from Moreau et al. (2017).
Data description: Asteroids are common invertebrates of Antarctic benthic com-
munities considering the relative high species richness of the group in the region with
regards to the world total diversity (Danis et al. 2014). ey play a signicant ecological
role in Antarctic ecosystems, including in trophic networks (most species being preda-
tors) (Dayton 1972; Lawrence 2013). e present dataset, that focuses on regions located
at latitudes higher than 45°S, compiles 28 families out of the 39 known worldwide (Mah
2017) with 13,840 occurrences gathered from various sources. e time coverage of the
collection starts in 1872 with the HMS Challenger expedition and ends in 2016 with
sampled collected during the RRS James Clark Ross JR15005 SO-AntEco cruise.
Associated to occurrence data, depth, relative position to the PF, taxonomic infor-
mation and bioregion were implemented when available. Depth data were extracted
from www.gebco.net. Information regarding the reproductive strategy (brooding or
broadcasting) of 63 species out of the 299 described was included in the database. Cor-
responding bioregions of the observed occurrences were specied following Moreau
et al. 2017. A signicant part of the specimens is deposited in various institutions:
e.g., National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Museum national d’Histoire na-
turelle (MNHN), Museo Nazionale dell’Antartide (MNA), Université Libre de Brux-
elles (ULB), Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (MACN), National Institute of
Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA).
Quality control description: Data are available at species level. Nomenclature was
thoroughly checked using the Taxon Match Tool implemented in the World Register
of Marine Species (WoRMS Editorial Board 2016), to delete all potential discrepancies
and update the taxonomy determination. All replicates originating from overlapping
origins as well as errors regarding the georeferencing, species synonymy, or misspelling
were removed. Most of the occurrences additions originating from recent campaigns
were identied by Christopher Mah and Camille Moreau.
Taxonomic coverage
General taxonomic coverage description
e present dataset is the most exhaustive and up-to-date list of available occurrences
for the class Asteroidea (Echinodermata), in the entire Southern Ocean. is collection
Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database 145
Figure 1. Map of the 13,840 asteroid species occurrences available in the present database, within the
boundaries of the Southern Ocean (45°S). Projection: South Pole Stereographic.
provides information about the occurrence of 28 asteroid families, 118 genera, and
299 species. Occurrence distribution is illustrated on Figure 1.
Species richness in the dierent regions of the SO was estimated based on 1° × 1°
grid cell resolution (Figure 2A). Maximum richness (55 species per cell) was found
along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. High richness values were also reported in
the Weddell Sea as well as in Sub-Antarctic Islands (Kerguelen, Crozet, Marion, and
South Georgia Islands). Richness distribution needs to be interpreted carefully con-
sidering the patchy and uneven sampling eort of past oceanographic cruises carried
out in the SO (Figure 2B). Indeed, considerable parts of the SO present a crucial lack
of sampling. In the context of this study, richness values and sampling eort present
a signicant positive correlation in space (Pearson r = 0.52, p < 0.001) indicating the
need to extend the development of this unique synthesis work and to strengthen the
eort for other taxonomic groups.
Camille Moreau et al. / ZooKeys 747: 141–156 (2018)
146
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Asteroidea
Order: Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida,
Velatida
Family: Acanthasteridae, Asteriidae, Asterinidae, Astropectinidae, Benthopectini-
dae, Brisingidae, Ctenodiscidae, Echinasteridae, Freyellidae, Ganeriidae, Gonias-
teridae, Heliasteridae, Korethrasteridae, Leilasteridae, Luidiidae, Myxasteridae,
Odontasteridae, Ophidiasteridae, Paulasteriidae, Pedicellasteridae, Poraniidae,
Porcellanasteridae, Pseudarchasteridae, Pterasteridae, Radiasteridae, Solasteridae,
Stichasteridae, Zoroasteridae.
Genus: Abyssaster, Acanthaster, Acodontaster, Adelasterias, Allostichaster, Anasterias,
Anseropoda, Anteliaster, Anthenoides, Asterina, Asthenactis, Astromesites, Astropecten,
Astrostole, Bathybiaster, Belgicella, Benthopecten, Brisinga, Brisingenes, Caimanaster,
Calyptraster, Ceramaster, Cheiraster, Chitonaster, Chondraster, Cladaster, Clavapora-
nia, Coscinasterias, Cosmasterias, Crossaster, Cryptasterias, Ctenodiscus, Cuenotaster,
Cycethra, Diplasterias, Diplodontias, Diplopteraster, Dipsacaster, Dytaster, Echin-
aster, Eratosaster, Eremicaster, Freyastera, Freyella, Freyellaster, Fromia, Ganeria,
Gaussaster, Gilbertaster, Glabraster, Granaster, Henricia, Hippasteria, Hymenaster,
Hymenodiscus, Hyphalaster, Kampylaster, Kenrickaster, Labidiaster, Leptychaster, Le-
thasterias, Lithosoma, Lonchotaster, Lophaster, Luidia, Lysasterias, Macroptychaster,
Mediaster, Meridiastra, Mimastrella, Mirastrella, Myxoderma, Neosmilaster, Notas-
terias, Notioceramus, Novodinia, Odinella, Odontaster, Odontohenricia, Ophidias-
Figure 2. A Species richness in the Southern Ocean. e number of asteroid species present in 1° × 1°
grid cells are reported using yellow-red colour chart B Sampling eort in the Southern Ocean for the class
Asteroidea. e number of sampling station per 1° × 1° grid cell is reported using yellow-red colour chart.
