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e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 1
The lichens of the Alps – an annotated checklist
Pier Luigi Nimis1, Josef Hafellner2, Claude Roux3, Philippe Clerc4,
HelmutMayrhofer2, Stefano Martellos1, Peter O. Bilovitz2
1 Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy 2 Institute of
Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria 3 Chemin des Vignes-
Vieilles, 84120 Mirabeau, France 4 Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, 1 chemin de
l’Impératrice, 1292 Chambésy/GE, Switzerland
Corresponding author: Helmut Mayrhofer (helmut.mayrhofer@uni-graz.at)
Academic editor: H.T. Lumbsch|Received11 January 2018|Accepted 6 February 2018|Published 12 March2018
Citation: Nimis PL, Hafellner J, Roux C, Clerc P, Mayrhofer H, Martellos S, Bilovitz PO (2018) e lichens of the
Alps – an annotated checklist. MycoKeys 31: 1–634. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.31.23568
Abstract
is is the rst attempt to provide an overview of the lichen diversity of the Alps, one of the biogegraphi-
cally most important and emblematic mountain systems worldwide. e checklist includes all lichenised
species, plus a set of non- or doubtfully lichenised taxa frequently treated by lichenologists, excluding non-
lichenised lichenicolous fungi. Largely based on recent national or regional checklists, it provides a list of
all infrageneric taxa (with synonyms) hitherto reported from the Alps, with data on their distribution in
eight countries (Austria, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland) and in 42
Operational Geographic Units, mostly corresponding to administrative subdivisions within the countries.
Data on the main substrates and on the altitudinal distribution are also provided. A short note points to
the main ecological requirements of each taxon and/or to open taxonomic problems. Particularly poorly
known taxa are agged and often provided with a short description, to attract the attention of specialists.
e total number of infrageneric taxa is 3,163, including 117 non- or doubtfully lichenised taxa. e
richness of the lichen biota fairly well corresponds with the percent of the Alpine area occupied by each
country: Austria (2,337 taxa), Italy (2,169), France (2,028), Switzerland (1,835), Germany (1,168), Slo-
venia (890) and Lichtenstein (152), no lichen having ever been reported from Monaco. e number of
poorly known taxa is quite high (604, 19.1% of the total), which indicates that, in spite of the Alps being
one of the lichenologically most studied mountain systems worldwide, much work is still needed to reach
a satisfactory picture of their real lichen diversity. irteen new combinations are proposed in the genera
Agonimia, Aspicilia, Bagliettoa, Bellemerea, Carbonea, Lepra, Miriquidica, Polysporina, Protothelenella, Pseu-
dosagedia and elidium.
Keywords
Europe, biodiversity, lichenised fungi, fungi, taxonomy
Copyright Pier Luigi Nimis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
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MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.31.23658
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Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
2
Table of contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 2
Delimitation of the Alps ..................................................................................... 4
Structure of the checklist .................................................................................... 5
Nomenclature and synonyms ............................................................................. 5
Lichenised and non-lichenised species ................................................................ 6
Poorly known taxa .............................................................................................. 6
Substrates (Subs.) ............................................................................................... 6
Bioclimatic/Altitudinal distribution (Alt.) .......................................................... 7
Regional distribution ......................................................................................... 7
Notes ................................................................................................................. 8
Databasing the checklist ..................................................................................... 8
e lichen diversity of the Alps: some numbers .................................................. 8
Concluding remarks ........................................................................................... 9
Taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties ........................................................... 10
e taxa.................................................................................................................. 11
Lichenised taxa ................................................................................................. 11
Non- or doubtfully lichenised taxa frequently treated by lichenologists .......... 598
Particularly dubious records and extremely poorly known taxa………………622
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 632
References ............................................................................................................ 632
Introduction
In the history of biogeography, the Alps play a most important role: they are one of the
largest continuous natural areas in Europe and probably the most studied mountain
system worldwide, to the point that terms such as “alpine” and “subalpine” are widely
used for any mountain system in the world.
Situated between the Eurosiberian and the Mediterranean biogeographic regions,
the Alps are an interzonal mountain system distributed amongst eight countries over an
area of ca. 170,000 km2, with a length of ca. 1,200 km and a maximum width of 300
km; they start at sea level and peak at 4,807 m (Mt. Blanc). e Alps are present in eight
countries: Austria (28.7% of the overall area of the Alps), Italy (27.2%), France (21.4%),
Switzerland (13.2%), Germany (5.8%), Slovenia (3.6%), Liechtenstein (0.08%) and
Monaco (0.01%) with a total population of ca. 11.1 million people. e Alps, which in-
clude fourteen national parks and many regional protected areas, shelter a large number
of natural and semi-natural habitats, with a rich diversity of organisms and landscapes.
ey are one of the richest biodiversity hotspots in Europe, hosting e.g. 4,450 vascular
plant taxa with a density of 2,200 taxa per 10,000 km² (Aeschimann et al. 2011a), the
most species-rich areas being in the West and the South, the richest in endemics cor-
responding to areas that were glacier-free during the Pleistocene, such as the southern
part of the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps (Tribsch 2004, Aeschimann et al. 2011b).
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 3
e Alps are also the mountain system which was explored with more continuity
by botanists, zoologists and mycologists, including lichenologists. It is not easy for
present readers to imagine the problems facing the rst scholars in studying the lichens
of the Alps: neither highways nor rapid trains existed in the Alpine region and any as-
cension to the Alpine belt had to be made with days of travel through dusty or muddy
roads and by hard climbing through paths built by shepherds, with uncomfortable
overnight stays in primitive shelters with limited food, nally carrying down the heavy
collections to the next village. In spite of these diculties, the Alps have been inten-
sively studied since the earliest years by important lichenologists such as, to mention
only a few, M. Anzi (1812–1881), F. Arnold (1828–1901), F. Baglietto (1826–1916),
S. Garovaglio (1805–1882), Ph. Hepp (1797–1867), A. M. Hue (1840–1917), E.
Kernstock (1852–1900), A. von Krempelhuber (1813–1882), A. Massalongo (1824–
1860), W. Nylander (1822–1899), J. Müller Argoviensis (1828–1896), A. E. Sauter
(1800–1881), L. E. Schaerer (1785–1853), G. A. Scopoli (1723–1788), E. Stizen-
berger (1827–1895) and F. X. von Wulfen (1728–1805). In the second half of the
19th Century, the rst attempts of national-regional checklists appeared, such as those
of Krempelhuber (1861) for Bavaria, Stizenberger (1882, 1883) for Switzerland and
Jatta (1900) for Italy. In the 20th Century, the lichenological exploration of the Alps
continued and intensied to the present times, especially from the post World War II
period, when important Masters such as Georges Clauzade (1914–2002), Eduard Frey
(1888–1974) and Josef Poelt (1924–1995) contributed to a revival of lichenological
studies in the Alps by training a new generation of lichenologists, including most au-
thors of the present checklist.
us, the Alps are, beyond doubt, one of the lichenologically best investigated parts
of the world. Surprisingly, however, no general overview of their lichen diversity was ever
attempted, all of the existing checklists having being compiled at the national or region-
al levels, a situation which also applies to most of the other taxonomic groups, including
animals and to most transnational orobiomes worldwide, with the notable exception for
lichens of the Carpathian mountains (Bielczyk et al. 2004, Lisická 2005). is lack of
a general overview hampered the possibility of comparing the biogeographic traits of
such an emblematic area as the Alps with those of other mountains systems worldwide,
including not only other European orobiomes (Carpathians, Pyrenees, Scandinavian
Mts., Caucasus) but also extra-European ones (Himalayas, Rocky Mountains, tropi-
cal high mountains of Africa, New Zealand Alps etc.), to elucidate various patterns of
disjunctions and overall distribution, both on the taxonomic level (species, genera) and
on that of entire biota. is fact is particularly annoying in the case of lichens, which
include many broad-ranging species and relatively few endemics, so that many taxa de-
scribed from the Alps have been later detected in other parts of the world.
Work for the present checklist started almost 15 years ago, upon a suggestion by
P.L. Nimis. e idea was to rapidly produce a catalogue of lichens known from the
Alps, by electronically merging the information contained in the checklists of Germany
(Grummann 1963, Scholz 2000), Italy (Nimis 1993), Austria (Türk and Poelt 1993,
Hafellner and Türk 2001), Slovenia (Suppan et al. 2000) and Switzerland (Clerc 2004,
at that time in preparation), plus those included in the still unpublished catalogue of
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
4
the lichens of France by C. Roux and collaborators. A rst general list was produced
in 2005, but its completion proved to be much less easy than foreseen, mainly because
of the many open taxonomic problems and the necessity for continuous updates due
to intense lichenological exploration in most countries. e progress of lichenological
activity in several “Alpine” countries was such, that in the last few years, new, updated
checklists were published for Switzerland (Clerc and Truong 2012), France (Roux et al.
2014, 2017), Italy (Nimis and Martellos 2003, Nimis 2016), Germany (Wirth et al.
2013), and Austria (Hafellner and Türk 2016).
e present checklist tries to summarise all of this information, providing, for the
rst time, a complete annotated catalogue of all lichenised fungi hitherto reported
from the Alps.
Delimitation of the Alps
In planning a checklist of the Alps, the authors had to face the question of delimiting
the corresponding geographic area. As there is no unique delimitation of the Alps, one
was adopted approaching the boundaries proposed by Marazzi (2005), within which
Aeschimann et al. (2004) only retained the Alpine phytogeographic unit. However,
some dierences are identied: 1) contrary to Aeschimann et al. (2004), in the West-
ern Alps, these limits extend to sea level, also encompassing areas with an eu-Medi-
terranean vegetation and the coastal rocks along the Mediterranean Sea. 2) Monaco
is included; however, to the authors’ knowledge, there is no lichen record from this
small country (ca. 2 km2), which is practically devoid of natural areas. 3) Contrary to
Marazzi (2005), the Mt. Salève range was included as for example Führer (1979) did,
when he drew the border of the Alps along the Rhine and therefore regarded it as part
of the Bornes Alpes. Despite geological similarities with the Jura, Mt. Salève is much
closer to the Alps and lichens described from there may well occur in the adjacent,
equally mainly calcareous Massif de Bornes. 4) e area of Trnovsky gozd in Slovenia
has also been included, this being sometimes considered as part of the Alps (e.g. by
Bätzing 2001, 2015), sometimes of the Dinarides (e.g. by Marazzi 2005).
Alpine and pre-Alpine Slovenia were delimited according to the phytogeographic
units proposed by Wraber (1969) and Zupančič et al. (1987), because of the lack
of suitable administrative subdivisions in the young country when the checklist was
starting to be prepared. With the exception of Slovenia, the further subdivision of the
Alpine area into Operational Geographic Units corresponds with those of the main
administrative units (Bundesländer in Austria, Départements in France, Regierungs-
bezirke in Germany/Bavaria, Regioni in Italy, Cantons in Switzerland), as this is the
way the records are organised in the national lichen checklists.
In several cases, the adopted delimitation of the Alps does not correspond with the
limits of the administrative subdivisions; typical is the case of Liguria (Italy), where
only a very minor part of the regional territory falls within the Alpine area. In such
cases, the authors have tried, as far as possible, to eliminate from the regional lists all
species which occur in these regions, but have no record from the Alpine area proper.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 5
Figure 1. Delimitation of the Alps, with the administrative subdivisions (for abbreviations, see below).
Structure of the checklist
e list is mainly based on records published in the recent checklists of Slovenia (Sup-
pan et al. 2000, integrated by Mayrhofer 2006), Switzerland (Clerc and Truong 2012),
Germany (Grummann 1963, Scholz 2000, Wirth et al. 2013), France (Roux et al.
2014, 2017), Italy (Nimis 2016) and Austria (Hafellner and Türk 2016). e authors
refer to these works for a more extensive list of references and/or further details on
the data sources. e data concerning Liechtenstein derive from a still unpublished
work by Hafellner and Boom (in prep.). In a few cases, oristic and taxonomic treat-
ments published after the national checklists were also taken into consideration. Sev-
eral non-lichenised species which were and are traditionally treated by lichenologists
are included, but non-lichenised lichenicolous fungi are excluded. Particularly dubious
records are listed at the end.
Nomenclature and synonyms
e authors have tried to update nomenclature to the latest standards. However, the au-
thors have preferred to maintain some old, well-established genera such as Caloplaca s.lat.
and Aspicilia s.lat., since too many species from the Alps still await a re-assignment to
the new genera in which they were split, mainly on the basis of molecular data. Generic
concepts of cetrariod macrolichens are the object of a long ongoing controversy amongst
dierent working groups: a recent phylogenetic reconstruction based on sequence data
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
6
resulted in the recognition of a few genera only, which include morphologically and
chemically fairly dierent groups (e.g. inclusion of Allocetraria, Cetrariella, Usnocetraria
and Vulpicida in Cetraria; inclusion of Flavocetraria, Tuckermannopsis, Tuckneraria and
further genera in Nephromopsis). As other working groups are expected to have dierent
views, for the time being, the traditionally more or less well-established genera are main-
tained. e authors’ treatment of morphologically and chemically heterogeneous groups
also needs an explanation. For example, the Xanthoparmelia pulla-group, the Lecidea
atrobrunnea-group, the Sarcogyne regularis-group and the amnolia vermicularis-group
include morphotypes and chemical strains, which in the past have been treated partly as
species, partly as infraspecic taxa. eir taxonomic value is still not well understood.
For practical reasons, infraspecic ranks are applied here, so that closely related taxa and
strains can be listed together, but the authors are aware of the subjectivity of this decision.
Apart from the basionyms, well-established synonyms used in publications about
lichens in the Alps are included, but due to space limitations, an index of all cited
names is not included. Such a thesaurus will be included in a forthcoming online ver-
sion of the checklist.
Lichenised and non-lichenised species
L Lichenised species.
F Non- or doubtfully lichenised species usually reported by lichenologists.
Poorly known taxa
# – is checklist includes quite a high number of very poorly understood taxa, often
only known from the type material. e authors have decided to retain most of them,
for the following reasons: 1) ey could constitute good taxa, as is happening for some
of the many species of Verrucariaceae described by M. Servít, 2) ey could prove to
be the correct name for other taxa described later, 3) In some cases their omission was
mainly due to the unavailability of the type material, which was recently discovered and
awaits further study (e.g. for some of the taxa described by M. Anzi, see Nimis 2016).
Substrates (Subs.)
e main types of substrates are abbreviated as follows:
sil siliceous rocks and corresponding man-made substrata (e.g. roong tiles),
cal calciferous rocks and corresponding man-made substrata (e.g. concrete, ce-
ment, asbestos etc.),
int intermediate rocks (such as calciferous schists),
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 7
met metal-rich siliceous rocks,
sax rocks (without more detailed information),
ter-cal calciferous soil,
ter-sil acidic soil (mostly on siliceous substrata),
bry living mosses,
deb plant debris,
cor bark,
xyl lignum,
fol living leaves,
res resin,
alg living algal colonies,
par parasitic on other lichens,
aqu temporary or permanently submerged.
Bioclimatic/Altitudinal distribution (Alt.)
1 Mesomediterranean belt (potential vegetation: evergreen broad-leaved forests
dominated by Quercus ilex),
2 Submediterranean/colline belt (potential vegetation: mixed deciduous forests
dominated by Quercus and Carpinus),
3 Montane belt (potential vegetation: deciduous forests dominated by Fagus syl-
vatica and closed coniferous forests with Picea abies),
4 Subalpine belt (potential vegetation: open, taiga-like forests dominated by
Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra and Rhododendron),
5 Alpine (potential vegetation: treeless Alpine grasslands and tundras, to the
lower limit of perennial snow and the equilibrium line of glaciers),
6 Nival (as before, above the lower limit of perennial snow and glaciers).
Regional distribution
For each infrageneric taxon, the authors report the presence in the 7 Alpine countries and
in 42 Operational Geographic Units, corresponding to their main subdivisions. Particu-
larly dubious records are agged with “?”. In the very few cases of records from a country
without specication of locality, the abbreviation of that country has been repeated.
Austria (Au): V – Vorarlberg, T – Tirol, S – Salzburg, K – Kärnten, St – Steiermark,
O – Oberösterreich, N – Niederösterreich (incl. Wien), B – Burgenland.
Germany (Ge): OB – Oberbayern, Schw – Schwaben.
Switzerland (Sw): AP – Appenzell, BE – Bern, FR – Fribourg, GL – Glarus, GR –
Graubünden, LU – Luzern, SG – St. Gallen, SZ – Schwyz, TI – Ticino, UR – Uri,
UW – Unterwalden, VD – Vaud, VS – Valais.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
8
France (Fr): in brackets the number designating each Departement in the French ad-
ministrative system. AHP – Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (04), HAl – Haute-Alpes
(05), AMa – Alpes-Maritimes (06), Drô – Drôme (26), Var – Var (83), Isè – Isère
(38), Sav – Savoie (73), HSav – Haute-Savoie (74), Vau – Vaucluse (84).
Italy (It): Frl – Friuli (excluding the Province of Trieste), Ven – Veneto, TAA – Trentino-
Alto Adige, Lomb – Lombardia, Piem – Piemonte, VA – Valle d’Aosta, Lig – Liguria
(limited to the westernmost part of the region).
Slovenia (Sl): SlA – Alpine and Pre-Alpine Slovenia, Tg – Trnovsky gozd.
Liechtenstein (Li).
Notes
e notes to each taxon briey describe its main ecology and distribution. For poorly
known taxa, a brief description has often been added, in order to help the reader
understanding to what the name may refer. For obvious reasons of space, in the notes, the
authors have refrained from citing any literature, except the national checklists on which
the present catalogue is based. ose are referred to for more detailed literature citations.
Databasing the checklist
e present checklist will be converted into a freely searchable database within a
month from its publication in paper-form. e database will also include a searchable
thesaurus of synonyms, which will compensate for the fact that, for reasons of space,
this paper-printed version is not provided with an alphabetical index for the thousands
of names included in the text.
The lichen diversity of the Alps: some numbers
e present checklist includes, excluding the dubious records, 3,163 infrageneric taxa,
3,009 of which are certainly lichenised. e number of poorly known taxa is quite high
(604, 19% of the total), which indicates that much work is needed to reach a satisfac-
tory picture of the real lichen diversity of the Alpine system.
e number of infrageneric taxa known for the dierent countries and their sub-
divisions, only their “Alpine” areas being considered, is as follows:
Austria (2,337 infrageneric taxa): V – Vorarlberg (1,249), T – Tirol (1,704), S – Salz-
burg (1,495), K – Kärnten (1,525), St – Steiermark (1,670), O – Oberösterreich
(1,001), N – Niederösterreich (1,194), B – Burgenland (280).
Italy (2,169): Frl – Friuli (1,022), Ven – Veneto (1,160), TAA – Trentino-Alto Adige
(1,562), Lomb – Lombardia (1,298), Piem – Piemonte (1,282), VA – Valle d’Ao-
sta (793), Lig – Liguria (722).
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 9
France (2,028): AHP – Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (1,056), HAl – Haute-Alpes (788),
AMa – Alpes-Maritimes (1,392), Drô – Drôme (363), Var – Var (841), Isè – Isère
(747), Sav – Savoie (858), HSav – Haute-Savoie (1,062), Vau – Vaucluse (848).
Germany (1,168): OB – Oberbayern (942), Schw – Schwaben (630).
Switzerland (1,835): AP – Appenzell (51), BE – Bern (960), FR – Fribourg (147), GL
– Glarus (305), GR – Graubünden (1,206), LU – Luzern (609), SG – St. Gallen
(238), SZ – Schwyz (873), TI – Ticino (697), UR – Uri (655), UW – Unterwal-
den (467), VD – Vaud (598), VS – Valais (1,191).
Slovenia (890): SlA – Alpine and Pre-Alpine Slovenia (843), Tg – Trnovsky gozd (346).
Liechtenstein (152).
e number of taxa is well in agreement with the percentage of the Alpine area
occupied by the various countries. Comparing the smaller OGUs is quite dicult,
considering that they vary considerably in surface areas, geomorphological heteroge-
neity and degree of conservation of local ecosystems. In general terms, however, the
richest areas are located in the Eastern Alps, such as Tyrol (1,704 taxa), Steiermark
(1,670), Trentino-Alto Adige (1,562) and Kärnten (1,525), while, even considering
their mostly smaller surface areas, several OGUs located in the Western Alps, especially
in Switzerland and in France and those in Germany and in Slovenia, would need a
more intense lichenological exploration.
Concluding remarks
Checklists summarise, in a more or less critical way, the hitherto known information on
the biodiversity of a given group of organisms in a given area. ey can have dierent
nature, scope and contents and they should always be judged considering the situation
of oristic and taxonomic research that they reect. Obviously, not all literature records
can be accepted uncritically: the circumscription of taxa may dier amongst authors,
recent taxonomic revisions might have shown that a given taxon actually includes sev-
eral taxa of the corresponding rank, some authors may be more reliable than others etc.
e author of a checklist is often forced to make dicult decisions, since in most cases,
it is not possible to check directly all identications cited in literature. Checklists might
dier also on account of the degree of exploration of the area they cover. In the case of
poorly explored areas, they just summarise the current state of knowledge, but cannot
pretend to be exhaustive. For well-explored areas, one could think that they do not only
represent a basis for future updates, but also a kind of prodromus for a true Flora. is,
however, is not the case of the present checklist. e idea that the degree of taxonomic
knowledge parallels that of oristic exploration, i.e. that in well-studied areas, most
infrageneric taxa are likely to be relatively well-delimited taxonomically, proved to be
basically wrong. e authors’ checklist includes many long-forgotten names referring to
very poorly understood taxa, often only known from the type collection, which are in
need of critical revision. us, the total number of taxa accepted in this checklist does
not reect the actual species diversity of the Alps, due to inadequate taxonomic knowl-
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
10
edge. Incidentally, further taxonomic research will often reduce rather than increase
the number of accepted taxa. e citation of these names in the checklist is, however,
important, because it will bring these potentially correct names, often published in
long-forgotten papers, to the attention of specialists. For this reason, a number of spe-
cies were also transferred to genera to which they most likely belong, in order to increase
the probability of their inclusion in future critical revisions.
Checklists are never-ending ventures, subject to continuous updating following
the developments of current research. It is hoped that the present checklist will prove
to be a valuable tool for retrieving and accessing the enormous amount of information
on the lichens of the Alps which has accumulated during centuries of research, oering
a basis for specimen revision, for the critical re-appraisal of poorly-known taxa and for
the further exploration of under-investigated areas, becoming a catalyst for new, more
intensive investigations. e best criterion for a checklist to have accomplished its task
as a facility to the scientic community, is the speed of its becoming outdated (Nimis
2016), which is what is paradoxically wished for the present one.
Taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties
Agonimia bryophilopsis (Vain.) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824184 – Bas.: Polyblastia
bryophilopsis Vain., Acta Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 49(2): 104 (1921).
Aspicilia niesenensis (H. Magn.) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824185 – Bas.: Lecanora
niesenensis H. Magn., Kungl. Svensk Vetensk. Handl. ser 3, 17: 97 (1939).
Bagliettoa crassiuscula (Servít) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824186 – Bas.: Verrucaria
crassiuscula Servít, Studia Botanica Cechoslovaca 9: 78 (1948) as nom. nov. for
Verrucaria crassa A. Massal. 1852 non Eschw. 1833.
Bellemerea subnivea (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824187 – Bas.: Lecanora
subnivea Müll. Arg., Flora (Regensburg) 55: 467 (1872).
Carbonea viriduloatra (B. de Lesd.) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824188 – Bas.: Le-
cidea viriduloatra B. de Lesd., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57: 32 (1910).
Lepra erumpens (Erichsen) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824189 – Bas.: Pertusaria
erumpens Erichsen, Acta Fauna Flora Univ., ser. 2, Bot., 1(17): 1 (1935).
Miriquidica aeneovirens (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824190 – Bas.: Le-
cidea aeneovirens Müll. Arg., Flora (Regensburg) 57: 530 (1874).
Polysporina limborinella (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824191 – Bas.: Le-
cidea limborinella Müll. Arg., Bull. Trav. Soc. Murithienne Valais 10: 64 (1881).
Protothelenella anodonta (Nyl.) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824192 – Bas.: Odonto-
trema anodontum Nyl., Flora 52: 411 (1869).
Protothelenella viridis (Rehm) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824193 – Bas.: Melanom-
ma viridis Rehm, Hedwigia 21: 119 (1882).
Pseudosagedia lucens (Taylor) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824194 – Bas.: Verrucaria
lucens Taylor, in Mackay, Flora Hibernica 2: 257 (1836).
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 11
elidium helveticum (Servít) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824195 – Bas.: Involu-
crothele helvetica Servít, Rozpravy Československé Akademie Věd 65(3): 15 (1955).
elidium pyrenophorellum (Servít) Hafellner, comb. nov. MB 824196 – Bas.: In-
volucrothele pyrenophorella Servít, Rozpravy Československé Akademie Věd 63(7):
22 (1953).
The taxa
Lichenised taxa
Absconditella annexa (Arnold) Vězda
Syn.: Gyalecta annexa (Arnold) H. Olivier, Secoliga annexa Arnold
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 4-5 – Note: an ephemeral lichen found on moribund
bryophytes and organic soil over siliceous substrata; in the study area so far reported
only from the Eastern Alps (Austria, Italy), but certainly more widespread. – Au: V, T,
K, St. It: Frl.
Absconditella delutula (Nyl.) Coppins & H. Kilias
Syn.: Absconditella modesta (Hegetschw.) Vězda, Gyalecta modesta (Hegetschw.)
Zahlbr., Lecidea delutula Nyl., Lecidea modesta Hegetschw., Secoliga modesta (He-
getschw.) Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a coloniser of small stones and pebbles in moist and
shaded situations; so far reported from a few scattered localities in the Alps, but per-
haps more widespread. – Au: S, St, N. Sw: LU. Fr: Isè.
Absconditella lignicola Vězda & Pišút
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2-3 – Note: on moist decaying wood in the shade of forests,
mostly on logs and horizontal cut surfaces; perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au:
T, K, St, O, N, B. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VS. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Absconditella pauxilla Vězda & Vivant
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3-4 – Note: distinguished from A. lignicola by the narrower as-
cospores (< 3 µm); on wood, more rarely on siliceous rocks in forests; in the study area
so far only reported from Switzerland. – Sw: SZ.
Absconditella sphagnorum Vězda & Poelt
L – Subs.: bry, xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: on moribund Sphagnum in raised bogs, usually in
the uppermost part of the cushions, in sunny places; locally abundant in late summer
and autumn, especially after dry summers, and probably somehow overlooked due to
its ephemeral character. – Au: St. Ge: OB, Schw.
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12
Absconditella trivialis (Willey ex Tuck.) Vězda
Syn.: Gyalecta geoica (Wahlenb.) Ach. f. trivialis Willey ex Tuck.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: on clay soil under moist conditions; perhaps more
widespread in the Alps, being easy to overlook. – Au: St. Ge: OB.
Acarospora admissa (Nyl.) Kullh.
Syn.: Lecanora admissa Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3-5 – Note: similar to A. nitrophila, but thallus squamules with
wavy-crenulate, mostly black margins; in the study area so far only reported from the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav.
Acarospora albomarginata (H. Magn.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux [nom.illeg., non B.
de Lesd. nec (Herre) G. Salisb.]
Syn.: Acarospora hospitans H. Magn. f. albomarginata H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a poorly known species resembling in habitus, and
probably related to A. hospitans, diering in having larger thalline squamules with
a white margin, apothecia usually 2–5 per areole, surrounded by a prominent thin
thalline margin and with a rough to umbonate disc, asci containing more than 100
ellipsoid ascospores (3.5–5 × 2–3 µm); on exposed outcrops and boulders of schists
with low content of calcium in sunny sitations; only known from the type locality in
the Eastern Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: GR.
Acarospora anomala H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species of eutrophicated, dry and hard lignum,
closely related to other saxicolous species, hitherto reported from Scandinavia and a
few scattered localities in the Alps. – Fr: Isè. It: TAA.
Acarospora austriaca H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: the type, from the Austrian Alps, is perhaps A. hel-
vetica, but according to Roux et al. (2014) it is dierent from A. complanata. – Au: St.
Acarospora badiofusca (Nyl.) . Fr. subsp. badiofusca
Syn.: Lecanora badiofusca Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
species of base-rich or lime-containing siliceous rocks, such as mica-schists and cal-
ciferous sandstone, found on faces wetted by rain, including stones near the ground
in grasslands; widespread and locally common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Acarospora badiofusca (Nyl.) . Fr. subsp. badiorubra Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: non-calcicolous, and more thermophilous than the
typical subspecies; certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, K, St. Fr: AHP,
HAl. It: Frl, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 13
Acarospora bullata Anzi
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: closely related to A. peliscypha, but with a clearly
egurated thallus; on steeply inclined faces of base-rich, weakly calciferous siliceous
rocks; probably more widespread, but certainly not common in the Alps. – Au: K, St.
Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AMa. It: Lomb, Piem, VA.
Acarospora cervina A. Massal.
Syn.: Acarospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körb. var. cervina (A. Massal.) Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread, probably holarctic species found on the
top of exposed, more or less calcareous boulders in natural habitats, especially common
in dry-continental areas, but with a wide altitudinal range, sometimes considered as
a form of A. glaucocarpa. e nomenclature should be studied further: according to
Nimis (2016) Massalongo was not describing a species, but proposing a new combina-
tion. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Acarospora chrysocardia Poelt & M. Steiner
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on base-rich siliceous rocks, growing on the thalli
of Diploschistes scruposus below the subalpine belt; hitherto known only from dry-warm
valleys of the Western Alps and Catalonia, and certainly worthy of protection. – Sw:
VS. It: Piem, VA.
Acarospora cinerascens J. Steiner
Syn.: Acarospora alboatra H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on weathered base-rich siliceous rocks, restricted to
dry-warm valleys of the Alps with a continental climate. – Sw: VS. It: TAA, VA.
Acarospora complanata H. Magn
Syn.: ?Acarospora crozalsii B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: this species was described from France, on basaltic
rocks, and has a southern distribution in Europe, extending to North Africa; it has
been also reported from North America. It belongs to a dicult complex of closely
related taxa, which is in need of revision. Its ecology is poorly understood as well, the
species being most frequent on base-rich siliceous rocks. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE,
TI. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Piem, Lig.
Acarospora discreta (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Acarospora durietzii H. Magn., Parmelia squamulosa Ach. var. discreta Ach.
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: based on a type from extra-Alpine Europe (Scan-
dinavia), with a few records from from the Swiss Alps. – Sw: GR, VS.
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Acarospora freyi H. Magn.
Syn.: Acarospora impressula . Fr. var. freyi (H. Magn.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil, met, int – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: probably overlooked and more widespread
in the Alps, with optimum near and above treeline, this lichen starts the life-cycle on
Aspicilia candida and A. polychroma on calciferous rocks which are at least partly de-
calcied on the surface. – Au: T, S. Sw: BE. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Lomb, Piem, VA.
Acarospora fuscata (Schrad.) Arnold.
Syn.: Acarospora squamulosa (Schrad.) Trevis., Lichen fuscatus Schrad.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a holarctic species of acid siliceous rocks wetted by
rain, sometimes growing on other nitrophytic lichens; widespread throughout the Alps.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Acarospora gallica H. Magn.
Syn.: ?Acarospora hungarica H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a probably holarctic species of base-rich, weakly cal-
ciferous siliceous substrata, such as calcareous sandstone, brick, and roong tiles, with sev-
eral scattered records from the Alps. – Au: T, K, N. Sw: GR. Fr: AMa, Var. It: Piem, Lig.
Acarospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körb.
Syn.: Acarospora cervina A. Massal. var. conspersa (. Fr.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Aca-
rospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körb. var. conspersa . Fr., Biatora conspersa Fr. nom. nud.,
Parmelia glaucocarpa Ach.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread, probably holarctic species found on
more or less calcareous boulders in natural habitats, sometimes overgrowing other crus-
tose lichens, with a wide altitudinal range but most common in upland areas; closely
related to A. cervina, perhaps more frequent in less exposed situations; widespread and
locally common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Acarospora hellbomii H. Magn.
Syn.: ?Acarospora marcii H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: the type, from extra-Alpine Europe (Scandi-
navia), is perhaps identical with A. peliscypha; the synonymy with A. marcii, which is
also based on a type from extra-Alpine Europe (SW Europe), is uncertain. – Fr: AMa.
It: TAA, VA (as A. marcii).
Acarospora helvetica H. Magn.
Syn.: Acarospora intermedia H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3-4 – Note: a taxon based on a type from the Alps; according to
Roux it is dierent from A. complanata. – Fr: AHP, AMa.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 15
Acarospora heueriana Körb.
Syn.: Acarospora heueriana Körb. var. massiliensis Harm., Acarospora massiliensis
(Harm.) H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on horizontal to gently sloping faces near the
ground in open habitats, especially in grasslands, sometimes starting the life-cycle on
other crustose lichens; restricted to dry-continental areas, both in the Alps and in the
Mediterranean Region. – Au: T. Sw: VS. It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Acarospora hospitans H. Magn.
Syn.: Acarospora impressula . Fr. var. hospitans (H. Magn.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: closely related to A. impressula; parasitic on several
silicicolous species of Aspicilia; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Piem.
Acarospora hostilis H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil, sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species resembling in habitus A. veronen-
sis, with a thallus consisting of dispersed, red-brown, irregular, attened areoles (not
reacting with K, C, Pd) with incised to sublobate margins and a pale underside, a thin
thalline cortex of small cells, immersed, contiguous to fusing apothecia (0.2–0.4 mm
in diam.), a more than 100 µm tall hymenium, and asci with more than 100, broadly
ellipsoid ascospores (2–3.5 × 1.5 µm); on siliceous boulders, often invading the thallus
of other crustose lichens; described from the treeline ecotone in Northern Italy and
only known from the Alps; the study of the type material could prove that this a syno-
nym for another species. – It: TAA.
Acarospora imbricatula H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: hitherto known only from dry-continental valleys in
the Alps, on south-facing slopes, where it is locally common. – Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa. It: TAA, VA.
Acarospora impressula . Fr.
Syn.: Acarospora atrata Hue
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, probably cir-
cumpolar species found on metal-rich rocks and roong slates, more rarely on weakly
calciferous siliceous rocks, usually in upland areas, with optimum above treeline; prob-
ably overlooked and more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR,
SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, VA.
Acarospora insolata H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-par – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks
wetted by rain, often growing on other crustose lichens (e.g. Immersaria, Rhizo-
carpon); certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: ?V. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, TI. It:
Ven, Piem.
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Acarospora laqueata Stizenb.
Syn.: ?Acarospora caesiocinerea B. de Lesd., Lecanora laqueata (Stizenb.) Stizenb.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on hard calcareous rocks, both on vertical faces and
at the top of birds’ perching sites in dry-continental areas; very rare in the Alps. – Sw:
VS. Fr: AHP, Var, Vau. It: Lomb.
Acarospora macrospora (Hepp) A. Massal. ex Bagl.
Syn.: Acarospora castanea (DC.) Körb, Acarospora squamulosa sensu . Fr. non (Schrad.)
Trevis., Myriospora macrospora Hepp
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined faces of ssured calcareous rocks
in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. See also note on A. murorum. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Acarospora melaplaca (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora melaplaca Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with blackish-brown thallus and egurate,
very thin areolae, whose ecology and distribution need further study. – Au: T. Sw:GR.
Acarospora microcarpa (Nyl.) Wedd.
Syn.: Acarospora tersa (Fr.) J. Steiner, Lecanora schleicheri (Ach.) Nyl. var. microcarpa
Nyl., Lecanora tersa (Fr.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean-Atlantic species with
optimum in coastal situations; on basic siliceous rocks wetted by rain, parasitic on
several crustose lichens, especially Diploschistes actinostoma; extremely rare in the dry-
continental valleys of the Alps. – It: TAA, Piem.
Acarospora modenensis H. Magn.
Syn.: ?Acarospora engadinensis H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate species of siliceous rocks, often
found on walls; apparently more frequent in the Western and Southern Alps, but prob-
ably overlooked and more widespread elsewhere in lowland areas. – Sw: GR. Fr: HAl,
AMa, HSav. It: Piem, Lig.
Acarospora moenium (Vain.) Räsänen
Syn.: Aspicilia excavata G. or & Timdal, Aspicilia moenium (Vain.) G. or & Tim-
dal, Endocarpon moenium Vain.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate, inconspicuous species, usu-
ally sterile, the rare case of a sorediate Acarospora; certainly more widespread on
man-made substrata (mortar, cement, etc.), or more rarely on calciferous schists, on
steeply inclined faces. – Au: S, St, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, VS. It: Frl, TAA,
Lomb. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 17
Acarospora murorum A. Massal.
Syn.: Acarospora macrospora (Hepp) A. Massal. ex Bagl. subsp. murorum (A. Massal.) Clauza-
de & Cl. Roux. Acarospora truncata (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Biatorella truncata A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on walls, gravestones,
and monuments; related to A. macrospora, but with a dierent ecology and altitudinal
distribution; apparently more frequent in the Western and Southern Alps. – Au: S.
Sw: BE, LU. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Acarospora nitrophila H. Magn. subsp. nitrophila
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread species found on steeply inclined to over-
hanging faces of basic siliceous rocks, usually in species-poor communities, mostly near
settlements; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, HSav, Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Acarospora nitrophila H. Magn. subsp. normanii (H. Magn.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Acarospora normanii H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rather poorly known taxon, in the study area so
far only reported from the Alps of Austria and France. – Au: ?V. Fr: HAl.
Acarospora nitrophila H. Magn. subsp. praeruptorum (H. Magn.) Clauzade &
Cl. Roux
Syn.: Acarospora nitrophila H. Magn. var. praeruptorum (H. Magn.) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux, Acarospora praeruptorum H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: in the checklist of Italy (Nimis 2016) this taxon is
subsumed under A. nitrophila. – Au: T, S, St, N. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, Var.
Acarospora nodulosa (Dufour) Hue var. nodulosa
Syn.: Lecanora nodulosa (Dufour) Colmeiro, Parmelia nodulosa Dufour, Urceolaria
nodulosa (Dufour) Schaer.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a xeric subtropical species, parasitic on Diploschistes spp.,
found on weathered gypsum and calcareous substrata in very open habitats. – Sw: VS.
Acarospora nodulosa (Dufour) Hue var. reagens (Zahlbr.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Acarospora reagens Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: this taxon, based on a type from Western North
America, is sometimes treated as chemical strain without rank, sometimes at species
level; often parasitic on Diploschistes diacapsis. – Fr: Drô.
Acarospora oligospora (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Acarospora glebosa (Flot.) Körb., Lecanora oligospora Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a holarctic-temperate species found on basic
siliceous rocks (e.g. calciferous sandstone and schist), usually on pebbles, but also on
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18
walls, roong tiles, etc., below the subalpine belt. – Au: T, St. Ge: OB. Fr: AMa, Sav,
HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Acarospora peliscypha . Fr.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, probably
circumpolar species found on siliceous, often iron-rich substrata, on exposed birds’
perching rocks (e.g. windy ridges, isolated boulders). See also notes on A. bullata and
A. rugulosa. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR, UR. Fr: HAl, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Acarospora picea H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: among the species with a brown egurate thallus, this
is the only one with globose ascospores; described from high altitudes in the Sierra
Nevada (Spain), with a few records from the Western Alps (France), growing on non
– or slightly calciferous siliceous rocks in dry, sunny, moderately eutrophicated situa-
tions. – Fr: AHP, AMa.
Acarospora pyrenopsoides H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a taxon probably belonging to the A. nitrophila-
group; the small apothecia, several per areola, and the narrowly ellipsoid ascospores are
diagnostic; the ecology is poorly known, but the species usually occurs on steep faces
and overhangs of siliceous rocks; known from a few localities in the Alps; the type is
from Greenland. – Au: T. Fr: AMa, HSav.
Acarospora rosulata (. Fr.) H. Magn.
Syn.: Acarospora discreta (Ach.) . Fr. f. rosulata . Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: characterised by the rosulate thalli with indistinctly
lobate peripheral squamules with a whitish lower surface, this species, described from
Norway where it is rare, is known from Western North America, Asia (Mongolia) and
the Alps. It grows on sun-exposed siliceous rocks, with optimum in dry, subcontinental
areas; being easily overlooked, the species might be more widespread in the Alps. – Fr:
AHP, AMa, HSav. It: Lomb.
Acarospora rugulosa Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: closely related to A. peliscypha. – Au: T, S, K.
Fr: AHP, AMa.
Acarospora schleicheri (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Urceolaria schleicheri Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-par – Alt.: 2 – Note: on consolidated soil and facultatively para-
sitic on Diploschistes diacapsis, in dry habitats; widespread in Eurasia and North Amer-
ica; in the Alps conned to inner-Alpine dry valleys; the type material is from the Alps
(Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 19
Acarospora scotica Hue
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a probably Mediterranean-Atlantic species of siliceous
rocks wetted by rain, reaching the montane (rarely also the subalpine) belt in the West-
ern Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Lomb, Piem.
Acarospora similis H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a lignicolous taxon of the A. veronensis-group, often
found on roong tiles, based on a type from outside the Alps (Switzerland), with a few
records from the Alps. – Fr: HSav. It: TAA.
Acarospora sinopica (Wahlenb.) Körb.
Syn.: Acarospora smaragdula (Wahlenb.) A. Massal. var. sinopica (Wahlenb.) A. Mas-
sal., Endocarpon sinopicum Wahlenb., Polysporinopsis sinopica (Wahlenb.) Vězda, Zeora
sinopica (Wahlenb.) Flot.
L – Subs.: met – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a probably holarctic species of iron-rich rocks and
mine-spoil heaps in exposed situations; widespread, but local, throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, B. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Acarospora sulphurata (Arnold) Arnold var. sulphurata
Syn.: Acarospora heueriana Körb. f. sulphurata Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of dry-continental areas, found on basic sili-
ceous rocks, often near the ground, in dry grasslands, both in dry Mediterranean areas
and in continental inner-Alpine valleys. – It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Acarospora sulphurata (Arnold) Arnold var. rubescens Buschardt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: perhaps just a chemical strain; hitherto known only
from the Alps, where it is restricted to inner-Alpine valleys. – It: TAA.
Acarospora suzai H. Magn. var. tyroliensis H. Magn.
Syn.: Acarospora tyroliensis (H. Magn.) H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a taxon of the A. nitrophila-complex, which needs
further study. – Au: T. Fr: AMa.
Acarospora tenuicorticata H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: in the study area only reported from a few localities
in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: S, St.
