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The Characterization of the Selected Trees Damaged During Severe Weather Episode on the Mountain Avala (Serbia) Using IR Thermography, ICP-OES, and Microbiological Analysis
Abstract
Selected plants of white fir and lime, damaged during severe weather episode on the mountain Avala (Serbia) in summer 2014, were analyzed and characterized (including their spatial soil samples) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), infrared (IR) thermography, and microbiological method such as enumeration of cultivable microorganisms. The results obtained from chemical and microbiological analyses provided valuable information on possible biotic and abiotic stressors such as soil fungi and heavy metals, which could affect the health status of trees, while IR thermography visualized this status in a very specific and effective way. The results of ICP-OES analysis clearly showed that the investigated heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd, and Ni) were less likely crucial factors responsible for ruined health status of damaged trees. The role of soil fungi was not clear, since the results of microbiological analysis only provided evidence that their amounts in all investigated soil samples were within normal ranges as well as that their amounts in the corresponding samples of the uprooted trees were much greater than in the case of snapped trees. Therefore, further molecular characterization of microorganisms should be performed to identify if pathogenic species are present and clarify their role. Nevertheless, all used methods, especially IR thermal imaging as a totally non-invasive, fast and very comfortable technique, can be recommended as very useful in preventive screening of the trees’ health status and for early detection of tissue decay that usually hamper trees survival or resistance to extreme weather events.
... Moreover, the substrate and colonies have different densities and water contents [Filin 2005]. Another important aspect that determines the differences in temperature between substances (substrate and colony) is their different levels of energy emission and heat absorption [Alagi et al. 2018]. ...
One of the most important soilborne diseases affecting avocado (Persea americana Mill.) crops is white root rot, caused by the fungus Rosellinia necatrix. In this study we investigated the metabolic responses elicited by white root rot in the aerial part of the plant with special focus on the potential applications of imaging technique (including chlorophyll fluorescence (Chl-F), blue-green fluorescence and thermography) in early detection of the disease on leaves. The results show that leaf metabolism was significantly affected by the infection only when symptoms started to appear, which was probably related to the loss of root functionality. However, changes in some Chl-F parameters provided early indications of stress even prior to the development of symptoms. We suggest that the combinatorial analysis of several Chl-F parameters could be used as a method for early detection of stress related to white root rot, and might prove useful as a general indicator of biotic and abiotic stress in avocado plants.
Key message
The gynoecium in
M. denudata
was thermogenic, and the first peak in the female phase lasted longer than the second peak in the male phase during flowering.
Abstract
The floral biology of Magnolia denudata, including the thermogenesis of floral buds and blooming, were investigated using a portable infrared thermal imaging radiometer and digital infrared thermometer. We found that M. denudata buds have extremely dense trichomes that maintain internal temperatures above external temperatures. The pattern of thermogenesis in M. denudata anthesis consisted of two distinct episodes corresponding to apparent receptivity of the stigmas in the female phase and incipient shedding of pollen in the male phase: one begins in the female phase and lasts about 6 h and another occurs synchronously 24 h later and lasts about 4 h in the male phase. In addition, we found that the temperature was significantly elevated in the inner petals upon flowering, indicating that they may play an important role in producing a warm floral chamber. These results increase our understanding of the strategies used by Magnoliaceae blossoms to maintain an optimal microclimate at low temperatures in the early spring.
This study describes wiretapping method for camera and its monitoring codes. Analysis and decoding of specially protected ISI database includes temperature data of an object observed in the process.