Projection: South Pole Stereographic.
Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database 147
ter, Paralophaster, Paranepanthia, Patiriella, Paulasterias, Pectinaster, Pedicellaster,
Pentagonaster, Pergamaster, Peribolaster, Perissasterias, Perknaster, Persephonaster,
Pillsburiaster, Plutonaster, Poraniopsis, Porcellanaster, Proserpinaster, Psalidaster,
Pseudarchaster, Pseudechinaster, Psilaster, Pteraster, Radiaster, Remaster, Rhopiella,
Saliasterias, Sclerasterias, Scotiaster, Smilasterias, Solaster, Sphaeriodiscus, Stichaster,
Styracaster, Taranuiaster, Tarsaster, Tremaster, Vemaster, Zoroaster.
Species: Abyssaster diadematus, Abyssaster planus, Acanthaster planci, Acodontaster capi-
tatus, Acodontaster conspicuus, Acodontaster elongatus, Acodontaster hodgsoni, Aco-
dontaster marginatus, Adelasterias papillosa, Allostichaster capensis, Allostichaster far-
quhari, Allostichaster insignis, Allostichaster polyplax, Anasterias antarctica, Anasterias
asterinoides, Anasterias directa, Anasterias laevigata, Anasterias mawsoni, Anasterias
pedicellaris, Anasterias perrieri, Anasterias rupicola, Anasterias sphoerulata, Anaste-
rias spirabilis, Anasterias studeri, Anasterias suteri, Anseropoda antarctica, Anteliaster
australis, Anteliaster scaber, Anthenoides cristatus, Asterina mbriata, Asthenactis aus-
tralis, Astromesites primigenius, Astropecten brasiliensis, Astrostole scabra, Bathybiaster
loripes, Belgicella racowitzana, Benthopecten munidae, Benthopecten pedicifer, Benth-
opecten pikei, Brisinga chathamica, Brisingenes multicostata, Caimanaster acutus, Ca-
lyptraster tenuissimus, Calyptraster vitreus, Ceramaster australis, Ceramaster grenaden-
sis, Ceramaster patagonicus, Cheiraster (Cheiraster) otagoensis, Cheiraster (Luidiaster)
antarcticus, Cheiraster (Luidiaster) gerlachei, Cheiraster (Luidiaster) hirsutus, Cheir-
aster (Luidiaster) planeta, Chitonaster cataphractus, Chitonaster felli, Chitonaster jo-
hannae, Chitonaster trangae, Chondraster elattosis, Cladaster analogus, Clavaporania
tchorum, Coscinasterias calamaria, Coscinasterias muricata, Cosmasterias dyscrita,
Cosmasterias lurida, Crossaster campbellicus, Crossaster multispinus, Crossaster peni-
cillatus, Cryptasterias brachiata, Cryptasterias turqueti, Ctenodiscus australis, Cteno-
discus procurator, Cuenotaster involutus, Cycethra frigida, Cycethra macquariensis,
Cycethra verrucosa, Diplasterias brandti, Diplasterias brucei, Diplasterias kerguelen-
ensis, Diplasterias meridionalis, Diplasterias octoradiata, Diplasterias radiata, Dip-
lodontias dilatatus, Diplodontias robustus, Diplodontias singularis, Diplopteraster
clarki, Diplopteraster hurleyi, Diplopteraster otagoensis, Diplopteraster peregrinator,
Diplopteraster semireticulatus, Diplopteraster verrucosus, Dipsacaster magnicus,
Dytaster felix, Echinaster farquhari, Echinaster smithi, Eratosaster jenae, Eremicaster
crassus, Eremicaster pacicus, Eremicaster vicinus, Freyastera benthophila, Freyastera
tuberculata, Freyella attenuata, Freyella drygalskii, Freyella echinata, Freyella formosa,
Freyella fragilissima, Freyella giardi, Freyella heroina, Freyella mutabilia, Freyellaster
polycnema, Fromia monilis, Ganeria attenuata, Ganeria falklandica, Ganeria hahni,
Gaussaster antarcticus, Gilbertaster anacanthus, Glabraster antarctica, Granaster nu-
trix, Henricia aucklandiae, Henricia compacta, Henricia didens, Henricia sheri,
Henricia lukinsii, Henricia obesa, Henricia ornata, Henricia pagenstecheri, Henricia
parva, Henricia praestans, Henricia ralphae, Henricia simplex, Henricia smilax, Hen-
ricia spinulfera, Henricia studeri, Hippasteria falklandica, Hippasteria phrygiana,
Hymenaster caelatus, Hymenaster campanulatus, Hymenaster carnosus, Hymenaster