Acarospora tongletii (Hue) Hue var. tongletii
Syn.: Acarospora variegata H. Magn., Lecanora tongletii Hue
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane, probably
circumpolar species, most frequent on base-rich sandstone walls; much overlooked,
and perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: K. Sw: GR.
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20
Acarospora tongletii (Hue) Hue var. paupera (H. Magn.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Acarospora paupera H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: in the study area only reported from the base of the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Acarospora umbilicata Bagl.
Syn.: Acarospora cinerea (Nyl.) Wedd., Acarospora percaenoides (Nyl.) Flagey, Acarospora
rudulocinerea Hue
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, mainly Mediterranean-Atlantic
species found on steeply inclined sunny faces of basic siliceous substrata, on roong
tiles and brick; widespread but rare in the Alps. – Au: T, N. Sw: VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var.
It: TAA, Piem, VA, Lig.
Acarospora valdobbiensis Bagl. & Carestia
Syn.: Biatorella valdobbiensis (Bagl. & Carestia) Zahlbr., Lecanora valdobbiensis (Bagl.
& Carestia) Stizenb., Sarcogyne valdobbiensis (Bagl. & Car.) Jatta
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a very poorly known taxon, also reported from Mac-
edonia. e type, which from the description is actually an Acarospora, was collected
on schist in the alpine belt. – It: Piem.
Acarospora veronensis A. Massal.
Syn.: Acarospora fuscata (Schrad.) Arnold. subsp. discreta sensu . Fr., Acarospora mag-
nussonii Samp.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic early coloniser of base – rich siliceous peb-
bles, roong tiles, walls, sometimes also found on soil and lignum, also in small settle-
ments: occasionally overgrowing other crustose lichens, with a wide altitudinal range;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Acarospora versicolor Bagl. & Carestia
Syn.: Acarospora cineracea (Nyl.) Hue; incl. Acarospora miskolensis H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks, also on walls in small Alpine
settlements, and on thin soil layers, probably more widespread in the Alps, below the
subalpine belt. – Au: ?V, T, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Acolium inquinans (Sm.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Acolium neesii (Flot.) Körb., Acolium subsimile (Nyl.) Arnold, Acolium tym-
panellum (Ach.) Gray, Calicium cembrinum Ach., Calicium inquinans (Sm.) Schaer.,
Calicium neesii Flot., Calicium tympanellum Ach., Cyphelium cembrinum (Ach.) Ach.,
Cyphelium inquinans (Sm.) Trevis., Cyphelium inquinans (Sm.) Trevis. var. ollare (Ach.)
Trevis., Cyphelium neesii (Flot.) Trevis., Cyphelium ollare Ach., Cyphelium pileatum
Ach., Cyphelium subsimile (Nyl.) Trevis., Cyphelium tympanellum (Ach.) Ach., Lichen
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 21
inquinans Sm., Trachylia inquinans (Sm.) Rabenh., Trachylia neesii (Flot.) Rabenh.,
Trachylia subsimilis Nyl., Trachylia tympanella (Ach.) Fr.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar lichen found on old conifer stumps, more rarely on lignum of broad-leaved
deciduous trees (especially Quercus and Castanea), and on wooden fence-posts, with
optimum in upland areas. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Acolium karelicum (Vain.) M. Prieto & Wedin
Syn.: Cyphelium karelicum (Vain.) Räsänen, Cyphelium lucidum (. Fr.) . Fr. var.
karelicum Vain.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate to southern boreal-
montane lichen found on ancient boles of conifers in semi-natural forests, often on
basal parts of trunks, mostly on old Abies, much more rarely on lignum. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, SZ, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: TAA.
Acolium sessile (Pers.) Arnold
Syn.: Cyphelium sessile (Pers.) Trevis., Calicium sessile Pers.
L – Subs.: xyl-par – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a grey thallus forming insular
patches on the thalli of epiphytic Pertusaria-species (mainly P. coccodes), found on very
old oaks; also known from North America, it is most common in Western Europe;
records from the Alps have a fairly dierent ecology, and therefore need conrmation.
– Sw: GR, UR. It: Lomb, Lig.
Acrocordia cavata (Ach.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia cavata (Ach.) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria cavata Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, incompletely holarctic species
found on smooth bark in humid deciduous forests; widespread but not common in
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: GL, GR, SZ, UW. Fr: Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA.
Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb. var. conoidea
Syn.: Arthopyrenia conoidea (Fr.) Zahlbr., Acrocordia epipolaea (Borrer) A.L. Sm., Ver -
rucaria conoidea Fr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mild-temperate species of compact limestone and
dolomite, mostly in woodlands, on sheltered faces seldom wetted by rain, with op-
timum in submediterranean areas; widespread and locally common throughout the
Alps. e forma carnea Arnold, with pale perithecia, has been reported from the Julian
Pre-Alps. – Au: V, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô,
Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb. var. glacialis (Bagl. & Carestia) Vězda
Syn.: Acrocordia glacialis Bagl. & Carestia
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a taxon with small spores, only known from the
type locality in the Italian Alps where it was found on ssures of marble. – It: VA.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
22
Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb. var. suzae (Vězda) Vězda
Syn.: Arthopyrenia conoidea (Fr.) Zahlbr. var. suzae Vězda
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: diering from var. conoidea by the sessile perithecia,
this taxon is based on a type from the Carpathian Mts.; its taxonomic value is uncer-
tain and its distribution is poorly known. – Fr: AMa.
Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.) A. Massal. var. gemmata
Syn.: Acrocordia alba (Schrad.) B. de Lesd., Acrocordia sphaeroides (Wallr.) Arnold, Ar-
thopyrenia alba (Schrad.) Zahlbr., Arthopyrenia gemmata (Ach.) A. Massal., Arthopyre-
nia sphaeroides (Wallr.) Zahlbr., Arthopyrenia tersa auct. non Körb., Lichen gemmatus
Ach., Verrucaria gemmata (Ach.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on rough bark of ma-
ture broad-leaved trees (both deciduous and evergreen) in open woodlands; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, LU, SZ, TI,
VD. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.) A. Massal. var. rhododendri Hinteregger
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a recently-described variety found on shrubs, mostly in
the subalpine belt, to be looked for throughout the Alps. – Sl: SlA.
Acrocordia macrospora A. Massal.
Syn.: Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb. var. macrospora (A. Massal.) B. de Lesd., Arthopyr-
enia macrospora (A. Massal.) J. Steiner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: an apparently Mediterranean-Atlantic, mild-temper-
ate species (from Macaronesia to Norway), found on base-rich or weakly calciferous
siliceous rocks in sheltered situations; certainly rare in the Alps. – Au: V. Sw: SZ. Fr:
Var. It: Ven, Lomb. Sl: Tg.
Acrocordia salweyi (Leight. ex Nyl.) A.L. Sm.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia salweyi (Leight. ex Nyl.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria salweyi (Leight. ex Nyl.)
Leight. ex Cromb.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: an apparently Mediterranean-Atlantic, mild-
temperate species (from Macaronesia to Norway), found on soft calcareous substrata
(mortar, calciferous sandstone) in warm-humid areas; certainly very rare in the Alps.
– Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Lig.
Acrocordia scotophora A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with an euse, white, farinose thallus and
nally semi-immersed perithecia, persistent interascal laments, cylindrical, 8-spored
asci, and 1-septate ascospores with rounded ends, arranged in a single row; on the bark
of deciduous trees; only recorded from Northern Italy and in urgent need of critical re-
evaluation (frequently considered as a synonym of Anisomeridium biforme, but perhaps
closely related to, or a synonym of A. gemmata). – It: Ven.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 23
Acrocordia subglobosa (Vězda) Poelt & Vězda
Syn.: Arthopyrenia subglobosa Vězda
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: this species is characterised by sessile ascomata, but
contrary to A. conoidea var. suzae, has a basally closed (entire) involucrellum; the type
material is from the Sudety Mts., and the distribution is poorly known. – Fr: AMa.
Adelolecia kolaensis (Nyl.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Catillaria tavastiana H. Magn., Lecidea conferenda Nyl., Lecidea dolosula (Nyl.)
Vain., Lecidea kolaensis Nyl., Lecidea migratoria Lynge, Lecidea umbratilis (Arnold) .
Fr., Lecidella umbratilis Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar species of
basic to weakly calciferous siliceous rocks in exposed situations, with optimum above
treeline. – Au: ?V, T, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav. It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Adelolecia pilati (Hepp) Hertel & Hafellner
Syn.: Biatora pilati Hepp, Buellia modicula (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Lecidea au-
riculata . Fr. var. hardangeriana Vain., Lecidea chrysotheicha Nyl., Lecidea lyngeana
Zahlbr., Lecidea modicula Nyl., Lecidea pilati (Hepp) Körb., Lecidea proludens Nyl.,
Lecidea subauriculata Lynge nom.illeg. non B. de Lesd., Lecidea tirolica Vain., Lecidella
botryosa Hepp ex Arnold, Lecidella proludens (Nyl.) Arnold
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species of steeply
inclined to underhanging surfaces of weathered, metal-rich metamorphic rocks seldom
wetted by rain, from the subalpine to the nival belt; widespread in the Alps and also
occurring in the high Mediterranean mountains. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Adelolecia rhododendrina (Nyl.) Printzen ex Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Lecidea rhododendrina Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on twigs of subalpine shrubs, especially Rhododen-
dron ferrugineum; probably more common and widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St. It: Frl.
Agonimia allobata (Stizenb.) P. James
Syn.: Amphoroblastia allobata (Stizenb.) Servít, Polyblastia allobata (Stizenb.) Zschacke,
Verrucaria allobata Stizenb.
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species with subtropical ani-
ties, found on ancient deciduous trees, in crevices or amongst mosses, in undisturbed
forests or in deep gorges; widespread but usually rare in the Alps. – Au: S, K, O, N. Sw:
GR, SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven.
Agonimia borysthenica Dymytrova, Breuss & S.Y. Kondr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the A. allobata-group (asci 8-spored) with
thallus consisting of distinct subglobose granules recalling those of A. vouauxii (with
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
24
2-spored asci) and larger ascospores; the type is from the Ukraine, and the distribution
is poorly known. – Sw: TI.
Agonimia bryophilopsis (Vain.) Hafellner
Syn.: Polyblastia bryophilopsis Vain.
L # – Subs.: deb, bry, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species said to be similar to Polyblastia
nigrata (a heterotypic synonym of A. gelatinosa), but thallus whitish-grey and ascomata
subglobose and only basally immersed, the 8-spored asci with non-pigmented muri-
form ascospores; overgrowing mosses and plant debris on calcareous soil; apparently
rare or not recognised in the Alps. – Au: T, S, St.
Agonimia gelatinosa (Ach.) M. Brand & Diederich
Syn.: Endocarpon gelatinosum (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Polyblastia caliginosa Norman, Po-
lyblastia gelatinosa (Ach.) . Fr., Polyblastia nigrata Nyl., Verrucaria gelatinosa Ach.,
Verrucaria nigrata Nyl.
L – Subs.: deb, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rather inconspicuous species growing on plant
debris and mosses in dry calcareous grasslands, with optimum near treeline; wide-
spread in the Alps. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Vau. It: Frl, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Agonimia globulifera M. Brand & Diederich
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species growing on soil, plant debris and mosses
in dry calcareous grasslands, mostly below the subalpine belt. e sterile, glossy black
globules are diagnostic, while ascomata are rare and dull black; the total distribution is
poorly known. – Au: St, O. Sw: LU.
Agonimia octospora Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mild-temperate species with subtropical anities,
found on basal parts of old broad-leaved trees, on bark or amongst mosses in rather
open, humid woodlands, with several records from the Western Alps (France). – Fr:
AHP, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau.
Agonimia opuntiella (Buschardt & Poelt) Vězda
Syn.: Phaeophyscia opuntiella (Buschardt & Poelt) Hafellner, Physcia opuntiella
Buschardt & Poelt
L – Subs.: bry, ter-cal, cor, deb – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found
on terricolous mosses and plant debris over calcareous substrata, sometimes amongst
mosses on basal parts of old trees; widespread, but only locally rather common in the
Alps. – Au: T, K, St, N. Sw: LU, TI, VS. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb.
Agonimia tristicula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Polyblastia tristicula (Nyl.) Arnold, Sporodictyon tristiculum (Nyl.) Dalla Torre &
Sarnth., Verrucaria tristicula Nyl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 25
L – Subs.: bry-cal, deb, ter-cal, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a probably holarctic species with
a wide altitudinal and latitudinal range, found on terricolous mosses, but also, albeit
rarely, on basal parts of old trunks in calcareous areas; widespread and often common
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU,
SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Agonimia vouauxii (B. de Lesd.) M. Brand & P. Diederich
Syn.: Polyblastia vouauxii B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-cal, cal, bry-cal, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a taxon described from
maritime Northern France, where it colonises organic waste like paper, leather, etc.;
elsewhere it was reported from soil rich in calcium in open vegetation types; the distri-
bution in the Alps is poorly known, and records from high altitudes need verication.
– Au: V, St, O. Sw: BE. Fr: AHP.
Ainoa geochroa (Körb.) Lumbsch & I. Schmitt
Syn.: Biatora geochroa Körb., Lecidea geochroa (Körb.) Lettau, Trapelia geochroa (Körb.)
Hertel
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on fresh acidic mineral soil in open vegetation
developing in areas with a long snow cover (Solorinion croceae-communities); distribu-
tion in the Alps poorly known, perhaps overlooked. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: UR, VS.
Ainoa mooreana (Carroll) Lumbsch & I. Schmitt
Syn.: Biatora brujeriana (Schaer. ex D. Dietr.) Arnold, Biatora lopadioides . Fr., Bia-
tora torellii Anzi, Lecidea brujeriana (Schaer. ex D. Dietr.) Leight., Lecidea lopadioides
(. Fr.) Grummann, Lecidea mooreana Carroll, Lecidea oblita Bagl. & Carestia, Lecidea
torellii (Anzi) Nyl., Trapelia mooreana (Carroll) P. James, Trapelia torellii (Anzi) Hertel
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane early coloniser of weathered
siliceous rocks, also known from the Southern Hemisphere, mostly found on pebbles,
or on large boulders near the soil surface in rather disturbed habitats (e.g. on track
sides, in clearings of light forests, etc.), with optimum near treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St. Sw: SZ, TI. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Alectoria thulensis (. Fr.) Nyl., Cornicularia ochroleuca (Hom.) DC. var. nigri-
cans Ach., Gowardia nigricans (Ach.) Halonen, Myllys, Velmala & Hyvärinen
L – Subs.: ter-sil, deb-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species
found on ground or on rocks in wind-exposed siliceous ridges in moss-lichen heaths;
widespread in the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS.
Fr: HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Alectoria ochroleuca (Hom.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Bryopogon ochroleucus (Hom.) Link, Cornicularia ochroleuca (Hom.) DC., Us-
nea ochroleuca Hom.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
26
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, deb, cor – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species
found on windy ridges in moss-lichens heaths, more frequent on siliceous substrata,
but sometimes also occurring in areas with dolomite; widespread throughout the Alps.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Alectoria cincinnata (Fr.) Lynge, Alectoria luteola Mont. ex De Not., Alectoria
ochroleuca (Hom.) A. Massal. var. sarmentosa (Ach.) Nyl., Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.)
Ach. subsp. vexillifera (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., Alectoria vexillifera (Nyl.) Stizenb., Lichen
sarmentosus Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, probably
circumpolar species found on branches, more rarely on trunks of (mainly) conifers in
forests with frequent fog; in the Alps it was probably more common in the past, pres-
ently certainly declining, being very sensitive to forest management. – Au: T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Alectoria variegata (Samp.) Tav.
Syn.: Alectoria dichotoma var. variegata Samp., Alectoria ochroleuca var. variegata
(Samp.) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species of doubtful taxonomic value, diering
from other Alectorias of the A. ochroleuca-group mainly in the conspicuous violet-
black patches on the thallus surface; described from siliceous boulders in the montane
belt in Portugal and hardly recorded from elsewhere, except one terricolous nding in
the alpine belt of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HAl.
Allantoparmelia alpicola (. Fr.) Essl.
Syn.: Hypogymnia alpicola (. Fr.) Hav., Parmelia alpicola . Fr., Parmelia jinretleni
Gyeln., Parmelia nigrita (Flot.) Hillmann
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found on hard
siliceous rocks, often on quartz, in wind-exposed ridges near or above treeline; prob-
ably ranging throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, UR,
VS. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb.
Allocetraria madreporiformis (Ach.) Kärnefelt & A. ell
Syn.: Dactylina madreporiformis (Ach.) Tuck., Dufourea madreporiformis Ach., Evernia
madreporiformis (Ach.) Fr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species found in open grass-
lands and in wind-exposed ridges near and above treeline; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GR, VD, VS. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 27
Alyxoria culmigena (Lib.) Ertz
Syn.: Opegrapha atrorimalis Nyl., Opegrapha betulina Sm. non Pers., Opegrapha cul-
migena Lib., Opegrapha herbarum Mont., Opegrapha turneri Leight., Opegrapha varia
Pers. var. herbarum (Mont.) Källsten
L – Subs.: cor, deb – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: usually on bark of broad-leaved trees, but also
on coarse debris like stems of larger herbs; mostly at low altitudes in areas with mild
winters. – Au: O, N. Fr: AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: ?TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Alyxoria mougeotii (A. Massal.) Ertz, Frisch & G. or
Syn.: Opegrapha leightonii Cromb. ex Nyl., Opegrapha mougeotii A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of calcareous or base-
rich siliceous substrata (limestone, calcareous sandstone, roong tiles), in areas with
mild winters, below the montane belt; related to A. varia. – Au: S, O, B. Sw: SZ. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Vau. It: Ven, Piem.
Alyxoria ochrocheila (Nyl.) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Opegrapha atricolor Stirt., Opegrapha ochrocheila Nyl., Opegrapha rubescens Sandst.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic species found on on
the smooth bark of (mostly) evergreen broad-leaved trees and shrubs, more rarely on
lignum; in the Alps it is very rare and restricted to areas with mild winters. e orange
pruina on the exciple is diagnostic. – Sw: SZ. Fr: AMa. Sl: Tg.
Alyxoria varia (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Alyxoria diaphora (Ach.) Gray, Alyxoria notha (Ach.) Gray, Opegrapha chlorina
Pers., Opegrapha cymbiformis Flörke, Opegrapha diaphora (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha li-
chenoides Pers., Opegrapha notha Ach., Opegrapha pulicaris auct. p.p. non Pers. ex Fr.,
Opegrapha rimalis Pers., Opegrapha varia Pers., Opegrapha varia Pers. var. fagicola A.
Massal., Opegrapha vulvella Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on old trees
in humid but rather open forests, occasionally on basic siliceous rocks in humid and
shaded situations. e delimitation of this species is still an open problem: here it is
still treated as a collective taxon. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL,
GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Alyxoria variiformis (Anzi) Ertz
Syn.: Opegrapha variiformis Anzi
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean-Atlantic species
found on steeply inclined faces of calciferous rocks near the coast, in rather shaded and
humid situations, with a few records from the base of the Western Alps (France). – Fr:
AHP, Var, Vau.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
28
Amandinea cacuminum (. Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Sheard
Syn.: Rinodina cacuminum (. Fr.) Malme non (A. Massal.) Anzi, Rinodina sophodes
(Ach.) A. Massal. var. milvina (Wahlenb.) . Fr. f. cacuminum . Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: on large boulders frequently visited by birds; described
from Scandinavia, and also reported from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Amandinea oleicola (Nyl.) Giralt & van den Boom
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1 – Note: a recently resurrected epiphytic species known from
Tuscany, Portugal and the Canary Islands, also reported from the base of the Western
Alps. – Fr: Var.
Amandinea pelidna (Ach.) Fryday & Arcadia
Syn.: Amandinea lecideina (H. Mayrhofer & Poelt) Scheid. & H. Mayrhofer, Biatora
pelidna (Ach.) Rabenh., Lecidea lygaea Ach. f. pelidna (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea pelidna
Ach., Rinodina lecideina H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: this species diers from A. punctata in the median
spore wall thickening, the rimose thallus, and perhaps in the frequent presence of pyc-
nidia. e typical form is apparently a coloniser of siliceous boulders and outcrops near
the seashore (type from a lowland locality in Ireland), and the identity of records from
the Alps, treated as “orophilous ecotype” by Roux et al. (2017), requires further critical
study. – Au: Au. Fr: AHP. It: TAA.
Amandinea punctata (Hom.) Coppins & Scheid.
Syn.: Buellia cupreola Müll. Arg., Buellia myriocarpa (DC.) De Not., Buellia punctata
(Hom.) A. Massal., Buellia punctiformis (Hom.) A. Massal., Buellia stigmatea (Scha-
er.) Körb., Karschia thallophila (Ohlert) Rehm, Lecidea myriocarpa (DC.) Röhl., Leci-
dea punctata (Hom.) Flörke, Patellaria myriocarpa DC., Verrucaria punctata Hom.
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil, deb, bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a very poorly understood
taxon; in its present circumscription, an almost cosmopolitan lichen found on a wide
variety of substrata, including bark, lignum, siliceous rocks, roong tiles and brick;
heterogeneous, and in need of revision. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Amygdalaria consentiens (Nyl.) Hertel, Brodo & May. Inoue
Syn.: Lecidea consentiens Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a probably circum-arctic species, peculiar in having
sunken apothecia and lacking soralia; very rare in the Alps. – Au: T. Ge: OB, Schw.
Amygdalaria panaeola (Ach.) Hertel & Brodo
Syn.: Huilia panaeola (Ach.) Hertel, Lecidea panaeola Ach., Psora panaeola (Ach.) Anzi
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, incompletely
circumpolar species of weathered, mineral-rich siliceous rocks close to the ground, in
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 29
areas with late snow cover, with optimum above treeline. – Au: T, St. Sw: BE, UR, VS.
It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Amylora cervinocuprea (Arnold) Rambold
Syn.: Aspicilia cervinocuprea Arnold, Aspicilia olivacea Bagl. & Carestia f. cervinocuprea
(Arnold) Arnold, Lecanora cervinocuprea (Arnold) Mig.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: on vertical to overhanging faces of gneissic rocks; per-
haps more widespread in the Alps, but not common. – Au: T, K. Sw: GR, VS. It: TAA.
Anaptychia bryorum Poelt
Syn.: Anaptychia fusca (Huds.) Vain. var. stippaea auct., Anaptychia stippaea auct.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane,
probably circumpolar species found amongst mosses and moribund plants over base-
rich siliceous substrata; widespread almost throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge:
OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Anaptychia ciliaris (L.) Flot.
Syn.: Anaptychia melanosticta (Ach.) Trass, Borrera ciliaris (L.) Ach., Borrera solenaria
Duby, Hagenia ciliaris (L.) W. Mann, Lichen ciliaris L., Parmelia ciliaris (L.) Ach.,
Physcia ciliaris (L.) DC.
L – Subs.: cor, cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate species found on bark of
more or less isolated trees, sometimes also on rock and amongst terricolous mosses in
open situations; widespread throughout the Alps, but probably declining. See also note
on A. crinalis. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Anaptychia crinalis (Schleich.) Vězda ex J. Nowak
Syn.: Anaptychia ciliaris (L.) Körb. var. crinalis (Schleich.) Rabenh., Physcia ciliaris (L.)
DC. var. crinalis Schleich.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: perhaps just a simple forma of A. ciliaris (intermediate
morphs are common), conned to humid beech forests. – Au: T, K, N. Sw: BE, GR,
VD, VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Anaptychia runcinata (With.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Anaptychia aquila (Ach.) A. Massal., Anaptychia fusca (Huds.) Vain., Lichen
runcinatus With., Physcia fusca (Huds.) A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic, European species found
on hard siliceous boulders, sometimes overgrowing epilithic mosses, with a few records
from the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: Vau. It: Lig.
Anaptychia ulotricoides (Vain.) Vain.
Syn.: Physcia ulotricoides Vain.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
30
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species described from the inner-Asian steppe zone,
where it grows on various substrates including bark and rock; in the Alps it is certainly
not common, being perhaps restricted to dry valleys. – Fr: AHP.
Anema decipiens (A. Massal.) Forssell
Syn.: Collema decipiens (A. Massal.) Nyl., Omphalaria decipiens A. Massal., yrea de-
cipiens (A. Massal.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on steeply inclined, sunny surfaces of calcareous
rocks (mainly limestone, but also calciferous schists and sandstone) with periodical
water seepage after rain, below the alpine belt. – Au: V, T, S, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
GR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Anema moedlingense Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: the suberect, deeply sulcate squamules with a reticu-
late surface are diagnostic; on sunny calcareous rocks with periodical water seepage;
often confused with A. nummularium, and certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Fr:
AMa. It: Frl.
Anema nummularium (Dufour ex Durieu & Mont.) Nyl. ex Forssell
Syn.: Anema notarisii (A. Massal.) Forssell, Anema nummulariellum Nyl., Collema
nummularium Dufour ex Durieu & Mont., Omphalaria frustillata Nyl., Omphalaria
notarisii A. Massal., yrea frustillata (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of limestone and dolo-
mite with periodical water seepage after rain, below the subalpine belt. See also note
on A. moedlingense. – Au: K, T, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Anema prodigulum (Nyl.) Henssen
Syn.: Omphalaria prodigula Nyl., yrea prodigula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on sunny seepage tracks of calcareous rocks, mostly
below the montane belt. – Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl.
Anema suruticosum P.P. Moreno & Egea
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on sunny seepage tracks of calcareous, more rarely of
base-rich siliceous rocks; certainly not common, but probably more widespread in the
Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var. It: TAA.
Anema tumidulum Henssen ex P.M. Jørg., M. Schultz & Guttová
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this species seems to be fairly common in Central Eu-
rope. It grows on steeply inclined, sunny surfaces of calcareous or basic siliceous rocks
with periodical water seepage after rain, with optimum in upland areas. – Au: ?N. Sw:
GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl, Lomb, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 31
Anisomeridium biforme (Schaer.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Acrocordia biformis (Schaer.) Arnold, Acrocordia polycarpa (Körb.) Körb.,
Arthopyrenia biformis (Schaer.) A. Massal., Arthopyrenia byssacea (Taylor) A.L. Sm.,
Arthopyrenia conformis (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Arthopyrenia tersa Körb. non auct., Ditremis
biformis (Schaer.) R.C. Harris, Epicymathia thallophila (Cooke) Sacc., Leiophloea bi-
formis (Schaer.) Trevis., Verrucaria biformis Schaer., Verrucaria conformis Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, probably holarctic species
found on deciduous trees in open and humid woodlands, e.g. along creeks and rivers
on Fraxinus, Populus and Salix, sometimes also on oaks. – Au: S, K, O. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Var. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Anisomeridium carintiacum (J. Steiner) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia carintiaca J. Steiner, Paraphysothele carintiaca (J. Steiner) Keissl.
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: in the study area only known from the type
locality in Austria. – Au: K.
Anisomeridium macrocarpum (Körb.) V. Wirth
Syn.: Acrocordia macrocarpa Körb., Arthopyrenia macrocarpa (Körb.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly Central European lichen also known
from Northern Spain, with a poorly developed, mainly endosubstratic thallus; the large
1-septate ascospores (30–45 × 7–10 µm) are diagnostic; on the trunks of broad-leaved
deciduous trees in woodlands, mostly near the base of the boles, or on roots. – Au: V,
T, S, K, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, VD, VS. It: Ven.
Anisomeridium polypori (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr
Syn.: Anisomeridium juistense (Erichsen) R.C. Harris, Anisomeridium nyssaegenum (Ellis
& Everh.) R.C. Harris, Anisomeridium willeyanum (R.C. Harris) R.C. Harris, Apiospora
polypori Ellis & Everh., Apiosporella polypori (Ellis & Everh.) Höhnel, Arthopyrenia wil-
leyana R.C. Harris, Didymella polypori (Ellis & Everh.) Ellis & Everh., Ditremis nyssae-
gena (Ellis & Everh.) R.C. Harris, Melanopsamma corticola Ellis & Everh., Mycosphaere-
lla hepaticarum (Pat.) Petrak, Sarcinulella banksiae B. Sutton & Alcorn, Stigmatea he-
paticarum Pat., elidium juistense Erichsen, Zygonella nyssaegenum Ellis & Everh.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate, perhaps holarctic species,
mainly found on bark along rivers and brooks; overlooked for a long time, but cer-
tainly widespread and locally common in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Anisomeridium ranunculosporum (Coppins & P. James) Coppins
Syn.: Arthopyrenia ranunculospora Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this species is peculiar in the shape of the one-septate
ascospores with the lower cell much longer than the upper one; thalli with macrocon-
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
32
idiomata only are dicult to identify; on smooth bark in old-growth broad-leaved for-
ests; perhaps overlooked but certainly rare in the Alps, more common in extra-Alpine
Europe. – Au: S.
Anisomeridium viridescens (Coppins) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia viridescens Coppins
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: the brown, persistent involucrellum reacting K+
green, as well as the strongly branched interascal laments are diagnostic; usually on
smooth bark in woodlands with a long ecological continuity; the total distribution is
incompletely known. – Au: St.
Anzina carneonivea (Anzi) Scheid. var. carneonivea
Syn.: Caloplaca carneonivea (Anzi) Jatta, Diphratora carneonivea (Anzi) Jatta, Gyalec-
ta carneonivea (Anzi) Lettau, Gyalolechia carneonivea Anzi, Lecidea carneonivea (Anzi)
Nyl., Pertusaria carneonivea (Anzi) Vain., Pertusaria infralapponica Vain., Pertusaria
tauriscorum Zahlbr., Secoliga carneonivea (Anzi) Arnold, Varicellaria carneonivea (Anzi)
Erichsen
L – Subs.: xyl, deb, ter, bry, cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on acidic substrata such as bark –
especially of conifers – wood, plant debris, moribund bryophytes, in the understory of
upper montane moist forest, and among shrubs, with optimum in the subalpine belt;
widespread, but in some areas of the Alps still overlooked. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Anzina carneonivea (Anzi) Scheid. var. tetraspora Scheid.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: the taxonomic value of this variety is unclear; the
ecology is as in the type variety. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, TI.
Aphanopsis coenosa (Ach.) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Collema coenosum Ach., Lecidea humigena Taylor, Lecidea praecox Vězda
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on humid, bare, clayey or ne-grained sandy soil
on track sides or ditch margins in woodlands; easy to overlook and perhaps more wide-
spread in the Alps, but certainly not common. – Au: St. Sw: VS. It: Lomb.
Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale
Syn.: Lichen centrifugus L., Parmelia centrifuga (L.) Ach., Xanthoparmelia centrifuga
(L.) Hale
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species of exposed siliceous rocks;
certainly very rare in the Alps. Italian records need conrmation (see Nimis 2016). –
Au: T, St, ?N. It: ?Ven, ?Piem.
Arctoparmelia incurva (Pers.) Hale
Syn.: Lichen incurvus Pers., Parmelia incurva (Pers.) Fr., Parmelia multida auct., Xan-
thoparmelia incurva (Pers.) Hale
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 33
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine to boreal-montane species
found on steeply inclined, hard, acid siliceous rocks in cold, wind-exposed mountain
summits and boulder elds; rare in the Alps, and distribution insuciently document-
ed. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: VS. Fr: HSav. It: Piem.
Arthonia apatetica (A. Massal.) . Fr.
Syn.: Allarthonia apatetica (A. Massal.) Lettau, Arthonia exilis auct., Arthonia rugulosa
(Kremp.) Almq., Catillaria apatetica A. Massal., Coniangium apateticum (A. Massal.)
A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor-par, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on trunks
and young twigs of deciduous trees in sheltered situations, with optimum in the sub-
mediterranean belt. See also note on A. tenellula. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw:
VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Arthonia arthonioides (Ach.) A.L. Sm.
Syn.: Arthonia aspersa Leight., Arthonia lecideoides . Fr., Arthonia trachylioides Nyl.,
Arthonia xylophila V. Wirth & P. James, Trachylia arthonioides (Ach.) Fr., Lecidea ar-
thonioides Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a southern species, known from Europe and North
America, found on acidic rocks and exposed roots in dry underhangs, also on dry un-
dersides of trees in sheltered, humid situations, such as in forests; from the Alps there
are a few scattered records only. – Au: O. It: Lomb.
Arthonia atra (Pers.) A. Schneid.
Syn.: Opegrapha atra Pers., Opegrapha denigrata Ach., Opegrapha fuliginosa Pers. ex
Ach., Opegrapha salicina A. Massal., Opegrapha stenocarpa Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: mainly on smooth bark of deciduous trees, wide-
spread and often common throughout the Alps, below the subalpine belt. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Arthonia caesiella Nyl.
Syn.: Arthonia aphthoides Flagey, Arthonia aphthosa Flagey, Arthonia galactiformis Flagey
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with bluish grey-pruinose ascomata, based on
a type from extra-Alpine Southern France. – Fr: Vau.
Arthonia calcicola Nyl.
Syn.: Allarthonia calcicola (Nyl.) Redinger
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: an early coloniser of calcareous walls and mortar;
overlooked and probably more common, especially in the eu-Mediterranean belt, and
also present in the warm-dry valleys of the Alps. – Au: K, St. It: TAA.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
34
Arthonia cinereopruinosa Schaer.
Syn.: Arthonia lilacina (Ach.) Körb., Arthonia pinicola (Hepp) A. Massal., Pyrenotheca
stictica Fr., Trachylia cinereopruinosa (Schaer.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on smooth bark of
deciduous trees in dense humid forests. – Au: O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU, VD. Fr:
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb.
Arthonia didyma Körb.
Syn.: Arthonia aspersella Leight., Arthonia atrofuscella Nyl., Arthonia pineti Körb.,
Caldesia didyma (Körb.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a cool-temperate species found on smooth bark in
humid areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô, Isè, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Arthonia dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl.
Syn.: Arthonia epipasta (Ach.) Körb., Arthonia minutula Nyl., Opegrapha dispersa
Schrad., Opegrapha epipasta (Ach.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a holarctic species found on smooth, nutrient-rich
bark, e.g. of Fraxinus. It belongs to a dicult complex which still awaits elucidation.
– Au: S, K, St, O, N, B. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VD. Fr: Drô, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Arthonia excipienda (Nyl.) Leight.
Syn.: Arthonia astroidea Ach. var. excipienda Nyl., Arthonia dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl.
subsp. excipienda (Nyl.) Nyl., Arthonia dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl. var. excipienda (Nyl.) H.
Olivier, Arthonia hibernica Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on smooth bark of deciduous trees and shrubs in
riparian montane woodlands; probably overlooked or confused with A. punctiformis.
– Ge: OB. It: TAA, Lig.
Arthonia faginea Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Allarthonia faginea (Müll. Arg.) Redinger
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: the ascospores which are 2-septate when fully devel-
oped are diagnostic, recalling somewhat A. radiata, but with a coccoid photobiont; on
smooth bark under suboceanic conditions; distribution insuciently known. – Au: N.
Fr: HSav.
Arthonia fuliginosa (Turner & Borrer) Flot.
Syn.: Spiloma fuliginosum Turner & Borrer
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen growing on acid bark, espe-
cially of Abies, in humid montane forests. – Au: V, T, K, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. It: Frl,
TAA. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 35
Arthonia galactites (DC.) Dufour
Syn.: Arthonia marginella Dufour ex Nyl., Arthonia punctiformis Ach. var. galactina
Ach., Opegrapha galactites (DC.) M. Choisy, Verrucaria galactites DC.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species with optimum on the
smooth bark of Fraxinus ornus, but also of Populus and even Pistacia; probably over-
looked or/and confused with other species, but certainly not common in the Alps. –
Au: O. Sw: TI. Fr: Isè. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Arthonia granitophila . Fr.
Syn.: Melaspilea granitophila (. Fr.) Coppins, Melaspilea subarenacea J. Nowak &
Kiszka
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a melaspileoid species with an indistinct thallus and
black, somewhat elongated ascomata, peculiar in Arthonia by the carbonised exciple;
on shaded siliceous rocks, with optimum in the montane belt; widespread in Europe
but not common, with several records from the Eastern Alps only (Austria). – Au: V,
T, S, K, St.
Arthonia granosa B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: this species recalls in habitus A. galactites, but has much
larger ascospores. It is has a Mediterranean-Atlantic distribution in coastal situations
with humid maritime winds, generally on Juniperus, but also on Olea and Quercus ilex;
in the study area it is rare and restricted to low altitudes in the Western Alps, near the
Mediterranean coast, on the smooth bark of broad-leaved trees. – Fr: AMa.
Arthonia incarnata . Fr. ex Almq.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: almost exclusively on bark of young to middle-aged
conifers (Picea, Abies); a typical species of boreal to temperate-montane regions; very
rare in the Alps, most records being old. – Au: St.
Arthonia lapidicola (Taylor) Branth & Rostr.
Syn.: Allarthonia fusca (A. Massal.) Sandst., Allarthonia lapidicola (Taylor) Zahlbr.,
Arthonia fusca (A. Massal.) Hepp, Arthonia koerberi (J. Lahm ex Arnold) Malbr., Artho-
nia vagans Almq. var. koerberi (J. Lahm ex Arnold) Almq., Catillaria fusca A. Massal.,
Catillaria ooliticola Walt. Watson, Coniangium fuscum (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Conian-
gium lapidicola (Taylor) Arnold, Coniangium rupestre Körb., Lecidea lapidicola Taylor
L – Subs.: cal, deb – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a holarctic species of calcareous rocks and mor-
tar, most frequent on pebbles, but also on walls, roong tiles etc.; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UR, VD. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Arthonia ligniaria Hellb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: in external appearance this species recalls A. lapidicola,
but the ascospores are much larger; on bark of mature broad-leaved trees; distribution
insuciently known. – Sw: LU.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
36
Arthonia lignariella Coppins
L – Subs.: cor-alg – Alt.: 4 – Note: in appearance and ascoma anatomy this species
resembles A. ligniaria, but the hymenium is lower and the ascospores smaller; mostly
on rotting wood of stumps, but also on bark; widespread in Western and Northern
Europe, and also reported from the Swiss Alps. – Sw: SZ.
Arthonia mediella Nyl.
Syn.: Arthonia globulosiformis (Hepp) Arnold, Arthonia sordaria Körb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, probably cir-
cumpolar species, living as an early coloniser of acid bark, most often of conifers, found
both in humid Abies-Fagus forests and in open Larix stands; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Sw: GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HSav. It:
TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Arthonia patellulata Nyl.
Syn.: Allarthonia patellulata (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Arthonia betuleti Nyl., Coniangium krem-
pelhuberi A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, probably cir-
cumpolar species found on smooth bark, mostly of Populus tremula; from the Alps
there are only scattered records. – Au: K. Ge: OB. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach.
Syn.: Arthonia astroidea Ach., Arthonia epipastoides Nyl., Arthonia montellica A. Mas-
sal., Arthonia sorbina Körb., Arthonia swartziana Ach., Arthonia vulgaris Schaer., Lichen
astroites Ach., Opegrapha astroidea (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha radiata Pers., Opegrapha
swartziana (Ach.) Hepp
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, incompletely holarctic lichen,
the only Arthonia found in non-natural habitats such as in settlements, parks, etc.,
even in moderately polluted situations, exceptionally reaching the subalpine belt;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Arthonia reniformis (Pers.) Röhl.
Syn.: Arthonia gyrosa Ach., Naevia gyrosa (Ach.) A. Massal., Opegrapha reniformis Pers.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species of smooth bark, especially
of Carpinus, more rarely of Fagus and Corylus, in humid deciduous woodlands; from
the Alps there are only scattered records. – Au: K, St. Sw: SZ. Fr: Isè. It: Ven, TAA.
Arthonia ruana A. Massal.
Syn.: Arthonia anastomosans (Ach.) Nyl., Arthonia beltraminiana (A. Massal.)
Anzi, ?Arthonia rosacea Anzi, Arthoniopsis ruana (A. Massal.) Trevis., Arthothelium
anastomosans (Ach.) Arnold, Arthothelium beltraminianum A. Massal., Arthothelium
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 37
dispersum auct., Arthothelium ruanum (A. Massal.) Körb., Arthothelium rosaceum (Anzi)
Zahlbr., Arthothelium ruanideum (Nyl.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate, suboceanic species found on smooth
bark of deciduous trees and shrubs (e.g. Alnus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Corylus, etc.) in humid
forests, often on the basal parts of the trunks; widespread in the Alps, but generally not
common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Fr: AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Arthonia spadicea Leight. var. spadicea
Syn.: Arthonia lurida Ach. non auct., Arthonia lurida Ach. var. spadicea (Leight.) Nyl.,
Coniangium spadiceum (Leight.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on smooth
bark, more rarely on wood, in humid forests; widespread in the Alps, but generally not
common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Arthonia spadicea Leight. var. subspadicea (Nyl.) Redinger
Syn.: Arthonia subspadicea Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: the external appearance is like var. spadicea, but the
hymenium in section is colourless to slightly yellowish and not reacting with K; the
ecology as well resembles that of var. spadicea; the taxonomic value of this variety is in
need of evaluation. – Au: V, T.
Arthonia stellaris Kremp.
Syn.: Arthonia armoricana Leight.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on smooth bark, e.g. of
Corylus, and in Abies-Fagus forests. – Au: V, S, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE. Fr: AMa, Drô, Var.
Arthonia subastroidea Anzi
Syn.: Arthothelium subastroideum (Anzi) Rehm
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane early coloniser
of bark, e.g. of Pinus cembra and Fagus in the Alps; perhaps non-lichenised. – It: Lomb.
Arthonia tenellula Nyl.
Syn.: Allarthonia tenellula (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Arthonia horaria Norman
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: diering from A. apatetica mainly in the hy-
pophloeodic thallus; the taxonomic value of this species is in need of re-evaluation: it
was described from a site near the sea shore in western France; specimens from the Alps
are in need of verication, and the distribution is insuciently known. – Au: T, K, St.
Arthonia trifurcata (Hepp ex Müll. Arg.) Cl. Roux
Syn.: Opegrapha trifurcata Hepp ex Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this species has been often confused with A. calcarea,
so that its distribution is still poorly known. e thallus is thinner and greenish-white
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
38
and the apothecia are smaller than in A. calcarea, which also has a dierent ecology,
being a littoral species; the arthonioid asci and similarities with A. atra were interest-
ingly already noticed by Müller Argoviensis; the type is from the Jura Massif in France.
It grows on calcareous rocks in rather sheltered situations below the montane belt,
and sometimes it starts the life-cycle on other crustose lichens. – Au: T, S, St. Ge: OB,
Schw. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven.