The use of higher plants to remediate contaminated land is known as phytoremediation, a term coined 15years ago. Among green technologies addressed to metal pollution, phytoextraction has received increasing
attention starting from the discovery of hyperaccumulator plants, which are able to concentrate high levels of specific metals
in the above-ground harvestable biomass. The small shoot and root growth of these plants and the absence of their commercially
available seeds have stimulated study on biomass species, including herbaceous field crops. We review here the results of
a bibliographical survey from 1995 to 2009 in CAB abstracts on phytoremediation and heavy metals for crop species, citations of which have greatly increased, especially after 2001. Apart from the most frequently cited
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., which is often referred to as an hyperaccumulator of various metals, studies mainly focus on Helianthus annuus L., Zea mays L. and Brassica napus L., the last also having the greatest annual increase in number of citations. Field crops may compensate their low metal
concentration by a greater biomass yield, but available data from in situ experiments are currently very few. The use of amendments
or chelators is often tested in the field to improve metal recovery, allowing above-normal concentrations to be reached. Values
for Zn exceeding 1,000mgkg−1 are found in Brassica spp., Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Zea mays, and Cu higher than 500mgkg−1 in Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Lead greater than 1,000mgkg−1 is measured in Festuca spp. and various Fabaceae. Arsenic has values higher than 200mgkg−1 in sorghum and soybean, whereas Cd concentrations are generally lower than 50mgkg−1. Assisted phytoextraction is currently facilitated by the availability of low-toxic and highly degradable chelators, such
as EDDS and nitrilotriacetate. Currently, several experimental attempts are being made to improve plant growth and metal uptake,
and results are being achieved from the application of organic acids, auxins, humic acids and mycorrhization. The phytoremediation
efficiency of field crops is rarely high, but their greater growth potential compared with hyperaccumulators should be considered
positively, in that they can establish a dense green canopy in polluted soil, improving the landscape and reducing the mobility
of pollutants through water, wind erosion and water percolation.
Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing data can provide important measurements of surface energy fluxes and temperatures, which are integral to understanding landscape processes and responses. One example of this is the successful application of TIR remote sensing data to estimate evapotranspiration and soil moisture, where results from a number of studies suggest that satellite-based measurements from TIR remote sensing data can lead to more accurate regional-scale estimates of daily evapotranspiration. With further refinement in analytical techniques and models, the use of TIR data from airborne and satellite sensors could be very useful for parameterizing surface moisture conditions and developing better simulations of landscape energy exchange over a variety of conditions and space and time scales. Thus, TIR remote sensing data can significantly contribute to the observation, measurement, and analysis of energy balance characteristics (i.e., the fluxes and redistribution of thermal energy within and across the land surface) as an implicit and important aspect of landscape dynamics and landscape functioning.
The application of TIR remote sensing data in landscape ecological studies has been limited, however, for several fundamental reasons that relate primarily to the perceived difficulty in use and availability of these data by the landscape ecology community, and from the fragmentation of references on TIR remote sensing throughout the scientific literature. It is our purpose here to provide evidence from work that has employed TIR remote sensing for analysis of landscape characteristics to illustrate how these data can provide important data for the improved measurement of landscape energy response and energy flux relationships. We examine the direct or indirect use of TIR remote sensing data to analyze landscape biophysical characteristics, thereby offering some insight on how these data can be used more robustly to further the understanding and modeling of landscape ecological processes.
This book covers the general principles of the occurrence, analysis, soil chemical behaviour and soil-plant-animal aspects of heavy metals and metalloids, followed by more detailed coverage of 21 elements: antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, tin, tungsten, uranium, vanadium and zinc.
This third edition of the book has been completely rewritten by mainly new authors and is now divided into three sections:
1: Basic Principles
2: Key Heavy Metals and Metalloids
3: Other Heavy Metals and Metalloids of Potential Environmental Significance
The scope has been widened with four new chapters in Section 1 dealing with toxicity in soil organisms, soil-plant relationships, heavy metals and metalloids as micronutrients for plants and/or animals, and the modelling of critical loads of heavy metals for use in risk assessment and environmental legislation.
This book will be of great value to advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, research scientists and professionals in environmental science, soil science, geochemistry, agronomy, environmental health and environmental engineering, including specialists responsible for the management and clean-up of contaminated land.
Particulate matter has dangerous impacts on human health, environment and economy. Recently, dust storms coming from Arab countries have drastically increased, and affect the western and central parts of Iran. The aim of the present study is to investigate the annual and seasonal changes in meteorological parameters associated with the occurrence of dust storms, physical and chemical properties of airborne dust over Ahvaz city during the warm period in 2010. Particle size distribution analyses were conducted by using the laser size analysis techniques. Chemical compositions are measured with different techniques such as X-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and X-ray diffraction. Also, the level of heavy metal contamination in the dust samples was determined using enrichment factor. A disagreement between the occurrences of dust storms, temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall shows the major source of dust storms over Ahvaz city was from the neighboring countries. Scanning electron microscope analyses of dust samples show that airborne dust has rounded irregular, angular and jagged shapes. The sizes of dust particles vary from 0.1 to 55 μm, but PM10 is the dominant particle size. The chemical and mineralogical analysis of dust particles, with major contribution of SiO2, Al2O3, and CaO indicated the likely origin of these particles is the countries neighboring southwest of Iran. Also, the detected trace elements of Br, Mo, S, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co and Hg had non-crustal sources. Generally, airborne dusts in Ahvaz city are geochemically much the same as dust samples in other parts of the world.