coccinatus, Hymenaster crucifer, Hymenaster densus, Hymenaster edax, Hymenaster
Camille Moreau et al. / ZooKeys 747: 141–156 (2018)
148
estcourti, Hymenaster formosus, Hymenaster fucatus, Hymenaster graniferus, Hyme-
naster latebrosus, Hymenaster nobilis, Hymenaster pellucidus, Hymenaster perspicuus,
Hymenaster praecoquis, Hymenaster pullatus, Hymenaster sacculatus, Hymenodiscus
aotearoa, Hymenodiscus distincta, Hymenodiscus submembranacea, Hyphalaster gi-
ganteus, Hyphalaster inermis, Hyphalaster scotiae, Kampylaster incurvatus, Kenrick-
aster pedicellaris, Labidiaster annulatus, Labidiaster radiosus, Leptychaster exuo-
sus, Leptychaster kerguelenensis, Leptychaster magnicus, Leptychaster melchiorensis,
Lethasterias australis, Lithosoma novaezelandiae, Lonchotaster tartareus, Lophaster
densus, Lophaster gaini, Lophaster stellans, Lophaster tenuis, Luidia clathrata, Luidia
porteri, Lysasterias adeliae, Lysasterias belgicae, Lysasterias chirophora, Lysasterias digi-
tata, Lysasterias hemiora, Lysasterias heteractis, Lysasterias jorei, Lysasterias lactea,
Lysasterias perrieri, Macroptychaster accrescens, Mediaster arcuatus, Mediaster dawso-
ni, Mediaster pedicellaris, Mediaster sladeni, Meridiastra medius, Meridiastra oriens,
Mimastrella cognata, Mirastrella biradialis, Myxoderma qawashqari, Neosmilaster
georgianus, Neosmilaster steineni, Notasterias armata, Notasterias bongraini, Notas-
terias candicans, Notasterias haswelli, Notasterias pedicellaris, Notasterias stolophora,
Notioceramus anomalus, Novodinia novaezelandiae, Odinella nutrix, Odontaster
aucklandensis, Odontaster benhami, Odontaster meridionalis, Odontaster pearsei,
Odontaster penicillatus, Odontaster pusillus, Odontaster roseus, Odontaster validus,
Odontohenricia anarea, Odontohenricia endeavouri, Ophidiaster confertus, Paralo-
phaster antarcticus, Paralophaster godfroyi, Paralophaster hyalinus, Paralophaster lo-
rioli, Paranepanthia aucklandensis, Patiriella regularis, Paulasterias tyleri, Pectinaster
lholi, Pectinaster mimicus, Pedicellaster hypernotius, Pentagonaster pulchellus, Per-
gamaster incertus, Pergamaster triseriatus, Peribolaster folliculatus, Peribolaster lictor,
Peribolaster macleani, Perissasterias monacantha, Perknaster antarcticus, Perknaster
aurantiacus, Perknaster aurorae, Perknaster charcoti, Perknaster densus, Perknaster
fuscus, Perknaster sladeni, Persephonaster facetus, Pillsburiaster aoteanus, Pillsburias-
ter indutilis, Plutonaster complexus, Plutonaster fragilis, Plutonaster hikurangi, Plu-
tonaster jonathani, Plutonaster knoxi, Plutonaster sirius, Poraniopsis echinaster, Por-
cellanaster ceruleus, Proserpinaster neozelanicus, Psalidaster sheri, Psalidaster mor-
dax, Pseudarchaster discus, Pseudarchaster garricki, Pseudechinaster rubens, Psilaster
acuminatus, Psilaster charcoti, Pteraster anis, Pteraster bathami, Pteraster orifer,
Pteraster gibber, Pteraster hirsutus, Pteraster koehleri, Pteraster robertsoni, Pteraster
rugatus, Pteraster spinosissimus, Pteraster stellifer, Radiaster gracilis, Remaster gourdo-
ni, Rhopiella hirsuta, Saliasterias brachiata, Sclerasterias eustyla, Sclerasterias mollis,
Scotiaster inornatus, Smilasterias clarkailsa, Smilasterias irregularis, Smilasterias scal-
prifera, Smilasterias triremis, Solaster longoi, Solaster notophrynus, Solaster regularis,
Solaster torulatus, Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis, Stichaster australis, Styracaster armatus,
Styracaster chuni, Styracaster horridus, Styracaster robustus, Taranuiaster novaezea-
landiae, Tarsaster stoichodes, Tremaster mirabilis, Vemaster sudatlanticus, Zoroaster
actinocles, Zoroaster alternicanthus, Zoroaster fulgens, Zoroaster macracantha, Zoro-
aster spinulosus, Zoroaster tenuis.
Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database 149
Spatial coverage: Southern Ocean: from 45°S to higher latitudes
Temporal coverage: 1872: HMS Challenger to 2016: JR15005.
Dataset: Asteroid occurrences available in the Southern Ocean from 1872 to 2016,
collected during dierent campaigns and gathered from dierent deposit resources.
Object name: Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea Database
Character encoding: UTF/8
Format name: Darwin Core Archive Format
Format version: 1.4
Distribution: http://ipt.biodiversity.aq/resource?r=asteroidea_southern_ocean
Publication date of data:
Language: English
Metadata language: English
Date of metadata creation:
Hierarchy level: Dataset
Acknowledgements
is work was supported by a “Fonds pour la formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie
et l’Agriculture” (FRIA) grants to C. Moreau. C. Mah was funded by MNHN invited
researcher grants (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016). is is contribution no. 16 to the vERSO
project (www.versoproject.be), funded by the Belgian Science Policy Oce (BELSPO,
contract n°BR/132/A1/vERSO). is is contribution to the IPEV programs n°1124 RE-
VOLTA and n°1044 PROTEKER and to team SAMBA of the Biogeosciences labora-
tory. We are grateful to the crew and participants of all the cruises and research programs
involved in the capture of the samples included in this dataset: POKER 2, REVOLTA
1 & 2, CEAMARC, JR144, JR179, JR230, JR262, JR275, JR287, JR15005. We also
thank the following institutions: California Academy of Sciences, Alfred Wegener Insti-
tute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Shallow Marine Surveys Group,
University of Lodz, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle and University of Genoa,
NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research) Invertebrate Collection.
References
Chown SL, Clarke A, Fraser CI, Cary SC, Moon KL, McGeoch MA (2015) e changing
form of Antarctic biodiversity. Nature 522(7557): 431–438. https://doi.org/10.1038/na-
ture14505
Danis B, Griths HJ, Jangoux M (2014) 5.24. Asteroidea. In: De Broyer C, Koubbi P, Griths
H, Raymond B, d’Udekem d’Acoz C, Van de Putte A, Danis B, David B, Grant S, Gutt J,
Held C, Hosie G, Huettmann F, Post A, Ropert-Coudert Y (Eds) Biogeographic Atlas of
the Southern Ocean. SCAR, Cambridge, 200–207.
Camille Moreau et al. / ZooKeys 747: 141–156 (2018)
150
De Broyer C, Danis B (2010) How many species in the Southern Ocean? Towards a dynamic
inventory of the Antarctic marine species. Deep-Sea Research II: Topical Studies in Ocean-
ography 58(1–2): 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.007
De Broyer C, Koubbi P, Griths H, Raymond B, d’Udekem d’Acoz C, Van de Putte A, Danis
B, David B, Grant S, Gutt J, Held C, Hosie G, Huettmann F, Post A, Ropert-Coudert Y
(2014) Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. SCAR, Cambridge, 510 pp.
GEBCO (2014) GEBCO. http://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_
data/gebco_30_second_grid/
Griths HJ (2010) Antarctic marine biodiversity – What do we know about the distribution
of life in the Southern Ocean? PLoS ONE 5(8): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0011683
Griths HJ, Danis B, Clarke A (2011) Quantifying Antarctic marine biodiversity: e SCAR-
MarBIN data portal. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58(1):
18–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.008
Gutt J, Zurell D, Bracegridle T, Cheung W, Clark M, Convey P, Danis B, David B, Broyer C,
Prisco G, Griths H, Laont R, Peck LS, Pierrat B, Riddle MJ, Saucède T, Turner J, Verde
C, Wang Z, Grimm V (2012) Correlative and dynamic species distribution modelling for
ecological predictions in the Antarctic: a cross-disciplinary concept. Polar Research 31(1):
11091. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.11091
Gutt J, Piepenburg D, Voß J (2014) Asteroids, ophiuroids and holothurians from the south-
eastern Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean). ZooKeys 434: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3897/
zookeys.434.7622
Mah CL, Blake DB (2012) Global diversity and phylogeny of the Asteroidea (Echinodermata).