Arthonia viburnea Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with minute, hemispherical to subglo-
bose, black ascomata and 5-septate ascospores (15–18 × 4.5–6 µm); apparently report-
ed only from the type locality in France, where it was found on branches of Viburnum
lantana. – Fr: HSav.
Arthonia vinosa Leight.
Syn.: Arthonia lurida auct. non Ach., Coniangium luridum auct. non (Ach.) Fr., Coni-
angium vinosum (Leight.) A. Massal., Coniangium vulgare Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found near the base of
old trees, more rarely on lignum, in very humid and closed-canopied forests; related
to A. spadicea; widespread in the Alps, but generally not common. – Au: T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: Isè. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Arthopyrenia arnoldii Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, epiphloeodic, continuous, whit-
ish thallus and minute, hemispherical to depressed ascomata (to 0.25 mm in diam)
which are nally black and glossy, thin distinct branching interascal laments, 4 – to
8-spored asci (to 65 × 15 µm), 1-septate, ellipsoid to oblong ascospores with both cells
of about equal size, surrounded by a perisporal sheath (14–18 × 5–8 µm), and bacil-
lary pycnoconidia (to 4 µm long); based on a type from Italy where it was found on
branches of Larix. – Au: St. It: TAA.
Arthothelium lirellans (Almq.) Coppins
Syn.: Arthonia lirellans Almq.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on smooth bark in woodlands with a long ecologi-
cal continuity, in sites with an oceanic climate; distribution still insuciently known,
perhaps sometimes mistaken for Arthonia punctiformis. – Au: K, St.
Arthothelium spectabile A. Massal.
Syn.: Arthonia diormis Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate-suboceanic lichen found on the smooth
bark of deciduous trees in ancient forests; from the Alps there are only a few scattered
records. – Au: St, O, N. Ge: Schw. Fr: AMa. It: Ven, Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 39
Arthrorhaphis alpina (Schaer.) R. Sant.
Syn.: Arthrorhaphis citrinella (Ach.) Poelt var. alpina (Schaer.) Poelt, Bacidia alpina
(Schaer.) Vain., Bacidia citrinella (Ach.) Branth & Rostr. subsp. alpina (Schaer.) J.R.
Laundon, Bacidia avovirescens (Turner & Borrer ex Schaer.) Anzi var. alpina (Schaer.)
A.L. Sm., Lecidea avovirescens Turner & Borrer ex Schaer. var. alpina Schaer.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-sil-par, ter-cal, ter-cal-par, bry – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine,
circumpolar species found on weakly calciferous soil rich in humus, rst parasymbiotic
on Baeomyces, later an autonomous lichen; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SG, ?SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl,
AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Arthrorhaphis citrinella (Ach.) Poelt
Syn.: Arthrorhaphis avovirescens (Turner & Borrer ex Schaer.) . Fr., Bacidia citri-
nella (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Bacidia avovirescens (Turner & Borrer ex Schaer.) Anzi,
Bacidia avovirescens (Turner & Borrer ex Schaer.) Anzi var. citrinella (Ach.) Vain.,
Lecanactis citrinella (Ach.) H. Olivier, Lecidea citrinella (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea avovi-
rescens Turner & Borrer ex Schaer., Lichen citrinellus Ach., Lichen avovirescens Dicks.
nom.illeg. non Wulfen, Mycobacidia avovirescens (Turner & Borrer ex Schaer.) Rehm,
Raphiospora avovirescens (Turner & Borrer ex Schaer.) A. Massal., Scoliciosporum avo-
virescens (Turner & Borrer ex Schaer.) Jatta, Skolekites citrinellus (Ach.) Norman
L – Subs.: ter-sil, sil-par, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar spe-
cies found on mosses and soil rich in humus in sheltered situations, older thalli are
lichenised, younger ones are lichenicolous on Baeomyces; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Arthrorhaphis vacillans . Fr. & Almq. ex . Fr.
Syn.: Arthrorhaphis anziana (Lynge) Poelt, Bacidia anziana Lynge, Bacidia vacillans
(. Fr. & Almq. ex . Fr.) Rostr.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-sil-par, ter-cal, ter-cal-par – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, cir-
cumpolar species found in humid soil near and above treeline. It starts the life-cycle as a
parasite of Baeomyces placophyllus, later becoming autotrophic, and is the most calcium-
tolerant among the Arthrorhaphis-species, often occurring over calcareous schists and
even marmor (Obermayer in litt.). – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: SG, ?SZ. It: TAA.
Arthrosporum populorum A. Massal.
Syn.: Arthrosporum accline (Flot.) A. Massal., Bacidia acclinis (Flot.) Zahlbr., Bacidia
populorum (A. Massal.) Trevis., Bilimbia acclinis (Flot.) Trevis., Bilimbia populorum (A.
Massal.) Vain., Lecidea acclinis Flot.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on smooth bark of
deciduous trees and shrubs, especially Fraxinus, Populus and Salix; widespread in the
Alps, but probably declining. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
40
Aspicilia adaequata (Lettau) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora adequata Lettau
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a species recalling A. candida, but marginal
lobes less distinct and apothecia with black, non-pruinose discs; the distribution in the
Alps is still insuciently known. – Au: V, T, St.
Aspicilia aquatica (Fr.) Körb.
Syn.: Aspicilia eluta (Nyl.) Hue, Aspicilia ageyi Hue, Lecanora amphibola sensu Vain.,
Lecanora aquatica (Fr.) Hepp, Lecanora ageyi (Hue) Zahlbr., Lecanora mazarina
(Wahlenb.) H. Magn., Lecanora rivulorum H. Magn., Parmelia cinerea (L.) Hepp var.
aquatica Fr.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a probably holarctic species of periodically sub-
merged rocks and boulders along streams; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps.
See also note on A. proluta. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, HSav, Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Aspicilia bricconensis Hue
Syn.: Lecanora bricconensis (Hue) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a chemically variable species of siliceous rocks, re-
ported from scattered localities in Alps. – Au: T, S, St. Sw: TI. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: TAA.
Aspicilia bunodea (A. Massal.) Maheu & A. Gillet
Syn.: Lecanora bunodea (A. Massal.) Jatta, Pachyospora bunodea A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: most probably related to A. contorta (see Roux
et al. 2014). – It: Ven.
Aspicilia cacuminum (Müll. Arg.) Kernst.
Syn.: Lecanora cacuminum Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a high-alpine species with subegurate thal-
lus margins, whose taxonomic value is in need of re-evaluation; the distribution is still
insuciently known. – Au: T. Sw: VD.
Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex Malbr.) Arnold
Syn.: Aspicilia gibbosa auct. non (Ach.) Körb, Aspicilia rolleana Hue, Circinaria caesioci-
nerea (Nyl. ex Malbr.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell, Lecanora caesiocinerea Nyl. ex Malbr.,
Lecanora rolleana (Hue) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks wetted by rain, with a wide
altitudinal range. Very heterogeneous both morphologically and ecologically, and in
need of revision; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Ge: OB.
Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 41
Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Bagl.
Syn.: Aspicilia lundensis (Fr.) Uloth, Circinaria calcarea (L.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell,
Lecanora calcarea (L.) Sommerf., Lecanora lundensis (Fr.) Zahlbr., Lecidea calcarea (L.)
Schaer., Lichen calcareus L., Pachyospora calcarea (L.) A. Massal., Parmelia calcarea (L.)
Michx., Patellaria calcarea (L.) Trevis., Urceolaria calcarea (L.) Ach., Verrucaria calcarea
(L.) Humb.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean to mild-temperate species
found on limestone and dolomite, sometimes also on other calciferous substrata; ab-
sent only from large conurbations, sometimes reaching beyond treeline; widespread
and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: Tg.
Aspicilia calcitrapa Cl. Roux & A. Nordin
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: on siliceous rocks in sunny places at low elevations,
where it forms a community together with Pertusaria chiodectonoides; most common in
the Pyrenees, with a few records from the SW Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa.
Aspicilia candida (Anzi) Hue
Syn.: Aspicilia candida (Anzi) Hue var. avoreagens Asta & Cl. Roux [invalidly publi-
shed, ICN Art. 40.1 + 8], Aspicilia polychroma Anzi var. candida Anzi, Aspicilia rosacea
Hue, Lecanora candida (Anzi) Nyl., Lecanora rosacea (Hue) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal, int, sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: known from Europe and North America,
this lichen occurs in the Alps on weakly calciferous rocks, especially calcareous schists,
mostly near or above treeline. e species is chemically variable (see e.g. Roux et al.
2014); widespread in the Alps, wherever suitable substrata are present. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Aspicilia capituligera (Poelt) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora capituligera Poelt
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu, int – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a lichen with distinctly elongated mar-
ginal lobes and cone-shaped papillae producing terminally soredia-like diaspores; opti-
mum in the spray-zone of alpine streams; the distribution is still insuciently known.
– Au: T. Sw: GR.
Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb.
Syn.: Aspicilia depressa (Ach.) Anzi, Lecanora cinerea (L.) Sommerf., Lecanora excipu-
laris H. Magn. nomen sed non planta, Lichen cinereus L., Parmelia cinerea (L.) Hepp,
Sagedia depressa Ach., Urceolaria cinerea (L.) Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, int, cor – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on acid to basic siliceous rocks wetted by rain.
Taken in the broadest sense, this is a holarctic and probably bipolar, extremely variable
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
42
lichen, widespread from subtropical to arctic areas. Material from the Alps should be also
compared with A. calcitrapa Cl. Roux & Nordin, with which the species has been fre-
quently confused (see Roux et al. 2014). In the Alps it has been often confused with other
Aspicilia-species (A. bricconensis, A. prestensis, A. spermatomanes, see Roux et al. 2014). –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, ?SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Aspicilia contorta (Hom.) Körb.
Syn.: Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Bagl. var. contorta (Hom.) Körb., Circinaria contorta
(Hom.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell, Lecanora calcarea (L.) Sommerf. var. contorta
(Flörke) Hepp, Lecanora contorta (Hom.) J. Steiner, Pachyospora calcarea A. Massal.
var. contorta (Hom.) A. Massal., Parmelia contorta (Hom.) Spreng. non Bory, Ver-
rucaria contorta Hom.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: less frequent than A. homanniana, and generally
bound to less disturbed situations, but widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Aspicilia corallophora (Poelt) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Lecanora corallophora Poelt
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 5 – Note: a lichen with a non-egurate, coarsely areolate thal-
lus and soralia developing from verrucose areoles, the soredia transforming into isidia;
on periodically submerged rocks and boulders along Alpine streams; the distribution is
still insuciently known. – Au: T.
Aspicilia coronata (A. Massal.) B. de Lesd.
Syn.: Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Bagl. var. coronata (A. Massal.) Körb., Aspicilia laurensii B.
de Lesd., Lecanora coronata (A. Massal.) Jatta, Lecanora laurensii (B. de Lesd.) Croz.,
Pachyospora coronata A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: most common on hard calcareous rocks and sometimes
on dolomite, mostly in upland areas; this taxon is probably heterogeneous. – Au: V, T,
K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: LU, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven.
Aspicilia cupreoglauca B. de Lesd.
Syn.: Lecanora lacunosa Zschacke non Mereschk.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean lichen found on
base-rich siliceous rocks wetted by rain, mostly on sunny, horizontal surfaces, with a
few records from the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Aspicilia cupreogrisea (. Fr.) Hue
Syn.: Circinaria cupreogrisea (. Fr.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell, Lecanora cupreogrisea
. Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks in the mountains; perhaps more
widespread in the Alps. – Au: ?V, S. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav, Vau. It: VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 43
Aspicilia delimitata (H. Magn.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Lecanora delimitata H. Magn., Lecidea rustrelensis B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: According to Roux et al. (2014, 2017) A. rustrelensis is
identical to A. delimitata. – Fr: Vau.
Aspicilia elmorei (E.D. Rudolph) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Aspicilia desertorum auct. p.p. non (Kremp.) Mereschk., Aspicilia esculenta auct.
p.p. non (Pall.) Flagey, Circinaria elmorei (E.D. Rudolph) Owe-Larss., A. Nordin &
Sohrabi, Lecanora elmorei E.D. Rudolph
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a xeric subtropical lichen of steeply inclined,
hard, more or less calciferous rocks and dolomite. e taxonomy of this group is still
unsettled: saxicolous crustose forms formerly called Aspicilia desertorum belong to the
Circinaria elmorei-complex, which is presently under revision (Sohrabi, in litt.). – Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa.
Aspicilia mbriata (H. Magn.) Oxner
Syn.: Lecanora mbriata H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a fertile species of a brownish-grey colour with very
narrow marginal lobes, reacting K+ red; based on a type from Siberia; the conspecic-
ity of populations from the Alps is uncertain. – Au: K, St.
Aspicilia fumosula (Müll. Arg.) Hue
Syn.: Lecanora fumosula Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species recalling in habitus Immersaria athroocarpa,
but perhaps related to A. cupreogrisea, with an areolate, brown to brown-black thallus
on a black hypothallus, apothecia (c. 0.5 mm in diam.) immersed in the thallus, usu-
ally 1 per areole, with a blackish-brown disc, 8-spored asci, and oblong to ellipsoid
ascospores (c. 10 × 4–5 µm); on siliceous rocks in the high-alpine belt, only known
from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
Aspicilia gibbosa (Ach.) Körb.
Syn.: Circinaria gibbosa (Ach.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell, Lecanora gibbosa (Ach.) Nyl.,
Lecanora gibbosula H. Magn., Urceolaria gibbosa Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: this species is known with certainty only from North-
ern Europe and records from elsewhere require conrmation; the epithet “gibbosa” was
frequently used by European authors for A. caesiocinerea. – Au: V, S, K, St, N. It: TAA,
Lomb, Piem.
Aspicilia glomerulans (Poelt) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora glomerulans Poelt
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 5 – Note: a usually sterile species with coarse, partly branched
isidia, found on siliceous boulders along streams at high altitudes; the distribution is
still insuciently known. – Au: T.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
44
Aspicilia goettweigensis (Zahlbr.) Hue
Syn.: Lecanora goettweigensis Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a lowland species of sunny siliceous rocks, belonging
to the A. gibbosa-group, with a dark grey thallus and a K+ yellow medulla; the original
spelling (“göttweigensis“) was corrected following ICN 60.6. – Au: N. Sw: VS.
Aspicilia grisea Arnold
Syn.: Aspicilia insolata (H. Magn.) Hav., Lecanora grisea (Arnold) Lettau non Ach.,
Lecanora griseolans Zahlbr., Lecanora insolata H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, int, cor – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a chemically variable species (see Roux et al.
2014), found on siliceous rocks, sometimes also on pebbles; certainly more widespread
in the Alps, but very much overlooked. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: Sav,
HSav. It: Frl. Sl: SlA.
Aspicilia helvetica Hue
Syn.: Lecanora helvetica (Hue) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a reddish-white, rather thick, areolate
thallus (not showing any reaction), apothecia (0.4–0.8 mm in diam.) immersed in the
thallus, usually 1 per areole, hymenium exceeding 150 µm in height, large 8-spored
asci, and broadly ellipsoid ascospores (15–24 × 12–16 µm); on siliceous rocks (gran-
ite); only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: GR.
Aspicilia henrici B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a taxon described from Aosta Valley (Italy). It is
similar to A. valpellinensis, but K-. – Sw: BE, GR, VS. It: VA.
Aspicilia hispida Mereschk.
Syn.: Agrestia cyphellata J.W. omson, Agrestia hispida (Mereschk.) Hale & W.L.
Culb., Circinaria hispida (Mereschk.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell, Lecanora hispida
(Mereschk.) Zahlbr., Sphaerothallia hispida (Mereschk.) Follmann & A. Crespo
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the steppes of Central Asia, with a
disjunct distribution in the most continental parts of the Iberian Peninsula, in the
mountains of Greece, and in the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa. It: Piem.
Aspicilia homanniana (S. Ekman & Fröberg ex R. Sant.) Cl. Roux & M. Bertrand
Syn.: Aspicilia caesioalba (Le Prévost ex Duby) Hue, Aspicilia contorta (Hom.) Körb.
subsp. homanniana S. Ekman & Fröberg, Aspicilia homannii auct. non (Ach.) Flagey,
Lecanora calcarea (L.) Sommerf. var. homannii (Ach.) Sommerf., Lecanora homannii
(Ach.) Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: an early coloniser of a wide variety of calciferous or base-
rich substrata, from limestone and dolomite to brick, roong tiles and mortar walls; wide-
spread throughout the Alps, mostly below treeline. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N, B. Sw: SZ. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 45
Aspicilia inornata Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora inornata (Arnold) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: this species, which has been frequently con-
fused with A. viridescens, grows on periodically submerged schistose rocks along brooks,
mostly in the mountains. – Au: V, T, K. Sw: GR. It: Ven, TAA, VA.
Aspicilia intermutans (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Aspicilia ammotropha Hue, Aspicilia trachytica Flagey non (A. Massal.) Arnold,
Aspiciliella intermutans (Nyl.) M. Choisy, Lecanora ammotropha (Hue) Zahlbr., Le-
canora intermutans Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on more or less base-rich siliceous rocks wetted by
rain. is is one of the most frequent silicicolous Aspicilia of Mediterranean Europe;
most of the records from the Alps, especially those from high altitudes, are likely to
refer to A. cinerea, A. prestensis, A. spermatomanes, and Aspilidea myrinii. – Au: ?V, ?St.
Sw: ?GR, ?VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lig.
Aspicilia laevata (Ach.) Arnold
Syn.: Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb. var. laevata (Ach.) Körb., Aspicilia gibbosa (Ach.) Körb.
var. laevata (Ach.) Stein, Aspicilia lusca (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Aspicilia sylvatica Arnold,
Aspicilia vitrea Anzi, Lecanora distinguenda Zahlbr., Lecanora gibbosa var. laevata (Ach.)
. Fr., Lecanora laevata (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora lusca Nyl., Lecanora sylvatica (Arnold)
Sandst., Sagedia laevata Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar spe-
cies found on periodically submerged siliceous rocks, sometimes also in humid forests;
widespread but not common throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, St. Ge: OB.
Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Aspicilia laevatoides (H. Magn.) Oxner
Syn.: Lecanora laevatoides H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species described from South Tyrol, appar-
ently ranging from Southern Scandinavia to the mountains of North Africa, on peri-
odically submerged siliceous rocks along brooks, with a few records from the Southern
Alps (Italy). – It: TAA, Lomb.
Aspicilia lignicola Hue
Syn.: Aspicilia gibbosa (Ach.) Körb. f. lignicola Anzi, Lecanora lignicola (Hue) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a rarely collected species, reported from the Alps
and the North African mountains. – Au: T. Fr: AHP, HAl. It: Lomb, Piem.
Aspicilia lobulata (Anzi) Hue
Syn.: Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Bagl. α [var.] concreta (Schaer.) Körb. [f.] lobulata Anzi,
Aspicilia verruculosa auct. non Kremp., Lecanora egurans Zahlbr., Lecanora verruculosa
auct. non (Kremp.) J. Steiner nec Bagl. nec Jatta
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
46
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a species with a bluish-grey, egurate thallus; dif-
ferences from A. candida are in need of evaluation; the type is on serpentine (but the
species also occurs on slightly calcareous schists). – Ge: Schw. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav,
HSav. It: TAA.
Aspicilia mashiginensis (Zahlbr.) Oxner
Syn.: Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb. f. papillata Arnold, Aspicilia mastrucata auct. eur. austr.
non (Wahlenb.) Ach., Lecanora mashiginensis Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks, often on weakly cal-
ciferous schists, in humid-shaded situations near and above treeline; to be looked
further throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè. It: Frl,
TAA, Piem.
Aspicilia mastrucata (Wahlenb.) . Fr.
Syn.: Lecanora lyckselensis H. Magn., Lecanora mastrucata (Wahlenb.) Ach., Lecanora
subreagens H. Magn., Lichen mastrucatus Wahlenb., Sagedia mastrucata (Wahlenb.) A.
Nordin, Savić & Tibell
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a species found on siliceous to weakly calciferous
rocks, mostly above treeline, belonging to a poorly understood complex, reported from
Northern Europe, upland areas of Central Europe and Turkey; it is however dubious
that the samples from the Alps belong to A. mastrucata in the strict sense. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, VS.
Aspicilia mauritii Hue
Syn.: Lecanora mauritii (Hue) Zschacke
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: this silicicolous species is known from a few localities
in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: GR.
Aspicilia montana (H. Magn.) Hav.
Syn.: Lecanora montana H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thin, rimose, brownish-grey thal-
lus reacting K+ red, mostly developing at the same time roundish, coarsely granular
soralia and apothecia with broad, black margins; a taxon based on a type from North-
ern Sweden, whose ecology and distribution are still insuciently known. – Au: S.
Aspicilia niesenensis (H. Magn.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lecanora niesenensis H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a poorly known species with a spreading, areolate,
lead-grey thallus reacting K-, immersed apothecia, usually several per areole, with black
discs, hymenium c. 100 µm high, paraphyses moniliform in the upper part, 8-spored
asci, broadly ellipsoid ascospores (16–21 × 10–12 µm), and liform, arcuate conidia;
on calcareous rocks in the alpine belt; only known from the type locality in the West-
ern Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: BE.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 47
Aspicilia nunatakkorum (Poelt) Poelt ex Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Aspicilia mastrucata (Wahlenb.) . Fr. f. pseudoradiata Arnold, Lecanora nuna-
takkorum Poelt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a species with a (non-egurate!) dark-grey, papillate
(to almost dwarf-fruticose) thallus partially reacting K+ red, often sterile, but some-
times with solitary, sessile apothecia; on exposed siliceous rocks at high altitudes; the
distribution is still insuciently known, but is probably wider than the few records
would suggest. – Au: T. Ge: Schw.
Aspicilia obscurata (Fr. ex Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora cinerea (L.) Sommerf. var. obscurata Fr. ex Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: the conspecicity of records from the Eastern Alps
(Austria) with the type from Scandinavia is in need of evaluation; ecology and distribu-
tion are still insuciently known. – Au: V, T.
Aspicilia plumbeola (Müll. Arg.) Hue
Syn.: Lecanora plumbeola Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species resembling in habitus a juvenile Miriquidica
plumbea, with a bluish-grey, areolate thallus on a black hypothallus, apothecia (c. 0.3 mm
in diam.) immersed in the thallus, usually 1 per areole, with a brown-black disc, 8-spored
asci, and ellipsoid ascospores (18–20 × 9–10 µm); on siliceous rocks in the high-alpine
belt; only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
Aspicilia polychroma Anzi subsp. polychroma
Syn.: Lecanora polychroma (Anzi) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, perhaps circumpolar, chemi-
cally and morphologically variable species with optimum on more or less calciferous
siliceous rocks; widespread throughout the Alps, wherever suitable substrata are pre-
sent. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav. It: Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Aspicilia polychroma Anzi subsp. hypertrophica Cl. Roux
Syn.: Aspicilia polychroma Anzi subsp. hypertrophica Asta & Cl. Roux [invalidly pub-
lished], Aspicilia polychroma Anzi var. kalireagens Asta & Cl. Roux [invalidly published]
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: this lichen, diering from the typical subspecies in
the well-developed thallus containing variable amounts of atranorin, grows on sunny
surfaces of weakly calciferous siliceous rocks, often with Lecanora albula; taxon based
on a type from the Pyrenees; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au:
V. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa.
Aspicilia prestensis Cl. Roux & A. Nordin
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species described from the Pyrenees, with an areo-
late, non-egurate, whitish-grey thallus reacting K+ red, often confused with A. cinerea
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
48
(with smaller ascospores and conidia) and A. spermatomanes (with glebulose areolae,
cortex with a brown pigment, longer conidia); it grows on acidic rocks, with optimum
in sunny places, near and above treeline. A similar species, A. epiglypta is restricted to
coastal areas in Northern Europe, and records from elsewhere may be due to confusion
with other species, especially with A. prestensis. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: TAA.
Aspicilia proluta (Nyl.) Hue
Syn.: Aspicilia submersa (Lamy) Hue, Lecanora caesiocinerea Nyl. ex Malbr. f. proluta
Nyl., Lecanora proluta (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecanora subdepressa (Arnold) Nyl. var. submersa
Lamy, Lecanora submersa (Lamy) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: the dierences from A. aquatica (both spe-
cies have ascospores of comparable size) are in need of re-evaluation; on periodically or
constantly inundated siliceous rocks; a poorly known taxon based on a type from the
Pyrenees, whose distribution is insuciently known. – Fr: HSav. It: Lig.
Aspicilia reagens (Zahlbr.) Cl. Roux & M. Bertrand
Syn.: Lecanora calcarea f. reagens Zahlbr., Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Bagl. var. reagens (Zahl-
br.) Szatala
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: this taxon was often regarded just a chemical strain of A.
calcarea with abundant norstictic acid. It is however more closely related to A. serenensis
than to A. calcarea because of the cortex not lled by crystals, the rounded apothecia
with a well-developed thalline margin, the amphithecium containing the subdepressa-
brown pigment, and the size of conidia. It diers from A. serenensis in the chemistry
(norstictic and stictic acids), in several morphological traits, and in the altitudinal dis-
tribution. To be looked for further in the Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Ven.
Aspicilia rosulata Körb.
Syn.: Aspicilia proserpens (Nyl.) Hue
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a fertile species with a grey to blackish-brown,
egurate thallus and nally sessile apothecia; based on a type from Franz Josef Land,
where it grows on periodically inundated boulders; identity and uniformity of records
from the Alps are uncertain, because the secondary chemistry is apparently not uni-
form, and the ecology is dierent (on exposed, usually steep rock faces). – Au: T, S, K.
Fr: HAl.
Aspicilia serenensis Cl. Roux & M. Bertrand
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a recently described species, diering from A. calcarea
(closely related), A. farinosa and A. subfarinosa in having a distinctly thicker thallus
(with a thick medulla), larger apothecia with the pigment subdepressa-brown in the
cortex of the thalline margin, slightly longer conidia, and a more orophilous distribu-
tion. e species might have been led under A. calcarea in the past, and should be
looked for throughout the Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 49
Aspicilia simoensis Räsänen
Syn.: Lecanora bahusiensis H. Magn., Lecanora isidiata (H. Magn.) H. Magn., Lecano-
ra simoensis (Räsänen) Zahlbr., Lecanora simoensis (Räsänen) Zahlbr. var. isidiata H.
Magn., Sagedia simoensis (Räsänen) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mostly sterile species with an areolate thal-
lus reacting K+ red; based on a type from Finland and described as sorediate from
the beginning; populations in the Alps have dense clusters of isidia later break-
ing down into soredia-like propagules (tting Lecanora simoensis var. isidiata H.
Magn.); most frequent on siliceous boulders visited by birds, widespread in the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, LU, SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav. It: Ven,
TAA, VA. Sl: SlA.
Aspicilia sophodopsis (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora sophodopsis Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thallus recalling a sterile Staurothele
ambrosiana in being minutely granulose, olive-brown to greyish-brown, but reacting
K+ red; perhaps this could be the correct name for alpine populations of putative “A.
leprosescens” or even “A. simoensis”; on siliceous boulders, in the study area so far only
known from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Aspicilia spermatomanes Maheu & A. Gillet
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species described from the Pyrenees and recently
re-evaluated, whose distribution is insuciently known: there are many records from
the French Alps, but the species is likely to be widespread throughout the Alps, having
often being confused with other species, especially A. cinerea. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav.
Aspicilia subdepressa Arnold
Syn.: Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex Malbr.) Arnold var. subdepressa (Arnold) Clauza-
de & Cl. Roux, Lecanora subdepressa (Arnold) Nyl., Pachyospora subdepressa (Arnold)
M. Choisy
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a silicicolous species of vertical to inclined rocks in
rather dry areas, with optimum in the montane belt, with a few scattered records from
the Alps. – Au: T, K, N. Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Piem.
Aspicilia supertegens Arnold
Syn.: Aspicilia prinii B. de Lesd., Lecanora leucostoma H. Magn., Lecanora supertegens
(Arnold) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a boreal-montane to arctic-alpine, perhaps cir-
cumpolar, variable lichen found on lime-free but base-rich rocks, often on mica-schist
in humid situations (near brooks, melting snow, etc.). – Au: V, T, S, K. Ge: Schw. Sw:
GR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
50
Aspicilia valpellinensis B. de Lesd.
Syn.: Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb. var. chiodectonoides Anzi, Lecanora valpellinensis (B.
de Lesd.) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on calciferous schists; only known from the Italian
Alps (Scandinavian material belongs to A. supertegens, see Nimis 2016). – It: Lomb, VA.
Aspicilia verrucigera Hue
Syn.: Lecanora verrucigera (Hue) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a fertile species with a grey, verrucose thallus; taxon
based on a type from Finland, whose ecology and distribution are insuciently under-
stood. – Fr: HAl.
Aspicilia verrucosa (Ach.) Körb. subsp. verrucosa
Syn.: Amygdalaria verrucosa (Ach.) Norman, Lecanora urceolaria (Fr.) Wetmore, Leca-
nora verrucosa (Ach.) Laurer, Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner & V. Wirth, Pachyo-
spora verrucosa (Ach.) A. Massal., Pertusaria freyi Erichsen, Urceolaria verrucosa Ach.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found
on mosses and plant debris over calciferous ground in open situations; it descends to
lower altitudes in dry-continental areas; widespread and common throughout the Alps.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Aspicilia verrucosa (Ach.) Körb. subsp. mutabilis (Ach.) Cl. Roux
Syn.: Aspicilia mutabilis (Ach.) Körb., Lecanora mutabilis (Ach.) Nyl., Megaspora ver-
rucosa (Ach.) Hafellner & V. Wirth var. mutabilis (Ach.) Nimis & Cl. Roux, Pa-
chyospora mutabilis (Ach.) A. Massal., Patellaria mutabilis (Ach.) Trevis., Urceolaria
mutabilis Ach.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on basal parts of old deciduous trees; doubtfully
distinct from the typical subspecies. – Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Ven,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
Aspicilia verruculosa Kremp.
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on weakly calciferous rocks. A critical taxon,
known only from the Southern European mountains, but perhaps just a chemotype of
A. polychroma (see e.g. Roux et al. 2014). – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR,
UR. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Aspicilia viridescens (A. Massal.) Hue
Syn.: Pachyospora viridescens A. Massal.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this species was often confused with A. contorta, but
it occurs on siliceous rocks; it is rather common at low altitudes in the Western Alps.
– Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 51
Aspicilia zonata (Ach.) R. Sant.
Syn.: Aspicilia waldrastensis (H. Magn.) Clauzade & Rondon, Lecanora waldrastensis
H. Magn., Sagedia zonata Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a fertile silicicolous species with a grey, areolate
thallus, sometimes with concentric marginal zones; the distribution is insuciently
known. e species has been frequently confused with A. caesiocinerea, from which
it diers in the 8-spored asci, the slightly smaller spores, and the absence of aspicilin.
Several records of A. caesiocinerea from upland areas could refer to this species. – Au:
V, T. Ge: Schw. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav. It: TAA.
Aspilidea myrinii (Fr.) Hafellner
Syn.: Aspicilia adunans (Nyl.) Arnold, Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb. var. alpina (Fr.)
Körb., Aspicilia glacialis (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Aspicilia myrinii (Fr.) Stein,
Lecanora adunans Nyl., Lecanora myrinii (Fr.) Tuck., Parmelia myrinii Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found on
crystalline schists and acid siliceous rocks in upland areas; widespread in the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Atla alpina Savić & Tibell
Syn.: Polyblastia theleodes auct. p.p.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on calcareous rocks (mesozoic limestone, marble of
variable ages) with at least locally increased humidity; widespread and fairly common
throughout the Alps, but often led under “Polyblastia theleodes”, and hence under-
recorded. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Atla wheldonii (Travis) Savić & Tibell
Syn.: Polyblastia wheldonii Travis
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a relatively rare species and the only terricolous one
in the genus; optimum on basic sandy soil, from where it may spread over decaying
mosses and plant remains, mostly near treeline. – Sl: SlA.
Bacidia absistens (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Bacidia intermissa (Nyl.) Malme, Lecidea absistens Nyl., Lecidea intermissa Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical species
found on base-rich substrata, in clearings of ancient forests, sometimes on epiphytic
bryophytes, with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Sw: BE.
It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Bacidia arceutina (Ach.) Arnold
Syn.: Bacidia leightoniana (Larbal. ex Leight.) H. Olivier, Biatora luteola (Schrad.) Fr.
var. fuscella (Fr.) . Fr., Lecidea arceutina (Ach.) Gray, Lecidea leightoniana Larbal.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
52
ex Leight., Lecidea luteola (Schrad.) Ach. var. arceutina Ach., Lecidea luteola (Schrad.)
Ach. var. fuscella Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, cal, bry – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical spe-
cies found on bark of broad-leaved trees (especially Acer, Fraxinus and Populus) in open
woodlands near rivers, very rarely calcicolous or muscicolous; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, UW, VD. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Bacidia auerswaldii (Hepp ex Stizenb.) Mig.
Syn.: Bacidia eusa (Auersw. ex Rabenh.) Lettau non (Sm.) Trevis, Bacidia eusella
Zahlbr., Bilimbia eusa Auersw. ex Rabenh., Lecidea auerswaldii Hepp ex Stizenb., Le-
cidea eusa (Auersw. ex Rabenh.) Stizenb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical, mainly sub-
atlantic species of humid open forests, with a few records from the Eastern Alps only
(Austria). – Au: S, O, N.
Bacidia badensis (Körb.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Bilimbia badensis Körb.
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 4 – Note: also reported from Germany, on wood in the subal-
pine belt, with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: S. It: Lomb.
Bacidia bagliettoana (A. Massal. & De Not.) Jatta
Syn.: Bacidia atrosanguinea var. argillicola (Malbr.) H. Olivier, Bacidia maceriarum B.
de Lesd., Bacidia muscorum (Ach.) Mudd, Bacidia pezizoidea sensu Anzi, Lecidea musco-
rum Ach. non (. Fr.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Scoliciosporum bagliettoanum A. Massal.
& De Not.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry, deb – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane,
circumpolar lichen of moribund bryophytes and plant debris in dry grasslands, or in
ssures of calcareous rocks and dolomite, with optimum in upland areas. e holotype
of B. maceriarum, examined by Roux (unpublished), proved to belong to this species;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Bacidia biatorina (Körb.) Vain.
Syn.: Bacidia acerina auct. non (Ach.) Arnold, Raphiospora atrosanguinea Ach. var. bia-
torina Körb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a rare, oceanic species growing on trunks of mature
trees in old woodlands, mostly in Lobarion-communities; probably more widespread
in the Alps than the relatively few scattered records suggest. – Au: S, K, St. Ge: OB.
Sw: SG. Sl: Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 53
Bacidia caesiomarginata (Kernst.) Lettau
Syn.: Bilimbia caesiomarginata Kernst.
L – Subs.: cal, int, bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with apothecial margins covered
with a bluish-grey pruina when young, and 1–3-septate, elongated-oblong ascospores;
on limestone and overgrowing bryophytes in shaded situations, e.g. within subalpine
forests; apparently rather rare. – Au: V, T, K, St. Ge: Schw.
Bacidia circumspecta (Nyl. ex Vain.) Malme
Syn.: Bacidia bacillifera (Nyl.) Arnold p.p., Bacidia quercicola (Nyl.) Vain., Lecidea ba-
cillifera Nyl. var. circumspecta Nyl. ex Vain., Lecidea circumspecta (Vain.) Hedl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on old trees in open,
humid woodlands, more rarely on primarily acid, but nutrient-enriched bark. – Au:
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Var. It:
TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Bacidia coprodes (Körb. ex Arnold) Lettau
Syn.: Bacidia salevensis (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Bacidia subtrachona (Arnold) Lettau, Ba-
cidia trachona auct. p.p., Bilimbia coprodes Körb. ex Arnold, Bilimbia subtrachona Ar-
nold, Gyalecta salevensis (Müll. Arg.) H. Olivier, Patellaria salevensis Müll. Arg.,
L – Subs.: cal, int, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging faces
of calciferous or base-rich siliceous rocks, exceptionally on bark in deep crevices at the
base of trunks. – Au: S K St O N. Sw: LU. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Ven,
TAA, Lig.
Bacidia fraxinea Lönnr.
Syn.: Bacidia fallax (Körb.) Lettau, Bacidia rubella (Hom.) A. Massal. var. fallax Körb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, probably Mediterranean-Atlantic
lichen found on deciduous trees, especially Acer, in open, humid woodlands, with a
few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: N. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var, Vau.
Bacidia friesiana (Hepp) Körb.
Syn.: Biatora friesiana Hepp
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen, most frequent on
Sambucus, or near the base of trees with nutrient-rich bark, with optimum in the sub-
mediterranean belt. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Bacidia fuscoviridis (Anzi) Lettau
Syn.: Biatorina albidocarnea (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Bilimbia albidocarnea (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.,
Bilimbia albocarnea (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Bilimbia fuscoviridis Anzi, Lecidea albidocarnea
Nyl., Toninia albidocarnea (Nyl.) Guillaumot
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on calciferous
and basic siliceous rocks in sheltered and humid situations; rarely collected, being of-
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
54
ten sterile, with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: LU.
It: Frl, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Bacidia herbarum (Stizenb.) Arnold
Syn.: Bacidia fraterna Anzi, Mycobilimbia herbarum (Stizenb.) Rehm, Secoliga herba-
rum Stizenb.
L – Subs.: bry-cal, deb-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, prob-
ably circumpolar lichen found on plant remains and moribund bryophytes on calcifer-
ous ground, more rarely on bark, with optimum in upland areas; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: LU, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Bacidia igniarii (Nyl.) Oxner
Syn.: Bacidia abbrevians (Nyl.) . Fr., Bilimbia igniarii (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidea igniarii Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a northern species of smooth bark, very rarely
found on lignum; on the whole a critical taxon, which needs revision, with a few scat-
tered records from the Alps. – Ge: OB. Sw: GR. Fr: AMa, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Bacidia illudens (Nyl.) Lynge
Syn.: Lecidea illudens Nyl.
L # – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with apothecial margins
mostly covered with a bluish-grey pruina, and 5–7-septate, acicular ascospores; on
decaying bryophytes; based on a type from Finland, with a few scattered records from
the Alps. – Au: St. Sw: GR.
Bacidia incompta (Borrer) Anzi
Syn.: Bacidia atrosanguinea (Schaer.) Anzi, Bacidia subinundata (Nyl.) Blomb. & Fors-
sell, Bacidia viridula Erichsen, Biatora atrosanguinea (Schaer.) Hepp, Lecidea atrosan-
guinea (Schaer.) . Fr. non (Hom.) Nyl., Lecidea incompta Borrer, Scoliciosporum
molle A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor, deb, bry – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species found on base-rich
bark, especially of Ulmus, near wounds of the trunk, more rarely on plant debris and
terricolous mosses. – Au: S, St, O, N. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Bacidia laminularis (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Bilimbia nitschkeana J. Lahm ex Rabenh. var. laminularis (Müll. Arg.) H. Olivier,
Patellaria laminularis Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with bluish-black apothecia and 2–4-sep-
tate, narrowly ellipsoid ascospores which are only c. 10 µm long; on the whole a poorly
known taxon, perhaps a Micarea. – Fr: HSav.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 55
Bacidia laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Bacidia atrogrisea (Delise) Körb., Bacidia elevata Körb., Bacidia endoleuca auct.
non (Nyl.) J. Kickx f., Bacidia subacerina Vain. subsp. laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby)
Vain., Biatora atrogrisea Delise, Patellaria laurocerasi Delise ex Duby
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a humid subtropical to Mediterranean-Atlantic li-
chen found on smooth bark of broad-leaved trees in open, humid forests; widespread
throughout the Alps but generally rare, and perhaps declining. – Au: T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, UW, VD. Fr: AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Bacidia leptosperma (Anzi) Lettau
Syn.: Bilimbia leptosperma Anzi
L # – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a whitish, granular thallus delimited
by a white prothallus, small, sessile, black, rst plane then convex and immarginate
apothecia with a brown epithecium and a black hypothecium, coeherent paraphyses,
8-spored asci, and 1–3-septate, fusiform ascospores measuring c. 9 × 3 µm; only known
from the type material, collected on terricolous mosses over granite above Bormio
(Italy). – It: Lomb.
Bacidia notarisiana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Bilimbia notarisiana A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on calcareous rocks, sometimes in anthropogenic
settings (e.g., cement constructions); currently known only from low or moderate el-
evations in Northern Italy, but likely to be more widespread in the Mediterranean
region. – It: Frl, Lig.
Bacidia piciloides (Zahlbr.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Catillaria piciloides Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species which is perhaps related to Catillaria picila,
with a thin, greyish, subleprose to pulverulent thallus and sessile, brown-black, lecid-
eine apothecia with a brown-black exciple and hypothecium, a brownish epihyme-
nium, conglutinated, not distinctly capitate paraphyses, 8-spored asci, and hyaline,
oblong 1-septate ascospores (16–18 × 5–6 µm); on sandstone in a montane forest, only
known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Bacidia polychroa (. Fr.) Körb.
Syn.: Bacidia acerina (Ach.) Arnold, Bacidia anceps Anzi, Bacidia fuscorubella (Ach.)
Bausch, Bacidia polysita (Stirt.) A.L. Sm., Biatora polychroa . Fr., Lecidea acerina
(Ach.) Röhl., Secoliga fuscorubella (Ach.) Stizenb., Verrucaria fuscorubella Hom. nom.
inval.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical lichen found
on broad-leaved trees in open, humid forests, with a few scattered records from the
Alps. – Au: K, St, N. Fr: Var. It: TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
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56
Bacidia punica Llop
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1 – Note: a recently-described epiphytic species, widespread but
not common in shaded-humid situations, with optimum within eu-Mediterranean
vegetation, also reported from the base of the Western Alps. It may, however, prove to
be a synonym of Bacidina phacodes (see Nimis 2016). – Fr: AMa.
Bacidia rosella (Pers.) De Not.