The samples of spatial soils and different organs of Prunus persica L. Batech and Malus domestica were analyzed by methods such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), One-way ANOVA, and calculation of biological accumulation factors (BAFs) with the aim of investigating whether these methods may help in the evaluation of trace metals in plants, as well as in the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. ICP-OES provided accurate data on present concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd, and Ni which showed that most concentrations were in normal ranges, except in some cases for Cu, Zn, and As. HCA illustrated nicely various specifics in the distribution of metals in both investigated systems plant-soil. One-way ANOVA pointed successfully on the existing statistical differences between metal concentrations. Calculated BAFs showed that both plants had very low accumulation rates for all elements; they acted as metal excluders.
Population of the rare and endangered species Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f. declined rapidly in China’s arid region and Central Asia. There is an urgent need to protect this species, which is particularly important in maintaining biodiversity throughout the arid region of northwestern China. By analyzing the infrared thermal images based on plant-transpiration transfer coefficient (h
at) and photosynthetic parameters, we made quantitative and accurate diagnoses of the plant growth and health status of A. mongolicus. Using an LI-COR6400 photosynthesis system, we measured the net photosynthetic rate (P
n), stomatal conductance (G
s), and transpiration rate (T
r). Infrared thermal images obtained in the field were processed by ENVI4.8 software to calculate surface temperatures of the plant subjects. We found that the plant transpiration transfer coefficient of A. mongolicus was in the order of old plants >young plants >intermediate-aged plants. Declining health levels of young, intermediate, and old plants were divided into three categories: <0.4, 0.4–0.7, and >0.7. The coefficient showed a significant negative correlation with T
r, G
s, and P
n, indicating that they can simultaneously reflect the state of plant growth. By establishing hat and photosynthetic parameters in regression model Y = a-blnx, we can accurately diagnose plant growth and decline of plant health conditions.
Metals can pollute soils in both urban and rural areas with severe impacts on the health of humans, plants and animals living there. Information on metal toxicity is therefore important for ecotoxicology. This study investigated the phytotoxicity of different metals frequently found as pollutants in soils: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), sorghum (Sorghum saccharatum) and cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds were used as models for other plants used in human nutrition such as cereals, rice, fruits and vegetables. The 72-h germination rate and root elongations were selected as short-term ecotoxicological endpoints in seeds exposed to single metals and mixtures. Metals were spiked onto OECD standard soils in concentrations comparable to current Italian contamination threshold concentrations for residential and commercial soils. Arsenic, chromium, mercury and nickel were the most toxic metals in our experimental conditions, particularly to cress seeds (5.172, 152 and 255.4mg/kg as 72h IC50 for arsenic, mercury and nickel respectively). Italian limits were acceptable for plant protection only for exposure to each metal alone but not for the mixtures containing all the metals concentrations expected by their respective legislative threshold. The effects of the mixture were class-specific: trends were comparable in dicots but different in monocots. The response induced by the mixture at high concentrations differed from that theoretically obtainable by summing the effects of the individual metals. This might be due to partial antagonism of the metals in soil or to the formation of complexes between the metals, which reduce the bioavailability of the pollutants for plants.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A new method for the decomposition of soybean based edible products (soy extract, textured soy protein, transgenic soybeans, and whole soy flour) was developed to essential (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, V, and Zn) and non-essential (As, Ba, Cd, Pb, and Sr) trace elements determination by ICP OES and ICP-MS respectively. Effects related to the concentration of HNO3 (2.1-14.5molL(-1)) and the use of hydrogen peroxide on the efficiency of decomposition was evaluated based on the residual carbon content (RCC). It was demonstrated that 2.1molL(-1) HNO3 plus 1.0mL H2O2 was suitable for an efficient digestion, since RCC was lower than 18% and the agreement with certified values and spike recoveries were higher than 90% for all analytes. The concentrations of analytes in the samples (minimum-maximum in mgkg(-1)) were: The concentrations of analytes in the samples (minimum-maximum in mgkg(-1)) were: As (<0.007-0.040), Ba (0.064-10.6), Cd (<0.006-0.028), Co (0.012-102), Cr (0.56-5.88), Cu (6.53-13.9), Fe (24.9-126), Mn (16.4-35.2), Ni (0.74-4.78), Se (<2.90-25), Sr (2.48-20.1), Pb (<0.029-0.11), V (<0.027-20), and Zn (30.1-47.3). Soy-based foods investigated in this study presented variable composition in terms of essential and potentially toxic elements, which can be attributed to different methods of processing.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