PloS ONE 7(4): e35644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035644
Mah CL (2017) World Asteroidea database. Accessed at http://www.marinespecies.org/aster-
oidea [on 2017-04-05]
McClintock JB, Pearse JS, Bosch I (1988) Population structure and energetics of the shallow-
water Antarctic sea star Odontaster validus in contrasting habitats. Marine Biology 99(2):
235–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00391986
McClintock JB, Angus RA, Ho C, Amsler CD, Baker BJ (2008) A laboratory study of behav-
ioral interactions of the Antarctic keystone sea star Odontaster validus with three sympatric
predatory sea stars. Marine Biology 154(6): 1077–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-
008-1001-4
Moreau C, Agüera A, Jossart Q, Danis B (2015) Southern Ocean Asteroidea: a proposed up-
date for the Register of Antarctic Marine Species. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e7062.
https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e7062
Moreau C, Saucède T, Jossart Q, Agüera A, Brayard A, Danis B (2017) Reproductive strategy as
a piece of the biogeographic puzzle: a case study using Antarctic sea stars (Echinodermata,
Asteroidea). Journal of Biogeography 44(4): 848–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12965
Pearse JS, Mooi R, Lockhart SJ, Brandt A (2009) Brooding and species diversity in the
Southern Ocean: selection for brooders or speciation within brooding clades? In: Krupnik
I, Lang MA, Miller SE (Eds) Smithsonian at the poles: contributions to international polar
Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database 151
year science Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 181–196. https://doi.org/10.5479/
si.097884601X.13
Peck LS (2002) Ecophysiology of Antarctic marine ectotherms: limits to life. In: Arntz W,
Clarke A (Eds) Ecological Studies in the Antarctic Sea Ice Zone, Springer, Berlin Heidel-
berg, 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59419-9_29
Peck LS (2016) A cold limit to adaptation in the sea. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 31(1):
13–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.09.014
Poulin E, Palma AT, Féral JP (2002) Evolutionary versus ecological success in Antarctic benthic
invertebrates. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17: 218–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0169-5347(02)02493-X
Van de Putte A, Youdjou N, Danis B (2015) e Antarctic Biodiversity Information Facility.
http://www.biodiversity.aq
WoRMS Editorial Board (2016) World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org
[Accessed: 2016-05-23]
References for the dataset
Arnaud P (1964) Echinodermes littoraux de Terre Adelie (Holothuries exceptées) et Pélécypo-
des commensaux d’Echinides antarctiques 258.
Barnes DKA, Brockington S (2003) Zoobenthic biodiversity, biomass and abundance at
Adelaide Island, Antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 249: 145–55. https://doi.
org/10.3354/meps249145
Beckley LE, Branch GM (1992) A quantitative scuba-diving survey of the sublittoral mac-
robenthos at subantarctic Marion Island. Polar Biology 11(8): 553–563. https://doi.
org/10.1007/BF00237948
Belman BW, Giese AC (1974) Oxygen consumption of an asteroid and an echinoid from the
Antarctic. e Biological Bulletin 146(2): 157–164. https://doi.org/10.2307/1540614
Benham WB (1909) e echinoderms, other than holothurians, of the Subantarctic islands of
New Zealand, 295–305.
Blankley WO, Branch GM (1984) Co-operative prey capture and unusual brooding habits of
Anasterias rupicola (Verrill)(Asteroidea) at sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 20(1/2): 171–176. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps020171
Bosch I, Pearse JS (1990) Developmental types of shallow-water asteroids of McMurdo Sound,
Antarctica. Marine Biology 104(1): 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01313155
Bosch I, Slattery M (1999) Costs of extended brood protection in the Antarctic sea star, Ne-
osmilaster georgianus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Marine Biology 134(3): 449–459. htt-
ps://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050561
Cherbonnier G (1974) Invertébrés de l’infralittoral rocheux dans l’Archipel de Kerguelen.
Holothurides et Échinides. Le fascicule 35. Comité national français des recherches ant-
arctiques 3: 27–31.
Clark AM (1962) Asteroidea. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929–1931. B9: 1–104.
Camille Moreau et al. / ZooKeys 747: 141–156 (2018)
152
Conlan KE, Rau GH, Kvitek RG (2006) δ13C and δ15N shifts in benthic invertebrates ex-
posed to sewage from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(12):
1695–1707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.06.010
Cranmer TL, Ruhl HA, Baldwin RJ, Kaufmann RS (2003) Spatial and temporal variation in
the abundance, distribution and population structure of epibenthic megafauna in Port Fos-
ter, Deception Island. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 50(10):
1821–1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00093-6
Dayton PK, Robilliard GA, Paine RT (1970) Benthic faunal zonation as a result of anchor ice
at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. In: Holgate MW (Ed.) Antarctic ecology Academic Press,
London, 244–258.
Dayton PK (1972) Toward an understanding of community resilience and the potential eects
of enrichments to the benthos at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Proceedings of the col-
loquium on conservation problems in Antarctica Allen Press Lawrence, Kansas, 81–96.