Syn.: Biatora alabastrina (Ach.) W. Mann, Lecidea alabastrina Ach., Lichen rosellus Pers.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen
found on deciduous trees (especially Acer and Fraxinus, but also on Quercus ilex), in
humid, open forests and in woodlands along rivers; widespread in the Alps, but gener-
ally rare, and perhaps declining. – Au: S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, UR. Fr: AMa,
Var. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Bacidia rubella (Hom.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Bacidia luteola auct., Biatora luteola auct., Lecidea luteola auct., Lichen luteolus
Schrad. nom.illeg., Verrucaria rubella Hom.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate lichen found on old trees, especially
oaks, still widespread, but probably declining, with optimum in the submediterra-
nean belt; widespread throughout the Alps, but generally not very common. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Bacidia scoliciosporoides (Bagl. & Carestia) Lettau
Syn.: Bilimbia scoliciosporoides Bagl. & Carestia
L # – Subs.: deb – Alt.: 5 – Note: this long-forgotten and poorly understood species,
often wrongly attributed to Baglietto alone, is characterised by a white, subleprose,
rugulose-subgranulose, spreading thallus, small, subsessile, plane to convex, black
apothecia with a thin to poorly evident proper margin (resembling those of Lecidella
wulfenii), a yellowish brown epihymenium, a colourless hypothecium, adglutinate
paraphyses, 8-spored, clavate asci, and large, fusiform, 3–7-septate ascospores which
are 5–6 times as long as wide; known only from the type collection, on Silene acaulis in
the alpine belt; the type material, most probably in MOD, would be worthy of further
study. – It: Piem.
Bacidia sordida (Anzi) Lettau
Syn.: Bilimbia sordida Anzi
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a dirty white, thin, farinose, rimose-
areolate thallus, small, black apothecia (turning brownish when wet) with a hyaline to
pale brownish hypothecium, 8-spored asci, and 1–3-septate, hyaline, straight to slight-
ly curved ascospores measuring 15–20 × c. 5 µm; only known from the type collection,
on calciferous rocks at 1,350 m, this species could belong to Lecania. – It: Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 57
Bacidia subacerina Vain.
Syn.: Bacidia violacea (Arnold) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with brown to blackish apothecia and acicular
ascospores; the purple-reddish epihymenium reacting K+ violet and the reddish exci-
ple reacting K+ purple are diagnostic to separate it from B. laurocerasi; on acid bark in
boreal to temperate-montane forests; in the study area there are only a few scattered
records from the Eastern Alps (Austria, Slovenia). – Au: S, K, St. Sl: SlA.
Bacidia subincompta (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Bacidia anis (Stizenb.) Vain., Bacidia atrosanguinea (Hepp) Anzi var. corticola
. Fr., Bacidia hegetschweileri (Hepp) Vain. non auct., Bacidia intermediella Vězda,
Bacidia separabilis (Nyl.) Arnold, Biatora atrosanguinea Hepp var. hegetschweileri Hepp,
Lecidea hegetschweileri Hepp, Lecidea separabilis Nyl., Lecidea subincompta Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on bark of old
broad-leaved trees (especially Fagus and Quercus) in open, humid woodlands; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL,
GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Bacidia touzalinii (Harm.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecidea touzalinii Harm.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: not reported – Note: a corticolous species with blackish apothe-
cia lacking a distinct margin, and 3-septate, narrowly ellipsoid ascospores; very poorly
understood and perhaps belonging to Micarea; only known from the type locality in
the Western Alps. – Fr: HSav.
Bacidia trachona (Ach.) Lettau
Syn.: Biatora trachona (Ach.) Körb., Bilimbia trachona (Ach.) Trevis., Verrucaria tra-
chona Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: the true B. trachona does not belong to Bacidia and
has a more or less suboceanic distribution in Europe, from Portugal to Scandinavia.
Several records from the Alps are dubious and could refer to B. coprodes. – Au: V, T, K.
Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VD. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Bacidia vermifera (Nyl.) . Fr.
Syn.: Bacidia hegetschweileri auct. non (Hepp) Vain., Bacidia rhodopsis . Fr. & Almq.,
Bilimbia lecideoides (Hazsl. ex Körb.) . Fr., Lecidea vermifera Nyl., Scoliciosporum
vermiferum (Nyl.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on the bark of broad-leaved trees in rather humid
situations, more rarely on lignum, with scattered records from the Alps. – Au: V, T, St,
O, N. Fr: Isè. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
58
Bacidia viridescens (A. Massal.) . Fr.
Syn.: Bacidia muscorum (F.H. Wigg.) Mudd var. viridescens (A. Massal.) Arnold, Het-
erothecium viridescens A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with marginate blackish apothecia and
6–8-septate acicular ascospores, pigmentation of hypothecium not indicated; on soil
and overgrowing bryophytes; most likely a synonym of B. bagliettoana; B. viridescens
sensu auct. brit. is likely to refer to a dierent species. – Au: O. It: Ven.
Bacidia viridifarinosa Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a suboceanic species growing on shaded, smooth
and not too acid siliceous rocks in oceanic humid woodlands, sometimes on smooth
bark at the base of old deciduous trees; mostly sterile, with conuent soralia giving
raise to yellow-green farinose soredia; the type material is from an old Tilia tree; it is
not a Bacidia and belongs in the Pilocarpaceae; from the Alps there are only a few scat-
tered records. – Ge: OB. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Bacidina arnoldiana (Körb.) V. Wirth & Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia arnoldiana Körb., Lecidea larbalestieri Cromb., Woessia arnoldiana
(Körb.) Sérus. & Diederich
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: recently, two species were recognised within B. ar-
noldiana: a saxicolous species which corresponds to the type, and a corticolous species
named B. sulphurella; some records from the Alps are likely to belong to B. sulphurella.
– Au: O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè,
Vau. It: Frl., Ven. Sl: SlA.
Bacidina assulata (Körb.) S. Ekman
Syn.: Bacidia anomala A. Massal., Bacidia assulata (Körb.) Vězda, Bacidia eusa auct.,
Bacidia intermedia (Hepp ex Stizenb.) Arnold, Bacidia rubella (Hom.) A. Massal. var.
assulata Körb., Bilimbia eusa auct.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an epiphytic species belonging to a complex which is
still in need of elucidation. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Fr: AMa. It: TAA,
Lomb.
Bacidina caligans (Nyl.) Llop & Hladun
Syn.: Bacidia caligans (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Lecidea caligans Nyl., Woessia caligans (Nyl.)
Sérus. & Diederich
L – Subs.: cal, cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: this species belongs to the B. arnoldiana-group, but
is sorediate and generally sterile; it has a mild-temperate to Mediterranean distribution
and is mainly calcicolous (sometimes occurring also on mosses and mortar, rarely on
bark at the base of trunks), in shaded and humid situations at relatively low elevations;
hitherto known only from the Western Alps, but, being easily overlooked, it could be
more widespread. – Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Var.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 59
Bacidina chloroticula (Nyl.) Vězda & Poelt
Syn.: Bacidia chloroticula (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Bacidia lehriana Erichsen, Bacidia neglecta
Vězda, Bacidia paulula Erichsen, Bacidia subchlorotica (Nyl.) Flagey, Bacidina neglecta
(Vězda) Vězda, Lecidea chloroticula Nyl., Lecidea subchlorotica Nyl., Woessia chloroticula
(Nyl.) Sérus. & Diederich
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate to southern boreal species
found on evergreen leaves and base-rich bark, sometimes on plant debris, calcareous
stones, etc., mostly near the ground; certainly overlooked, and perhaps more wide-
spread in the Alps, below the subalpine belt. – Au: V, T, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR,
SZ, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Ven, Lomb. Li.
Bacidina delicata (Larbal. ex Leight.) V. Wirth & Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia arceutinella Zahlbr., Bacidia delicata (Larbal. ex Leight.) Coppins, Bi-
limbia arceutinoides Anzi, Lecidea eusa auct. var. delicata Larbal. ex Leight., Woessia
delicata (Larbal. ex Leight.) Sérus. & Diederich
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic to humid subtropical
species found on bark, especially of Sambucus and Salix and – but only in very humid
areas – on roong tiles and plant debris. – Au: S, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Fr: AMa, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Bacidina egenula (Nyl.) Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia egenula (Nyl.) Arnold, Bacidia epiphylla Wheldon & Travis, Bacidia ge-
nuensis B. de Lesd., Bacidia mediterranea B. de Lesd., Bacidia sbarbaronis B. de Lesd.,
Lecidea egenula Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical species,
most common on pebbles over moist ground in areas with siliceous substrata; from the
Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: K, St, O. Fr: HSav, Var. It: Lomb, Lig.
Bacidina inundata (Fr.) Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia arnoldiana Körb. var. inundata (Fr.) Körb., Bacidia inundata (Fr.) Körb.,
Biatora inundata Fr., Lecidea inundata (Fr.) Nyl., Lichingoldia gyalectiformis D. Hawk-
sw. & Poelt, Woessia inundata (Fr.) Sérus. & Diederich
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: apparently this is a holarctic lichen
found on periodically inundated or otherwise moist siliceous rocks, more rarely on
lignum, in humid-shaded situations, with a wide altitudinal range. – Au: T, S, K, St.
Sw: GR. Fr: HAl, AMa. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Bacidina neosquamulosa (Aptroot & Herk) S. Ekman
Syn.: Bacidia neosquamulosa Aptroot & Herk
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species of the B. arnoldiana-group resembling B.
sulphurella, but thallus minutely squamulose-isidiate, with longer, 3 – to 7-septate as-
cospores measuring 45–60 × 1.5–2 µm, and globose, erumpent dark pycnidia (to 0.13
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
60
mm in diam.) containing liform, distinctly 3 – to 7-septate, curved macroconidia
(40–55 × 1.5–2 µm); on trees with subneutral bark in nutrient-rich, dusty situations
such as in urban parks and forest edges along secondary dirt roads; widespread in Eu-
rope and also recorded from Western North America, with a single record from the
Eastern Alps (Austria), but probably more widespread. – Au: N.
Bacidina phacodes (Körb.) Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia albescens (Stizenb.) Bausch, Bacidia chlorotica (Ach.) Sandst., Bacidia
phacodes Körb., Lecidea chlorotica (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical lichen
found on bark of broad-leaved trees, more rarely on rock or silicicolous mosses, often
on dry undersides of thick branches of ancient trees; widespread in the Alps, but not
very common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, UW. Fr: AMa,
Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Bacidina sulphurella (Samp.) M. Hauck & V. Wirth
Syn.: Bacidia arnoldiana Körb. var. corticola Arnold, Bacidia sulphurella Samp., Woessia
fusarioides D. Hawksw., Poelt & Tscherm.-Woess
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on bark, especially of Sambucus, sometimes invading
corticolous mosses, more rarely on twigs, needles and living leaves in very humid sites.
Some records of epiphytic B. arnoldiana could refer to this species. – Au: S, K, St, B.
It: Frl.
Bacidina vasakii (Vězda) Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia vasakii Vězda, Woessia vasakii (Vězda) Sérus.
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid pantropical species de-
scribed from the Caucasus and also known from the Pyrenees, with a granular to
subcoralloid thallus, hemispherical, whitish apothecia, and mostly 3-septate, acicular
ascospores, found in the understory of forests, mostly on twigs and leaves of Buxus; rare
and scattered in the Western Alps, at low elevations – Fr: AMa, Isè, Var, Vau.
Bactrospora dryina (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Arthonia dryina (Ach.) Jatta, Lecanactis dryina (Ach.) Vain., Lecanactis dryophila
Lettau, Lecidea dryina (Ach.) Ach., Lichen dryinus Ach., Melaspilea patersonii Stirt.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean-Atlantic species
found on bark of old, isolated deciduous trees, especially oaks, on faces which are sel-
dom wetted by rain; rare, and certainly declining. – Au: St. It: Ven, Piem, Lig.
Baeomyces carneus Flörke
Syn.: Baeomyces byssoides (L.) P. Gaertn., G. Mey. & Scherb. var. carneus (Flörke) Hepp,
Baeomyces caprinus (. Fr.) H. Magn., Baeomyces fuscorufescens Vain., Baeomyces rufus
(Huds.) Rebent. var. carneus (Flörke) Nyl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 61
L – Subs.: ter-sil, sil – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, perhaps circum-
polar lichen found on soils high in clay and on weathered siliceous rocks; widespread
in the Alps, but generally not common. – Au: T, K, St, N, B. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: TAA,
Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Baeomyces placophyllus Ach.
Syn.: Ludovicia placophylla (Ach.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, prob-
ably circumpolar lichen found on sandy-clay soil in open stands (e.g. montane-subal-
pine grasslands), often in moderately disturbed habitats, sometimes reaching the alpine
belt; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, UW, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent. var. rufus
Syn.: Baeomyces byssoides (L.) P. Gaertn., G. Mey. & Scherb., Baeomyces rufus (Huds.)
Rebent. var. subsquamulosus Nyl., Baeomyces rupestris Pers. ex Ach., Biatora byssoides
(L.) Fr., Lichen fungiformis Scop., Lichen rufus Huds., Rinodina humilis H. Magn.,
Sphyridium byssoides (L.) Beltr., Sphyridium fungiforme (Scop.) Flot., Tubercularia rufa
(Huds.) Kuntze
L – Subs.: ter-sil, sil, xyl, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a holarctic early coloniser of acid soils
with high clay content and of weathered siliceous rocks, often found in disturbed sites;
mostly sterile in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent. var. callianthus (Lettau) Lettau ex Frey
Syn.: Baeomyces callianthus Lettau
L – Subs.: ter-sil, xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a taxon of the B. rufus-group with thallus com-
posed of minute squamules and pink-coloured, distinctly marginate apothecia reacting
K+ yellow, then red; on acid soil, rarely on stumps or encrusting bryophytes; distribu-
tion insuciently known. – Au: T, S, St.
Bagliettoa baldensis (A. Massal.) Vězda
Syn.: Amphoridium baldense (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Protobagliettoa exesa (Servít)
Servít, Protobagliettoa kutakiana Servít, Verrucaria baldensis A. Massal., Verrucaria
baldensis A. Massal. var. insculptoides (J. Steiner) Servít, Verrucaria calciseda DC. f.
insculptoides J. Steiner, Verrucaria subconcentrica (J. Steiner) Servít, Verrucaria subcon-
centrica (J. Steiner) Servít var. metzleri Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate species of compact calcare-
ous rocks in natural, sheltered situations, with optimum in the submediterranean belt;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
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62
GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Bagliettoa caesiella (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Amphoridium caesiellum (Servít) Servít, Verrucaria caesiella Servít, Verrucaria cal-
ciseda DC. f. caesia Anzi
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a calcicolous species closely related to B. calciseda,
with a spreading, whitish mainly endolithic thallus, diering in the smaller, densely ar-
ranged ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.), and the ellipsoid ascospores measuring 18–21
× 10–12µm; rarely collected, and perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Fr: AMa.
It: Lomb.
Bagliettoa calciseda (DC.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Amphoridium calcisedum (DC.) Servít, Verrucaria calciseda DC., Verrucaria calcise-
da DC. f. interrupta Anzi, Verrucaria calciseda DC. f. tuberculosa Servít, Verrucaria hia-
scens (Ach.) Hepp non auct., Verrucaria interrupta (Anzi ex Arnold) J. Steiner nom.illeg.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on limestone and dolomite, more rarely on other
calciferous rocks, often associated with Aspicilia calcarea; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Bagliettoa cazzae (Zahlbr.) Vězda & Poelt
Syn.: Protobagliettoa alocyza (Arnold) Servít, Protobagliettoa cazzae (Zahlbr.) Servít,
Verrucaria cazzae Zahlbr., Verrucaria cazzae Zahlbr. var. graeca Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a chiey Mediterranean lichen of steeply inclined to
horizontal, hard calcareous rocks, absent from non-natural habitats, most frequent in
the Southern and Western Alps at low elevations. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Lomb.
Bagliettoa crassiuscula (Servít) Hafellner
Syn.: Amphoridium crassum (Arnold) Servít, Bagliettoa crassa (Arnold) Cl. Roux, eli-
dium crassum Arnold, Verrucaria calciseda DC. var. crassa (Arnold) Arnold, Verrucaria
crassa A. Massal. 1852 non Eschw. 1833 nom.illeg., Verrucaria crassiuscula Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a taxon of the B. calciseda-group with a thick,
rugulose-verrucose thallus, and ellipsoid ascospores (12–18 × 6–7 µm, acc. to Servít
even larger); the distribution is still insuciently known. – Fr: AMa, Drô, Vau. It: Ven.
Bagliettoa limborioides A. Massal.
Syn.: Bagliettoa sphinctrina auct. non (Ach.) Körb., Limboria sphinctrina auct. non
(Ach.) Dufour, Protobagliettoa grummannii (Servít) Servít, rombium limborioides (A.
Massal.) Zschacke, ?Verrucaria bosniaca Servít, Verrucaria bosniaca Servít f. albae Ser-
vít, Verrucaria ceracea J. Steiner, Verrucaria grummannii Servít, Verrucaria limborioides
(A. Massal.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Verrucaria sphinctrina auct. non Ach., Verrucaria
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 63
sphinctrina auct. var. bavarica Servít, Verrucaria sphinctrina auct. f. gallica Servít, Verru-
caria sphinctrina auct. var. lojkae Servít, Verrucaria sphinctrina auct. var. tiroliensis Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean lichen found on
steeply inclined faces of compact calcareous rocks, and on small boulders; probably
more widespread in the Alps, but overlooked, or confused with similar species. – Au:
T, S, N. Ge: OB. Sw: ?BE, ?GR. Fr: AMa, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lig.
Bagliettoa marmorea (Scop.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Amphoridium marmoreum (Scop.) Baroni, Amphoridium marmoreum (Scop.)
Baroni var. roseum (Kremp.) Syd., Amphoridium purpurascens (Hom.) A. Massal., Li-
chen marmoreus Scop., Urceolaria wulfenii Ach., Verrucaria marmorea (Scop.) Arnold,
Verrucaria purpurascens Hom., Verrucaria purpurascens Hom. var. rosea A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on hard, compact limestone rocks in natural habitats,
with optimum below the montane belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, UW. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Bagliettoa parmigera (J. Steiner) Vězda & Poelt
Syn.: Amphoridium saxivorum (Servít) Grummann, Protobagliettoa obscurata (Servít)
Servít, Protobagliettoa parmigera (J. Steiner) Servít, Verrucaria gyelnikii Servít, Verru-
caria inaequata (Servít) Servít f. helvetica Servít, Verrucaria inaequata (Servít) Servít var.
berchtesgadensis Servít, Verrucaria parmigera J. Steiner, Verrucaria parmigera J. Steiner f.
geographica Servít, Verrucaria saxivora Servít, Verrucaria subrosea Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: close to B. baldensis with which it is sometimes
merged; a mainly mild-temperate lichen found on compact limestone and in exposed
situations; widespread throughout the Alps, with optimum below the subalpine belt. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Bagliettoa parmigerella (Zahlbr.) Vězda & Poelt
Syn.: Protobagliettoa bagliettoaeformis (Hazsl.) Servít, Protobagliettoa erumpens (Servít)
Servít, Protobagliettoa inaequata (Servít) Servít, Protobagliettoa parmigerella (Zahlbr.)
Servít, Protobagliettoa sphinctrinella (Zschacke) Servít, Verrucaria bagliettoaeformis
(Hazsl.) Servít var. erumpens, Verrucaria harrimannii sensu Anzi, Verrucaria inaequata
(Servít) Servít, Verrucaria parmigerella Zahlbr., Verrucaria pinguis J. Steiner, Verru-
caria sphinctrinella Zschacke, Verrucaria sphinctrinella Zschacke f. loferensis Servít,
Verrucaria sphinctrinella Zschacke f. viridis Servít, Verrucaria steineri Kušan var. inae-
quata Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on compact limestone
and dolomite in sheltered situations (e.g. in forests), with optimum in the submediter-
ranean belt. – Au: V, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
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64
Bagliettoa steineri (Kušan) Vězda
Syn.: Protobagliettoa steineri (Kušan) Servít ex J. Nowak & Tobol., Verrucaria steineri
Kušan, Verrucaria steineri Kušan var. mittenwaldensis Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on compact calcare-
ous rocks, especially limestone, in natural habitats; frequently confused with B. balden-
sis. – Au: V, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Bagliettoa suzaeana (Servít) Gueidan & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria suzaeana Servít, Verrucaria suzaeana Servít var. sendtneriana Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: this recently resurrected species is closely related to B.
parmigera, diering in the less dense and more irregularly distributed perithecia. e
species has not been distinguished in most of the earlier literature, so that its distribu-
tion is very poorly known. – Ge: OB. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Bellemerea alpina (Sommerf.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Aspicilia alpina (Sommerf.) Arnold, Lecanora alpina Sommerf.
L – Subs.: sil, met, cor – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen
of hard siliceous rocks wetted by rain near or above treeline; widespread throughout
the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Bellemerea cinereorufescens (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Aspicilia cinereorufescens (Ach.) A Massal., Lecanora cinereorufescens (Ach.) Hepp,
Urceolaria cinereorufescens Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a species with a wide range of genotypes result-
ing in a number of morphs, growing on metal-rich siliceous rocks at high elevations;
widespread in the Holarctic region, including the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
Bellemerea diamarta (Ach.) Hafellner & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Aspicilia diamarta (Ach.) Boistel, Lecanora cinereorufescens (Ach.) Hepp var. dia-
marta (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora diamarta (Ach.) Vain., Lecanora ferruginata Harm., Urce-
olaria diamarta Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen, somehow
more hygro – and less photophytic than B. alpina. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: TI, VS. Fr:
Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Bellemerea sanguinea (Kremp.) Hafellner & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Aspicilia sanguinea Kremp., Lecanora incarnata Kremp., Lecanora sanguinea
(Kremp.) Mig.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a taxon of the B. cinereorufescens-group with
a thin, rimose, grey thallus, aspicilioid, dark-red apothecia and larger ascospores; on
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 65
schists with a slight content of calcium; the distribution is still poorly known. – Au: V,
T, S, K. Ge: Schw. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Bellemerea subcandida (Arnold) Hafellner & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Aspicilia cinereorufescens (Ach.) A. Massal. f. subcandida Arnold, Lecanora sanguinea
(Kremp.) Mig. f. subcandida (Arnold) Mig., Lecanora subcandida (Arnold) Lettau
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a probably overlooked and certainly more wide-
spread, characteristic lichen of base-rich, weakly calciferous siliceous rocks; known
from the Alps and the Pyrenees; perhaps just a calcicolous morph of B. cinereorufescens.
– Au: V, T, S. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig.
Bellemerea subnivea (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner
Syn.: Aspicilia subnivea (Müll. Arg.) Hue, Lecanora subnivea Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species related to B. cinereorufescens, but the
rimulose to areolate thallus pure white to bluish white (medulla I+ violet, thallus not
reacting with K), with an euse to subarachnoid marginal zone, apothecia (to c. 0.4
mm in diam) with dark brown discs and fully immersed in the areoles, 8-spored asci,
and broadly ellipsoid, simple ascospores (c. 15 × 8–11 µm); on calcareous schist in the
high alpine belt; so far only recorded from the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VD.
Bellemerea subsorediza (Lynge) R. Sant.
Syn.: Aspicilia subsorediza (Lynge) R. Sant., Lecidea subsorediza Lynge
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on siliceous rocks in open lichen communities
(e.g. near glaciers); probably more widespread in the Alps, but overlooked, being most
often sterile. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. It: Frl, TAA.
Biatora aureolepra T. Sprib. & Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a recently-described species, which in Europe is only
known from Central Norway and a single locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: O.
Biatora beckhausii (Körb.) Tuck.
Syn.: Bacidia beckhausii Körb., Bacidia minuscula Anzi, Bacidia stenospora (Hepp) Ar-
nold, Biatora stenospora Hepp Micarea beckhausii (Körb.) Vězda, Micarea minuscula
(Anzi) Vězda
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate lichen found on bark of
broad-leaved trees (especially Fraxinus) in open, humid, mostly montane woodlands;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, SZ, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Biatora brunnea Anzi
Syn.: Lecidea brunnea (Anzi) Stizenb.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a species with a thick, well-delimited, verrucose-
areolate, brown thallus, dark brown, sessile, presumably lecanorine apothecia becom-
ing convex and immarginate, a yellowish hypothecium, conglutinate paraphyses with a
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
66
brown cap, 8-spored asci, and simple ellipsoid ascospores with a thin episporium, meas-
uring 13–15 × c. 7 µm; only known from the type collection (on mica-schist at high
elevation), and well worthy of further study. Wrongly reported from Switzerland by
Stizenberger, Lichenes Helvetici (1882–1883): the cited locality is in Italy. – It: Lomb.
Biatora chrysantha (Zahlbr.) Printzen
Syn.: Biatora epixanthoidiza auct., Biatora gyrophorica (Tønsberg) Coppins, Lecidea
chrysantha Zahlbr., Lecidea epixanthoidiza auct., Lecidea gyrophorica Tønsberg, Lecidea
incana Ach. ex Sommerf.,
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on epiphytic bryophytes in humid forests, more
rarely on bark or soil; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Biatora eorescens (Hedl.) Räsänen
Syn.: Biatora epixanthoidiza (Nyl.) Räsänen, Lecidea eorescens (Hedl.) Erichsen, Le-
cidea epixanthoidiza Nyl., Lecidea helvola (Körb. ex Hellb.) . Fr. f. eorescens Hedl.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a probably holarctic lichen found on a wide
variety of trees with smooth bark, sometimes overgrowing mosses, rarely on lignum,
mostly in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: Isè. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
Biatora fallax Hepp
Syn.: Biatorina fallax (Hepp) Hepp, Biatora vernalis (L) Fr. f. fallax (Hepp) Arnold,
Lecidea fallax (Hepp) Linds.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a granular-verrucose to microsquamu-
lose thallus reacting Pd+ red; corticolous, on the base of coniferous trees; most records
from the Alps are historical. – Au: T, S, K. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR,
VS. Sl: SlA.
Biatora avopunctata (Tønsberg) Hinteregger & Printzen
Syn.: Lecanora avopunctata Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: perhaps a boreal-montane species found on twigs of
subalpine shrubs, especially Rhododendron ferrugineum. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB.
Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: Sav. It: Frl, Piem, Lig.
Biatora fuscovirens Bagl. & Carestia
Syn.: Lecidea fuscovirens (Bagl. & Carestia) Lettau
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species of uncertain anity, with a spreading,
granulose-verrucose, greenish thallus delimited by a brown prothallus, small rounded,
isolated, soon immarginate apothecia with a reddish brown disc, adglutinate, rather
thick paraphyses, a yellowish epihymenium, and elliptical, subacute ascospores which
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 67
are c. 2 times as long as wide and c. ⅓ larger than those of Trapeliopsis viridescens, with
which it was compared in the protologue; known only from the type collection, on
Castanea. – It: Piem.
Biatora globulosa (Flörke) Fr.
Syn.: Bacidia globulosa (Flörke) Hafellner & V. Wirth, Bacidia pinguicula (Bagl. &
Carestia) Lettau, Biatora hyalina Fr., Biatora minuta (Schaer.) Hepp, Biatora sylvana
Körb., Biatorina globulosa (Flörke) Körb., Bilimbia pinguicula Bagl. & Carestia, Ca-
tillaria globulosa (Flörke) . Fr., Lecania globulosa (Flörke) van den Boom & Sérus.,
Lecania hyalina (Fr.) R. Sant., Lecidea globulosa Flörke, Lecidea minuta (Schaer.) A.
Massal., Lecidea sylvana (Körb.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, perhaps holarctic lichen
found on acid and rough bark of broad-leaved trees in sheltered situations, often in
ssures, and in association with calicioid species; widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
Biatora helvola Körb. ex Hellb.
Syn.: Lecidea helvola (Körb. ex Hellb.) Hedl., Lecidea vernalis (L.) Ach. subsp. helvola
(Körb. ex Hellb.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar species
found on basal parts of trees in open forests, often with Parmeliopsis hyperopta; wide-
spread, to be looked for further in the Western Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Biatora hemipolia (Nyl.) S. Ekman & Printzen
Syn.: Bacidia hemipolia (Nyl.) Malme, Lecidea arceutina (Ach.) Gray f. hemipolia Nyl.,
Lecidea hemipolia (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the B. beckhausii-B. globulosa-group with
acicular ascospores; on bark of deciduous trees, with a few scattered records from the
Alps. – Ge: Ge. Fr: Vau.
Biatora holomicra Anzi
Syn.: Lecidea holomicra (Anzi) Jatta
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a thin grey thallus, hemispherical,
small, black apothecia, a brownish-yellow hypothecium, and small, narrowly elliptical
ascospores measuring c. 7.5 × 3.5 µm. Most probably a Micarea. – It: Lomb.
Biatora meiocarpa (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecidea meiocarpa Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this species was often confused with B. helvola,
diering in the C – thallus (C+ red in B. helvola), the thicker paraphysal tips, and the
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
68
liform, often curved conidia (bacilliform and straight in B. helvola); on smooth bark
of deciduous trees; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records, the older ones
from Switzerland are dubious. – Sw: SZ, VS. Fr: AMa.
Biatora mendax Anzi
Syn.: Biatora propinquata (Nyl.) Arnold, Biatora subavida (Nyl.) Arnold, Biatorina
mendax (Anzi) Jatta, Catillaria mendax (Anzi) Lettau, Lecidea mendax (Anzi) Hue,
Lecidea propinquata Nyl., Lecidea subavida Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: an epiphytic species found in shaded and humid
situations, with optimum in humid beech forests with Abies alba. – Au: T, S, K, St, N.
Sw: BE. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Biatora ocelliformis (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Biatora atroviridis (Arnold) Hellb., Biatorina subglobulosa (Nyl.) Arnold, Bilim-
bia ocelliformis (Nyl.) Branth & Rostr., Lecidea admixta Kullh., Lecidea atroviridis (Ar-
nold) . Fr., Lecidea ocelliformis Nyl., Lecidea subglobulosa Nyl., Lecidea turgidula Fr.
var. atroviridis Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a boreal-montane species found on the bark of de-
ciduous and coniferous trees in montane to subalpine forests. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Biatora pontica Printzen & Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: described from Turkey, and also known from Europe
and Eastern North America, this species occurs on acid to subacid bark in shaded and
humid situations within old montane forests, mainly on Fagus and Abies; so far known
only from the Eastern Alps (Austria, Italy, Slovenia). – Au: T, St. It: Frl. Sl: SlA.
Biatora rudula (Graewe) S. Ekman & Printzen
Syn.: Bacidia rudula (Graewe) Zahlbr., Bilimbia rudula Graewe, Lecidea rudula
(Graewe) Stizenb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a boreal-montane lichen, restricted to Picea abies in the
subalpine belt of the Alps; probably more widespread in the Alps, but perhaps declin-
ing. – Ge: OB. It: TAA.
Biatora sphaeroidiza (Vain.) Printzen & Holien
Syn.: Lecidea sphaeroidiza Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a boreal-montane species which occurs both on
conifers and deciduous trees and shrubs (e.g. Alnus, Salix, Sorbus, Vaccinium) in rather
humid areas, only reported from the Eastern Alps (Slovenia). – Sl: SlA.
Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Räsänen ex Printzen
Syn.: Biatora vernalis (L.) Fr. f. subduplex (Nyl.) Arnold, Catillaria subduplex (Nyl.) H.
Olivier, Lecidea apochroeiza Nyl., Lecidea internectens Nyl., Lecidea subduplex (Nyl.)
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 69
Nyl., Lecidea vernalis (L.) Ach. f. subduplex Nyl., Lecidea vernalis (L.) Ach. var. subdu-
plex (Nyl.) Vain.
L – Subs.: deb, bry, cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: one of the commonest Biatora-species in
the Alps, especially on plant remains and on basal parts of subalpine shrubs. See also
note on B. vernalis. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI,
UR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Biatora subgilva (Arnold) Hinteregger
Syn.: Biatora vernalis (L.) Fr. f. subgilva (Arnold) Arnold, Biatora vernalis (L.) Fr. var.
subgilva Arnold, Lecidea vernalis (L.) Ach. f. subgilva (Arnold) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a rare species growing on old, decaying branches and
stems of Rhododendron in areas with siliceous substrata; in the study area it is so far
known only from the Eastern Alps (Austria, Italy). – Au: V, T. It: Frl.
Biatora vacciniicola (Tønsberg) Printzen
Syn.: Lecidea vacciniicola Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a sorediate, often sterile, partly en-
dophloeodic thallus and conuent soralia reacting C+ red; on bark of various trees,
mostly near the base and on branches of dwarf shrubs, often with B. subduplex; from
the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: T, S. Sw: BE, GR, VS.
Biatora valerii Anzi
Syn.: Lecidea valerii (Anzi) Jatta
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a pinkish white, orbicular, thick,
almost pulvinate, plicate thallus, the individual thalli solitary to conuent, 5–8
mm across, 2–4 mm tall, apothecia and spores as in Lecanora polytropa; only known
from the type collection, on schist, this taxon would be well worthy of further
study. – It: Lomb.
Biatora vernalis (L.) Fr.
Syn.: Bacidia vernalis (L.) Clauzade & Rondon, Biatora sphaeroides (Dicks.) Hornem.
var. vernalis (L.) Rabenh., Bilimbia vernalis (L.) Trevis., Lecidea vernalis (L.) Ach., Li-
chen vernalis L., Patellaria vernalis (L.) Spreng., Pyrrhospora vernalis (L.) M. Choisy,
Secoliga vernalis (L.) Norman
L – Subs.: cor, bry, deb, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mostly boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar species, ranging from Northern Scandinavia to the Alps, the Pyrenees
and the Balkan mountains, becoming progressively rarer southwards, found on
bryophytes, plant debris, soil and bark. Several records could refer to B. subduplex;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, ?SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
70
Biatora veteranorum Coppins & Sérus.
Syn.: Catillaria alba Coppins & Vězda
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on decorticated
trunks of old deciduous trees protected from rain, with a few scattered records from
the Alps. – Au: T. Sw: GL, GR, SZ, TI. It: TAA.
Biatorella fossarum (Dufour ex Fr.) Arnold.
Syn.: Biatora rousselii (De Not.) Durieu & Mont., Biatorella rousselii De Not., Lecidea
fossarum Dufour ex Fr.
L # – Subs.: ter-int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: closely related to B. hemisphaerica; on slightly
calciferous, often strongly decalcied soil in rather disturbed habitats; chiey southern
in Europe, with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Ge: OB, Schw. Fr: Drô. It:
Ven, TAA.
Biatorella germanica A. Massal. ex Körb.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on sheltered calcareous rocks; perhaps overlooked,
but certainly not common, from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Ge:
Schw. Sw: VD. It: Frl, Piem.
Biatorella hemisphaerica Anzi
Syn.: Biatorella fossarum (Dufour ex Fr.) Arnold. var. rubicunda (. Fr.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on calciferous soil and amongst bryophytes,
most often in rock ssures; widespread in the Alps, but generally not very common. –
Au: T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, VD, VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Biatorella heterospora Kalb & Vězda
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a corticolous species, peculiar in having a inspersed
epihymenium with olive-blue granules, and ellipsoid ascospores of various shape; ap-
parently rare (for the Alps reported only from Austria), and ecology therefore insuf-
ciently known. – Au: K, St.
Biatorella microhaema Norman
Syn.: Strangospora microhaema (Norman) R.A. Anderson
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, perhaps
circumpolar species with minute, blood-red, immarginate apothecia, whose taxonomic
position is still unresolved; on base-rich bark and slightly eutrophicated lignum with a
few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: V, T, St. Ge: OB. It: TAA.
Biatorella tiroliensis H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a terricolous species, probably belonging to the
B. germanica-group, but with fewer ascospores per ascus, only known from the type
locality in Austria. – Au: T.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 71
Biatoridium delitescens (Arnold) Hafellner
Syn.: Biatorella delitescens Arnold, Strangospora delitescens (Arnold) Coppins
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species diering from the more common B. mon-
asteriense in the exciple lacking attached thallus granules, and the paraphyses without
enlarged tips; on bark in Xanthorion-communities; distribution insuciently known,
but apparently rare in the Alps. – Au: St. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE.
Biatoridium monasteriense J. Lahm ex Körb
Syn.: Biatorella elegans (A. Massal.) Stizenb., Biatorella monasteriensis (J. Lahm ex
Körb.) J. Lahm, Biatoridium elegans (A. Massal.) Reinke, Chiliospora elegans A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on deciduous
trees with base-rich bark (Acer, Fraxinus, Sambucus); much overlooked in the past,
but locally not infrequent on Sambucus along brooks, and widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GL, GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AMa, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Bilimbia accedens Arnold
Syn.: Bacidia accedens (Arnold) Lettau, Mycobilimbia accedens (Arnold) V. Wirth ex
Hafellner, Myxobilimbia accedens (Arnold) Hafellner
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on mosses overgrowing soil and rocks, with op-
timum on calciferous substrata in upland areas. Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Fr: HAl, AMa. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Bilimbia lobulata (Sommerf.) Hafellner & Coppins
Syn.: Bacidia sabulosa (A. Massal.) Lettau, Biatora regeliana Hepp, Bilimbia leucophaea
A.L. Sm., Bilimbia regeliana (Hepp) Körb., Bilimbia sabulosa A. Massal., Bilimbia syn-
comista (Flörke) Körb., Catillaria subnegans (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidea claudeliana Harm.,
Lecidea lobulata Sommerf., Lecidea subnegans Nyl., Lecidea syncomista (Flörke) Nyl.,
Mycobilimbia lobulata (Sommerf.) Hafellner, Myxobilimbia lobulata (Sommerf.) Ha-
fellner, Toninia claudeliana (Harm.) H. Olivier, Toninia lobulata (Sommerf.) Lynge,
Toninia sabulosa (A. Massal.) Samp., Toninia syncomista (Flörke) . Fr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal, deb – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine,
circumpolar lichen found on terricolous mosses and bare calciferous soil, from the Alps
to the high Mediterranean mountains; widespread and locally common throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Sl: SlA. Li.
Bilimbia microcarpa (. Fr.) . Fr.
Syn.: Bacidia hypnophila (Turner ex Ach.) Zahlbr. subsp. microcarpa (. Fr.) . Fr.,
Bacidia microcarpa (. Fr.) Lettau, Bacidia obscurata (Sommerf.) Zahlbr. var. micro-
carpa . Fr., Bilimbia hypnophila (Turner ex Ach.) . Fr., subsp. microcarpa (. Fr.)
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
72
. Fr., Bilimbia obscurata (Sommerf.) . Fr. var. microcarpa . Fr., Lecidea meiobola
Nyl., Lecidea microcarpa (. Fr.) Vain., Mycobilimbia microcarpa (. Fr.) Brunnb.,
Myxobilimbia microcarpa (. Fr.) Hafellner
L – Subs.: deb, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen found on mosses in dry
grasslands, sometimes on epilithic bryophytes, with optimum near or above treeline;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR,
LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè, Sav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
Lig. Sl: SlA.
Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold var. sabuletorum
Syn.: Bacidia borborodes (Körb.) Lettau, Bacidia descendens (Stizenb.) Mig., Bacidia
hypnophila (Turner ex Ach.) Zahlbr., Bacidia propinqua (Stizenb.) Arnold, Bacidia
sabuletorum (Schreb.) Lettau, Biatora propinqua Stizenb., Bilimbia borborodes Körb.,
Bilimbia hexamera De Not., Bilimbia hypnophila (Turner ex Ach.) . Fr., Lecidea
hypnophila Turner ex Ach., Lecidea sabuletorum (Schreb.) Ach., Lichen sabuletorum
Schreb., Mycobilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Hafellner, Myxobilimbia sabuletorum
(Schreb.) Hafellner
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-cal, xyl, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic, mainly temperate
lichen found on mosses overgrowing soil and calciferous rocks, and tree bark, also in
urban environments (e.g. on walls); widespread and locally common throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold var. dolosa (Duby) ined. (provisionally
placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Bacidia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Lettau var. dolosa (Duby) V. Wirth, Bacidia sabu-
letorum (Schreb.) Lettau f. dolosa (Duby) Zahlbr., Bilimbia dolosa (Duby) Dalla Torre
& Sarnth., Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold f. dolosa (Duby) Arnold, Patellaria
dolosa Duby
L # – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: closely related to (or identical with) the typical
variety; probably widespread, but poorly documented because most often not distin-
guished from var. sabuletorum. – Au: V, T, O, N.
Blennothallia crispa (Huds.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin var. crispa
Syn.: Blennothallia cheilea (Ach.) Trevis., Collema cheileum (Ach.) Ach., Collema con-
chilobum (Flot.) Körb., Collema crispum (Huds.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. var. crispum,
Lichen crispus Huds.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate lichen found both
on calcareous rocks and soil, often in rather disturbed habitats such as walls in villages
below the subalpine belt, sometimes reaching beyond treeline; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 73
Blennothallia crispa (Huds.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin var. metzleri (Arnold)
ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Collema cheileum (Ach.) Ach. var. metzleri Arnold, Collema crispum (Huds.) We-
ber ex F.H. Wigg. var. metzleri (Arnold) Degel., Collema metzleri (Arnold) J. Steiner,
Collema monocarpum Dufour ex Schaer., Collema platycarpum Durieu & Mont.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a taxon characterised by constantly small
thalli and one to few apothecia per thallus; on calcareous rocks, often in somewhat
shaded and moist situations; probably widespread, but poorly documented because
often not distinguished from the typical variety. – Au: K, St. Sw: SZ. Fr: Vau.
Botryolepraria lesdainii (Hue) Canals, Hern.-Mar., Gómez-Bolea & Llimona
Syn.: Crocynia lesdainii Hue, Lepraria aeruginosa sensu Sm. non (Weiss) Sm., Lepraria
lesdainii (Hue) R.C. Harris
L – Subs.: cal, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a leprarioid species with a peculiar micromor-
phology, the thallus being composed of minute, shrub-like clusters with subterminal
groups of algal cells; usually on calcareous rocks in full shade; widespread, but not
common in the Alps. – Au: S, K, St, O. Sw: LU. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Brianaria bauschiana (Körb.) S. Ekman & M. Svenss.
Syn.: Biatora bauschiana Körb., Biatora rusticella (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Biatora semipal-
lens (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Catillaria microspora Maslowa, Lecidea bauschiana (Körb.)
Lettau, Lecidea dilutiuscula Nyl., Lecidea indula Nyl., Lecidea rusticella Nyl., Lecidea
semipallens Nyl., Micarea bauschiana (Körb.) V. Wirth & Vězda
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on a wide variety of substrata (rocks,
exposed roots, consolidated soil) in shaded-dry situations (e.g. in underhangs), but re-
stricted to humid areas. – Au: S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Brianaria lutulata (Nyl.) S. Ekman & M. Svenss.
Syn.: Biatora anthrophila (Larbal. ex Leight.) Walt. Watson, Biatora paucula (Nyl.)
Walt. Watson, Lecidea anthrophila Larbal. ex Leight., Lecidea botryiza Nyl. ex Stirt., Le-
cidea laxula Nyl., Lecidea lutulata Nyl., Lecidea paucula Nyl., Lecidea poliodes Nyl., Mi-
carea lutulata (Nyl.) Coppins, Micarea poliodes (Nyl.) Vězda, Micarea umbrosa Vězda
& V. Wirth
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on siliceous, often metal-rich rocks in dry and
sheltered underhangs, in humid natural habitats; widespread, but generally not com-
mon in the Alps. – Au: ?V, S, K, St. Sw: VS. Fr: AMa. It: Frl, VA.