More than a decade ago, the Driver (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal partners drive plant communities) and Passenger (AMF community dynamics follows changes in the host plant community) hypotheses were suggested to explain the mutual relationships of plant and AMF communities. We propose one more hypothesis: the Habitat hypothesis, which postulates that both plant and AMF communities follow changes in abiotic conditions. The null hypothesis for all three working hypotheses can be called the Independence hypothesis, which proposes that plant and AMF communities are unrelated. We investigate the assumptions of these hypotheses and the available evidence in support of them. We suggest that community dynamics during secondary succession, including those related to land-use changes, may be explained by the Driver hypothesis, while the dynamics of plant and AMF communities during primary succession may be explained by the Passenger hypothesis. Within-region co-variation of successionally stable plant and AMF communities may be explained by the Habitat hypothesis, while the Independence hypothesis may explain global patterns of plant and AMF communities. These suggestions are tentative, and more evidence from both descriptive and experimental studies is required to assess them. In particular, comparative information is needed about dispersal limitation of plant and AMF communities in dynamic landscapes.
Near-range and remote sensing techniques have demonstrated a high potential in detecting diseases and in monitoring crop stands for sub-areas with infected plants. The occurrence of plant diseases depends on specific environmental and epidemiological factors; diseases, therefore, often have a patchy distribution in the field. This review outlines recent insights in the use of non-invasive optical sensors for the detection, identification and quantification of plant diseases on different scales. Most promising sensor types are thermography, chlorophyll fluorescence and hyperspectral sensors. For the detection and monitoring of plant disease, imaging systems are preferable to non-imaging systems. Differences and key benefits of these techniques are outlined. To utilise the full potential of these highly sophisticated, innovative technologies and high dimensional, complex data for precision crop protection, a multi-disciplinary approach—including plant pathology, engineering, and informatics—is required. Besides precision crop protection, plant phenotyping for resistance breeding or fungicide screening can be optimized by these innovative technologies.
Accurate measurement of sapwood depth (DS) is essential for calculating volumetric water use of individual trees and stands. Various methods are available to measure DS but their accuracy is rarely cross-validated. We sampled fifteen Eucalyptus and one Corymbia species along a gradient of aridity and obtained reference values of DS in fresh wood cores using light microscopy, which represents our reference method. We compared this method to the simpler and widely used macroscopic method: visual assessment of natural or induced colour change from sapwood to heartwood. In a third method, estimation of DS was based on species-specific models that rely on wood properties measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR).
Microscopy allowed clear identification of DS based on the presence of blocked vessels. Measurement of DS using microscopic methods was possible for 78 of a total of 80 cores and ranged from 3.6 mm (E. loxophleba) to 43.8 mm (E. viminalis). Macroscopic assessment clearly differentiated sapwood and heartwood in 60 cores. Results from microscopic and macroscopic methods agreed closely (<10% deviation between estimates) in 35 of 78 cores. After elimination of clearly erroneous measurements (>50% deviation between estimates), macroscopic measurement across all species agreed well with microscopic assessment of DS (R2 = 0.92). Models developed for differentiation between sapwood and heartwood using NIR spectroscopy were very robust (high coefficient of determination) for four species, but DS could only be predicted well for one (E. obliqua) of the four species. Even after elimination of apparent false estimates, prediction of DS by NIR across species was not as strong as for macroscopic assessment (R2 = 0.88).
DS can accurately be measured using microscopy if vessel occlusion is clearly visible. Although slightly overestimated, DS from macroscopic assessment was generally similar to that measured by microscopy. NIR spectroscopy was unable to predict DS with acceptable accuracy for the majority of species. Further improvements in the prediction of DS using NIR will require more intensive model calibration and validation, and may not be applicable to all species.
Questions
How is sudden oak death disease progression affected by forest type? Which specific factors influence mortality rates and patterns? How do these trends vary across spatial scales?