Dearborn JH, Edwards KC, Fratt DB (1991) Diet, feeding behavior, and surface morphology
of the multi-armed Antarctic sea star Labidiaster annulatus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea).
Marine Ecology Progress Series 77(1): 65–84. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps077065
De Moreno JEA, Gerpe MS, Moreno VJ, Vodopivez C (1997) Heavy metals in Antarctic or-
ganisms. Polar Biology 17(2): 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000050115
Desbruyères D, Guille A (1973) La Faune benthique de l’Archipel de Kerguelen. Premières
données quantitatives. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 276: 633–636.
Duquesne S, Riddle M (2002) Biological monitoring of heavy-metal contamination in coastal
waters o Casey Station, Windmill Islands, East Antarctica. Polar Biology 25(3): 206–215.
Fell HB (1953) Echinoderms from the Subantarctic islands of New Zealand: Asteroidea, Ophi-
uroidea, and Echinoidea, Records Dominion Museum 2: 73–111.
Fell HB, Clark HE (1959) Anareaster, a new genus of Asteroidea from Antarctica. Transactions
of the Royal Society of New Zealand 87: 185–187.
Fernanda PA, Clementina BC, Javier C, Gabriela M (2015) Reproduction and oxidative
metabolism in the brooding sea star Anasterias antarctica (Lütken, 1957). Journal of Ex-
perimental Marine Biology and Ecology 463: 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jem-
be.2014.11.009
Gillies CL, Stark JS, Johnstone GJ, Smith SD (2012) Carbon ow and trophic structure of
an Antarctic coastal benthic community as determined by δ13C and δ15N. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science 97: 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.11.003
Global Biology Information Facility. http://www.gbif.org/ [07/2016]
Grygier MJ (1987) Antarctic records of asteroid-infesting Ascothoracida (Crustacea), including
a new genus of Ctenosculidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 100
(4): 700–712.
Guille A (1977) Benthic bionomy of the continental shelf of the Kerguelen Islands: quanti-
tative data on the echinoderms of the Morbihan Gulf. In: Llano GA (Ed.) Adaptations
within Antarctic ecosystems Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC, 253–262.
Gutt J, Barratt I, Domack EW, d’Udekem d’Acoz C, Dimmler W, Grémare A, Heilmayer
O, Isla E, Janussen D, Jorgensen E, Kock KH, Lehnert LS, López-Gonzáles PJ, Langner
S, Linse K, Manjón-Cabeza ME, Meißner M, Montiel A, Raes M, Robert H, Rose A,
Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database 153
Schepisi ES, Saucède T, Scheidat M, Schenke HW, Seiler J, Smith C (2010) Macroben-
thos in surface sediments sampled during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIII/8. https://
doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.718106, In supplement to: Gutt J et al. (2011): Biodiver-
sity change after climate-induced ice-shelf collapse in the Antarctic. Deep Sea Research
Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58(1–2): 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
dsr2.2010.05.024
Gutt J, Piepenburg D, Voß J (2014) Asteroids, ophiuroids and holothurians from the south-
eastern Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean). ZooKeys 434: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3897/
zookeys.434.7622
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO (2015) e Ocean Bio-
geographicInformation System. http://www.iobis.org
Janosik AM, Mahon AR, Scheltema RS, Halanych KM (2008) Short Note: Life history of the
Antarctic sea star Labidiaster annulatus (Asteroidea: Labidiasteridae) revealed by DNA bar-
coding. Antarctic Science 20(6): 563–564. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102008001533
Janosik AM, Halanych KM (2010) Unrecognized Antarctic biodiversity: a case study of the ge-
nus Odontaster (Odontasteridae; Asteroidea). Integrative and comparative biology: icq119.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icq119
Koehler R (1907) Astéries, Ophiures et Echinides recueillis dans les mers australes par la Scotia
(1902–1904). Zoologischer Anzeiger 32(6): 140–147.
Koehler R (1908) Astéries, Ophiures et Echinides de l’Expédition Antarctique Nationale Écoss-
aise. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 46: 529–649.
Koehler R (1912) Echinodermes (Asteries, Ophiures et Echinides). Deuxième Expédition Ant-
arctique Francaise 1908–1910 J. Charcot. Masson et cie, Paris, 1–277.
Koehler R (1920) Echinodermata: Asteroidea. Scientic Reports, Australasian Antarctic Expe-
dition (1911–1914) C8: 1–308.
Koehler R (1923) Astéries et Ophiures. Further zoological results of the Swedish Antarctic
Expedition (1901–1903) 1: 1–145.
Korovchinsky NM (1976) New species of abyssal starshes of the genus Freyella (Brisingidae)
from the South Atlantic. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 55(8): 1187–1194.
Lawrence JM (2013).Starsh: biology and ecology of the Asteroidea. John Hopkins University
Press, 288 pp.