Brianaria sylvicola (Flot. ex Körb.) S. Ekman & M. Svenss.
Syn.: Biatora smaragdina Arnold, Biatora sylvicola (Flot. ex Körb.) Müll. Arg., Lecidea
aggerata Mudd, Lecidea hellbomii J. Lahm, Lecidea hypocyanea Vain. non Stirt., Lecidea
incincta Nyl., Lecidea sylvicola Flot. ex Körb., Lecidea vainioi H. Magn., Micarea sylvi-
cola (Flot. ex Körb.) Vězda & V. Wirth
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74
L – Subs.: sil, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on shaded, humid siliceous rocks, in underhangs,
e.g. in forests; widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: UR, VS. Fr: HAl,
HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, VA. Sl: SlA.
Brianaria tuberculata (Sommerf.) S. Ekman & M. Svenss.
Syn.: Lecidea botryocarpa Nyl., Lecidea latens Taylor, Lecidea subindula Nyl., Lecidea
tuberculata Sommerf., Micarea tuberculata (Sommerf.) R.A. Anderson
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks in humid forests, but also on
exposed roots, mostly under overhangs, with a few scattered records from the Alps. –
Au: V, T, K, St, N. Fr: AMa. It: TAA.
Brodoa atrofusca (Schaer.) Goward
Syn.: Hypogymnia atrofusca (Schaer.) Räsänen, Hypogymnia intestiniformis (Vill.)
Räsänen var. atrofusca (Schaer.) Poelt, Parmelia atrofusca (Schaer.) Cromb., Parmelia
ceratophylla Schaer. var. atrofusca Schaer., Parmelia intestiniformis (Vill.) Ach. var. atro-
fusca (Schaer.) Hasselrot
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on wind-exposed siliceous rocks wetted by rain near
or above treeline, less bound to a long snow cover than B. intestiniformis; widespread
throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Brodoa intestiniformis (Vill.) Goward
Syn.: Hypogymnia encausta (Sm.) Walt. Watson, Hypogymnia intestiniformis (Vill.)
Räsänen, Imbricaria encausta (Sm.) DC., Lichen intestiniformis Vill., Menegazzia en-
causta (Sm.) Navàs, Parmelia encausta (Sm.) Ach., Parmelia intestiniformis (Vill.) Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen found in more sheltered and less wind-exposed situations than B. atrofusca,
on faces of acid siliceous rocks with a long snow-cover, with optimum above treeline;
widespread and locally rather common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Bryobilimbia hypnorum (Lib.) Fryday, Printzen & S. Ekman
Syn.: Biatora atrofusca Hepp, Biatora cartilaginea Lönnr., Lecidea atrofusca (Hepp)
Mudd, Lecidea fusca (Schaer.) . Fr., Lecidea hypnorum Lib., Lecidea sanguineoatra
sensu Nyl. non (Wulfen) Ach., Lecidea templetonii Taylor, Mycobilimbia hypnorum
(Lib.) Kalb & Hafellner
L – Subs.: bry, ter-cal, deb, cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-
alpine, probably circumpolar lichen found on mosses, plant debris, soil, bark and lig-
num, especially in upland areas with calcareous substrata; widespread and common
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ,
TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 75
Bryobilimbia sanguineoatra (Wulfen) Fryday, Printzen & S. Ekman
Syn.: Lecidea sanguineoatra (Wulfen) Ach., Lichen sanguineoater Wulfen, Mycobilimbia
sanguineoatra (Wulfen) Kalb & Hafellner nom.illeg.
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: optimum in open humid forests, on mosses at
the base of old boles, sometimes on soil. – Au: V, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GL, GR,
SZ, TI, UR. Fr: AHP, Isè, HSav. It: Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Bryodina rhypariza (Nyl.) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Bryonora rhypariza (Nyl.) Poelt, Lecanora rhypariza Nyl.
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine species found on mosses
(Andreaea, Grimmia) near or above treeline, often associated with cyanobacteria (Sti-
gonema). – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GL, GR, UR, VS. Fr: HAl. It: TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Bryonora castanea (Hepp) Poelt
Syn.: Biatora castanea Hepp, Lecanora castanea (Hepp) . Fr.
L – Subs.: deb, bry, ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circum-
polar lichen found on soil, mosses, plant remains and on other lichens in Alpine grass-
lands, mostly in sites with a long snow cover, on siliceous substrata; widespread in the
siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: GR, UR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Sav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Bryonora corallina Poelt
L # – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 5 – Note: thallus consisting of minute, densely aggregated “po-
detia”; based on a sterile type (ascomata still unknown), hence taxonomic placement
uncertain; on decaying tufts of mosses over siliceous rocks; known only from a single
locality in the Austrian Alps. – Au: K.
Bryonora curvescens (Mudd) Poelt
Syn.: Biatora curvescens (Mudd) . Fr., Lecania curvescens (Mudd) A.L. Sm., Lecanora
castanea (Hepp) . Fr. f. curvescens (Mudd) . Fr., Lecanora curvescens (Mudd) Nyl.,
Pannaria curvescens Mudd
L – Subs.: bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found
on bryophytes (e.g. Andreaea, Grimmia) in sites with periodic seepage of water, with
optimum above treeline on siliceous substrata, with a few scattered records from the
Alps. – Au: T, S. Sw: GR. It: TAA.
Bryonora pruinosa (. Fr.) Holt.-Hartw.
Syn.: Lecanora castanea (Hepp) . Fr. var. pruinosa . Fr.
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: similar to B. castanea, but apothecial margin
darker than the occasionally pruinose disc, and ascospores less than 16 µm long; on
plant debris and moribund lichens; in Europe it has an arctic-alpine distribution, but
is apparently rare in the Alps. – Au: T. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VS.
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76
Bryoria bicolor (Ehrh.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria bicolor (Ehrh.) Nyl., Bryopogon bicolor (Ehrh.) Elenkin, Bryopogon
jubatus (L.) Link var. bicolor (Ehrh.) Rabenh., Cornicularia bicolor (Ehrh.) Ach.,
Lichen bicolor Ehrh.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar lichen
found on mossy trunks of old, more or less isolated trees in areas with frequent fog,
sometimes on mossy rocks; widespread throughout the Alps, but perhaps declining. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria cana (Ach.) Leight., Alectoria capillaris (Ach.) Cromb., Alectoria implexa
auct., Alectoria setacea (Ach.) Motyka, Bryopogon canum (Ach.) M. Choisy, Bryopogon
capillaris (Ach.) Bystrek, Bryoria setacea (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw., Parmelia jubata
(L.) Ach. var. capillaris Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpo-
lar lichen, with optimum in humid Fagus-Abies forests, mostly on twigs, but also on
boles of isolated trees in areas with frequent fog; widespread and still locally common
throughout the Alps, but perhaps declining. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Bryoria carpatica (Motyka) Bystrek
Syn.: Alectoria carpatica Motyka
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species similar and/or related to B. tortuosa, with
grey to brown, dull, irregularly branched, contorted and exuous, Pd+ yellow thalli
with numerous pseudocyphellae; in moist montane forests e.g. along streams; rare in
the Central European mountains, including the Eastern Alps (Austria, Switzerland). –
Au: N. Sw: GR.
Bryoria chalybeiformis (L.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria chalybeiformis (L.) Röhl., Alectoria jubata (L.) Ach. var. chalybeiformis
(L.) Ach., Alectoria prostratosteola Gyeln., Bryopogon chalybeiforme (L.) Link, Lichen
chalybeiformis L.
L # – Subs.: sil, ter-sil, xyl, deb, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-mon-
tane, circumpolar lichen found on wind-exposed rocks, but also on soil, mosses and
plant remains in exposed habitats with frequent fog, with optimum near and above
treeline. It could be just a terricolous morph of B. fuscescens; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: FR, GR, SG, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, Sav,
HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 77
Bryoria crispa (Motyka) Bystrek
Syn.: Alectoria crispa Motyka
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a name applied to a lichen with thallus reacting
Pd+ red, soralia with spinulose margins, and isidioid soredia, perhaps a morph of B.
fuscescens; on bark of various trees; distribution poorly documented, because often not
distinguished. – Au: St, N.
Bryoria fremontii (Tuck.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria fremontii Tuck.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, easily recogniz-
able species found on twigs of conifers in damp forests; there is no recent record from
Italy, and no other trusted record from the Alps. – Sw: ?Sw. It: TAA, Piem.
Bryoria furcellata (Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria nidulifera Norrl., Cetraria furcellata Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar lichen
found on isolated conifers near treeline, sometimes on lignum; apparently rare in the
Alps. – Au: S, K, N. Sw: ?Sw. It: Frl, Ven. Sl: SlA.
Bryoria fuscescens (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: ?Alectoria achariana Gyeln., Alectoria haynaldii Gyeln., Alectoria jubata auct. p.p.,
Alectoria jubata var. lanestris Ach., Alectoria lanestris (Ach.) Gyeln., Bryopogon juba-
tus (L.) Link, Bryopogon lanestris (Ach.) Gyeln., Bryoria lanestris (Ach.) Brodo & D.
Hawksw., Bryoria subcana (Nyl. ex Stizenb.) Brodo & D. Hawksw., Evernia jubata (L.)
Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a polymorphic and chemically variable,
temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar species with a broad ecological range; wide-
spread and still locally common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Bryoria fuscidula (Arnold) Bystrek
Syn.: Alectoria cana (Ach.) Leight. f. fuscidula Arnold, Alectoria fuscidula (Arnold)
Vain., Alectoria implexa (Hom.) Röhl. var. fuscidula (Arnold) Motyka
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling B. implexa in the pendent, cespi-
tose, brown thalli, but branches with ssural soralia and distinctly blackened apices
and thallus K+ yellow soon turning to red; in montane forests, only recorded from the
Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
Bryoria implexa (Hom.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria catharinae Räsänen, Alectoria implexa (Hom.) Nyl. non auct., Alectoria
osteola Gyeln., Alectoria pseudofuscescens Gyeln., Alectoria subachariana Gyeln., Alecto-
ria vrangiana Gyeln., Alectoria zopi Asahina, Bryopogon implexus (Hom.) Elenkin,
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78
Bryoria friabilis Brodo & D. Hawksw., Bryoria osteola (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.,
Bryoria pseudofuscescens (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw., Bryoria vrangiana (Gyeln.)
Brodo & D. Hawksw., Usnea implexa Hom.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpo-
lar, chemically heterogeneous species, most common on branches of coniferous, more
rarely of deciduous trees in areas with frequent fog; frequent in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Bryoria kuemmerleana (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria kuemmerleana Gyeln.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with partly pruinose thalli reacting K+ red, C-,
and elongate, fusiform pseudocyphellae; on bark of various trees; distribution poorly
documented because often not distinguished. – Ge: Schw. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: TAA.
Bryoria mirabilis (Motyka) Bystrek
Syn.: Alectoria mirabilis Motyka, Alectoria subprolixa sensu Motyka
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a taxon resembling B. capillaris, with pendent,
olive-brown, regularly branched thalli reacting K+ yellow then red, and Pd+ yellow, the
branches evenly coloured, sometimes with tuberculate soralia; in mixed and conifer-
ous forests; widespread in Central Europe but not common (likely to be not always
properly distinguished); from the Alps there are a few scattered records. – Au: St. Ge:
Schw. Sw: VS. Fr: Sav. It: TAA.
Bryoria motykana (Bystrek) Bystrek
Syn.: Alectoria motykana Bystrek
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with pendent, grey to greyish – brown
thalli reacting Pd+ yellow but K – (psoromic acid), branches with pseudocyphellae,
ssural soralia, and distinctly blackened apices; widespread in Europe from the boreal
to the nemoral zone in mixed and coniferous forests, but not common; from the Alps
there are so far a few scattered records. – Au: T. Sw: VS. It: TAA, VA.
Bryoria nadvornikiana (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria altaica (Gyeln.) Räsänen, Alectoria implexa (Hom.) Röhl. var. nad-
vornikiana (Gyeln.) Zahlbr., Alectoria nadvornikiana Gyeln., Alectoria spinulosa Ahlner
nom. nud.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a boreal-montane, circumpolar, shade-tolerant
species of mixed upper montane to oroboreal forests, mostly on low, dead twigs and
branches of conifers; widespread in the Alps, to be looked for further in the Western
Alps of France. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ,
UR, UW, VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 79
Bryoria positiva (Gyeln.) Bystrek
Syn.: Alectoria positiva (Gyeln.) Motyka, Bryoria fuscescens (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawk-
sw. var. positiva (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: the dierentation from B. fuscescens, based on
a dierent chemistry, is not accepted by several authors. – Au: V, T, K, St.
Bryoria simplicior (Vain.) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria nidulifera Norrl. f. simplicior Vain., Alectoria simplicior (Vain.) Lynge
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a boreal-montane, circumpolar lichen found on
isolated conifers; to be looked for further throughout the Alps. – Au: T. Sw: VS. It:
TAA, VA.
Bryoria smithii (Du Rietz) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria smithii Du Rietz
L – Subs.: cor, sax – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane species found on
large, more or less shaded rock walls, more rarely on bark, especially on twigs of coni-
fers in damp montane forests; widespread, but apparently rather rare in the Alps. – Au:
T, S, St. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Bryoria taborensis (Gyeln.) Hafellner & Obermayer
Syn.: Alectoria ostrobottnica Gyeln. var. taborensis Gyeln.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: this name was regionally used for a species resembling
B. implexa, but with the chemistry of B. fuscescens, perhaps referring to B. vrangiana;
on bark of various trees; distribution poorly documented because often not distin-
guished. – Au: St.
Bryoria tenuis (E. Dahl) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria tenuis E. Dahl
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species described from Greenland, with erect to
decumbent thalli with blackened bases and at least some perpendicular lateral spines,
therefore recalling B. bicolor (but lacking the third-order perpendicular branches of
that species); Austrian specimens – despite their mention in one of the major genus
monographs – are in urgent need of critical revision. – Au: V, T, S, K.
Bryostigma muscigenum (. Fr.) Frisch & G. or
Syn.: Arthonia leucodontis (Poelt & Döbbeler) Coppins, Arthonia muscigena . Fr.,
Bryostigma leucodontis Poelt & Döbbeler
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a strongly reduced thallus con-
taining a chlorococcoid photobiont, and minute, hemispherical ascomata, sometimes
confused with Arthonia apatetica; it grows on the bark of deciduous trees, but also on
epiphytic bryophytes (e.g. Leucodon sciuroides) and on leaves in humid forests; wide-
spread in the Alps, but probably often overlooked – Au: T, St. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SG,
SZ, UW, VS. It: TAA, Lomb, VA.
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80
Buellia abstracta (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Buellia sequax auct. non (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecidea abstracta Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a much misunderstood silicicolous species, in the past
frequently confused with B. sequax; for the study area there is a single record from the
Southern Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
Buellia aethalea (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Buellia aethaleoides (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Buellia atropallidula (Nyl.) J. Lahm, Buellia
baltica Erichsen, Buellia impressula (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Buellia nigerrima (Nyl.) Arnold,
Buellia ocellata (Flörke ex Flot.) Körb. var. tenella Müll. Arg., Buellia subatra Erichsen,
Buellia verruculosa (Sm.) Mudd, Gyalecta aethalea Ach., Lecanora umbrinofusca Nyl.,
Lecidea aethalea (Ach.) Nyl., Lecidea aethaleoides Nyl., Lecidea atroalbella Nyl., Lecidea
nigerrima Nyl., Rinodina atropallidula (Nyl.) Arnold, Rinodina ocellulata Bagl. & Car-
estia, Rinodina umbrinofusca (Nyl.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on horizontal to weakly inclined, exposed, hard,
crystalline siliceous rocks wetted by rain, mostly in species-poor stands; widespread
in the Alps, but common only in dry areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Var. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Buellia arborea Coppins & Tønsberg
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a usually sterile species with bluish-greenish, round-
ish to elongated, at to concave soralia, the soredia reacting K – in squash preparations;
usually on periodically dry wood of logs and old fences at high elevations; widespread
in the Alps and regionally rather common. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR,
LU, SZ, VS. Fr: Sav. It: Frl.
Buellia arnoldii Servít
Syn.: Hafellia arnoldii (Servít) Hafellner & Türk
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on thin twigs of
conifers in humid stands, with optimum in the subalpine belt; probably overlooked
and more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, S, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, UW. It: TAA.
Buellia asterella Poelt & Sulzer
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly western European species growing on
calciferous or gypsicolous soil in dry grasslands, presently extinct over much of its for-
mer range: the only veriable extant populations being in the Vågå region of Norway.
– Sw: GR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP.
Buellia atrocinerella (Nyl.) Scheid.
Syn.: Lecanora atrocinerella Nyl., Rinodina atrocinerella (Nyl.) Boistel
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a brownish-grey thallus and elongated
marginal areoles reacting K+ yellow, then red; on siliceous rocks in xerothermic sites
at low elevations; in the study area so far only known from the Western Alps (France,
Italy). – Fr: HAl. It: Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 81
Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd f. disciformis
Syn.: Buellia major De Not., Buellia parasema De Not., Hafellia disciformis (Fr.) Mar-
bach & H. Mayrhofer, Lecidea disciformis (Fr.) Nyl., Lecidea parasema (Ach.) Ach. var.
disciformis Fr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a holarctic, humid subtropical to southern boreal-
montane lichen found on smooth bark in rather humid woodlands, especially in open
montane beech forests; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd f. microspora (Vain.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Hafellia disciformis (Fr.) Marbach & H. Mayrhofer var. microspora (Vain.)
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: morphology and ecology as in the typical form, but
ascospores less than 20 µm long; based on a type from Northern Finland; distribution
insuciently known because not always distinguished. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB. Fr: AHP, AMa, Vau. Sl: SlA.
Buellia dispersa (A. Massal.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Buellia dispersa (A. Massal.) A. Massal. var. cinerascens Bagl. Buellia duartei Samp.,
Buellia italica A. Massal. var. tumida A. Massal., Buellia squamulata (Nyl.) Zahlbr.,
Buellia tergestina J. Steiner & Zahlbr., Buellia tumida (A. Massal.) Bagl., Catolechia
maritima A.Massal. var. dispersa A. Massal., Lecidea squamulata Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a xeric subtropical to mild-temperate lichen of
base-rich or slightly lime-containing siliceous rocks in warm-dry situations, present
both in the Mediterranean area and in dry valleys of the Alps. – Au: T. Sw: GR, VS.
Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Buellia ectolechioides (Vain.) Erichsen
Syn.: Melanaspicilia ectolechioides Vain.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species of the B. aethalea-group, characterised by
small, grey thalli not reacting with K but typically with a I+ blue medulla; on stones
and low siliceous rocks; based on a type from Northern Siberia; distribution in the Alps
very insuciently known. – Au: K.
Buellia elegans Poelt
Syn.: Buellia epigea (Pers.) Tuck. var. angustata (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Buellia epigea
(Pers.) Tuck. var. egurata (Schaer.) Zahlbr., Buellia epigaea (Pers) Tuck. var. major
(Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Diploicia epigaea (Pers.) A. Massal. var. angustata Müll. Arg.,
Diploicia epigaea (Pers.) A. Massal. var. egurata (Schaer.) Körb., Diploicia epigaea
(Pers.) A. Massal. var. major Müll. Arg., Lecidea epigaea (Pers.) Schaer. var. egurata
Schaer.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a widespread steppe-species found on soil deriv-
ing from calciferous schists in open grasslands, most frequent in dry-warm valleys in
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, VD, VS. Fr: Sav. It: Lomb, Piem, VA.
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Buellia epigaea (Pers.) Tuck.
Syn.: Buellia nivea (Anzi) Zahlbr., Catolechia epigaea (Pers.) Anzi, Diploicia epigaea
(Pers.) A. Massal., Lecanora epigaea (Pers.) Ach., Lecidea epigaea (Pers.) Schaer., Lichen
epigaeus Pers., Parmelia epigaea (Pers.) Ach., Psora epigaea (Pers.) Hom., Rinodina
nivea Anzi
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: widespread in Europe, from submedi-
terranean regions to Scandinavia, on base-rich mineral soil, weathered gypsum and
gypsum soil; widespread in the Alps as well, but generally not common. – Au: T, S, K,
St, O. Sw: GR, LU, SG, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Buellia erubescens Arnold
Syn.: Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd var. saprophila (Ach.) Mudd, Buellia jorgei Samp.,
Buellia parasema De Not. var. saprophila (Ach.) Körb., Buellia zahlbruckneri J. Steiner
non sensu T. Schauer, Lecidea parasema (Ach.) Ach. var. saprophila Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on acid and smooth bark in warm-humid
areas; the distribution in the Alps is very poorly known: all earlier records of this spe-
cies from upland areas of the Alps refer to Tetramelas chloroleucus (see Nimis 2016).
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr:
Var. Sl: SlA.
Buellia fusca (Anzi) Kernst.
Syn.: Buellia spuria (Schaer.) Anzi var. fusca Anzi
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on vertical to underhanging surfaces of siliceous
rocks near the ground in warm-dry situations, such as in arid grasslands and in open-
ings of Mediterranean garrigues; known only from the Eastern and Western Alps, and
the Pyrenees. Related to B. tyrolensis, but chemically dierent, this taxon needs further
study. – Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Lomb.
Buellia griseovirens (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.) Almb.
Syn.: Aplotomma turgidum (A. Massal.) Beltr., Buellia betulina (Hepp) . Fr., Buellia
elenkinii Tomin, Buellia griseovirens (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.) Almb. var. superrea-
gens (Servít) Poelt, Buellia turgida (A. Massal.) Lettau, Diplotomma betulinum (Hepp)
Arnold, Diplotomma superreagens (Servít) Szatala, Diplotomma turgidum A. Massal.,
Lecidea betulina Hepp, Rhizocarpon betulinum (Hepp) Zwackh, Rhizocarpon eorescens
. Fr., Sporodichium betulinum (Hepp) Vain., Variolaria griseovirens Turner & Borrer
ex Sm.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a probably holarctic, temperate to boreal-mon-
tane lichen found on smooth bark of deciduous trees and shrubs in rather humid,
well-lit situations, more rarely on wood, with optimum in the submediterranean belt;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 83
Buellia henricii B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: mon-salp – Note: a silicicolous species with a very thin, whitish
grey, continuous thallus reacting K-, delimited by a black prothallus, forming patches
of 2–3 cm in diam., numerous black apothecia (c. 0.2 mm in diam.), rst immersed
in the thallus, then sessile, the disc rst concave, then persistently plane, with a thin
proper margin, epithecium brown, hymenium colourless, amyloid, hypothecium pale
brown, paraphyses coherent, 8-spored asci, and 1-septate, not constricted, brown as-
cospores measuring 18–20 × 12–13(-15) µm; only known from the type collection at
1,500 m, and probably belonging to Diplotomma. – It: VA.
Buellia jugorum (Arnold) Arnold
Syn.: Buellia verruculosa (Sm.) Mudd var. jugorum Arnold
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
species found on small siliceous pebbles in wind-exposed ridges, sometimes overgrow-
ing other crustose lichens; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, St. Sw:
GR, UR. Fr: AHP, HAl. It: TAA.
Buellia leptocline (Flot.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Buellia gevrensis . Fr., Buellia hypopodioides (Nyl.) Arnold, Buellia leptocline
(Flot.) A. Massal. var. mougeotii (Hepp ex Arnold) . Fr., Lecidea hypopodioides Nyl.,
Lecidea leptocline Flot., Lecidea mougeotii Hepp
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane species found on steeply
inclined to underhanging, hard siliceous rocks. – Au: V, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR,
VS. Fr: HAl, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Buellia leptoclinoides (Nyl.) J. Steiner
Syn.: Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd var. saxicola H. Olivier, Hafellia leptoclinoides (Nyl.)
Scheid. & H. Mayrhofer, Lecidea leptoclinoides Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 1 – Note: a probably humid subtropical to mild-temper-
ate species found on bark and on coastal siliceous rocks subject to humid, salt-laden
winds; in the study area so far only known from the base of the Western Alps, not far
from the sea. – Fr: Var, Vau.
Buellia leptolepis Bagl. & Carestia
Syn.: Karschia leptolepis (Bagl. & Carestia) Arnold, Karschia saxatilis (Schaer.) Rehm f.
leptolepis (Bagl. & Carestia) Keissl.
L # – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a parasite of crustose Lecanoraceae; hitherto
known from the Alps and Scandinavia; perhaps a synonym of B. ectolechioides. – Au:
T. Sw: VS. It: Piem, VA.
Buellia longispora Scheid.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the B. dispersa-group with a white thallus
reacting K+ yellow, then red, a I+ blue medulla, sessile apothecia, narrowly ellipsoid
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84
ascospores with a rugulate ornamentation (to 30 µm long); on steep rock faces of sili-
ceous rocks, from the Alps known from a few localities below the subalpine belt. – Fr:
AHP. It: TAA.
Buellia miriquidica Scheid.
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: recalling the related B. uberior, but thalli con-
taining miriquidic acid and ascospores with a psilate ornamentation; on hard siliceous
rocks at high elevations, lichenicolous on Schaereria fuscocinerea; widespread in the
Alps, but rarer than B. uberior. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS.
Buellia ocellata (Flot.) Körb.
Syn.: Buellia arcularum (Harm.) Lettau, Buellia frisiaca Erichsen, Buellia verruculosa
auct. non (Sm.) Mudd, Lecanora victoris Harm., Lecidea arcularum Harm., Lecidea ka-
leida Taylor, Lecidea ocellata (Flot.) Flörke, Lecidea petraea (Wulfen) Ach. var. ocellata
Flot., Rinodina ocellata (Flot.) Branth. & Rostr. non (Hom.) Arnold, Rinodina victoris
(Harm.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate, perhaps holarctic species found on small
siliceous pebbles, but also on steeply inclined faces near the ground, below the subal-
pine belt. – Au: T, K, St, N. Sw: TI, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem. Sl: SlA.
Buellia sanguinolenta T. Schauer
Syn.: Hafellia sanguinolenta (T. Schauer) Hafellner & Türk
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species of the B. disciformis-group with a whitish thal-
lus reacting K+ yellow then red, and ascospores longer than 25 µm; on bark, mostly of
Abies in old-growth forests; in the study area known from a few localities in the Eastern
Alps. – Au: N. Ge: OB.
Buellia sardiniensis J. Steiner
Syn.: Buellia leptocline A. Massal. var. minor Bagl., Buellia lusitanica J. Steiner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with white thalli exceeding 5 cm in diam. react-
ing K+ yellow then red (diagnostic against B. saxorum) and C+ red, a I+ violet medulla,
sessile apothecia, and ascospores of the Physconia-type; on hard siliceous rocks in both
coastal and inland habitats; in the study area so far known only from the base of the
Western Pre-Alps. – Fr: Vau.
Buellia saxorum A. Massal.
Syn.: Buellia superans (Nyl.) Mong., Lecidea saxorum (A. Massal.) Hepp, Lecidea su-
perans Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks, mostly
not far from the coast. – Fr: Vau. It: Ven, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 85
Buellia schaereri De Not.
Syn.: Buellia destructans (Tobler) R. Sant., Buellia nigritula (Nyl.) Mudd, Karschia de-
structans Tobler, Lecidea nigritula Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate to boreal-montane,
circumpolar species found on acid bark, especially of conifers, and on wooden poles
in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Buellia sororia . Fr.
Syn.: Buellia sororioides Erichsen
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species of the B. aethalea-group with a
non-amyloid medulla and ascospores longer (mean c. 16 µm) than in B. aethalea, but
thallus also K+ yellow, then red; on siliceous rocks inbetween other crustose lichens;
described from Sweden and not generally accepted, probably widespread, but poorly
documented in countries where it is treated as synonym of B. aethalea. – Au: T, K, N.
Buellia spuria (Schaer.) Anzi
Syn.: Buellia italica A. Massal., Buellia lactea (A. Massal.) Körb., Buellia lactea (A. Mas-
sal.) Körb. var. olivaceofusca Anzi, Buellia liguriensis B. de Lesd., Buellia olivaceofusca
(Anzi) Zahlbr., Catolechia lactea A. Massal., Lecidea italica (A. Massal.) Wedd. non B.
de Lesd., Lecidea spuria Schaer.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to subtropical, chemically variable
species, most common on granite, often found on walls. – Au: T, N. Sw: GR, TI, UR,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Buellia stellulata (Taylor) Mudd
Syn.: Buellia candidula Arnold, Buellia lactea (A. Massal.) Körb. var. maritima (A. Mas-
sal.) Anzi, Buellia maritima (A. Massal.) Bagl., Buellia minutula (Hepp) Arnold, Buel-
lia subalbula (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. var. adriatica Zahlbr., Catolechia maritima A. Massal.,
Lecidea candidella Nyl., Lecidea microtera Nyl., Lecidea stellulata Taylor
L – Subs.: cal, sil, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to subtropical lichen found
on calciferous and base-rich, hard siliceous rocks (e.g. on basalt), both near the coast
and in dry-warm valleys of the Alps. – Au: T, N. Sw: BE, GR, TI. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var,
Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Buellia subdisciformis (Leight.) Jatta.
Syn.: Buellia ryssolea (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Buellia sejuncta J. Steiner, Lecidea ryssolea
Leight., Lecidea subdisciformis Leight.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical species found
on siliceous rocks, chiey Mediterranean-Atlantic in Europe. Austrian and Swiss re-
cords from high altitudes are very unlikely. – Au: ?K. Sw: ?VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau.
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86
Buellia subsquamosa J. Steiner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a rarely collected lichen of porous siliceous rocks rich
in minerals, both in the Mediterranean area and in dry-continental valleys of the Alps,
where it exceptionally reaches the subalpine belt. – Sw: ?VS. Fr: HAl, Vau. It: TAA.
Buellia tesserata Körb.
Syn.: Buellia cerussata Llimona & Werner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: this species, based on a type from Norway, is very similar
B. mbriata but has a dierent chemistry (barbatic acid); it grows on siliceous rocks
and is apparently rare. – It: Lomb.
Buellia tyrolensis Körb.
Syn.: Buellia buellioides (Metzler) Buschardt, Buellia cinereomarginata B. de Lesd.,
Buellia luridula (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Buellia spuria (Schaer.) Anzi var. fusca Anzi, Lecidea
luridula Nyl., Lecidea scotochroa Nyl., Rinodina buellioides Metzler
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on siliceous rocks in dry-warm areas, related to B.
fusca, but chemically dierent, occurring both in the Mediterranean area and in dry-
continental valleys of the Alps. – Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: AMa, Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Buellia triseptata A. Nordin
Syn.: Buellia lauricassiae auct. eur. non (Fée) Müll. Arg., Buellia triphragmia auct. non
(Nyl.) Arnold
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: mainly lignicolous, more rarely on the bark of
conifers in upland areas, this taxon needs further study. – Au: V, T, S, St, N. Sw: GR.
Fr: HAl. It: TAA, Piem.
Buellia uberior Anzi
Syn.: Buellia atrocinerea (Anzi) Zahlbr., Buellia contermina Arnold, Buellia lactea (A.
Massal.) Körb. var. atrocinerea Anzi, Buellia nitida Eitner, Buellia subbadia Anzi
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found
on hard, lime-free siliceous rocks, mainly on inclined to subvertical faces wetted by
rain, initially parasitic on Schaereria fuscocinerea. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA.
Buellia uberiuscula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecidea uberiuscula Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species of the B. aethalea-group with a minute grey
thallus reacting K+ yellow then red, and an amyloid medulla; on nutrient-rich surfaces
of siliceous rocks, lichenicolous on other crustose lichens (e.g., Acarospora fuscata, Spo-
rastatia testudinea); widespread, but rare in the Alps. – Au: T.
Buellia vilis . Fr.
Syn.: Buellia enteroleucoides (Nyl.) Arnold, Buellia modica (Nyl.) Lettau, Lecidea disciformis
Nyl. var. enteroleucoides Nyl., Lecidea enteroleucoides (Nyl.) Lamy, Lecidea modica Nyl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 87
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar early
coloniser of siliceous pebbles in windy situations, and of recently eroded granitic boul-
ders; certainly more widespread in the Alps, but easily overlooked. – Au: T, K. Sw: UR,
VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Frl, TAA.
Buellia violaceofusca G. or & Muhr
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a sterile crustose lichen with a pale grey thallus and
maculiform soralia of a dark brownish colour with a violet tinge; on bark of old de-
ciduous trees in shaded montane forests (ecological requirements similar to those of
Caloplaca lucifuga); from the Alps there are, so far, a few records only. – Au: V, S, K.
Bunodophoron melanocarpum (Sw.) Wedin
Syn.: Lichen melanocarpus Sw., Sphaerophorus compressus Ach., Sphaerophorus melano-
carpus (Sw.) DC.
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil, cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a humid subtropical to mild-temperate spe-
cies found on mossy bark and rocks in very moist forests; rare and probably declining
in the Alps. – Au: T, K, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, SZ, UR. It: Lomb, Piem.
Byssoloma leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vain.
Syn.: Bilimbia leucoblephara (Nyl.) Arnold, Calidia rhizophora Stirt., Lecidea leu-
coblephara Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, fol – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a pantropical foliicolous species, sometimes oc-
curring also on bark; extremely rare in the Alps. – Au: K. Fr: AMa.
Byssoloma marginatum (Arnold) Sérus.
Syn.: Bacidia marginata (Arnold) Lettau, Bacidia micromma (Nyl. ex Stizenb.) Hult-
ing, Bilimbia marginata Arnold, Tapellaria similis Kalb
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a humid subtropical to mild-temperate lichen, grow-
ing both on bark and on needles of conifers in warm-humid areas; extremely rare in
the Alps. – Au: St.
Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P. James
Syn.: Byssoloma rotuliforme (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant., Byssoloma subdiscordans sensu Lettau
non (Nyl.) Vain., Byssoloma tricholomum sensu Lettau non (Mont.) Zahlbr., Chiodecton
subdiscordans Nyl., Patellaria rotuliformis Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cor, fol – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a humid subtropical to tropical species, with
isolated outliers in humid parts of the mild-temperate zone; in the Alps it is mainly
found in montane, humid forests, on twigs and leaves of conifers, and it might be more
widespread, but not common. – Au: T, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AMa.
Caeruleum heppii (Hepp ex Arnold) K. Knudsen & Arcadia
Syn.: Acarospora heppii Hepp ex Arnold, Myriospora heppii Nägeli ex Hepp nom. inval.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: an easily overlooked early coloniser of small cal-
careous pebbles in dry grasslands, which also occurs on concrete and mortar in small
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88
settlements and on walls of calciferous sandstone; widespread in the Alps below the
subalpine belt, but only locally common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: LU, SZ, UW, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Calicium abietinum Pers.
Syn.: Calicium cervicatulum Ach., Calicium curtum Turner & Borrer ex Sm., Calicium
minutum (Körb.) Arnold, Calicium nigrum auct. p.p.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar
species found on old wood of conifers, but also on bark, especially of Abies, much more
rarely on deciduous trees (e.g. on Castanea) and, in humid areas, on wooden poles;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
LU, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
Calicium adaequatum Nyl.
Syn.: Calicium marianum (Nádv.) Nádv.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species peculiar in having apothecia with pale
(olivaceous) stalks with an amyloid reaction (as the exciple) in squash preparations; on
bark (mostly on twigs) of deciduous trees (Alnus, Acer) under oceanic conditions; rare,
or only seldom collected, as it can be easily overlooked. – Au: T, St. Sw: BE, GR, SZ.
Calicium adspersum Pers.
Syn.: Calicium lenticulare sensu Nádv., Calicium mutabile Ach., Calicium roscidum
(Ach.) Flörke
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a holarctic, temperate species found on bark,
rarely on lignum of deciduous trees, especially oaks, often in ssures of the bark, more
rarely on conifers; widespread in the Alps, but generally not very common. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HSav. It:
Lomb, Piem.
Calicium corynellum (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Caliciella corynella (Ach.) Vain., Caliciella corynella (Ach.) Vain. var. stipitata
Vain., Caliciella corynella (Ach.) Vain. var. subsessile Vain., Calicium chlorinum auct.
non (Ach.) Schaer., Calicium corynellum (Ach.) Ach. var. paroicum (Ach.) Ach., Cali-
cium corynellum (Ach.) Ach. var. stipitatum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Calicium corynellum (Ach.)
Ach. var. subsessile (Vain.) Zahlbr., Calicium paroicum Ach., Chaenotheca paroica (Ach.)
Zwackh., Cyphelium paroicum (Ach.) Arnold, Lichen corynellus Ach., Sphinctrina paro-
ica (Ach.) Trevis., Strongyleuma paroicum (Ach.) Vain. non auct.
L – Subs.: sil, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate, probably holarctic species found
beneath overhangs of hard siliceous rocks in humid areas; probably more widespread in
the Alps, but never common. – Au: S, N. Sw: GR. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 89
Calicium denigratum (Vain.) Tibell
Syn.: Calicium curtum Turner & Borrer ex Sm. var. denigratum Vain.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: similar to C. abietinum in the endoxylic thallus
and the epruinose apothecia, but with more slender stalks, ascospores with a length-
width ratio <2, and a coarsely areolate sculpture; on decorticated stumps and snags in
montane coniferous forests; widespread also in the Alps, but not very common. – Au:
T, S, K, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU, SZ.
Calicium glaucellum Ach.
Syn.: Calicium discoidale Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane, holarctic species
found on lignum and acid bark, especially on decorticated stumps of conifers, but also
of broad-leaved trees (e.g. on Castanea); widespread in the Alps, but not very common.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Calicium lenticulare Ach.
Syn.: Calicium amylocaule Lettau, Calicium atroviride Körb., Calicium cladoniscum
auct. non Ach., Calicium lenticulare Ach. var. cladoniscum auct. non (Ach.) Schaer.,
Calicium quercinum Pers. var. lenticulare (Ach.) Nyl., Calicium schaereri sensu Nádv.
non De Not., Calicium subquercinum Asahina, Calicium virescens (Schaer.) Hepp
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate to boreal-montane,
circumpolar species found on lignum of decorticated stumps and trunks of conifers;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UR,
UW, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: Tg.
Calicium lucidum (. Fr.) M. Prieto & Wedin
Syn.: Acolium lucidum (. Fr.) Rabenh., Acolium viridulum Schaer., Calicium virellum
Nyl., Cyphelium lucidum (. Fr.) . Fr., Trachylia lucida . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar species
found on old conifers in humid, open forests with frequent fog; widespread in the
Alps, but only locally common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ,
UR, TI, UW. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Calicium montanum Tibell
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a recently-described species with a relatively
thick, pale grey thallus, short-stalked apothecia with a white pruina, and ascospores
with coarse irregular cracks; usually on wood of conifers in the montane belt; probably
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ,
TI, UR, UW.
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90
Calicium notarisii (Tul.) M. Prieto & Wedin
Syn.: Acolium notarisii Tul., Cyphelium notarisii (Tul.) Blomb. & Forssell, Cyphelium ti-
gillare (Ach.) Ach. subsp. notarisii (Tul.) W.A.Weber, Pseudacolium notarisii (Tul.) Vain.,
Trachylia notarisii (Tul.) Nyl., Trachylia tigillaris (Ach.) Fr. var. notarisii (Tul.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate to southern boreal-
montane lichen found on dry, weathered wood (e.g. on fences, wooden poles), but also
on acid bark of old trees (especially Quercus); perhaps more widespread in the Alps. –
Au: St, N. Sw: SW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Piem, VA.
Calicium parvum Tibell
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with a thin, verruculose, grey thallus,
minute epruinose apothecia, clavate asci and ascospores with polygonal, broad warts,
often accompanied by conspicuous pycnidia; on bark of conifers; widespread also in
the Alps, but not very common, and in the past probably confused with other species.
– Au: T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UW. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Vau. Sl: SlA.
Calicium pinastri Tibell
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with a thin, grey thallus, short-stalked,
minute, epruinose apothecia, cylindrical asci, and ascospores with irregular cracks,
found on the bark of conifers (most often Pinus sylvestris); recently-described and still
with a few records from the Alps, but probably more widespread. – Ge: OB. Sw: LU,
SZ, UW. It: TAA.
Calicium pinicola (Tibell) M. Prieto & Wedin
Syn.: Cyphelium pinicola Tibell
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly temperate to southern boreal-montane
lichen found on bark of conifers, especially of Pinus, near the base of the trunks; less
conned to high altitudes than C. tigillare. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Calicium quercinum Pers.
Syn.: Calicium curtiusculum Nyl., Calicium decipiens A. Massal., Calicium lenticulare
Ach. var. bacillare Ach., Calicium lenticulare Ach. var. curtiusculum (Nyl.) Lettau
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a holarctic, temperate species found on lignum
and bark of deciduous trees, more rarely of conifers, especially on old oaks and on
Castanea; widespread in the Alps, but generally rare. – Au: V, T, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE,
GR, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Lomb, Piem.
Calicium salicinum Pers.
Syn.: Calicium hyperellum (Ach.) Ach. var. salicinum (Pers.) Schaer., Calicium li-
chenoides (L.) Schumach., Calicium sphaerocephalum (L.) Ach., Calicium sphaeroceph-
alum (L.) Ach. var. xylonellum (Ach.) Wahlenb., Calicium trachelinum (Ach.) Ach.,
Calicium xylonellum Ach.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 91
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a holarctic, temperate species, most frequent on
dry parts of the boles of deciduous, acid-barked trees, but also on lignum (fence-posts,
decorticated stumps); widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Calicium tigillare (Ach.) Pers.
Syn.: Acolium tigillare (Ach.) Gray, Cyphelium tigillare (Ach.) Ach., Cyphelium trach-
ylioides auct. non (Nyl. ex Branth & Rostr.) Erichsen, Cyphelium viridescens auct., Li-
chen tigillaris Ach., Trachylia tigillaris (Ach.) Fr.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar lichen
found on hard, dry wood, especially of conifers, on wooden fences and fence-posts,
often together with Ramboldia elabens; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
Calicium trabinellum (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Calicium adspersum Pers. var. roscidulum (Nyl.) Harm., Calicium adspersum Pers.
var. trabinellum (Ach.) Schaer., Calicium incrustans Körb., Calicium roscidulum Nyl.
ex F.Wilson, Calicium validiusculum Trevis., Calicium xylonellum Ach. var. trabinellum
Ach.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a holarctic, temperate to boreal-montane species
found on hard wood, especially on old, decorticated stumps of conifers, more rarely of
deciduous or even evergreen broad-leaved trees (e.g. Quercus ilex in montane Mediter-
ranean forests); widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Calicium viride Pers.