Location
Point Reyes National Seashore, California, USA.
Methods
Sudden oak death, caused by the exotic pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, is affecting forests throughout coastal California. We investigated disease progression in tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus), the most susceptible species, in two distinct forest types: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii). Within each forest type, we used a variant of a split-plot design to sample proximate areas at two different stages of disease progression (relatively unaffected vs severely impacted), and used generalized linear mixed effects models to analyse these data.
Results
Annual mortality rates were much higher in Douglas-fir (10.1–26.2%) than in redwood (3.2–8.2%) forest, and data suggested that similarly divergent rates will continue into the future (proportions of surviving trees with disease symptoms remained constant from the beginning to the end of the study period). Across both forest types, survival probabilities were lower for tanoaks with larger diameters and tanoaks in plots (1/20 ha) and neighbourhoods (3-m radius) with greater basal area of previously killed tanoak. All variables were significant when included in the same model, suggesting that disease spread is occurring simultaneously at two local spatial scales. Several other biotic and abiotic variables were unrelated to tanoak survival probability.
Conclusions
We detected mortality rates that exceed any rates previously associated with sudden oak death, while demonstrating that these rates can vary substantially between adjacent forest types. However, because the Douglas-fir forests of our study area are adjacent to the ocean, which is somewhat uncommon for this forest type, our findings do not necessarily indicate that all Douglas-fir forests with a substantial tanoak component are at risk of similar impacts. Our data also suggest that, in both forest types, local patchiness in disease presence/severity is an ephemeral condition resulting primarily from stochastic processes (e.g. long-distance dispersal events), while intra-plot spread around infected trees is deterministic and probably inevitable. Our findings should inform scientists and managers throughout the world attempting to understand disease progression in regions recently invaded by P. ramorum (e.g. Europe) and/or affected by other exotic forest pathogens.
Metal contamination issues are becoming increasingly common in India and elsewhere, with many documented cases of metal toxicity
in mining industries, foundries, smelters, coal-burning power plants and agriculture. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper,
lead, chromium and mercury are major environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Heavy
metal accumulation in soils is of concern in agricultural production due to the adverse effects on food safety and marketability,
crop growth due to phytotoxicity, and environmental health of soil organisms. The influence of plants and their metabolic
activities affects the geological and biological redistribution of heavy metals through pollution of the air, water and soil.
This article details the range of heavy metals, their occurrence and toxicity for plants. Metal toxicity has high impact and
relevance to plants and consequently it affects the ecosystem, where the plants form an integral component. Plants growing
in metal-polluted sites exhibit altered metabolism, growth reduction, lower biomass production and metal accumulation. Various
physiological and biochemical processes in plants are affected by metals. The contemporary investigations into toxicity and
tolerance in metal-stressed plants are prompted by the growing metal pollution in the environment. A few metals, including
copper, manganese, cobalt, zinc and chromium are, however, essential to plant metabolism in trace amounts. It is only when
metals are present in bioavailable forms and at excessive levels, they have the potential to become toxic to plants. This
review focuses mainly on zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium, lead, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, manganese and iron.
KeywordsHeavy metals-Environment-Toxic effects-Plants-Anthropogenic activities
Utilization of Earth remote-sensing data to solve scientific and engineering problems within such fields as meteorology and
climatology requires precise radiometric calibration of space-borne instruments. High-accuracy calibration equipment in the
thermal-IR wavelength range ought to be combined during calibration procedures with the simulation of environmental conditions
for space orbit (high vacuum, medium background). For more than 35years, VNIIOFI has developed and manufactured standard
radiation sources in the form of precision blackbodies (BB) functioning within wide ranges of wavelengths and working temperatures.
These BBs are the spectral radiance and irradiance calibration devices in the world’s leading space research institutions,
such as SDL (USA), DLR (Germany), Keldysh Space Center (Russia), RNIIKP/RISDE (Russia), NEC Toshiba Space Systems (Japan),
etc. The paper contains a detailed description of low-temperature precision BBs developed at VNIIOFI. The characteristics
of variable-temperature (100K to 400K) research-grade extended-area (up to 350mm) BB models BB100-V1 and BB-80/350 are
described (they are intended for radiometric calibrations by comparison with a primary standard source), as well as those
that can be used as sources for high-accuracy IR calibration of space-borne and other systems not requiring a vacuum environment.