Lawrence JM, McClintock JB, Guille A (1984) Organic level and caloric content of eggs
of brooding asteroids and an echinoid (Echinodermata) from Kerguelen (South Indian
Ocean). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 7(4): 249–
257.
Lawrence JM, McClintock JB (1987) Intertidal invertebrate and algal communities on the
rocky shores of the Bay of Morbihan, Kerguelen (South Indian Ocean). Marine Ecology
8(3): 207–220.
Lovell LL, Trego KD (2003) e epibenthic megafaunal and benthic infaunal invertebrates of
Port Foster, Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Deep Sea Research Part
II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 50(10): 1799–1819.
Ludwig H (1903) Seesterne. Résultats du voyage du S.Y. Belgica en 1897-1898-1899. Rapports
scientiques, 1–72.
Camille Moreau et al. / ZooKeys 747: 141–156 (2018)
154
Mah C, Linse K, Copley J, Marsh L, Rogers A, Clague D, Foltz D (2015) Description of a new
family, new genus, and two new species of deep‐sea Forcipulatacea (Asteroidea), including
the rst known sea star from hydrothermal vent habitats. Zoological Journal of the Lin-
nean Society 174(1): 93–113.
McClintock JB, Pearse JS (1986) Organic and energetic content of eggs and juveniles of Ant-
arctic echinoids and asterids with lecithotrophic development. Comparative Biochemistry
and Physiology Part A: Physiology 85(2): 341–345.
McClintock JB, Baker BJ (1997) Palatability and chemical defense of eggs, embryos and lar-
vae of shallow-water Antarctic marine invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 154:
121–131.
McClintock JB, Baker BJ, Amsler CD, Barlow TL (2000) Chemotactic tube-foot responses of
the spongivorous sea star Perknaster fuscus to organic extracts of sponges from McMurdo
Sound, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 12(1): 41–46.
McClintock JB, Amsler MO, Amsler CD, Baker BJ (2006) e biochemical composition,
energy content, and chemical antifeedant defenses of the common Antarctic Peninsular sea
stars Granaster nutrix and Neosmilaster georgianus. Polar Biology 29(7): 615–623.
McClintock JB, Angus RA, Ho CP, Amsler CD, Baker BJ (2008) Intraspecic agonistic arm-
fencing behavior in the Antarctic keystone sea star Odontaster validus inuences prey acqui-
sition. Marine Ecology Progress Series 371: 297–300.
McKnight DG (2006) e Marine Fauna of New Zealand, Echinodermata: Asteroidea (Sea-
stars): Order Velatida, Spinulosida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida, with Addenda to Paxillosida,
Valvatida. Biodiversity Memoirs 120 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Re-
search, 187 pp.
Moles J, Figuerola B, Campanyà-Llovet N, Monleón-Getino T, Taboada S, Avila C (2015)
Distribution patterns in Antarctic and Subantarctic echinoderms. Polar Biology 38(6):
799–813.
Pearse JS, Giese AC (1966) e organic constitution of several benthonic invertebrates
from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Comparative biochemistry and physiology 18(1):
47IN151–50IN257.
POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIII/8. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.718106, In sup-
plement to: Gutt J et al. (2011) Biodiversity change after climate-induced ice-shelf collapse
in the Antarctic. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58(1/2):
74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.024
Presler P, Figielska E (1997) New data on the Asteroidea of Admiralty Bay, King George Island,
South Shetland Islands. Polish Polar Research 18: 107–117.
Shilling FM, Manahan DT (1994) Energy metabolism and amino acid transport during early
development of Antarctic and temperate echinoderms. e Biological Bulletin 187(3):
398–407.
Silva JR, Peck L (2000) Induced in vitro phagocytosis of the Antarctic starsh Odontaster vali-
dus (Koehler 1906) at 0° C. Polar Biology 23(4): 225–230.
Sladen WP (1889) Report on the scientic results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the
years 1873–76. Zoology 30.
Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Asteroidea database 155
Sladen WP (1882) e Asteroidea of HMS Challenger Expedition. (Preliminary notices). 1.
Pterasteridae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 16: 186–246
Slattery M, Bosch I (1993) Mating behavior of a brooding Antarctic asteroid, Neosmilaster
georgianus. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 24(2): 97–102.
Smale DA, Barnes DK, Fraser KP, Mann PJ, Brown MP (2007) Scavenging in Antarctica:
intense variation between sites and seasons in shallow benthic necrophagy. Journal of Ex-
perimental Marine Biology and Ecology 349(2): 405–417.
Stanwell-Smith D, Clarke A (1998) Seasonality of reproduction in the cushion star Odontaster
validus at Signy Island, Antarctica. Marine Biology 131(3): 479–487.