Syn.: Calicium baliolum Ach., Calicium hyperellum (Ach.) Ach., Calicium lygodes Ach.,
Calicium peltatum Ach., Calicium proboscidale Ach., Calicium trachelinum (Ach.) Ach.
var. epiphloeum Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a holarctic, temperate to boreal-montane lichen
found on Abies and Picea, but also on the rough bark of old oaks in humid areas; wide-
spread and locally rather common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Callome multipartita (Sm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema multipartiens Nyl., Collema multipartitum Sm., Lathagrium multiparti-
tum (Sm.) Arnold, Synechoblastus multipartitus (Sm.) Körb.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly temperate to southern boreal-montane spe-
cies found on calcareous rocks in rather sheltered situations; widespread throughout
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92
the Alps, but not very common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca adriatica (Zahlbr.) Servít
Syn.: Caloplaca schaereri (Arnold) Zahlbr. var. adriatica Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate lichen found
on steeply inclined, hard limestone rocks, with a few records from the Southern and
Western Alps. – Fr: AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA.
Caloplaca aegatica Giralt, Nimis & Poelt
Syn.: Caloplaca quercina auct. non Flagey
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a greyish thallus, relatively large apothecia
with golden-yellow margins and orange-red discs, broadly-ellipsoid ascospores (often
less than 8 per ascus), and conspicuous pycnidia with blackish ostiolar regions; on bark
of broad-leaved trees in Xanthorion-communities; widespread in the Mediterranean
region, including Macaronesia, also reported from the Western Alps, at low elevations.
– Fr: Var.
Caloplaca albopruinosa (Arnold) H. Olivier
Syn.: Biatorina albopruinosa Arnold, Caloplaca agardhiana auct., Pyrenodesmia agar-
dhiana (Ach.) A. Massal., Blastenia agardhiana auct., ?Blastenia agardhiana var. cinereo-
virens (J. Steiner) Szatala, ?Blastenia agardhiana var. minuta (J. Steiner) Szatala, Cal-
lopisma agardhianum auct., ?Caloplaca agardhiana var. nigricans Jatta
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: this species diers from C. alociza in the hymenium
devoid of crystals and the apothecia with a thalline margin. It occurs on hard lime-
stones and dolomite in sunny, exposed sites, mostly in the mountains. Austrian records
are lumped together with C. alociza. – Sw: GR, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca alnetorum Giralt, Nimis & Poelt
Syn.: Athallia alnetorum (Giralt, Nimis & Poelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Caloplaca
avorubescens auct. non (Huds.) J.R. Laundon
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate species growing on broad-leaved trees;
most common in humid areas in the mountains; widespread in the Alps, but overlooked,
or confused with other taxa. – Au: T, K, St, O, N. Fr: AHP, Sav. It: TAA, Ven. Li.
Caloplaca alociza (A. Massal.) Mig.
Syn.: Biatorina alociza A. Massal., Blastenia alociza (A. Massal.) Werner, Lecaniella
alociza (A. Massal.) Jatta, Sporoblastia alociza (A. Massal.) Trevis., Pyrenodesmia alociza
(A. Massal.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: this species diers from C. albopruinosa in the hyme-
nium inspersed by crystals and the apothecia without a thalline margin; on hard lime-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 93
stones and dolomite, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread and common through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca ammiospila (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Blastenia ammiospila (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, Blastenia fer-
ruginea (Huds.) A. Massal. var. muscicola (Schaer.) A. Massal., Caloplaca cinnamomea
(. Fr.) H. Olivier, Caloplaca discoidalis (Vain.) Lynge, Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.)
. Fr. var. ammiospila (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) . Fr., Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) .
Fr. var. cinnamomea . Fr., Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) . Fr. var. muscicola auct.,
Caloplaca vacillans (. Fr.) H. Magn., Lecidea ammiospila Wahlenb. ex Ach.
L – Subs.: deb, bry-cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine to boreal-
montane, bipolar lichen found on terricolous mosses and plant debris, more rarely on
decaying, rather soft lignum, or even on the bark of subalpine shrubs and boreal trees,
most frequent above or near treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca anchon-phoeniceon Poelt & Clauzade
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with minute thalli and one to several sessile
apothecia, both bright red; parasitic on silicicolous Aspicilia-species at high elevations;
widespread in the Alps, but rare. – Au: T, S. Sw: UR. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa.
Caloplaca anularis Clauzade & Poelt
Syn.: Caloplaca scrobiculata auct. non. H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the Eurasiatic mountains, from the tem-
perate zone southwards, found on steeply inclined, compact limestone and dolomite;
perhaps more frequent but undercollected in the Alps because of its preference for sites
which are of dicult access. – Au: K, St. Fr: HAl, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca approximata (Lynge) H. Magn.
Syn.: Amundsenia approximata (Lynge) Søchting, Arup & Frödén, Caloplaca vitellinula
(Nyl.) H. Olivier f. approximata Lynge
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a strongly reduced, pale yellow
thallus, bright orange apothecia, and narrowly ellipsoid ascospores with thin septa,
perhaps closely related to C. cacuminum; on schists containing various amounts of
calcium; based on a type from Novaya Zemlya and widespread from the Arctic to
high elevations in the boreal zone; in the Alps so far known only from a single local-
ity. – Sw: SZ.
Caloplaca arcis (Poelt & Vězda) Arup
Syn.: Caloplaca citrina (Hom.) . Fr. var. arcis Poelt & Vězda, Flavoplaca arcis (Poelt
& Vězda) Arup, Frödén & Søchting
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94
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the C. citrina-group with thalli developing
coarse blastidia in the centre, distinctly lobate at the margins, often with apothecia; on
mineral-rich siliceous rocks and elsewhere also on calcareous rocks, also on man-made
walls near settlements; widespread, but in the Alps poorly recorded, probably because
it was not distinguished in the past. – Au: S, St, B. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Caloplaca arcisproxima Vondrák, Říha, Arup & Søchting
Syn.: Flavoplaca arcisproxima (Vondrák, Říha, Arup & Søchting) Arup, Søchting &
Frödén
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a species of the C. citrina-group with a thallus consist-
ing of subumbilicate, minute squamules with margins divided into tiny lobes, devel-
oping marginal soralia; on various rock types close to the sea; in the study area so far
known from a single locality in the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa.
Caloplaca arenaria (Pers.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Blastenia arenaria (Pers.) A. Massal., Blastenia lamprocheila (DC.) Arnold, Ca-
loplaca craspedia (Ach.) Szatala, Caloplaca ferruginascens (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Caloplaca
festiva (Ach.) Zwackh non auct., Caloplaca lamprocheila (DC.) Flagey, Lecanora lam-
procheila (DC.) Nyl., Lichen arenarius Pers., Rufoplaca arenaria (Pers.) Arup, Søchting
& Frödén
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen found on calciferous siliceous
rocks, including walls, often overgrowing other crustose lichens; on the whole, a het-
erogeneous taxon in need of revision; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Caloplaca areolata (Zahlbr.) Clauzade
Syn.: Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) . Fr. var. areolata Zahlbr., Caloplaca spalatensis auct.
non Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate, characteristic, but much misun-
derstood species found on the top of calcareous birds’ perching boulders, mostly at low
altitudes, with a few records from the Western Alps. – Fr: Var, Vau. It: Lig.
Caloplaca arnoldii (Wedd.) Zahlbr. ex Ginzb. subsp. arnoldii
Syn.: Calogaya arnoldii (Wedd.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Caloplaca biatorinoides
(Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Gaya, Caloplaca saxicola (Hom.) Nordin subsp. arnoldii
(Wedd.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Caloplaca saxicola (Hom.) Nordin subsp. biatori-
noides Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Physcia pusilla A. Massal. f. turgida A. Massal., Physcia
pusilla A. Massal. var. lobulata f. minor Arnold
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a well-distinct taxon of the extremely critical C.
saxicola-complex; on steeply inclined calciferous rocks (limestone, dolomite, calcareous
schists) in open habitats; certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Sw:BE, GR, LU,
SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 95
Caloplaca arnoldii (Wedd.) Zahlbr. ex Ginzb. subsp. oblitterata (Pers.) Gaya
Syn.: Caloplaca discernenda (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca miniatula (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Ca-
loplaca murorum auct. f. miniatula (Nyl.) Ozenda & Clauzade, Caloplaca murorum
auct. var. oblitterata (Pers.) Jatta, Caloplaca pyraceoides B. de Lesd., Caloplaca saxicola
(Hom.) Nordin subsp. oblitterata (Pers.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecanora discernenda
Nyl., Lecanora miniatula Nyl., Lichen oblitteratus Pers.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a very polymorphic taxon (see Roux et al. 2014)
with a mainly temperate to boreal distribution in Europe, also known from the South-
ern European mountains, most frequent on base-rich siliceous rocks or on decalcied
calcareous rocks, usually in nutrient-poor stands, both on vertical clis and overhangs,
and on horizontal surfaces of siliceous boulders; especially the southern populations
seem to prefer rather shaded conditions. – Au: V, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, VS,
SZ. Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Caloplaca arnoldiiconfusa Gaya & Nav.-Ros.
Syn.: Calogaya arnoldiiconfusa (Gaya & Nav.-Ros.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: in the past this species, which is widespread in
Central Europe, was confused with C. arnoldii, which substitutes in upland areas, on
vertical, sun-exposed calcareous and dolomitic rocks. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB. Sw: GR, SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem. Li.
Caloplaca asserigena (Stizenb. ex J. Lahm) H. Olivier
Syn.: Blastenia asserigena (Stizenb. ex J. Lahm) Zahlbr., Blastenia assigena Arnold, Cal-
lopisma asserigenum Stizenb. ex J. Lahm, Caloplaca assigena (Arnold) Dalla Torre &
Sarnth., Lecanora asserigena Stizenb. nom. nud.
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a thin grey thallus and small
aggregated apothecia with brown-red to blackish discs, the epihymenium reacting K+
purple; on thin twigs of various trees, more rarely on wood; most records from the Alps
are historical. – Au: T, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: UR. It: Frl.
Caloplaca athroocarpa (Anzi) Jatta
Syn.: Blastenia athroocarpa (Anzi) Arnold, Callopisma athroocarpon (Anzi) Bagl. & Car-
estia, Gyalolechia athroocarpa Anzi, Lecanora ammiospiloides Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 4 – Note: on eutrophicated wood, more rarely on bark, on
basal parts of isolated trees; a poorly understood taxon, which needs further study. –
Ge: OB. Sw: GR, VS. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Caloplaca atroalba (Tuck.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Placodium atroalbum Tuck.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a rimose to areolate, yellowish-
brownish thallus, apothecia with zeorine proper margin, a white thalline margin,
black disc and amphithecium; on limestone and calcareous sandstone; based on a
type from Western North America, the identity of European records is in need of
re-evaluation. – Au: V, S, K. Fr: AHP, AMa.
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96
Caloplaca atroava (Turner) Mong.
Syn.: Caloplaca atroava (Turner) Mong. var. submersa (Nyl.) H. Magn., Caloplaca
ferruginea (Huds.) . Fr. var. obscura . Fr., Caloplaca turneriana (Ach.) H. Olivier,
Lecidea atroava Turner, Placodium atroavum (Turner) A.L. Sm., Placodium turneri-
anum (Ach.) A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a rather southern species in Europe, found
on base-rich or eutrophicated siliceous rocks, especially basalt, sometimes periodically
submerged in Mediterranean creeks and rivulets; rare in the Alps, with a scattered dis-
tribution. – Au: T. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, Var. It: Lomb, Lig.
Caloplaca aurantia (Pers.) Hellb.
Syn.: Amphiloma aurantius (Pers.) Müll. Arg., Amphiloma callopismum (Ach.) Körb.,
Callopisma vulgaris De Not., Caloplaca aurantia (Pers.) Hellb. var. intermedia Zahl-
br., Caloplaca aurantia (Pers.) Hellb. var. papillata Poelt, Caloplaca callopisma (Ach.)
. Fr., Gasparrinia aurantia (Pers.) Syd., Gasparrinia callopisma (Ach.) Syd., Lecanora
callopisma Ach., Lichen aurantius Pers., Placodium aurantium (Pers.) Vain., Placodium
callopismum (Ach.) Mérat, Variospora aurantia (Pers.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to subtropical species found on a wide
variety of calciferous substrata; common in the Mediterranean-submediterranean belts,
rarer at higher altitudes, more helio – and thermophytic than the closely related C. aves-
cens; widespread throughout the Alps, at low elevations. – Au: V, T, K, N. Sw: LU, TI, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Caloplaca australis (Arnold) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Candelariella australis (Arnold) Zahlbr., Fulgensia australis (Arnold) Poelt, Gaspar-
rinia australis (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Gyalolechia australis (Arnold) J. Steiner,
Physcia australis Arnold, Variospora australis (Arnold) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on sun-exposed calciferous rocks, e.g. on the top of
large, isolated boulders; certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, St, O. Ge:
Schw. Sw: SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca austrocitrina Vondrák, Říha, Arup & Søchting
Syn.: Flavoplaca austrocitrina (Vondrák, Říha, Arup & Søchting) Arup, Søchting &
Frödén
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species of the C. citrina-group with an areolate to
subsquamulose, usually yellow to greenish-orange thallus and marginal soralia; apothe-
cia not rare; mostly on articial substrates like concrete or mortar in strongly manured
places, e.g. in sites visited by dogs; certainly much more common in the Alps and hid-
den behind records of C. citrina. – Au: St. Fr: AMa. It: Frl.
Caloplaca biatorina (A. Massal.) J. Steiner
Syn.: Berengeria biatorina (A. Massal.) Trevis., Calogaya biatorina (A. Massal.) Arup,
Frödén & Søchting, Caloplaca baumgartneri Zahlbr., Caloplaca biatorina (A. Massal.) J.
Steiner var. baumgartneri (Zahlbr.) Poelt, Caloplaca biatorina (A. Massal.) J. Steiner var.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 97
sympecta J. Steiner, Caloplaca callopiza (Nyl.) Jatta, Gasparrinia biatorina (A. Massal.)
Szatala, Lecanora callopiza Nyl., Physcia elegans (Link) De Not. var. biatorina A. Massal.,
Placodium biatorinum (A. Massal.) M. Choisy, Placodium callopizum (Nyl.) Flagey
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a holarctic species found in the mountains of
Southern Europe; on limestone and dolomite, more rarely on base-rich siliceous rocks,
most often at the top of isolated boulders in open, nitrogen-rich situations, mostly
above or near treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Caloplaca bryochrysion Poelt
Syn.: Calogaya bryochrysion (Poelt) Vondrák
L – Subs.: ter, bry, cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on mosses, soil and plant debris over calcare-
ous substrata, but also directly on calcareous rocks, in sheltered but light-rich situa-
tions, with optimum above treeline; very much overlooked, or confused with other
sorediate species in the Alps; the relationships with C. epiphyta await clarication. –
Au: V T S K St O N. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem.
Caloplaca cacuminum Poelt
Syn.: Callopisma aurantiacum (Lightf.) A. Massal. var. microsporum Arnold, Caloplaca
aurantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. var. microspora (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a probably arctic-alpine species found on lime-
stone and dolomite in exposed habitats, often starting the life-cycle on other lichens;
perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Fr: AHP,
HAl, Sav. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, VA.
Caloplaca caesiorufella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Caloplaca leptocheila H. Magn., Lecanora caesiorufella Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the C. ferruginea-group with an endosub-
stratic to thin, whitish-grey thallus and sessile apothecia with both disc and margin of
a reddish-brown colour; based on a type from Bering Island oshore from Kamchatka,
where it was found on twigs and plant remains, and widespread in the Arctic on drift-
wood, therefore records from siliceous rocks and conspecity with C. leptocheila in
need of re-evaluation. In the Alps usually on stones and low outcrops, probably wide-
spread, but distribution insuciently known. – Au: V, T, S, K, St.
Caloplaca castellana (Räsänen) Poelt
Syn.: Pachypeltis castellana (Räsänen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, Placodium castellanum
Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thallus consisting of dispersed,
brownish-orange squamules, often overgrowing Spilonema, and usually a single reddish
apothecium per squamule; on steep rock faces of mineral-rich schists with variable
contents of calcium; widespread in the Holarctic region, with scattered records from
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: VS.
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98
Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) . Fr.
Syn.: Blastenia nivea B. de Lesd., Callopisma cerinum (Hedw.) De Not., Caloplaca ceri-
na (Hedw.) . Fr. var. erhartii (Schaer.) Trevis., Caloplaca gilva (Hom.) Zahlbr., Ca-
loplaca gilvolutea (Nyl.) Jatta, Lecanora cerina (Hedw.) Ach., Lecanora gilvolutea Nyl.,
Lichen cerinus Hedw., Placodium cerinum (Hedw.) Nägeli ex Hepp, Placodium gilvum
(Hom.) Vain., Zeora cerina (Hedw.) Flot.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic, subtropical to boreal-montane lichen
with optimum on smooth, mineral-rich bark (e.g. of Acer, Fraxinus, Juglans) but also
on moderately eutrophicated bark of other trees, rare in polluted areas. In the complex
of C. cerina s.lat. morphological dierences among taxa are slight, while ecological and
distributional dierences are often remarkably clear. e treatment of this group is far
from being complete, and it is still dicult to handle the nomenclature: at least some
of the samples growing on plant debris are now segregated into C. stillicidiorum. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, FR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Caloplaca cerinella (Nyl.) Flagey
Syn.: Athallia cerinella (Nyl.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Callopisma cerinellum (Nyl.)
Walt. Watson, Caloplaca perda Malme, Lecanora cerinella Nyl., Placodium cerinellum
(Nyl.) Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate species found on base – or nutrient-
rich bark (e.g. very common on Sambucus or on Juglans in open habitats); widespread
throughout the Alps. See also note on C. cerinelloides. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca cerinelloides (Erichsen) Poelt
Syn.: Athallia cerinelloides (Erichsen) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Caloplaca pyracea
(Ach.) Zwackh var. cerinelloides Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: supercially resembling C. cerinella, but with a
dierent number of spores per ascus. Also the ecology and distribution are dierent: C.
cerinelloides has a more northern distribution and usually occurs on Populus tremula, or
even on twigs of conifers. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR,
LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca cerinoides (Anzi) Jatta
Syn.: Placodium cerinoides Anzi
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a poorly understood species of base-rich sili-
ceous rocks, especially basalt. Earlier Italian records (none from the Alps) most likely
refer to C. thracopontica Vondrák & Šoun, while C. cerinoides could prove to be a syno-
nym of C. atroava. – Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 99
Caloplaca chalybaea (Fr.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Caloplaca alpestris sensu Ozenda & Clauzade, Caloplaca olivacea (A. Massal.) Jat-
ta, Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) . Fr. f. chalybaea (Fr.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Caloplaca
variabilis (Pers.) . Fr. f. ochracea (Körb.) Müll. Arg., Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) .
Fr. subsp. ocellulata (Ach.) Boistel, Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) . Fr. var. ocellulata
(Ach.) Boistel, Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) . Fr. var. ocellulata (Ach.) Boistel f. cha-
lybaea (Fr.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Parmelia chalybaea Fr., Placodium chalybaeum (Fr.)
Hepp, Pyrenodesmia chalybaea (Fr.) A. Massal., Pyrenodesmia olivacea A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mild-temperate species known from Europe and
adjoining Africa and Asia, found on hard calciferous rocks (mostly on compact lime-
stone) and dolomite, often, but not exclusively, on steeply inclined faces; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:BE, GR, LU, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca chanousiae Sambo
Syn.: Fulgensia chanousiae (Sambo) Poelt
L # – Subs.: int – Alt.: 5 – Note: on weakly calciferous schists; reported only from the
Western and Southern Alps; a revision of the type material is badly needed. – Fr:AHP,
HAl, AMa, Sav. It: TAA, VA.
Caloplaca chlorina (Flot.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) . Fr. var. chlorina (Flot.) Müll. Arg., Placodium ceri-
num (Hedw.) Hepp var. chlorinum (Flot.) Anzi, Zeora cerina (Hedw.) Flot. var. chlorina
Flot.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on siliceous, nutrient-enriched rocks, mostly in
upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It:Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca chrysodeta (Vain.) Dombr. comb. inval.
Syn.: Callopisma chrysodetum (Vain.) Räsänen, Leproplaca chrysodeta (Vain.) J.R. Laun-
don ex Ahti, Placodium chrysodetum Vain.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to humid subtropical species found
on shaded, steeply inclined or underhanging surfaces of calciferous rocks, sometimes
also overgrowing epilithic mosses or even occurring on the undersides of inclined old
trunks of trees with base-rich bark; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, Piem, Lig.
Caloplaca chrysophthalma Degel.
Syn.: Solitaria chrysophthalma (Degel.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
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100
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a rare mild-temperate lichen found on base-rich
bark of isolated trees (e.g. Populus, Juglans and Fraxinus). – Au: T, St. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: GR, LU, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl.
Caloplaca cirrochroa (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Amphiloma cirrochroum (Ach.) Körb., Gasparrinia cirrochroa (Ach.) Stein, Le-
canora cirrochroa Ach., Lecanora murorum auct. var. cirrochroa (Ach.) Rabenh., Lepro-
placa cirrochroa (Ach.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Physcia callopisma (Ach.) A. Massal.
var. cirrochroa (Ach.) A. Massal., Physcia cirrochroa (Ach.) Arnold, Placodium cirro-
chroum (Ach.) Rabenh.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly temperate, probably holarctic species found
on hard limestone and dolomite in rather shaded and sheltered situations, often on
faces seldom wetted by rain; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca citrina (Hom.) . Fr.
Syn.: Amphiloma citrinum (Hom.) Müll. Arg., Blastenia citrina (Hom.) B. de Lesd.,
Callopisma citrinum (Hom.) A. Massal., Flavoplaca citrina (Hom.) Arup, Frödén &
Søchting, Lecanora citrina (Hom.) Ach., Lichen citrinus (Hom.) Ach., Placodium cit-
rinum (Hom.) Hepp, Pyrenodesmia citrina (Hom.) Trevis., Verrucaria citrina Hom.
L – Subs.: cal, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: C. citrina is often claimed to be an almost cos-
mopolitan lichen. However, after a recent molecular revision of the entire complex,
it seems that the species has a rather restricted distribution centered in Central Eu-
rope. e species complex, which still needs a thorough revision in the Alps, occurs
on a wide variety of substrata, from asbestos-cement, concrete and mortar to basic
siliceous rocks or even eutrophicated wood, being very tolerant to, and even favoured
by eutrophication (e.g. urine-deposits). Several records could refer to other species in
the complex. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca clauzadeana (Gaya) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Caloplaca arnoldii (Wedd.) Zahlbr. ex Ginzb. subsp. clauzadeana Gaya
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a taxon of the C. saxicola-group forming large rosettes
of densely pruinose thalli (resulting in a salmon colour), with strongly convex lobes; on
vertical to overhanging walls of limestone at low elevations; in the study area so far only
known from the southern part of the Western Alps. – Fr: AHP, Var, Vau.
Caloplaca coccinea (Müll. Arg.) Poelt
Syn.: Blastenia arnoldiana Servít & Čern., Blastenia coccinea Müll. Arg., Caloplaca
arnoldiana (Servít & Čern.) Servít & Poelt, Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. f.
nubigena (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Caloplaca ammea (Anzi) Jatta, Placodium
ammeum Anzi
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 101
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on steeply inclined faces of limestones and dolomite
in upland areas; known from the mountains of Southern Europe and ranging through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca conciliascens (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecanora conciliascens Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: related to C. exsecuta, known from the locus clas-
sicus in Tyrol, from a single locality in the French Maritime Alps and in Central Swit-
zerland, and from dry-warm sites in Piemonte. – Au: T. Sw: SZ. Fr: AMa. It: Piem.
Caloplaca concinerascens (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Lecanora concinerascens Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this species (with a grey-brown epithecium react-
ing K+ weakly pale violet) belongs to the Pyrenodesmia-complex. It has been probably
confused with C. conversa (with a brown epithecium reacting K+ purple), and its dis-
tribution is therefore poorly known. It was hitherto found on sun-exposed surfaces of
weakly to strongly calciferous rocks in the French Southern Alps, the Mediterranean
region and the warmest parts of the Massif Central. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Vau.
Caloplaca conglomerata (Bagl.) Jatta
Syn.: Callopisma conglomeratum Bagl., Caloplaca amabilis Zahlbr., Caloplaca peludella
(Nyl.) Hasse, Lecanora peludella Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean to xeric subtropical species of base-
rich siliceous rocks, often growing with species of Peltula, and starting the life-cycle on
other crustose lichens; mostly Mediterranean, but also found, although very rarely, in
dry-continental valleys of the Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Caloplaca conversa (Kremp.) Jatta
Syn.: Callopisma conversum Kremp., Callopisma fallax Bagl., Caloplaca conversa
(Kremp.) Jatta var. fallax (Bagl.) Wunder, Caloplaca fallax (Bagl.) Jatta, Caloplaca orea-
dum (Stizenb.) Jatta, Placodium conversum (Kremp.) Anzi
L – Subs.: cal, int, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate to subtropical-montane
lichen found on calciferous or basic siliceous rocks (especially basalt) in sunny sites
with short periods of water seepage, often on colonies of cyanobacteria. According to
Vondrák (see Nimis 2016) the species, which is related to C. conglomerata, is heteroge-
neous, and more species are involved, some of them fully lacking anthraquinones. See
also note on C. concinerascens. – Au: V, T, S, K. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr:
AMa, Var. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Caloplaca coralliza Arup & Åkelius
Syn.: Blastenia coralliza (Arup & Åkelius) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a recently described species, which seems to be less
common than the similar C. herbidella in the Alps. – Au: K. Ge: Ge. Sw: GR, UW.
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102
Caloplaca coronata (Kremp. ex Körb.) J. Steiner
Syn.: Callopisma aurantiacum (Lightf.) A. Massal. var. coronatum Kremp. ex Körb.,
Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. var. coronata (Kremp. ex Körb.) Jatta, Flavoplaca
coronata (Kremp. ex Korb.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting
L – Subs.: cal, cal-par – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate to subtropical, mainly
Mediterranean lichen found on the top of sun-exposed calcareous boulders, especially
in small depressions of the rock, often starting the life-cycle on other crustose lichens;
much overlooked in the past, and certainly more common; exceptionally reaching the
subalpine belt on south-facing rocks in dry-continental valleys of the Alps. – Au: T,
K, St, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: LU, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Caloplaca cravensis (Clauzade & Wunder) Cl. Roux
Syn.: Caloplaca concinerascens (Nyl.) H. Olivier subsp. cravensis (Clauzade & Wunder)
Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Caloplaca conversa (Kremp.) Jatta var. cravensis Clauzade &
Wunder
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a taxon of the C. conversa-aggregate, with thallus and
apothecia reacting C+ red (gyrophoric acid); on pebbles and small boulders of hard
siliceous rocks at low elevations; in the study area so far only known from the Western
Alps. – Fr: Var, Vau.
Caloplaca crenularia (With.) J.R. Laundon var. crenularia
Syn.: Blastenia crenularia (With.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, Blastenia ferruginea
(Huds.) A. Massal. var. plumbea A. Massal., Caloplaca caesiorufa (Ach.) Flagey, Calo-
placa festiva auct. non (Ach.) Zwackh, Caloplaca sbarbaronis B. de Lesd., Lichen crenu-
larius With.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a temperate to subtropical species found on
horizontal to weakly inclined faces of a wide variety of siliceous rocks, very heterogene-
ous, and in need of revision. According to Vondrák (see Nimis 2016), records of C.
crenularia from (sub-)alpine habitats belong to a still undescribed species (Blastenia
psychrophila ined.), which is known from Veneto and Piemonte in Italy. – Au: V, K,
St. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca crenularia (With.) J.R. Laundon var. contigua (A. Massal.) ined. (pro-
visionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Caloplaca festiva (Ach.) Zwackh var. contigua (A. Massal.) H. Olivier, Caloplaca
squamulosa sensu Ozenda & Clauzade non (Wedd.) B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a taxon belonging to a polymorphic complex, hith-
erto reported only from the Western Alps. See also note on the typical variety. – Fr:
AHP, Var, Vau.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 103
Caloplaca crenularia (With.) J.R. Laundon var. depauperata (H. Magn.) Calat.
& Barreno
Syn.: Caloplaca festiva (Ach.) Zwackh var. depauperata H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a taxon belonging to a polymorphic complex, dif-
fering in the very poorly developed thallus, known from the French Southern Alps (at
low elevations), the Mediterranean region, the Pyrenees, and Corsica. – Fr: AMa, Vau.
Caloplaca crenulatella (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Caloplaca lactea (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. f. aestimabilis (Arnold) Lettau, Caloplaca
lactea (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. f. ecrustacea (Harm.) Zahlbr., Lecanora crenulatella Nyl.,
Placodium crenulatellum (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Xanthocarpia crenulatella (Nyl.) Frödén,
Arup & Søchting
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate to subtropical species, often found
on calcareous walls, perhaps parasitic of Verrucaria nigrescens when young. Very much
misunderstood in the past (see also note on C. lactea): recently, this taxon has been
considered to be paraphyletic and to contain at least four lineages. Some records from
siliceous rocks could refer to C. prinii B. de Lesd. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Caloplaca dalmatica (A. Massal.) H. Olivier s.lat.
Syn.: Acarospora velana A. Massal., Callopisma aurantiacum (Lightf.) A. Massal. var.
placidium A. Massal., Callopisma aurantiacum (Lightf.) A. Massal. var. velanum A.
Massal., Callopisma dalmaticum A. Massal., Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. var.
placidia (A. Massal.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. var.
velana (A. Massal.) Flagey, Caloplaca dolomiticola (Hue) Zahlbr., Caloplaca placidia (A.
Massal.) J. Steiner, Caloplaca schaereri (Arnold) Zahlbr., Caloplaca velana (A. Massal.)
Du Rietz, Caloplaca velana (A. Massal.) Du Rietz var. dalmatica (A. Massal.) Clauzade
& Cl. Roux, Caloplaca velana (A. Massal.) Du Rietz var. dolomiticola (Hue) Clauzade
& Cl. Roux, Caloplaca velana (A. Massal.) Du Rietz var. placidia (A. Massal.) Clauzade
& Cl. Roux, Caloplaca velana (A. Massal.) Du Rietz var. schaereri (Arnold) Clauzade
& Cl. Roux, Lecanora dolomiticola Hue, Lecidea schaereri Flörke ex Arnold nom.illeg.,
Lecidea velana (A. Massal.) Hue, Placodium aurantiacum (Lightf.) Anzi var. velanum
(A. Massal.) Anzi, Variospora velana (A. Massal.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: extremely polymorphic and in need of revision:
according to a broad species concept, C. dalmatica is the oldest name; on a wide va-
riety of calcareous substrata in exposed, rather eutrophicated situations; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
104
Caloplaca decipiens (Arnold) Blomb. & Forssell
Syn.: Amphiloma decipiens (Arnold) Bagl., Calogaya decipiens (Arnold) Arup, Frödén
& Søchting, Gasparrinia decipiens (Arnold) Syd., Lecanora decipiens (Arnold) Nyl.,
Physcia decipiens Arnold, Placodium decipiens (Arnold) Leight.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate, somehow subcontinental species found on
calciferous substrata, especially on mortar walls; not common everywhere in the Alps,
perhaps because of its subcontinental character, but abundant, and locally extremely
abundant in some dry valleys of the Alps, mostly on walls in small villages, much rarer
in natural habitats. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VD.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl. Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig.
Caloplaca demissa (Körb.) Arup & Grube
Syn.: Imbricaria demissa Flot. nom. inval., Lecanora demissa (Körb.) Zahlbr., Lecanora
incusa (Flot.) Vain., Placodium demissum Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate to xeric subtropical species
found on south-facing, steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of basic siliceous
rocks, both in dry-warm valleys of the Alps (in the submediterranean belt) and in
the Mediterranean belt; much less bound to water seepage than Peltula euploca and
ecologically related species. is species, always sterile, was earlier positioned in the
Lecanoraceae, in the genera Lecanora and Placolecanora, because of its general appear-
ance, and has a quite remote position in the Teloschistaceae, with no supported sister
lineage. It was segregated in the genus Olegblumia, but with a wrong basionym, which
makes that name illegitimate. – Au: T, K, St, B. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var.
It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca dichroa Arup
Syn.: Flavoplaca dichroa (Arup) Arup, Frödén & Søchting
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species recalling C. citrina in developing areoles dis-
solving more or less completely into blastidia and granules, usually fertile and then the
thick-walled ascospores are diagnostic, often occurring in a yellow and an orange col-
our form; on limestone or more rarely on similar anthropogenic substrates, widespread
in the Alps, but distribution still insuciently documented. – Au: T, St. Sw: LU, SZ.
Caloplaca diphyodes (Nyl.) Jatta
Syn.: Callopisma diphyodes (Nyl.) Bagl. & Carestia, Callopisma variabile (Pers.) Trevis.
var. lecideina Müll. Arg., Caloplaca diphyodes (Nyl.) Jatta var. helygeoides (Vain.) H.
Olivier, Caloplaca helygeoides (Vain.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Caloplaca lecideina (Müll.
Arg.) Clauzade & Rondon comb. inval., Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) . Fr. subsp.
diphyodes (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) . Fr. var. lecideina
(Müll. Arg.) H. Olivier, Lecanora diphyodes Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: known both from the Arctic and the mountains of
the temperate zone, this lichen occurs on siliceous rocks in sheltered situations, often
along creeks. e species has been much misunderstood, mainly due to the synonymi-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 105
sation with C. lecideina (Müll. Arg.) Clauzade & Rondon, a calcicolous species. e
type of C. diphyodes, from Central France, is clearly silicicolous, and the species is more
or less aquatic (Roux et al. 2014). – Au: V, T, S, K. Sw: SZ, TI. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Sav, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Piem.
Caloplaca emilii Vondrák, Khodos., Cl. Roux & V. Wirth
Syn.: Caloplaca areolata auct. p.p. non (Zahlbr.) Clauzade
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species of the C. xerica-group (a secondary species of
C. areolata) with a grey thallus, areoles with simple, globose blastidia produced along
the edges, apothecia rather common, with discs in shades of orange-brown, and a grey
thalline margin; on horizontal to slightly inclined rock faces of limestone outcrops in
habitats with steppe-like conditions; widespread in the Mediterranean region, with
several records from the Western Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Var, Vau.
Caloplaca epierodens Cl. Roux & M. Bertrand
Syn.: Variospora epierodens (Cl. Roux & M. Bertrand) Cl. Roux & M. Bertrand
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the C. dalmatica-group living as a
parasite upon C. erodens, forming salmon-red thalli up to 1.5 cm in diam., with ver-
ruculose areoles separated by wide cracks, and broadly ellipsoid ascospores; on calcare-
ous rocks with its host; so far only recorded from the Western Alps in France but likely
to have a broader distribution. – Fr: AHP, AMa.
Caloplaca epithallina Lynge
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a rather continental species found on well-lit sur-
faces of siliceous rocks, e.g. on isolated boulders in grasslands, growing on other crus-
tose and even foliose lichens (common hosts in the Alps are Dimelaena oreina, Psorinia
conglomerata, Rhizoplaca spp., Umbilicaria spp.); most frequent in dry-continental val-
leys of the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav. It: TAA.
Caloplaca erodens Tretiach, Pinna & Grube
Syn.: Pyrenodesmia erodens (Tretiach, Pinna & Grube) Søchting, Arup & Frödén
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a recently-described, usually sterile species, destruc-
tive to its substrate resulting in concave depressions with whitish marginal rims; on
sunny rock walls and boulders of limestone, also on rock heads visited by birds; wide-
spread in the Alps, but often overlooked. – Au: K, St, O. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa,
HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, VA.
Caloplaca erythrocarpa (Pers.) Zwackh
Syn.: Blastenia arenaria sensu A. Massal., Blastenia lallavei (Clemente ex Ach.) A. Mas-
sal., Callopisma arenarium auct. p.p. non (Pers.) Müll. Arg., Caloplaca arenaria auct. p.p.
non (Pers.) Müll. Arg., Caloplaca erythrocarpa (Pers.) Zwackh f. diractoareolata B. de
Lesd., Caloplaca lallavei (Clemente ex Ach.) Flagey, Kuettlingeria lallavei (Clemente ex
Ach.) Trevis., Lecidea lallavei Clemente ex Ach., Patellaria erythrocarpa Pers., Placodium
lallavei (Clemente ex Ach.) Anzi
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
106
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate to subtropical species
found on limestone, dolomite, calciferous sandstone, much more rarely mortar and
brick, on horizontal to weakly inclined faces wetted by rain, often starting the life-cycle
on calcicolous Aspicilia-species; optimum in natural habitats; most frequent in the
Southern and Western Alps, at low elevations. – Sw: ?VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca exsecuta (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
Syn.: Blastenia exsecuta (Nyl.) Servít, Lecanora exsecuta Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, probably circumpolar,
very variable lichen of basic siliceous rocks in humid, wind-protected situations; cer-
tainly much more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, VA.
Caloplaca ferrarii (Bagl.) Jatta
Syn.: Callopisma ferrarii Bagl., Xanthocarpia ferrarii (Bagl.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a temperate early coloniser of mortar walls, gypsum
outcrops and other calciferous, often man-made, soft substrata at relatively low eleva-
tions; perhaps more widespread in lowland areas of the Alps. Recently, this taxon was
shown to be paraphyletic and to contain at least two lineages. – Au: ?V. Sw: ?Sw. Fr:
AHP, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) . Fr.
Syn.: Biatora ferruginea (Huds.) Fr., Blastenia ferruginea (Huds.) A. Massal., Callopisma
ferrugineum (Huds.) Trevis., Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. non auct., Gaspar-
rinia ferruginea (Huds.) Tornab., Lecanora ferruginea (Huds.) Link, Lichen ferrugineus
Huds., Placodium ferrugineum (Huds.) Hepp
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate species, with optimum on oaks in
the submediterranean belt, absent from heavily disturbed areas. According to Vondrák
(see Nimis 2016) three widespread species looking like “C. ferruginea” are known from
Europe. Two of them are probably absent from the Alps, most of the records being from
oceanic Europe and Macaronesia. e species common in the Alps has a mainly south-
ern distribution in Europe, reaching Southern England and Central Europe (no recent
records from Germany), and does not belong to C. ferruginea in the strict sense. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca festivella (Nyl.) Kie.
Syn.: Lecanora ferruginea (Huds.) Link var. festivella Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rare, mainly oromediterranean species mainly found
on schists, in underhangs, with a few records from the Western Alps (France, Italy). –
Fr: Sav. It: Piem, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 107
Caloplaca avescens (Huds.) J.R. Laundon var. avescens
Syn.: Amphiloma heppianum Müll. Arg., Caloplaca heppiana (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Ca-
loplaca sympagaea (Ach.) Sandst., Gasparrinia heppiana (Müll. Arg.) Verseghy, Lecanora
heppiana (Müll. Arg.) Hue, Lecanora sympagaea Ach., Lichen avescens Huds., Phys-
cia heppiana (Müll. Arg.) Arnold, Placodium callopismum (Ach.) Mérat var. plicatum
(Wedd.) Leight., Placodium avescens (Huds.) A.L. Sm., Placodium heppianum (Müll.
Arg.) Puget, Placodium sympageum (Ach.) Bremme, Variospora avescens (Huds.) Arup,
Frödén & Søchting
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on limestone,
dolomite, calciferous sandstone, sometimes on brick, mortar and roong tiles, and
walls, monuments etc., somehow less helio – and xerophytic than the closely related
C. aurantia; sometimes ascending to above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca avescens (Huds.) J.R. Laundon var. brevilobata (Nyl.) ined. (provi-
sionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Caloplaca brevilobata (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca heppiana (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. var.
brevilobata (Nyl.) A.E.Wade, Lecanora brevilobata Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a taxon belonging to a polymorphic complex, hith-
erto reported only from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Sav, Var.
Caloplaca avocitrina (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Caloplaca citrina (Hom.) . Fr. var. avocitrina (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Flavo-
placa avocitrina (Nyl.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Lecanora avocitrina Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the C. citrina-group mainly occurring
on limestone, concrete and mortar, with a yellow to orange-yellow, areolate thallus,
the areoles with marginal soralia, but often fertile; several records of this common,
widespread and ecologically wide-ranging species might be led under C. citrina. e
entire group needs a thorough revision in the Alps. – Au: O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca fulvolutea (Nyl.) Jatta
Syn.: Callopisma fulvoluteum (Nyl.) Arnold, Caloplaca jungermanniae (Vahl) . Fr.
var. fuscolutoides Räsänen, Lecanora fulvolutea Nyl.
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a taxon close to C. jungermanniae with intensely
yellow apothecia showing persistently protruding margins; muscicolous, almost exclu-
sively overgrowing Grimmia on acidic rocks; based on a type from Northern Finland,
with a few records from the Alps. e species was also reported from Italy (outside the
Alps), but these records refer to C. chelyae Pérez-Vargas. – Fr: HAl, HSav.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
108
Caloplaca furfuracea H. Magn.
Syn.: Blastenia furfuracea (H. Magn.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: all European collections are from Northern Swe-
den, apart from some specimens found in Wallis, Switzerland, and in France (Alps of
Haute-Provence). Several specimens identied as C. furfuracea from other regions in
Europe (Norway, Austria, Turkey and Croatia) were found to belong to C. herbidella.
– Sw: VS. Fr: AHP.
Caloplaca fuscoatroides J. Steiner
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1 – Note: a widespread Mediterranean lichen found on basic
siliceous rocks wetted by rain, also reported from the base of the Western Alps; the spe-
cies is a member of the C. xerica-group, which is close to Pyrenodesmia s.lat.. – Fr: Vau.
Caloplaca fuscorufa H. Magn.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species of the C. ferruginea-group with a whitish-grey,
rimose to areolate thallus and sessile, brownish-red apothecia recalling those of C. cren-
ularia, but with larger ascospores; forms with blackening margins may be also confused
with C. exsecuta; on stones and low outcrops of calciferous schists, often near streams;
the type is from central Sweden and the species is widespread in Northern Europe;
from the Alps there is so far a single record, which needs re-conrmation. – Sw: SZ.
Caloplaca glaucescens (Bagl. & Carestia) Jatta
Syn.: Candelariella glaucescens (Bagl. & Carestia) Lettau, Gyalolechia glaucescens Bagl.