The temperature nonuniformity and stability of these BBs are (0.05 to 0.1)K (cavity-type BB100-V1), and 0.1% for the (1.5
to 15)μm wavelength region under cryo-vacuum conditions of a medium-background environment.
The contribution of plant root systems to slope stability and soil erosion control has received a lot of attention in recent
years. The plant root system is an intricate and adaptive object, and understanding the details of soil–root interaction is
a difficult task. Although the morphology of a root system greatly influences its soil-fixing efficiency, limited architectural
work has been done in the context of slope stabilization and erosion control, and hence it remains unknown exactly which characteristics
are important. Many of the published research methods are tedious and time-consuming. This review deals with the underlying
mechanisms of shallow slope stabilization and erosion control by roots, especially as determined by their architectural characteristics.
The effect of soil properties as well as the relative importance of different root sizes and of woody versus non-woody species
are briefly discussed. Empirically and intuitively, architectural features seem to determine the effect of root systems on
erosion phenomena and an effort is therefore made here to link both aspects. Still, the research to underpin this relationship
is poorly developed. A variety of methods are available for detailed root system architectural measurement and analysis. Although,
generally time-consuming, a full 3D architectural description followed by analysis in software such as AMAPmod offers the
possibility to extract relevant information on almost any root system architectural characteristic. Combining several methods
of measurement and analysis in a complementary way may be a useful option, especially in a context of modelling.
The degree of contamination by heavy metals (arsenic, copper, lead, tin and zinc) in soil and transfer to plants has been studied. Specimens of plant species from five locations in an area of 10 x 10 m were sampled with their corresponding soils. Thirty six plant species including two shallow water aquatic plants were identified. Soil and plant specimens were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. It was found that metal concentration in soil was highly variable while concentration of metals in plants directly depends on the concentration of metals it was rooted. Roots showed highest metal concentration followed by leaves, shoots and flowers. Bioconcentraion factor and translocation factor were calculated, representing Cyperus rotundus L. as a potential tin-hyperaccumulator plant, previously not reported in literature. Plant Species Imperata cylindrica, Lycopodium cernuum, Melastoma malabathricum, Mimosa pudica Linn, Nelumbo nucifera, Phragmites australis L., Pteris vittata L. and Salvinia molesta, were metal accumulator while Acacia podalyriaefolia G. Don, Bulb Vanisium, Dillenia reticulate King, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Evodia roxburghiania Hk. f. clarke, Gleichenia linearis, Grewia erythrocarpa Ridl., Manihot esculenta Crantz, Paspalum conjugatum Berguis, Passiflora suberosa, Saccharum officinarum, Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. and Vitis trifolia Linn. were tolerated plant species. All other studied plants were excluders. Identified plant species could be useful for revegetation and erosion control in metals contaminated ex-mining sites. Morphological changes such as reduction in size, change in color and deshaping have also been observed in plant species with high metal values.
Incluye bibliografía e índice
Chapter 1 contains a short historical introduction. Chapter 2, represents an updated review of microbial diversity and systematics. It also provides essential information required for the understanding of the form, function, and systematic relationship of microorganisms. Chapter 3 is devoted to the formation and structure of microbial communities, and deals with this subject both in the evolutionary and successional senses. Chapter 4 describes the interactions between microorganisms, and Chapters 5 and 6 explore the interactions of microorganisms with plants and with animals, respectively. Chapter 7 discusses the quantitative measurement of numbers, biomass, and activity of microorganisms; Chapter 8 examines the influence and the measurement of their environmental determinants. Chapter 9 presents air, water, and soil as microbial habitats and describes the typical composition of their communities. Chapters 10 and 11 contain an expanded discussion of the biogeochemical cycling activities performed by microbial communities. Chapters 12-15 deal with applied aspects of microbial ecology evident in biodeterioration control, sanitation, soil conservation, pollution control, resource recovery, and biological control.
Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review
- PC Nagajyoti
- KD Lee
- TVM Sreekanth
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Principles of plant analysis
- RD Munson
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January 2018
Sudden oak death disease progression across two forest types and spatial scales
- B S Ramage
- A B Forrestel
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- O Hara
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Ramage BS, Forrestel AB, Moritz MA, O'Hara KL (2012) Sudden
oak death disease progression across two forest types and spatial
scales. J Veg Sci 23:151-163
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