Taboada S, Núñez-Pons L, Avila C (2013) Feeding repellence of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic
benthic invertebrates against the omnivorous sea star Odontaster validus. Polar Biology
36(1): 13–25.
omson C (1876) Notice of some Peculiarities in the Mode of Propagation of certain Echi-
noderms of the Southern Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 13(66): 55–79.
Van de Putte A, Youdjou N, Danis B (2015) e Antarctic Biodiversity Information Facility.
http://www.biodiversity.aq
Winkler M, Fillinger L, Funke T, Richter C, Laudien J (2013) Succession of benthic hard-
bottom communities abundance at station Errina2012_MDD4. https://doi.org/10.1594/
PANGAEA.806083
References regarding the reproduction strategy
Arnaud PM (1974) Contribution à la bionomie marine benthique des régions antarctiques et
sub-antarctiques. Tethys 6: 467–653.
Barker MF (1978) Structure of the organs of attachment of brachiolaria larvae of Stichaster
australis (Verrill) and Coscinasterias calamaria (Gray)(Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 33(1): 1–36.
Bosch I, Pearse JS (1990) Developmental types of shallow-water asteroids of McMurdo Sound,
Antarctica. Marine Biology 104(1): 41–46.
Bosch I (1989) Contrasting modes of reproduction in two Antarctic asteroids of the genus
Porania, with a description of unusual feeding and non-feeding larval types. e Biological
Bulletin 177(1): 77–82.
Byrne M (2006) Life history diversity and evolution in the Asterinidae. Integrative and Com-
parative Biology 46(3): 243–254.
Crump RG (1971) Annual reproductive cycles in three geographically separated populations
of Patiriella regularis (Verrill), a common New Zealand asteroid. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 7(2): 137–162.
Dehn PF (1982) e eect of food and temperature on reproduction in Luidia clathrata (Aster-
oidea). Echinoderms: proceedings of the international, Tampa Bay. Balkema, Rotterdam,
457–463.
Fisher WK (1940) Asteroidea. ‘Discovery’ Reports 20: 69–306.
Camille Moreau et al. / ZooKeys 747: 141–156 (2018)
156
Henderson JA, Lucas JS (1971) Larval development and metamorphosis of Acanthaster planci
(Asteroidea). Nature 232: 655–657.
Hyman LH (1955) e invertebrates: Echinodermata. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York, 763 pp.
Janosik AM, Mahon AR, Scheltema RS, Halanych KM (2008) Short Note: Life history of
the Antarctic sea star Labidiaster annulatus (Asteroidea: Labidiasteridae) revealed by DNA
barcoding. Antarctic Science 20(6): 563–564.
Lawrence JM, McClintock JB, Guille A (1984) Organic level and caloric content of eggs of
brooding asteroids and an echinoid (Echinodermata) from Kerguelen (South Indian Ocean).
International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 7(4): 249–257.
Lieberkind I (1926) Ctenodiscus australis Lütken. A brood-protecting asteroid. Vid. Dansk.
Nat. Hist. Foren. 82: 184–196
MacBride EW (1920) Echinodermata (Part II) and Enteropneusta. Larvae of Echinoderma and
Enteropneusta. British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report,
Zoology 4: 83–94.
O’Hara TD (1998) Origin of Macquarie Island echinoderms. Polar Biology 20(2): 143–151.
Pain SL, Tyler PA, Gage JD (1982) e reproductive biology of the deep-sea asteroids Bentho-
pecten simplex (Perrier), Pectinaster lholi Perrier, and Pontaster tenuispinus Düben & Koren
(Phanerozonia: Benthopectinidae) from the Rockall Trough. Journal of Experimental Ma-
rine Biology and Ecology 65(2): 195–211.
Pearse JS (1965) Reproductive periodicities in several contrasting populations of Odontaster
validus Koehler, a common Antarctic asteroid. Antarctic Research Series 5: 39–85.
Pearse JS, McClintock JB, Bosch I (1991) Reproduction of Antarctic benthic marine inverte-
brates: tempos, modes, and timing. American Zoologist 31(1): 65–80.
Pearse JS, Bosch I (1994) Brooding in the Antarctic: Östergren had it nearly right. Echino-
derms through time. Balkema, Rotterdam, 111–120.
Simpson RD (1982) e reproduction of some echinoderms from Macquarie Island. Austral-
ian Museum Memoirs 16: 39–52.
Strathmann RR (1987) Reproduction and development of marine invertebrates of the northern
pacic coast. University of Washington press, Seattle, Washington, 670 pp.
orson G (1936) e larval development, growth, and metabolism of arctic marine bottom
invertebrates compared with those of other seas. CA Reitzel 100(6).
Tyler PA, Pain SL, Gage JD, Billett DSM (1984) e reproductive biology of deep-sea for-
cipulate seastars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) from the NE Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 64(3): 587–601.
Content uploaded by Camille Moreau
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Camille Moreau on Apr 03, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