& Carestia
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of uncertain anity, with a grey, granulose-
verrucose thallus, small, sessile apothecia with a plane, reddish disc and a paler thalline
margin, articulated paraphyses with a yellow cap, 8-spored asci, and oblong-ellipsoid,
1-septate ascospores (the septum not pervious) measuring 12–15 × 4–5 µm; known
only from the type collection, on granite, at c. 3,000 m; the type material would be
worthy of further study. – It: Piem.
Caloplaca glomerata Arup
Syn.: Variospora glomerata (Arup) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species of the C. dalmatica-group with an areolate
thallus, usually richly fertile, with several crowded apothecia per areole, and ascospores
with lumina recalling the Mischoblastia-type; on limestone in Aspicilia calcarea-com-
munities, often invading thalli of species of the C. variabilis-group; in the Alps so far
only known from a single locality, but probably not distinguished in the past. – Fr: Vau.
Caloplaca granulosa (Müll. Arg.) J. Steiner
Syn.: Amphiloma granulosum Müll. Arg., Flavoplaca granulosa (Müll. Arg.) Arup, Frö-
dén & Søchting, Placodium granulosum (Müll. Arg.) Hepp
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on compact lime-
stone rocks, more rarely on dolomite, especially on weakly inclined faces with periodi-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 109
cal seepage of nitrogen-rich solutions. – Au: V, K, St, N, B. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA.
Caloplaca grimmiae (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Caloplaca congrediens auct. non (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca consociata J. Steiner,
Lecanora grimmiae Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-par, cal-par – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic, temperate to boreal-montane
lichen, whose ecology and distribution are narrower than those of its host (Candelari-
ella vitellina s.lat.); it occurs throughout the Alps, and even in the Mediterranean belt,
sometimes on walls, but, contrary to the host, it is absent from urban areas; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, UR, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Caloplaca haematites (Chaub.) Zwackh
Syn.: Callopisma haematites (Chaub.) A. Massal., Lecanora haematites Chaub., Placo-
dium haematites (Chaub.) Anzi
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean lichen found on smooth
bark, especially common on Ficus carica. e species, despite its similarity with C.
cerina, according to Vondrák (see Nimis 2016), does not belong to Caloplaca s.str. and
is related to Pyrenodesmia s.lat. Apparently more frequent in the Southern and West-
ern Alps. e basionym’s authorship is often cited “Chaub. ex St.-Amans”, but in the
introduction to the Flore Agenaise Saint-Amans clearly states, referring to Chaubard,
that “les lichens lui appartiennent en entier”. See also note on C. congrediens. – Sw: VS.
Fr: Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Caloplaca havaasii H. Magn.
Syn.: Flavoplaca havaasii (H. Magn.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with spreading thalli consisting of
scattered, verruciform to squamulose, orange-red areolae, apothecia usually one per
areolae, with persistent margins and nally sessile; on steep faces of siliceous schists at
high elevations; rare in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St.
Caloplaca herbidella (Nyl. ex Hue) H. Magn.
Syn.: Blastenia herbidella (Nyl. ex Hue) Servít, Lecidea caesiorufa (Wibel) Ach. f. her-
bidella Nyl. ex Hue
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species found on bark, especially on basal parts of
trunks, more rarely on lignum. Populations from the Mediterranean zone (e.g. on Olea and
Juniperus) could prove to belong to C. coralliza. According to Vondrák (see Nimis 2016)
this species has a broadly Mediterranean distribution and is absent from America, with
the easternmost limit in the Caucasus and an isolated population in the Urals, while there
are some other (mostly undescribed) species which are acidophilous, growing typically on
conifers and lignum, some of which may also occur in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N,
B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
110
Caloplaca heueriana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Pyrenodesmia heueriana A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: ? – Note: a very poorly known species with a whitish-grey,
areolate thallus, apothecia immersed at rst, later sessile, with a black (brown when
wet) disc, 8-spored asci, and bilocular, ellipsoid ascospores (c. 18 × 8 µm); on schistose
rocks, described from Switzerland without a precise locality, and only known from the
type (ad saxa micacea Helvetiae). – Sw: Sw.
Caloplaca holocarpa (Hom) A.E. Wade
Syn.: Athallia holocarpa (Hom.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Callopisma aurantiacum
(Lightf.) A. Massal. var. holocarpum (Hom.) A. Massal., Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.)
. Fr. var. holocarpa (Hom.) . Fr., Caloplaca pyracea (Ach.) Zwackh var. holocar-
pa (Hom.) . Fr., Placodium aurantiacum (Lightf.) Anzi var. holocarpum (Hom.)
Anzi, Placodium pyraceum (Ach.) Anzi var. holocarpum (Hom.) Anzi, Verrucaria holo-
carpa Hom.
L # – Subs.: xyl, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: this is a silicicolous, rarely lignicolous species
of more or less eutrophicated habitats, mostly found on the top of isolated boulders.
e epithet holocarpa, however, has been widely used for dierent lichens occurring
both on bark and on calcareous rocks. Many records from the Alps could refer to other
species. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ,
TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Caloplaca hungarica H. Magn.
Syn.: Blastenia hungarica (H. Magn.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, Caloplaca depauperata
H. Magn. non (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., ?Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) . Fr. f. corticola
Anzi, Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) . Fr. var. hungarica (H. Magn.) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux, Caloplaca subathallina H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane lichen found on
twigs of acid-barked trees, incl. oaks and Larix, perhaps overlooked, or confused with
C. ferruginea in the past, but not common everywhere in the Alps, perhaps because
of its subcontinental character. According to Vondrák (see Nimis 2016) the species,
as currently understood, is not homogeneous: morphologically identical populations
growing in Mediterranean habitats at low altitudes belong to “Blastenia xerothermica
ined.”, which has a strictly Mediterranean distribution and is quite common in Italy
and SE France. Some samples from lowland areas in the Southern Alps might belong
to this still undescribed taxon, which is listed below. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca hungarica auct. p.p. non H. Magn,
Syn.: Caloplaca ferruginea auct. p.p. non (Huds.) . Fr.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a taxon of the C. ferruginea-group with an unre-
solved taxonomy and nomenclature, similar and probably related to C. hungarica H.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 111
Magn., characterised by pycnidia with black ostioles; on branches of various broad-
leaved and coniferous trees in open habitats; widespread in the Mediterranean region,
not rare at low elevations in the Western Alps (France), and likely to occur also in
adjacent Italy. See also note to C. hungarica H. Magn. – Fr: AHP, Var, Vau.
Caloplaca inconnexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Blastenia arenaria (Pers.) A. Massal. var. parasitica Jatta, Caloplaca percrocata (Ar-
nold) J. Steiner var. parasitica Jatta, Caloplaca tenuatula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. subsp. inconnexa
(Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecanora inconnexa Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on the top of
isolated calcareous boulders and rock outcrops, on calcareous rocks wetted by rain in
sunny situations, especially common on Acarospora cervina and Aspicilia calcarea. e
species, as currently understood, certainly belongs to Athallia (see Nimis 2016), but
the type material is likely to belong in Variospora, so that the nomenclature of this
lichen might change in the near future. e relationships with C. necator still remain
to be claried. – Au: ?V, ?T, N. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca insularis Poelt
L – Subs.: cal-par, int-par – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: on calcareous schists, parasitic on Aspi-
cilia candida and A. polychroma; certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: ?V, T, S,
St. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: TAA. Piem, Lig.
Caloplaca interfulgens (Nyl.) J. Steiner
Syn.: Lecanora interfulgens Nyl., Xanthocarpia interfulgens (Nyl.) Frödén, Arup &
Søchting
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species of the C. crenulatella-lactea-group with a
well-developed thallus consisting of yellow areoles becoming squamulose towards the
margin; on limestone, mostly in at least seasonally dry habitats; in the study area so far
only known from the Western Alps, in a xerothermic station. – Fr: AMa.
Caloplaca interna Poelt & Nimis
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on south-facing, vertical surfaces of basic sili-
ceous rocks which are, albeit seldom, wetted by water seepage after rain, often found
near Peltula-stands, but somehow less bound to periodical seepage of liquid water;
the host (Aspicilia spec.) is mostly sterile; also found in dry-continental valleys of the
Alps. – It: Piem.
Caloplaca isidiigera Vězda
Syn.: Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) . Fr. var. cyanopolia (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Placodium
cerinum (Hedw.) Hepp f. cyanopolium (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on nutrient-enriched calcareous rocks, mostly in
upland areas. is species was frequently confused with C. emilii (on exposed calcare-
ous rocks in the Mediterranean and submediterranean belts) and C. chlorina (mainly
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
112
on siliceous rocks); widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Li.
Caloplaca italica B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a calcicolous species characterised by the absence
of a visible thallus, bright orange, immersed apothecia (0.2–0.3 mm in diam.) with a
thin orange margin, and ascospores measuring 9–13 × 6–6.5 µm; known only from the
type locality at c. 3,000 m. – It: Piem.
Caloplaca jungermanniae (Vahl) . Fr.
Syn.: Blastenia fuscolutea (Ach.) A. Massal., Bryoplaca jungermanniae (Vahl) Søchting,
Frödén & Arup, Caloplaca fuscolutea (Ach.) . Fr., Lichen jungermanniae Vahl, Placo-
dium fuscoluteum (Ach.) Hepp
L – Subs.: deb, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species of ter-
ricolous bryophytes and plant debris on calciferous substrata, but less common in areas
with pure limestone; widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca lactea (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Blastenia lactea (A. Massal.) Trevis., Callopisma luteoalbum (Turner) A. Massal.
var. lacteum A. Massal., Gyalolechia lactea (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Placodium pyraceum
(Ach.) Anzi var. lacteum (A. Massal.) A.L. Sm., Xanthocarpia lactea (A. Massal.) A.
Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean to temperate species, an
early coloniser of small calcareous pebbles in open habitats (e.g. stony ground in dry
grasslands); in the Alps it is more frequent in dry-warm areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca lacteoides Nav.-Ros. & Hladun
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the C. crenulatella-lactea-group with an
endolithic thallus, nally sessile apothecia which are less than 0.5 mm in diam. and of
a egg-yolk yellow colour, narrowly ellipsoid ascospores longer than 16 µm, with a thin
(less than 3 µm) septum; usually on calcareous pebbles and low outcrops in Aspicilia
contorta-communities, but also on concrete; mainly Mediterranean, with some records
from the Western Alps only. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau.
Caloplaca ligustica B. de Lesd.
Syn.: Caloplaca pyrithromoides (Nyl.) C.W. Dodge, Chrysomma pyrithromoides (Nyl.)
M. Choisy & Werner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on schists in open habitats, on dry surfaces with a
short water ow after rain; poorly understood, but probably a good species known
from Italy, France, and the Iberian Peninsula. e type specimen (PRA-V 03097),
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 113
from the base of the Western Alps (Spotorno) was morphologically appraised by Von-
drák (see Nimis 2016) and belongs to Rufoplaca. – It: Lig.
Caloplaca limonia Nimis & Poelt
Syn.: Flavoplaca limonia (Nimis & Poelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting
L – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a species of the C. citrina-group with an areolate,
pale yellow thallus, the areoles and the apothecial margins developing blastidia on the
entire surface; on calcareous rocks or on base-rich, hard siliceous clis in dry and sun-
exposed to shaded and damp situations, but also on twigs of maritime shrubs or on soil,
below the montane belt. e species, described from the calcareous clis along the coast
of the Island of Marettimo, is also known from inland localities, and is certainly more
widespread; earlier records might be under C. citrina s.lat. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var. It: Ven.
Caloplaca livida (Hepp) Jatta
Syn.: Blastenia livida (Hepp) Lettau, Callopisma lividum (Hepp) Körb., Caloplaca con-
vexa (Schaer.) Zahlbr., Placodium lividum Hepp
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species found on plant debris
and bryophytes overgrowing acid siliceous rocks, with optimum near and above tree-
line. – Au: T. Sw: BE, GR, LU, UW. Fr: HAl, Sav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Caloplaca lobulata (Flörke) Hellb.
Syn.: Calogaya lobulata (Flörke) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Caloplaca boulyi (Zahlbr.)
M. Steiner & Poelt, Lecanora lobulata Flörke, Parmelia parietina (L.) Ach. var. lobulata
(Flörke) Fr., Xanthoria boulyi Zahlbr., Xanthoria lobulata (Flörke) B. de Lesd., Xantho-
ria parietina (L.) . Fr. var. lobulata (Flörke) Rabenh., Xanthoria parietina (L.) . Fr.
var. turgida (Schaer.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, subcontinental species, most
frequent in the inner-Alpine dry valleys. – Au: T, K, St, O, N. Sw: GR, LU, VD, VS.
Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Caloplaca lucifuga G. or
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species found on ancient, more or
less isolated deciduous trees, especially oaks or Castanea, often in crevices of rough bark
and on faces seldom wetted by rain; rare in the Alps. – Au: St. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, TI.
It: Piem, Lig.
Caloplaca luctuosa (Anzi) Jatta
Syn.: Biatorina luctuosa Anzi
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a granulose, olive-coloured thallus
delimited by a black prothallus, small, zeorine, black, sessile apothecia with a plane to
convex disc, a greenish brown epihymenium and a pale hypothecium, 8-spored asci,
and 1-septate, ellipsoid ascospores with a thick epispore, measuring c. 14 × 8 µm; this
is probably a species of Lecania (see Nimis 1993: 190). – It: Lomb.
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114
Caloplaca luteoalba (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Biatorina luteoalba (Ach.) Körb., Callopisma luteoalbum (Ach.) A. Massal., Calo-
placa luteoalba (Ach.) . Fr. var. persooniana (Ach.) H. Olivier, Candelariella luteoalba
(Ach.) Lettau, Cerothallia luteoalba (Ach.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Gyalecta persoo-
niana Ach., Gyalolechia luteoalba (Ach.) Arnold, Lecanora ulmicola (DC.) Hue, Lecidea
cinereofusca (Weber) Ach. v. luteoalba Ach. Placodium luteoalbum (Ach.) Anzi
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on dust-covered bark,
and in the wound tracks of injured, old trunks of deciduous trees, especially Ulmus;
more frequent in the past, now strongly declining and perhaps extinct in several parts
of the Alps. – Fr: Var. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca macrocarpa (Anzi) Zahlbr.
Syn.: ?Caloplaca alpigena Poelt ined., Placodium aurantiacum (Lightf.) Anzi var. macro-
carpon Anzi, Variospora macrocarpa (Anzi) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species of the C. dalmatica-group with a thallus of
dispersed areoles in shades of orange, partly covered by sessile, relatively large (c. 1 mm
in diam.), orange-red apothecia with persistent, paler margins; on subhorizontal rock
faces and rocky heads at high elevations; widespread in the Alps but regionally underc-
ollected. According to Vondrák (see Nimis 2016), however, at least the material called
C. macrocarpa by Poelt and Hafellner (GZU) belongs to a dierent species. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. It: Lomb.
Caloplaca magni-lii Poelt
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the C. ferruginea-group with a strongly
reduced thallus and small rusty-red apothecia with soon excluded margins; exclusively
parasitic on thalli of the silicicolous Miriquidica nigroleprosa, usually from the high
montane to the lower alpine belt; widespread in the European parts of the Holarctic,
including the Alps, but rare. – Au: T, K, St. Sw: UR. Fr: HSav.
Caloplaca marmorata auct. non (Bagl.) Jatta
Syn.: Callopisma marmoratum auct. non Bagl., Caloplaca lactea (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
f. fulva (Harm.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca lactea (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. f. rubra (B. de Lesd.)
Zahlbr., Gyalolechia lactea (A. Massal.) A. Massal. f. rubra B. de Lesd., Lecanora lactea
(A. Massal.) Leight. f. fulva Harm., Xanthocarpia marmorata (auct. non Bagl.) Frödén,
Arup & Søchting
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species of the C. crenulatella-lactea-group, with an
endolithic thallus and nally sessile, rusty-red apothecia which are less than 0,5 mm
in diam.; usually on limestone pebbles; widespread in the Mediterranean region, with
some records from the Western Alps, at low elevations. According to Nimis (2016), the
type of Callopisma marmoratum Bagl. (MOD-TSB) clearly belongs to the lichen which
is usually called “Caloplaca subochracea” (see note on that species), a fact that will have
quite heavy nomenclatural consequences to be dealt with in future studies. – Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, Var, Vau.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 115
Caloplaca microphyllina (Tuck.) Hasse
Syn.: Placodium microphyllinum Tuck.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly xeric subtropical to mild-temperate
lichen of continental areas, found on basal parts of trunks, rarely on eutrophicated
lignum, described from North America and also reported from dry valleys of the Alps.
– Au: K, St. It: TAA.
Caloplaca monacensis (Leder.) Lettau
Syn.: Callopisma cerinum (Hedw.) De Not. var. cyanoleprum (DC.) A. Massal., Calo-
placa cerina (Hedw.) var. cyanolepra (DC.) J. J.Kickx, Patellaria cerina (Hedw.) Hom.
var. cyanolepra DC., Pyrenodesmia monacensis Leder.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the C. cerina-group with an almost
completely granulose thallus and apothecia of the C. cerina-type, usually with whitish-
pruinose margins; on bark of deciduous trees along roads or in rural landscapes; wide-
spread in Europe with scattered records from the Alps, but not common. – Au: V, S,
K, St, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. Fr: Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca nana (Gaya) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Caloplaca arnoldii (Wedd.) Zahlbr. ex Ginzb. subsp. nana Gaya
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3 – Note: this species has the same ecology as C. arnoldii;
from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: N. Sw: SZ.
Caloplaca navasiana Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Flavoplaca navasiana (Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1 – Note: a species with an endolithic to whitish, strongly reduced
thallus, sessile, orange apothecia of biatorine appearance due to a strongly developed
parathecium, and ascospores with internal thickenings measuring c. half of the total
length; on limestone close to the seashore, widespread along the coasts of the Mediter-
ranean Sea, including the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa.
Caloplaca necator Poelt & Clauzade
Syn.: Caloplaca inconnexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. var. nesodes Poelt & Nimis, Athallia nesodes
(Poelt & Nimis) Halıcı & Vondrák comb. inval.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean species found on siliceous
rocks, starting the life-cycle as a parasite of Aspicilia-species, especially A. viridescens.
According to Roux et al. (2014) the smaller size of spores distinguishing C. necator
from C. inconnexa var. nesodes is due to the fact that the holotype material of the former
is poorly developed: other specimens (isotype) collected at the type locality show the
same spore size range as the latter taxon. – Fr: Var, Vau. It: Lig.
Caloplaca nideri J. Steiner
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with an orange thallus of c. 2 cm diam. (re-
calling C. avescens), the lobes c. 1 mm wide, more or less concolorous apothecia, and
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116
ellipsoid ascospores with rather thin septa; a mainly eastern Mediterranean, calcicolous
species based on a type from Greece; in the Alps so far only known from a single low-
land locality close to the eastern border. – Au: N.
Caloplaca nivalis (Körb.) . Fr.
Syn.: Bacidia livida (Bagl. & Carestia) Lettau, Bilimbia livida Bagl. & Carestia, Cande-
lariella nivalis (Körb.) Lettau, Gyalolechia nivalis (Körb) A. Massal., Placodium nivale
(Körb.) Tuck., Zeora nivalis Körb.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, sil, ter – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane,
circumpolar species found on silicicolous mosses (mainly Andreaea and Grimmia);
widespread in the Alps. See also note on C. tornoensis. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE,
UR, VS. Fr: AHP, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Caloplaca nubigena (Kremp.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. var. nubigena
Syn.: Callopisma ochraceum (Schaer.) A. Massal. var. nubigenum Kremp.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on calcareous rocks in upland areas, often near
summits. Similar to C. coccinea, but diering in morphology, thallus colour, altitudinal
distribution (not restricted to above treeline) and in its parasitism on Clauzadea im-
mersa; widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, VD. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca nubigena (Kremp.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. var. keissleri (Servít) Clau-
zade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Blastenia keissleri Servít, Caloplaca keissleri (Servít) Poelt
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a taxon with an endolithic thallus indicated by
usually whitish patches and sunken orange apothecia with slightly concave discs and
thin parathecial margins (somehow recalling Protoblastenia incrustans); on boulders
and outcrops of limestone; fairly common at higher elevations in the eastern Mediter-
ranean region; apparently more frequent in the Western Alps. – Au: V, T. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, Var, Vau.
Caloplaca oasis (A. Massal.) Szatala f. oasis
Syn.: Callopisma aurantiacum (Lightf.) A. Massal. var. oasis A. Massal., Caloplaca au-
rantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. f. oasis (A. Massal.) . Fr., Flavoplaca oasis (A. Massal.) Arup,
Frödén & Søchting
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on hard, compact
limestones in sheltered sites with plenty of diuse light, such as in open deciduous
forests; parasitic on endolithic lichens, especially Bagliettoa-species without an involu-
crellum (mainly B. calciseda, sometimes B. marmorea). – Au: T, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 117
Caloplaca oasis (A. Massal.) Szatala f. lithophila auct.
Syn.: Caloplaca holocarpa auct. ital. p.p., Caloplaca lithophila auct. non H. Magn., Ca-
loplaca luteoalba (Ach.) . Fr. var. saxicola (Hepp) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: this lichen, which is quite common on limestone and
mortar, has been much misunderstood. In our opinion, it diers from C. oasis, because
of the very dierent ecology and life-cycle (it is not parasitic on Bagliettoa-species). –
Au: V, T, K, St, N. It: Frl, Ven TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca obliterans (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell
Syn.: Caloplaca cirrochroa (Ach.) . Fr. var. obliterans (Nyl.) Servít, Gasparrinia oblit-
erans (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Lecanora obliterans (Nyl.) Lamy, Leproplaca oblit-
erans (Nyl.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Physcia obliterans (Nyl.) Arnold, Placodium
cirrochroum (Ach.) Rabenh. var. obliterans (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Placodium obliterans Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpo-
lar species found in underhangs of basic siliceous rocks, especially calcareous schists,
mostly in upland areas. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Caloplaca obscurella (J. Lahm ex Körb.) . Fr.
Syn.: Blastenia obscurella J. Lahm ex Körb., Callopisma obscurellum (J. Lahm ex Körb.)
J. Lahm, Caloplaca refellens (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Lecanora obscurella (J. Lahm ex Körb.)
Lamy, Lecanora refellens Nyl., Placodium refellens (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate, perhaps holarctic species found on iso-
lated deciduous trees, not uncommon in orchards. e basionym is often cited as “J.
Lahm ex Körb.”, but Körber explicitly attributes the species to Lahm (“Lahm in litt. ad
Kbr.”). See also note C. sarcopisioides. – Au: S, K, St, O. Ge: Ge. Sw: LU, SZ. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca ochracea (Schaer.) . Fr.
Syn.: Biatora aurantiaca (Lightf.) Fr. var. ochracea (Schaer.) Rabenh., Blastenia ochracea
(Schaer.) Trevis., Callopisma ochraceum (Schaer.) A. Massal., Callopisma tetrastichum
(Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. var. ochracea (Schaer.) H.
Olivier, Caloplaca tetrasticha (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Gyalolechia ochracea (Schaer.) Syd., Le-
canora aurantiaca (Lightf.) Flot. var. ochracea (Schaer.) Nyl., Lecanora ochracea (Schaer.)
Nyl., Lecidea ochracea Schaer., Placodium ochraceum (Schaer.) Anzi, Placodium tetrasti-
chum (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Xanthocarpia ochracea (Schaer.) A. Massal. & De Not.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a warm-temperate species found on hard, compact
limestones in more or less sheltered situations. – Au: K, N. Sw: LU, SZ, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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118
Caloplaca paulii Poelt
Syn.: Variospora paulii (Poelt) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thick, areolate, dull orange thal-
lus with indistinctly lobate marginal areolae, relatively large apothecia with zeorine
margins (the thalline rim soon excluded), and narrowly fusiform ascospores with thin
septa; on limestone and marl slates at high altitudes; also known from various Eurasian
orobiomes and from Greenland, but rather rare. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Sav.
Caloplaca percrocata (Arnold) J. Steiner
Syn.: Blastenia percrocata Arnold, Callopisma percrocatum (Arnold) Jatta
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on base-rich and lime-containing siliceous
rocks. – Au: V, T. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, TI. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav. It: Ven,
TAA, Piem, Lig.
Caloplaca pollinii (A. Massal.) Jatta
Syn.: Blastenia pollinii A. Massal., Callopisma ferrugineum (Huds.) Trevis. var. polli-
nii (A. Massal.) Bagl., Callopisma pollinii (A. Massal.) Trevis., Caloplaca phaeocarpella
(Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecanora nigricans (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Nyl., Lecanora phaeocarpella Nyl.,
Lecidea gibberosa Pollini non Ach., Placodium phaeocarpellum (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Placo-
dium pollinii (A. Massal.) A.L. Sm., Huneckia pollinii (A. Massal.) S.Y. Kondr., Elix,
Kärnefelt, A. ell, J. Kim, A.S. Kondratyuk & Hur
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a warm-temperate species, mostly found on the
smooth bark of trees such as Alnus along rivers; much more common in the past, pres-
ently extinct over much of its former range. – Au: N. Ge: OB. Sw: TI, UR. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca polycarpa (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Callopisma aurantiacum (Lightf.) A. Massal. var. polycarpum A. Massal., Cal-
lopisma polycarpum (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Caloplaca inconnexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. var.
verrucariarum Clauzade & Cl. Roux [invalidly published, ICN Art. 40.1 + 8], Calopla-
ca polycarpa (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. subsp. verrucariarum Cl. Roux, Caloplaca tenuatula
(Nyl.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca tenuatula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. subsp. verrucariarum (Clauzade &
Cl. Roux) Clauzade & Cl. Roux comb. inval., Flavoplaca polycarpa (A. Massal.) Arup,
Frödén & Søchting, Lecanora tenuatula Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly warm-temperate species found on
compact limestone, more rarely dolomite, in sheltered situations, with optimum in
open woodlands, growing on the thalli of Bagliettoa-species with an involucrellum,
especially B. parmigera and B. parmigerella. e species is morphologically variable
but, pending further study, it is still treated here in a very broad sense (for a dierent
arrangement see Roux et al. 2014). In the past, it might have been confused with C.
oasis. – Au: T, St, N. Sw: GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 119
Caloplaca prinii B. de Lesd.
Syn.: Caloplaca clauzadei B. de Lesd., Caloplaca diusa Vondrák & Llimona
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a taxon of the C. crenulatella-lactea-group with a
thallus consisting of minute orange granules which also develop on the outside of the
apothecial margins, and narrowly ellipsoid ascospores with thin septa; perhaps licheni-
colous, overgrowing Aspicilia-species, on basic siliceous pebbles; in the strict sense only
known from the type locality in the Western Alps at a low elevation, not far from the
Mediterranean coast. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var.
Caloplaca proteus Poelt
Syn.: Caloplaca cirrochroa (Ach.) . Fr. subsp. fulva (Körb.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux,
Leproplaca proteus (Poelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Physcia murorum auct. var. placi-
bilis Kremp., Placodium pusillum (A.Massal) Anzi var. miniatum sensu Anzi
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of
compact, more or less calcareous rocks in rather sheltered situations, most frequent
in warm-dry sites in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR. Fr: AMa,
HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca pseudofulgensia Gaya & Nav.-Ros.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a calcicolous and nitrophilous species, nearly always
found growing with C. pusilla. – Au: N. Sw: LU, SZ. Fr: Vau.
Caloplaca pulchrevirens (Anzi) Jatta
Syn.: Placodium pulchrevirens Anzi
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this species should be characterised by the bright
green thallus and the small, urceolate, immersed apothecia, but the colour of the thal-
lus could have been due to deposits of substances containing copper, used in agricul-
ture against plant pathogens (see Nimis 1993: 190); the type material badly needs
revision. – It: Lomb.
Caloplaca pusilla (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Callopisma pusillum (A. Massal.) Trevis., Caloplaca murorum auct. var. pulvinata
(A. Massal.) Jatta, Caloplaca murorum auct. f. pulvinata (A. Massal.) Ozenda & Clau-
zade, Caloplaca saxicola (Hom.) Nordin subsp. pulvinata (A. Massal.) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux, Gasparrinia pusilla (A. Massal.) Tornab., Physcia murorum auct. var. pulvinata A.
Massal., Physcia murorum auct. var. pulvinata A. Massal. f. euphora A. Massal., Physcia
pusilla A. Massal., Physcia pusilla A. Massal. var. turgida A. Masssal., Placodium pusil-
lum (A. Massal.) Anzi, Calogaya pusilla (A. Massal.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a common and widespread, coniophilous and orni-
thocoprophilous species growing mainly on walls and horizontal surfaces of calcareous
rocks, frequently confused with C. saxicola. See also note on C. saxicola. – Au: T, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: LU, SZ. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
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120
Caloplaca pyracea (Ach.) Zwackh
Syn.: Athallia pyracea (Ach.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Lecanora pyracea (Ach.) Nyl.,
Parmelia cerina (Hedw.) Ach. var. pyracea Ach., Placodium pyraceum (Ach.) Anzi
L – Subs.: cor, cal, sil, xyl – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane, holarctic
lichen found on nutrient-rich or eutrophicated bark of isolated trees (mainly Acer,
Fraxinus and Juglans), with a wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Caloplaca raesaenenii Bredkina
Syn.: Caloplaca thuringiaca Søchting & Stordeur, Placodium geophilum Räsänen non
. Fr.
L – Subs.: deb, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a submediterranean-Turanic to west-Pontic spe-
cies of the C. holocarpa-group, with an endosubstratic to greenish-grey, crustose thallus
and bright orange apothecia; on plant remains and dead branches of half-shrubs under
more or less continental conditions; from the Alps there are so far a few records only.
– Sw: VS. It: TAA.
Caloplaca rouxii Gaya, Nav.-Ros. & Llimona
Syn.: Caloplaca murorum auct. var. miniata (Hom.) Ozenda & Clauzade, Caloplaca
saxicola (Hom.) Nordin subsp. miniata (Hom.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lichen min-
iatus Hom. non L.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with an Alpine distribution, growing mainly
on the top of calcareous boulders in sunny and nutrient-enriched sites, often with C.
biatorina and Xanthoria elegans; probably much more widespread in the Alps. – Au: K,
St. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav.
Caloplaca rubelliana (Ach.) Lojka
Syn.: Callopisma rubellianum (Ach.) A. Massal., Lecanora rubelliana Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a warm-temperate to subtropical, widespread lichen
found on hard, basic siliceous rocks (especially basalt), often with Acarospora sulphu-
rata; apparently more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. – Au: T, K. Sw: UR,
VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Caloplaca rubroaurantiaca B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a member of the dicult C. arenaria-group, char-
acterised by smaller spores with a thinner septum and the orange apothecia, with some
scattered records from the Alps. – Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Piem, VA, Lig.
Caloplaca sarcopisioides (Körb.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Callopisma sarcopisioides Körb.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: closely related to (or identical with) C. obscurella,
this name is applied to richly fruiting populations with endophloeodic to thin scurfy
thallus lacking the crateriform soralia diagnostic for C. obscurella; based on a type from
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 121
Croatia; on eutrophic bark of e.g. roadside trees at low elevations; distribution poorly
documented because often not distinguished from C. obscurella. – Au: O.
Caloplaca saxicola (Hom.) Nordin
Syn.: Amphiloma murorum Körb. nom.illeg., Callopisma murorum De Not. nom.illeg.,
Callopisma steropeum (Ach.) Körb., Caloplaca murorum . Fr. nom.illeg., Caloplaca
tegularis auct. non (Ehrh.) Zahlbr., Gasparrinia murorum Tornab. nom. lleg., Physcia
murorum A. Massal. nom.illeg., Placodium murorum DC. nom.illeg., Psora saxicola
Hom., Xanthoria murorum . Fr. nom.illeg.
L # – Subs.: cal, int, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate, much misunder-
stood and still problematic species occurring both on calcareous and basic siliceous
rocks, also in urban areas and on man-made substrata. Many records could refer to C.
pusilla. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Vau. It: Ven, Frl. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Caloplaca saxifragarum Poelt
Syn.: Athallia saxifragarum (Poelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Callopisma luteoalbum
(Ach.) A. Massal. var. microcarpum (Anzi) Anzi, Callopisma pyraceum (Ach.) Stein var.
microcarpum (Anzi) Arnold, Caloplaca pyracea (Ach.) Zwackh var. microcarpa (Anzi)
Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Caloplaca schoeferi Poelt, Placodium luteoalbum (Ach.) Hepp
var. microcarpum Anzi
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found on
plant debris (especially on dead leaves of Saxifraga, Dryas and Carex rma), and on
moribund bryophytes in open habitats over calcareous or dolomitic substrata, most
common above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè, AMa, Sav, HSav. It:Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca schistidii (Anzi) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Calogaya schistidii (Anzi) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Candelariella schistidii (Anzi)
Lettau, Fulgensia schistidii (Anzi) Poelt, Gyalolechia schistidii Anzi, Lecidea luteoalba
(Ach.) Ach. var. muscicola sensu Schaer.
L – Subs.: bry-cal, bry-ter – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on pulvinate epilithic mosses (mainly
Grimmia anomodon and Schistidium apocarpum) over calcareous substrata; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca scotoplaca (Nyl.) H. Magn.
Syn.: Caloplaca caesiorufa auct. non (Ach.) Flagey, Lecanora scotoplaca Nyl., Rufoplaca
scotoplaca (Nyl.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the C. arenaria-group with a dark grey
to blackish, minutely areolate thallus, and usually numerous, small, rusty-brown apo-
thecia with concolorous margins and broadly ellipsoid ascospores with septal thicken-
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122
ing measuring ⅓-½ of the total length; on siliceous rocks in slightly manured places;
overall distribution holarctic, in the Alps insuciently documented, but evidently not
common. – Au: K. Fr: AHP. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Caloplaca sinapisperma (DC.) Maheu & A. Gillet
Syn.: Blastenia leucoraea (Ach.) . Fr., Blastenia sinapisperma (DC.) A. Massal., Bryo-
placa sinapisperma (DC.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, Caloplaca leucoraea (Ach.) Branth,
Lecidea ferruginea (Huds.) Chevall. var. sinapisperma (DC.) Schaer., Lecidea fuscolutea
Ach. var. leucoraea Ach., Lichen sinapispermus (DC.) DC., Patellaria sinapisperma DC.,
Placodium sinapispermum (DC.) Hepp
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen ranging from the Arc-
tic zone to the high southern mountains, found on mosses and plant debris on calcare-
ous or base-rich siliceous substrata, with optimum near or above treeline, sometimes
reaching the montane belt in open habitats; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
Caloplaca soralifera Vondrák & Hrouzek
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the C. xerica-group with a grey, but of-
ten whitish-pruinose, areolate thallus, the areolae with marginal soralia, apothecia (if
present) with orange to brown disc, a zeorine exciple with an orange parathecium and
a grey thalline margin, ascospores ellipsoid, with septal thickening c. 1/3 to 1/2 as long
as the total length; on concrete, mortar or siliceous pebbles in manured places; hitherto
mainly reported from Eastern Europe but probably more widespread, at least in the
continental inner Alpine valleys. – Au: St. It: TAA.
Caloplaca sorocarpa (Vain.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Placodium sorocarpum Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a usually sterile lichen with a grey thallus and con-
colorous, circular, often raised soralia; easily overlooked, it is one of the most common
sorediate crusts growing on the branches of Rhododendron; still undercollected in some
parts of the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. It: Frl, TAA.
Caloplaca spotornonis B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a species with a thin, glaucous grey thallus of
at, angulose, to 0.9 mm wide areoles forming a crust of 1–2 cm in diam., numerous
contiguous apothecia arising from the areoles (0.3–0.5 mm in diam.), the disc plane,
orange, the margin thin and concolourous, 8-spored asci, and oblong-ellipsoid, polar-
diblastic spores with a rather thin septum, measuring 10–14(-15) × 3.5–4 µm; known
only from the type collection, on schist near Spotorno. – It: Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 123
Caloplaca squamulata (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) . Fr. var. squamulata (Nyl.) Boistel, Lecanora squa-
mulata Nyl., Pannaria squamulata (Nyl.) Hue, Psoroma squamulatum (Nyl.) Hue
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a whitish-grey, minutely squamulose thal-
lus and Lecanora-like apothecia, perhaps a taxon of the C. obscurella-group; on bark of
deciduous trees at low elevations; extremely rare, in the study area so far only known
from a single locality of the Eastern Alps. – Au: O.
Caloplaca stillicidiorum (Vahl) Lynge s.lat.
Syn.: Callopisma cerinum (Hedw.) De Not. var. muscorum A. Massal., Caloplaca cerina
(Hedw.) . Fr. f. chloroleuca Sm., Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) . Fr. var. chloroleuca
(Sm.) . Fr., Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) . Fr. var. muscorum (A. Massal.) Jatta, Calo-
placa cerina (Hedw.) . Fr. var. stillicidiorum (Vahl) . Fr., Caloplaca muscorum (A.
Massal.) M. Choisy & Werner, Lichen stillicidiorum Vahl, Placodium cerinum (Hedw.)
Nägeli ex Hepp var. stillicidiorum (Vahl) Hepp
L – Subs.: bry, deb, cor, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circumpolar
lichen found on mosses and plant debris in tundra-like habitats, especially in areas
with calcareous or basic siliceous rocks. is is the only taxon of the C. cerina-group
hosting the parasite Stigmidium cerinae, which suggests that it could be an independent
species. e Caloplaca cerina-like lichens growing on the ground on various substrata
such as bryophytes, plant debris, bark of exposed roots and chamaephytes form four
monophyletic groups and six ecotypes, which cannot be always distinguished on the
basis of morphological characters. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Caloplaca subalpina Vondrák, Šoun & Palice
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: mostly on vertical, sheltered, but well-lit rocks beneath
overhangs; in the Alps only known from Austria, on base-rich schist. – Au: St.
Caloplaca submergenda (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Caloplaca nigrozonata (Lamy) Zahlbr., Lecanora nigrozonata Lamy, Lecanora sub-
mergenda Nyl., Lecanora submergenda Nyl. var. nigrozonata (Lamy) H. Olivier
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species (of the C. cerina-group?) with a
thin, rimose to areolate, grey thallus and sessile apothecia with reddish-yellow discs and
zeorine margins with an entire thalline rim, recalling C. diphyodes or C. aractina, but
ascospores distinctly smaller; on siliceous, periodically submerged rocks and boulders
along streams and headwaters of rivers; not common, in the study area so far reported
from a few localities in the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var.
Caloplaca subochracea auct. non (Wedd.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux var. subochracea
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1 – Note: a group of closely related taxa with a rimose to areolate
thallus of various colours and rusty-brown apothecia; on limestone boulders and out-
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124
crops at sites not far from the Mediterranean sea, usually in rather shaded situations;
widespread but not common, in the study area only known from low elevations at the
base of the Western Alps. ere are open issues with the epithet of this lichen, since the
type material by Weddell corresponds to a species which is not the same as that called
Caloplaca subochracea by most recent authors (see Roux et al. 2014). Furthermore,
according to Nimis (2016) the type of Callopisma marmoratum Bagl. (MOD-TSB)
clearly belongs to this lichen and not to that which is usually called “Caloplaca marm-
orata” by most authors. – Fr: AMa.
Caloplaca subochracea auct. non (Wedd.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux var. luteococcinea
Cl. Roux
Syn.: Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. var. africana sensu Ozenda & Clauzade non
Flagey, Caloplaca subochracea auct. non (Wedd.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux var. luteococcinea
Clauzade & Cl. Roux [invalidly published, ICN Art. 40.1 + 8]
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a strain with a thallus of a bright yellow colour, found
in Mediterranean lowlands close to the sea, including the base of the Western Alps
(France); distribution as the typical variety, but rarer. – Fr: AMa.
Caloplaca subpallida H. Magn.
Syn.: Caloplaca oxfordensis auct. non Fink ex J. Hedrick, Rufoplaca subpallida (H.
Magn.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine lichen found on
mineral-rich siliceous rocks, sometimes parasitic on other lichens (Aspicilia, Rhizo-
carpon, Xanthoparmelia). e species has been often considered as a synonym of C.
oxfordensis J. Hedrick, a taxon described from North America, but molecular data in-
dicate that the two species are dierent. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: TI, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, VA.
Caloplaca subsoluta (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Callopisma aurantiacum (Lightf.) A. Massal. var. irrubescens Arnold, Caloplaca
aurantia (Pers.) Hellb. var. irrubescens (Arnold) Jatta, Caloplaca irrubescens (Arnold)
Zahlbr., Lecanora murorum (Ach.) Ach. subsp. subsoluta Nyl., Lecanora subsoluta (Nyl.)
Nyl., Placodium aurantiacum (Lightf.) Anzi subsp. irrubescens (Arnold) A.L. Sm., Squa-
mulea subsoluta (Nyl.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to subtropical, widespread lichen
found on steeply inclined, sunny surfaces of basic siliceous rocks, often with Peltula
euploca, but less bound to seepage tracks. – Au: ?V, T, K, St. Sw: TI, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa,
Sav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Caloplaca substerilis Vondrák, Palice & van den Boom
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a recently-described species with a pale grey to white,
partly endophloeodal, partly diuse, minutely squamulose thallus, with soralia in
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 125
cracks of the bark or marginally on squamules, apothecia rare; on nutrient-rich bark
in continental parts of Europe, with a few records from the Eastern Alps. – Au: K, St.
Caloplaca teicholyta (Ach.) J. Steiner
Syn.: Blastenia teicholyta (Ach.) Bausch, Blastenia visianica A. Massal., Callopisma
visianicum (A. Massal.) Trevis., Caloplaca arenaria auct. p.p. non (Pers.) Müll. Arg.,
Caloplaca erythrocarpa auct. p.p. non (Pers.) Zwackh, Caloplaca visianica (A. Massal.)
Jatta, Kuettlingeria teicholyta (Ach.) Trevis., Kuettlingeria visianica (A. Massal.) Trevis.,
Lecanora teicholyta Ach., Placodium teicholytum (Ach.) DC.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a warm-temperate early coloniser of calciferous
substrata (but very rare on pure limestone), often found on sandstone and mortar,
mostly on man-made substrata (walls, monuments, roong tiles, brick walls), common
also in settlements; widespread throughout the Alps, at low elevations. – Au: T, K, St,
O, N, B. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Caloplaca tenuata (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecanora tenuata (Nyl.) Nyl., Placodium tenuatum Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: an often misunderstood taxon with the appearance of a
minute, lobate Caloplaca of a yellow-orange colour and ascospores whose septum is c.
¼ of the total spore length; on very sunny surfaces of limestone in the Mediterranean
region, with some records from the Western Alps only, but certainly more widespread.
– Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau.
Caloplaca tetraspora (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Blastenia tetraspora (Nyl.) Rehm, Bryoplaca tetraspora (Nyl.) Søchting, Frödén &
Arup, Caloplaca oligospora . Fr., Lecanora tetraspora Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a boreal-montane to arctic-alpine, circum-
polar species found on bryophytes and plant debris in areas with base-rich or somehow
calciferous siliceous substrata; certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. Fr: HAl, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Piem.
Caloplaca tiroliensis Zahlbr.
Syn.: Callopisma cerinum (Hedw.) De Not. f. avum (Anzi) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.,
Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) . Fr. f. ava (Anzi) Jatta, Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) . Fr.
var. ava (Anzi) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Caloplaca friesii H. Magn., Caloplaca junger-
manniae (Vahl) . Fr. var. subolivacea (. Fr.) . Fr., Caloplaca subolivacea (. Fr.)
Lynge, Parvoplaca tiroliensis (Zahlbr.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, Placodium cerinum
(Hedw.) Nägeli ex Hepp var. avum Anzi
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a holartic, arctic-alpine species, mainly
found on mosses and plant debris, often on leaves of Saxifraga, in Carex rma-stands
over calcareous substrata; common in the Alps near and above treeline, up to the nival
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126
belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Li.
Caloplaca tominii Savicz
Syn.: Xanthocarpia tominii (Savicz) Frödén, Arup & Søchting
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: on calciferous soils in dry grasslands of continental
valleys of the Alps; the total distribution is incompletely and fragmentarily circumbo-
real in the Northern Hemisphere. – Au: T.
Caloplaca tornoensis H. Magn.
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species recalling C. nivalis, but with ellipsoid
to fusiform ascospores, with wider septal thickenings; usually muscicolous (Andreaea,
Grimmia) over siliceous rocks; widespread in the Arctic region; in the Alps so far only
known from a single locality, but perhaps sometimes misidentied as C. nivalis. – Au:
S.
Caloplaca tremniacensis (A. Massal.) Jatta
Syn.: Callopisma tremniacense A. Massal., Candelariella tremniacensis (A. Massal.) Let-
tau
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a dark grey, areolate thallus, the
areoles rst concave and contiguous, then separate and becoming verrucose, yellow
apothecia arising from the center of the areoles, rst immersed, then sessile, with a
at disc and a thin concolour margin, a yellowish epiphymenium, clavate paraphyses,
8-spored asci, and polar-diblastic ascospores that are c. 2 times as long as wide; an
interesting taxon, known only from the Eastern Pre-Alps, whose type material well
deserves further study (see Nimis 1993: 191). – It: Ven.
Caloplaca tristiuscula H. Magn.
Syn.: Rufoplaca tristiuscula (H. Magn.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a silicicolous species of the C. arenaria-group
with a dark grey to blackish-grey, verrucose thallus and apothecia with rusty-yellow
discs and margins with an outer thalline cover, based on a type from Sweden, with a
few records from the Eastern Alps. – Au: St. It: TAA.
Caloplaca turkuensis (Vain.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Caloplaca jemtlandica H. Magn., Placodium turkuense Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: mainly on bark of broad-leaved trees and rarely of
conifers, from the lowlands to the mountains in deciduous and mixed forests, or on
wayside trees. – Au: V, S, K, St, N. Sw: SZ.
Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) . Fr.
Syn.: Blastenia rhinodinoides (J. Steiner) Szatala, Callopisma variabile (Pers.) Trevis.,
Caloplaca alpestris (Ach.) Ozenda & Clauzade, Caloplaca fulva (Anzi) J. Steiner, Calo-
placa intercedens (Trevis.) J. Steiner, Caloplaca paepalostoma (Anzi) Jatta, Caloplaca rhi-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 127
nodinoides J. Steiner, Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) . Fr. f. fulva (Anzi) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux, Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) . Fr. f. paepalostoma (Anzi) Clauzade & Cl. Roux,
Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) . Fr. var. ochracea Müll. Arg., Lecanora variabilis (Pers.)
Ach., Lichen variabilis Pers., Placodium fulvum Anzi, Placodium paepalostomum Anzi,
Placodium variabile (Pers.) Hepp, Pyrenodesmia intercedens Trevis., Pyrenodesmia vari-
abilis (Pers.) A. Massal., Rinodina articulata Bagl., elotrema intercedens (Trevis.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a probably holarctic, subtropical to boreal-mon-
tane, very polymorphic lichen found on a wide variety of calciferous substrata wetted
by rain; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Caloplaca viridirufa (Ach.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Caloplaca aractina (Fr.) Häyrén, Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) . Fr. var. aractina
(Fr.) . Fr., Caloplaca fuscoatra auct. non (Decouillè) Zahlbr., Lecidea viridirufa Ach.,
Parmelia aractina Fr., Placodium fuscoatrum auct. non (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: according to Vondrák (see Nimis 2016) C. viridirufa
is not homogeneous, and includes several taxa with dierent ecology and distribution.
– Au: T, St, N. Sw: VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var.
Caloplaca vitellinaria Szatala
Syn.: Caloplaca holocarpa (Hom.) Wade var. vitellinaria (Szatala) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil-par, cal-par, xyl-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rather rare, subcontinental spe-
cies, perhaps belonging to the C. pyracea-holocarpa-group, without a visible thallus, but
with agglomerated apothecia with orange-red discs and somewhat paler margins (in-
stead of brown as in C. grimmiae); lichenicolous on Candelariella vitellina which itself
can grow on a wide range of substrates; for the study area there are only a few records
from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K, St.
Caloplaca vitellinula (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Athallia vitellinula (Nyl.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, Lecanora vitellinula Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil, int, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species of the C. pyracea-holocarpa-group,
with a thin yellowish thallus and apothecia of a yolk-yellow colour; the species is based
on a corticolous type from northern Fennoscandia, but the name was also used for
saxicolous populations of similar appearance, so that the distribution is very poorly
known. – Au: T, K, St, O, N. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè. It: Ven, TAA, VA.
Caloplaca xantholyta (Nyl.) Jatta
Syn.: Lecanora xantholyta Nyl., Lepraria xantholyta (Nyl.) Lettau, Leproplaca xantholyta
(Nyl.) Hue, Placodium xantholytum (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen of steeply inclined
to underhanging surfaces of limestone and other calcareous rocks in humid, often
shaded situations. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
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128
Caloplaca xerica Poelt & Vězda
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on weathered surfaces of basic siliceous rocks, re-
stricted to dry-continental valleys of the Alps and perhaps more widespread in Eurasia;
the variety venostana Poelt diers in the blackish apothecial discs. – Au: T. Sw: VS. It:
TAA, Piem, VA.
Calvitimela aglaea (Sommerf.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lecidea aglaea Sommerf., Lecidea brunneri Nyl., Lecidea crombei Nyl., Lecidea re-
landeri Räsänen, Lecidella aglaea (Sommerf.) Körb., Oedemocarpus aglaeus (Sommerf.)
Trevis., Tephromela aglaea (Sommerf.) Hertel & Rambold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found on in-
clined faces of hard siliceous rocks in upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR,
UR, VS. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Calvitimela armeniaca (DC.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lecidea armeniaca (DC.) Fr., Lecidea nigrita Schaer., Lecidea viridiatra Ach., Leci-
della armeniaca (DC.) Bagl., Oedemocarpus armeniacus (DC.) Trevis., Psora armeniaca
(DC.) A. Massal., Rhizocarpon armeniacum DC., Tephromela armeniaca (DC.) Hertel
& Rambold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found on hard
siliceous rocks in wind-exposed situations; when young, it is a facultative parasite of
Sporastatia testudinea; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
N. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein
Syn.: Blasteniospora concolor (Dicks.) Trevis., Caloplaca concolor (Dicks.) Jatta, Calo-
placa laciniosa (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Candelaria laciniosa (Nyl.) Kie., Candelaria vulgaris
A. Massal., Lecanora concolor (Dicks.) Lamy nom.illeg., Lecanora laciniosa Nyl., Lichen
concolor Dicks., Physcia concolor (Dicks.) Bagl. & Carestia, Xanthoria concolor (Dicks.)
. Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, probably holarctic species
found on bark, more rarely on calciferous substrata, mostly on isolated trees in agri-
cultural areas, on wayside trees, etc.; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Candelaria coudercii Harm.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thallus consisting of more or less
disciform, entire squamules, some becoming microlobulate, but not larger than 1 mm
in diam., most probably a species of Candelariella; only known from the type locality
in the Western Alps, growing on the bark of Pinus. – Fr: HSav.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 129
Candelaria pacica M. Westb. & Arup
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with minute lobes lacking a lower cortex
and rhizines; on eutrophicated bark; the extra-Alpine spreading is apparently recent,
in the Alps there are so far only a few records, but perhaps the species was not distin-
guished from C. concolor in the past. – Au: O. Sw: GR, VS. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb.
Candelariella aggregata M. Westb.
L – Subs.: cal, ter – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species resembling C. aurella, but with a granu-
lar thallus and usually aggregated apothecia lacking a hypothecial stipe of elongated
strongly gelatinised cells, based on a type from a high elevation locality in Western
North America, on plant debris and cushions of bryophytes; so far there are only a few
records from the Alps, but perhaps the species was not distinguished from C. aurella in
the past. – Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, Sav.
Candelariella antennaria Räsänen
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species resembling C. aurella, but with a grey
thallus and apothecia lacking a hypothecial stipe of elongated strongly gelatinised cells,
based on a type from Argentina, but also widespread in North America; usually corti-
colous on the bark of broad-leaved trees, but also on Juniperus and wood, with a few
records from the Alps. – Au: T. Sw: GR, VS.
Candelariella aurella (Hom.) Zahlbr. subsp. aurella
Syn.: Caloplaca epixantha (Ach.) Flagey, Caloplaca subsimilis (. Fr.) . Fr., Cande-
lariella cerinella (Flörke) Zahlbr., Candelariella dispersa (Räsänen) Hakul., Candelari-
ella epixantha (Nyl.) Sandst., Candelariella heidelbergensis (Nyl.) Poelt, Candelariella
litoralis Hakul., Candelariella vitellina (Hom.) Müll. Arg. var. aurella (Hom.) A.L.
Sm., Gyalolechia aurella (Hom.) Körb., Lecanora epixantha (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora hei-
delbergensis Nyl., Lecanora vitellina (Hom.) Ach. var. aurella (Hom.) Ach., Lecidea
epixantha Ach., Parmelia murorum (Hom.) Ach. var. aurella (Hom.) Ach., Verru-
caria aurella Hom.
L – Subs.: cal, int, bry, deb, xyl – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a holarctic, subtropical to arctic-
alpine, almost cosmopolitan species found on a wide variety of calciferous substrata,
from limestone and dolomite to mortar, asbestos-cement and concrete, exceptionally
on eutrophicated and dusty lignum and bark, sometimes starting the life-cycle on
other crustose lichens; widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Candelariella aurella (Hom.) Zahlbr. subsp. glebulosa (Asta, Clauzade & Cl.
Roux) Cl. Roux comb. inval.
Syn.: Candelariella oleaginescens Rondon var. glebulosa Asta, Clauzade & Cl. Roux [in-
validly published, ICN Art. 40.1 + 8]
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130
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a taxon with a glebulose, grey thallus, mostly
growing on large, weakly to strongly calciferous boulders in moderately to strongly eu-
trophicated situations, restricted to high elevations, with a few records from the Alps.
– Au: ?V, ?T. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav.
Candelariella boleana Etayo, Palice & T. Sprib.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a granulose yellow thallus, lecanorine
apothecia, and asci containing 16–32 spherical spores; on bark of various trees, wide-
spread in Southern and Central Europe, but rare, with a single record from the Alps.
– Sw: U W.
Candelariella carnica Poelt
L # – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with a squamulose, yellow thallus, only
known in the sterile state; on decalcied soil over limestone in the alpine belt; so far
only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps. – Au: K.
Candelariella commutata Otte & M. Westb.
Syn.: Candelariella aurella (Hom.) Zahlbr. var. unilocularis auct. non. (Elenkin) Zahl-
br.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, deb, cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species, wide-
spread in the mountains of the southern holarctic zone; it is found on epilithic mosses
on limestone and dolomite, a characteristic element of calcareous mountains, with
optimum above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, VD,
VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Candelariella coralliza (Nyl.) H. Magn.
Syn.: Candelariella pulvinata (Malbr.) Zahlbr., Candelariella vitellina (Hom.) Müll.
Arg. var. pulvinata (Malbr.) Mereschk., Lecanora coralliza Nyl., Lecanora vitellina
(Hom.) Ach. var. pulvinata Malbr.
L – Subs.: sil, xyl – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane to arctic-alpine, cir-
cumpolar species found on siliceous rocks, more rarely on lignum or even dust-covered
bark in open habitats, most frequent in alpine to subalpine pastures, on isolated boul-
ders used as birds’ perches; certainly widespread throughout the Alps, but overlooked,
or subsumed under C. vitellina by several authors. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Sw: LU, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Candelariella eorescens R.C. Harris & W.R. Buck
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with a nely granulose-sorediate thallus;
European material is mostly sterile, and only fertile specimens (with 32-spored asci)
can be assigned with certainty to this species; for similar specimens with 8-spored asci
C. xanthostigmoides (Müll. Arg.) R.W. Rogers might be the correct name (see below);
the species is also hard to distinguish from some morphs of C. reexa; usually on eu-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 131
trophicated bark of broad-leaved trees, widespread and common in the Alps at low
elevations. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, VS. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb.
Candelariella faginea Nimis, Poelt & Puntillo
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thallus composed of minute round-
ish squamules, later forming granulose blastidia, and asci with a variable number of
ascospores (8 to 32), found on bark of deciduous trees (e.g. Fagus sylvatica) in more or
less closed forests; widespread but not common in montane forests of Mediterranean
orobiomes, with a single record from the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Piem.
Candelariella granuliformis M. Westb.
L – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a rarely fertile species of the C. vitellina-group with
a thallus composed of granules breaking down into minute blastidia, based on a type
from Northern Canada; on soil or encrusting bryophytes or plant debris; the total dis-
tribution is arctic-alpine, and in the Alps it is so far known from a few localities. – Sw:
GR, VS.
Candelariella kuusamoensis Räsänen
L – Subs.: xyl, ter – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a boreal-montane, poorly understood lichen
found on the top of poles and wooden fences, on plant debris and soil, more rarely on
rocks; certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: S, K, St, O. Ge: Ge. It: Frl, Lig.
Sl: SlA.
Candelariella lutella (Vain.) Räsänen
L – Syn.: Lecanora xanthostigma (Ach.) Röhl. var. lutella Vain.
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate, perhaps holarctic lichen of smooth
bark, especially of Alnus; regionally overlooked, or confused with similar species, but
certainly not common in the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, St, N. Sw: GR. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem.
Candelariella medians (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.
Syn.: Caloplaca granulata (Schaer.) Lindau, Caloplaca medians (Nyl.) Flagey, Candelar-
ia medians (Nyl.) Flagey, Candelariella granulata (Schaer.) Zahlbr., Gasparrinia medians
(Nyl.) Syd., Lecanora granulata (Schaer.) Vain., Lecanora medians (Nyl.) Nyl., Parmelia
parietina (L.) Ach. var. granulata Schaer., Placodium medians Nyl., Xanthoria medians
(Nyl.) Zwackh
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on man-made calcare-
ous substrata (churches, other monuments, top of statues in parks and of gravestones),
especially above the Mediterranean belt, but also on the top of isolated calcareous
boulders in natural situations; most frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. – Au:
N. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
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132
Candelariella plumbea Poelt & Vězda
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen found on dolomitic rocks
wetted by rain in exposed habitats, often developing along small cracks; probably more
widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, K, St, N. It: Frl, Ven, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Candelariella reexa (Nyl.) Lettau
Syn.: Caloplaca reexa (Nyl.) Flagey, Lecanora reexa (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecanora vitellina
(Hom.) Ach. var. reexa Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, holarctic species with a minute-
ly squamulose thallus developing laminal soralia; specimens with poorly developed
squamules and marginal soralia may belong to either C. eorescens or C. xanthostig-
moidea; on isolated trees, especially along waysides and in agricultural areas; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR,
GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Candelariella subdeexa (Nyl.) Lettau
Syn.: Lecanora subdeexa Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, perhaps holarctic lichen found
on isolated trees, especially Fraxinus, Populus and Juglans, often near the base of the
trunks; widespread in the Alps, but not common, and probably declining. – Au: S, K,
St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Sl: SlA.
Candelariella superdistans (Nyl.) Malme
Syn.: Lecanora superdistans Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor-par – Alt.: 3 – Note: a cool-temperate lichen parasitic on Lecanora popu-
licola; very much overlooked in the past, but never common in the Alps. – Sw: ?GR.
It: Frl.
Candelariella unisepta (Stizenb.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecanora unisepta Stizenb.
L # – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of unclear generic placement, with a grey,
granular to verrucose thallus, densely crowded, marginate apothecia with a yellow-
brownish to blackish-brown discs (not reacting with K), unpigmented in longitudinal
section apart from the brown epihymenium, 8-spored asci, and ellipsoid, 1-septate, hy-
aline ascospores (18–22 × 6–8 µm); encrusting bryophytes over calcareous rocks; only
known from low-alpine localities in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: LU, UW.
Candelariella viae-lacteae G. or & V. Wirth
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with a granular, grey thallus and apothecia
containing 8-spored asci; on bark of various trees including conifers; rather widespread
in Europe, but apparently rare, with only a few records from the Alps. – Au: S. Sw:
GR, VS.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 133
Candelariella vitellina (Hom.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Callopisma vitellinum (Hom.) Bagl., Caloplaca vitellina (Hom.) . Fr., Can-
delaria vitellina (Hom.) A. Massal., Candelariella vitellina (Hom.) Müll. Arg. var.
corrusca (Ach.) Ozenda & Clauzade, Gyalolechia vitellina (Hom.) Anzi, Lecanora vi-
tellina (Hom.) Ach., Lichen vitellinus Ehrh., Verrucaria vitellina (Hom.) Hom.,
Xanthoria vitellina (Hom.) . Fr., Zeora vitellina (Hom.) Flot. var. corruscans
(Ach.) Flot.
L – Subs.: sil, int, bry, xyl, cor – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a holarctic, almost cosmopolitan
lichen with a wide ecological range, found on a wide variety of siliceous rocks, on
roong tiles, brick, and sometimes bryophytes, lignum and acid bark; widespread and
common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Candelariella vitellina (Hom.) Müll. Arg. f. avovirella (Nyl.) Alb. Hend.
Syn.: Candelariella avovirella (Nyl.) Lettau, Lecanora avovirella Nyl.
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a relatively rare form of C. vitellina (with moderately
polyspored asci), characterised by a granulose, yellow-green thallus, whose unusual col-
our is due to the total or partial lack of calycin; on various substrates, including rocks
(type on sandstone) and eutrophicated wood; here and there throughout Europe at low
elevations, with a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Candelariella xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau
Syn.: Callopisma vitellinum (Hom.) Mudd var. xanthostigmum (Ach.) Bagl., Calo-
placa xanthostigma (Ach.) H. Olivier, Candelaria xanthostigma (Ach.) Kie., Can-
delariella vitellina (Hom.) Müll. Arg. var. xanthostigma (Ach.) Elenkin, Lecanora
citrina (Hom.) Ach. var. xanthostigma Ach., Lecanora vitellina (Hom.) Ach. var.
xanthostigma (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild – to cool-temperate, perhaps holarctic
species found on bark of more or less isolated trees, especially oaks, but also on coni-
fers, much more rarely on lignum; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Candelariella xanthostigmoides (Müll. Arg.) R.W. Rogers
Syn.: Lecanora xanthostigmoides Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a nely granulose thallus (as in C.
eorescens), but with 8-spored asci, based on a type from Australia (identity of Euro-
pean samples therefore in need of verication); sterile specimens are usually named C.
eorescens. – Sw: SZ.
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134
Carbonea assimilis (Hampe ex Körb.) Hafellner & Hertel
Syn.: Lecidea assimilis (Hampe ex Körb.) . Fr., Lecidella assimilis Hampe ex Körb.,
Psora assimilis (Hampe ex Körb.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a thallus of minute pale brown
glossy areoles which are diagnostic, and Carbonea-apothecia; on exposed, inclined faces
of siliceous rocks, parasitic on other crustose lichens (e.g. species of Aspicilia, Lecanora,
Lecidea, Tephromela); widespread but not common, perhaps regionally still overlooked.
– Au: S, K, St. Sw: UR.
Carbonea atronivea (Arnold) Hertel
Syn.: Lecidea atronivea Arnold
L – Subs.: cal, sil, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found
on lime-containing siliceous rocks (e.g. calciferous schists), starting the life-cycle on
Lecidella species; certainly overlooked and more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav. It: Ven, TAA,
Piem, VA.
Carbonea distans (Kremp.) Hafellner & Obermayer
Syn.: Biatora mosigiicola Eitner, Lecanora mosigiicola (Eitner) Hertel & Rambold, Le-
cidea distans Kremp., Lecidea mosigiicola (Eitner) Zahlbr., Lecidea straminea Anzi, Le-
cidella distans (Kremp.) Körb.
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine obligate parasite of Orphniospora
mosigii, found on steeply inclined, exposed faces of hard siliceous rocks in upland areas.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav.
It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Carbonea latypizodes (Nyl.) Knoph & Rambold
Syn.: Lecidea lacteola Nyl., Lecidea latypea Ach. var. latypizodes (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Le-
cidea latypizodes Nyl., Lecidella lacteola (Nyl.) Hertel & Leuckert
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: an early coloniser of small pebbles in dusty situations,
especially near the ground, with a wide altitudinal range and scattered records from the
Alps. – Au: St. It: TAA, Lomb, VA.
Carbonea nivaria (Arnold) Rambold
Syn.: Lecidea nivaria (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Lecidella nivaria Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: this silicicolous species seems to prefer climatically
rough ridges at high altitudes; in the study area it is only known from the Austrian
Alps. – Au: T.
Carbonea viriduloatra (B. de Lesd.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lecidea viriduloatra B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thin, green-black, areolate thallus com-
posed of minute, plane areoles and small black apothecia which are concave at rst.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 135
later plane and with persistent margins, in section with a brown-violet hypothecium
and an emerald-green epihymenium, ascospores small and broadly ellipsoid; based on
a type from the Pyrenees, on granite at high elevation, with a single record from the
Eastern Alps (Austria), which needs conrmation. – Au: S.
Carbonea vorticosa (Flörke) Hertel
L – Syn.: Lecidea asperella Stirt., Lecidea guettingeri Müll. Arg., Lecidea kuendigiana
Müll. Arg., Lecidea pullulans . Fr., Lecidea sabuletorum (Schreb.) Ach. var. vorticosa
Flörke, Lecidea sublatypea Leight. ex Cromb., Lecidea vorticosa (Flörke) Körb.
Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found on steeply
inclined faces of lime-poor sandstone, schists and gneiss, rarely on dolomite, in upland
areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR,
LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Carbonicola anthracophila (Nyl.) Bendiksby & Timdal
Syn.: Biatora anthracophila (Nyl.) Hafellner, Hypocenomyce anthracophila (Nyl.) P. Ja-
mes & Gotth. Schneid., Lecidea anthracophila Nyl., Lecidea cladonioides . Fr., Le-
cidea cladonioides . Fr. var. albocervina (Räsänen) Zahlbr., Psora cladonioides (. Fr.)
Elenkin, Psora cladonioides (. Fr.) Elenkin var. albocervina Räsänen
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a circumboreal-montane lichen found on charred
wood, mostly in upland areas; rare in the Alps, with a few scattered records. – Au: T,
St. It: Piem.
Carbonicola myrmecina (Ach.) Bendiksby & Timdal
Syn.: Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea (Räsänen) Timdal, Lecidea myrmecina (Ach.) Fr.,
Lecidea scalaris (Ach.) Ach. var. myrmecina Ach., Psora cladonioides (. Fr.) Elenkin
var. castaneocinerea Räsänen, Psora myrmecina (Ach.) Boistel, Psora ostreata Hofm. var.
myrmecina (Ach.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species of the former Hypocenomyce anthracoph-
ila-group, with a thallus consisting of ascending, usually proliferating squamules react-
ing Pd-, the concolorous margins being sorediate, and with compound, dark-brown
apothecia (but rarely fertile); lignicolous, usually on charred wood; rather common in
the boreal zone, but rare in the Alps, having so far been reported only from the Western
Alps (France). – Fr: Var.
Catapyrenium cinereum (Pers.) Körb.
Syn.: Dermatocarpon cinereum (Pers.) . Fr., Dermatocarpon hepaticum (Ach.) .
Fr. non auct., Dermatocarpon tephroides (Ach.) W. Mann, Endocarpon cinereum Pers.,
Endocarpon hepaticum Ach. non auct., Endopyrenium cinereum (Pers.) Oxner, Involu-
crocarpon cinereum (Pers.) Servít, Lichen tephroides Ach., Sagedia cinerea (Pers.) Fr.,
Verrucaria polythecia Ach., Verrucaria tephroides (Ach.) Wallr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a boreal-montane to arctic-alpine, circumpolar
species occurring also in more southern mountains on siliceous, base-rich soil with
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136
mica, or amongst terricolous bryophytes, usually near or above treeline; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ,
TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Catapyrenium daedaleum (Kremp.) Stein
Syn.: Dermatocarpon cartilagineum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Dermatocarpon daedaleum (Kremp.)
. Fr., Endocarpon daedaleum Kremp., Endopyrenium daedaleum (Kremp.) Körb., Pla-
cidiopsis daedalea (Kremp.) Creveld, Placidium daedaleum (Kremp.) Kremp., Placocar-
pus daedaleus (Kremp.) Trevis., Verrucaria daedalea (Kremp.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, deb, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a boreal-montane to arctic-alpine, cir-
cumpolar species found on plant debris, mosses and bare, humus-rich soil on calcifer-
ous ground near or above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Catapyrenium psoromoides (Borrer) R. Sant.
Syn.: Dermatocarpon daedaleum (Kremp.) . Fr. var. corticola H. Magn., Dermato-
carpon psoromoides (Borrer) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Endocarpon psoromia (Nyl.) Boi-
stel, Endocarpon psoromoides (Borrer) Hook., Guignardia psoromoides (Borrer) Keissl.,
Laestadia psoromoides (Borrer) Vouaux, Placidium cartilagineum (Nyl.) Arnold var.
muscicolum Arnold, Placocarpus psoromoides (Borrer) Trevis., Verrucaria psoromia Nyl.,
Verrucaria psoromoides Borrer
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate, probably holarctic lichen found
on the base of old trees, especially on rough bark in parklands and open woodlands,
occasionally on epiphytic bryophytes, very rarely on epilithic mosses; apparently more
frequent in the Western and Southern Alps. – Ge: Ge. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, TAA, Lomb.
Catillaria atomarioides (Müll. Arg.) H. Kilias
Syn.: Catillaria lenticularis (Ach.) . Fr. var. atomarioides (Müll. Arg.) Erichsen, Catil-
laria microcarpa R. Sant., Lecidea atomarioides Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: an inconspicuous lichen found on steeply inclined
surfaces of hard siliceous rocks in humid situations, mostly in upland areas; very much
overlooked and certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: SZ, VS.
Fr: AMa, HSav, Vau.
Catillaria chalybeia (Borrer) A. Massal.
Syn.: Biatora deplanatula Müll. Arg., Biatorina baliola (Nyl.) Hellb., Biatorina chalybe-
ia (Borrer) Mudd, Biatorina lenticularis (Ach.) Körb. var. chalybeia (Borrer) Anzi, Bia-
torina lenticularis (Ach.) Körb. var. chloropoliza (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Biatorina nubila Nor-
man, Buellia chalybeia (Borrer) Bagl., Catillaria chalybeia (Borrer) A. Massal. var. ch-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 137
loropoliza (Nyl.) H. Kilias, Catillaria chloroscotina (Nyl.) Arnold, Catillaria doliocarpa
(Müll. Arg.) Arnold, Catillaria lenticularis (Ach.) . Fr. var. nubila (Norman) Arnold,
Catillaria lenticularis (Ach.) . Fr. var. vulgaris (Körb.) . Fr., Catillaria nigroclavata
(Nyl.) J. Steiner var. baliola (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecidea baliola Nyl., Lecidea chalybeia Bor-
rer, Lecidea deplanatula (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Lecidea spodoplaca Nyl., Microlecia
chalybeia (Borrer) M. Choisy, Patellaria doliocarpa Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic, subtropical to arctic, facultative-
ly lichenised species found on a wide range of siliceous substrata, including roong
tiles, brick, and even gypsum, in sheltered situations and on periodically inundated
rocks, common both in natural and urban areas, especially on walls, and widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ,
TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Catillaria cohabitans (Jatta) Lettau
Syn.: Biatorina cohabitans Jatta
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a very thin, inconspicuous thallus,
living together with (containing?) Trentepohlia algae, with very small, orange apothe-
cia, and ellipsoid, 1-septate, hyaline ascospores (5–6 × 2 µm), perhaps a species of
Coenogonium (Dimerella); on bark (e.g. Fagus); only recorded from the Southern Alps
(Italy). – It: TAA, Lomb.
Catillaria contristans (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Bacidia dufourii (Ach. ex Nyl.) Lettau, Biatora hypocyanea (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Biato-
rina contristans (Nyl.) Arnold, Bilimbia dufourii Ach. ex Nyl., Catillaria dufourii (Ach
ex Nyl.) Vain., Lecidea contristans Nyl., Lecidea dufourii Ach. ex Nyl., Lecidea hypocya-
nea Stirt.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on dead bryophytes (Andreaea, Grimmia)
and soil rich in humus over acid siliceous rocks in upland areas; apparently rare in the
Alps, but perhaps overlooked. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: VS. It: Lomb.
Catillaria detractula (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Lecania detractula (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecanora detractula Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a temperate species of calcareous rocks in open situ-
ations; ecology and distribution need further study. – Au: V, St, N. Fr: Var.
Catillaria endodesmia (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecidea endodesmia (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., Patellaria endodesmia Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a calcicolous species of unclear relationship, resem-
bling C. lenticularis, but with branched and anastomosing paraphyses; only known
from the type locality. – Sw: VS.
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138
Catillaria erysiboides (Nyl.) . Fr.
Syn.: Biatorina erysiboides (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidea erysiboides Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on hard lignum, e.g. on horizontal faces of old
stumps; widespread but not common in the Alps. – Au: S, K, N. Sw: GR. Fr: Var. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA.
Catillaria haematophaea (Anzi) Lettau
Syn.: Biatorina haematophaea Anzi
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a granulose-verrucose, olivaceous brown
thallus, the verrucae arising singly from a bluish-black hypothallus, later coalescing
into a more or less continuous crust, apothecia small, sessile, the disc plane, reddish
black, the margin thick, epithecium brownish, hymenium of conglutinate paraphyses,
I+ intensely and persistently blue, hypothecium pale, asci 8-spored, ascospores hyaline,
not well-developed in the type material; on shaded granitic rocks; the taxonomic posi-
tion of this species awaits clarication (see Nimis 1993: 206). – It: Lomb.
Catillaria ignita (Anzi) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatorina ignita Anzi
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an inconspicuous thallus, small, red to
rusty-red, solitary to crowded and then angular apothecia with a at disc and a promi-
nent margin, and hyaline, 1-septate, narrowly oblong ascospores measuring c. 14.7 ×
3–4 µm; only known from the type collection, on micaceous schists, this species could
prove to be a Caloplaca s.lat. (see Nimis 1993: 206). – It: Lomb.
Catillaria lenticularis (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Biatora lenticularis (Ach.) Fr., Biatorina heppii A. Massal., Biatorina lenticularis
(Ach.) Körb., Biatorina lenticularis (Ach.) Körb. var. erubescens Flot., Biatorina lojkana
J. Lahm, Biatorina pulicaris A. Massal., Catillaria dolosa auct., Catillaria lenticularis
(Ach.) . Fr. var. erubescens (Flot.) . Fr., Catillaria lojkana (J. Lahm) Zahlbr., Catil-
laria rhyparophaea (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Catillaria umbrinella Zahlbr., Lecania actaea (Nyl.)
B. de Lesd., Lecanora actaea Nyl., Lecidea gagei Hook., Lecidea lenticularis Ach., Lecid-
ea rhyparophaea Nyl., Lecidea umbrinella Nyl. nom.illeg., Microlecia lenticularis (Ach.)
M. Choisy
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate lichen found on lime-
stone, more rarely on dolomite, sometimes on nutrient-enriched, base-rich siliceous
rocks, with optimum in open woodlands but present also inside conurbations, with a
wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Catillaria mediterranea Hafellner
Syn.: Pleoscutula pleiospora (Vouaux) Vouaux, Scutula pleiospora Vouaux
L – Subs.: fol-par, cor-par – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the C. nigroclavata-group
with a simply organised, thin thallus, and 16-spored asci; on macrolichens (e.g. Rama-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 139
lina bourgeana, Anaptychia ciliaris); widespread in Macaronesia and in the Mediterra-
nean region, including the base of the Western Alps, where it is rare. – Fr: Var.
Catillaria melanophaea (Anzi) Lettau
Syn.: Biatorina melanophaea Anzi, Lecania melanophaea (Anzi) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with a brownish, rather thick, rugulose,
rimose-areolate thallus, small, adnate apothecia with a rather convex, dark brown,
scabrid disc and a thin, nally disappearing margin which has the same colour as the
thallus, a brownish epithecium, a pale hypothecium, coherent paraphyses, 8-spored
asci and 1-septate, hyaline, straight to curved ascospores measuring 15.4–17.2 × c. 8.6
µm; the taxonomic position of this species, known only from the type collection on
mica-schists, needs clarication. – It: Lomb.
Catillaria minuta (A. Massal.) Lettau
Syn.: Biatorina arnoldii Kremp., Biatorina arnoldii Kremp. var. luteella (Nyl.) A.L.
Sm., Biatorina minuta A. Massal., Catillaria arnoldii (Kremp.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate species found on steeply
inclined or underhanging faces of compact limestones in sheltered situations, e.g. in
narrow gorges along creeks. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr:
AMa, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb.
Catillaria modesta (Müll. Arg.) Coppins
Syn.: Lecidea modesta Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with an unresolved taxonomy, growing on
calcareous schists; in the Alps only known from the type locality, but also reported
from Great Britain. – Sw: VD.
Catillaria nigroclavata (Nyl.) J. Steiner
Syn.: Biatorina nigroclavata (Nyl.) Arnold, Catillaria ilicis (A. Massal.) A. Massal.,
Lecidea ilicis A. Massal., Lecidea nigroclavata Nyl., Microlecia nigroclavata (Nyl.) M.
Choisy
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate, holarctic species found
on twigs, very rarely on trunks of isolated deciduous trees, also in rather disturbed
habitats, e.g. in parklands, and on wayside trees; widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Catillaria picila (A. Massal.) Coppins
Syn.: Biatora picila A. Massal., Biatorina picila (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Catillaria anomaloi-
des auct. non (A. Massal.) Lettau, Lecidea anomaliza Nyl., Lecidea picila (A. Massal.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a temperate species found on compact calcareous
rocks, especially limestone but also on calciferous schists, often together with C. minu-
ta. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, SZ, VD. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
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140
Catillaria rugulosa (Hepp) Lettau
Syn.: Biatora rugulosa Hepp
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: perhaps related to Lecania (-cyrtella-group); on bark
of broad-leaved trees (e.g. Fagus); in the study area only known from the Western Alps,
but without recent records. – Fr: HSav.
Catillaria scotinodes (Nyl.) Coppins
Syn.: Catillaria confusior (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecidea confusior Nyl., Lecidea scotinodes Nyl.
L # – Subs.: int – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species growing on calciferous schists which perhaps
belongs to Toninia, with ascomata as in the “Catillaria athallina-group” and mainly non-
septate ascospores; rare, in the Alps so far known from a single locality only. – Sw: SZ.
Catillaria stenocarpa B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1 – Note: a taxon reported from the base of the Western Alps
near Spotorno (Italy) and from Spain, which, according to the original description, dif-
fers from C. lenticularis in the growth on siliceous substrata and in the narrower spores,
measuring 8–8.5 × 0.5–2 µm (Roux et al. 2014: 282). – It: Lig.
Catinaria atropurpurea (Schaer.) Vězda & Poelt
Syn.: Biatora atropurpurea (Schaer.) Hepp, Biatorina atropurpurea (Schaer.) A. Massal.,
Catillaria adpressa (Hepp) Schuler, Catillaria atropurpurea (Schaer.) . Fr., Lecidea
sphaeroides (Dicks.) Röhl. var. atropurpurea Schaer.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to subtropical lichen found on
trunks of old broad-leaved trees, often on parts which are seldom wetted by rain, or
on undersides of thick branches; widespread in the Alps, but generally not common.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Catinaria neuschildii (Körb.) P. James
Syn.: Biatorina neuschildii Körb., Biatorina subpulicaris Anzi, Catillaria atropurpurea
(Schaer.) . Fr. subsp. neuschildii (Körb.) . Fr., Catillaria neuschildii (Körb.) . Fr.,
Catillaria subpulicaris (Anzi) Lettau
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate lichen found on trunks of old,
mostly broad-leaved trees, often on faces which are seldom wetted by rain, such as
undersides of thick branches; on the whole a poorly known taxon related to C. atropur-
purea, which requires further study. – Au: St. It: Frl, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Catolechia wahlenbergii (Flot. ex Ach.) Körb.
Syn.: Buellia pulchella (Schaer.) Tuck., Buellia wahlenbergii (Flot. ex Ach.) Sheard, Ca-
tolechia galbula (DC.) Anzi, Catolechia pulchella (Schaer.) A. Massal., Lecidea galbula
(DC.) Nyl., Lecidea pulchella Schaer., Lecidea wahlenbergii Flot. ex Ach., Psora galbula
DC., Toninia galbula (DC.) Boistel
L – Subs.: ter-sil, sil, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar
lichen found on acid soil rich in humus and over bryophytes in ssures of vertical to
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 141
overhanging siliceous rocks in cold, perennially humid situations; widespread in the
Alps, but only locally common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, TI, VD,
VS. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Cephalophysis leucospila (Anzi) H. Kilias & Scheid. var. leucospila
Syn.: Lecidea leucospila Anzi, Lecidea mashiginii Lynge, Lecidea subtumidula Nyl., Le-
cidea ultima . Fr.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found on
limestone and dolomite in exposed, steeply inclined faces; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Cephalophysis leucospila (Anzi) H. Kilias & Scheid. var. caelivicina (Poelt & Her-
tel) H. Kilias & Scheid.
Syn.: Lecidea ultima . Fr. var. caelivicina Poelt & Hertel
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: diering from the typical variety in the distinctly
epilithic thallus, this lichen is found on exposed clis of limestone and schists rich in
calcium; rare and restricted to very high mountains, perhaps not always distinguished
in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, O. Sw: GR.
Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr.
Syn.: Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. var. campestris Schaer., Cetraria aculeata (Sch-
reb.) Fr.var. sorediata Du Rietz, Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. var. spadicea (Roth.)
Ach., Cetraria bohemica Anders, Cetraria tenuissima (L.) Vain., Cetraria tenuissima
(L.) Vain. var. campestris (Schaer.) Erichsen, Coelocaulon aculeatum (Schreb.) Link,
Coelocaulon bohemicum (Anders) Clauzade & Cl. Roux comb. inval., Cornicularia acu-
leata (Schreb.) Ach., Cornicularia aculeata (Schreb.) Ach. var. acanthella (Ach.) Ach.,
Cornicularia aculeata (Schreb.) Ach. var. campestris (Schreb.) Rabenh., Cornicularia
aculeata (Schreb.) Ach. var. sorediata (Du Rietz) Du Rietz, Cornicularia bohemica (An-
ders) Zahlbr., Cornicularia spadicea (Roth.) Ach., Cornicularia tenuissima (L.) Zahlbr.,
Lichen aculeatus Schreb.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on mainly siliceous, often sandy mineral soil
in clearings of Calluna-heathlands, with optimum in wind-exposed situations; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI,
UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Cetraria ericetorum Opiz
Syn.: Cetraria crispa (Ach.) Nyl., Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. var. crispa Ach., Cetraria
islandica (L.) Ach. var. subtubulosa Fr. ex Nyl., Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. var. tenuifolia
(Retz.) Vain., Cetraria subtubulosa (Fr. ex Nyl.) Zopf, Cetraria tenuifolia (Retz.) R. Howe
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species,
with optimum on wind-exposed ridges on siliceous substrata; widespread and com-
mon throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ,
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142
TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. subsp. islandica
Syn.: Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. var. platyna (Ach.) Ach., Lichen islandicus L., Physcia
islandica (L.) Michx.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-mon-
tane, circumpolar lichen found on mineral and organic soil, amongst thick moss car-
pets, exceptionally on bark or lignum near the ground, with optimum near treeline;
common and widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. subsp. crispiformis (Räsänen) Kärnefelt
Syn.: Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. var. crispiformis Räsänen
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a taxon with narrower lobes and few, very small,
laminal pseudocyphellae, found in the understory of subalpine coniferous forests and
alpine heaths; it has an arctic-alpine distribution and in Europe is common in Scan-
dinavia and in the British Isles, while from continental Europe there are only a few
records; rare in the Alps, but perhaps overlooked or not distinguished from the typical
variety. – Au: T, S, St. Sw: VS.
Cetraria muricata (Ach.) Eckfeldt
Syn.: Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. f. hispida Cromb., Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr.
var. alpina Schaer., Cetraria stuppea Zopf, Coelocaulon aculeatum (Schreb.) Link subsp.
hispidum (Cromb.) D. Hawksw., Coelocaulon muricatum (Ach.) J.R. Laundon, Cor-
nicularia aculeata (Schreb.) Ach. var. alpina (Schaer.) Rabenh., Cornicularia aculeata
(Schreb.) Ach. var. muricata (Ach.) Ach., Cornicularia muricata (Ach.) Ach., Cornicu-
laria tenuissima (L.) Zahlbr. var. alpina (Schaer.) Zahlbr., Cornicularia tenuissima (L.)
Zahlbr. var. hispida (Cromb.) Keissl., Cornicularia tenuissima (L.) Zahlbr. var. muricata
(Ach.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Lichen muricatus Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: optimum on siliceous soil in wind-exposed
siliceous ridges above treeline, but also found on decalcied soils on calcareous sub-
strata; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
GR, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Cetraria obtusata (Schaer.) van den Boom & Sipman
Syn.: Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. var. obtusata Schaer.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: ecologically similar to C. ericetorum, but much
rarer, and perhaps more bound to dry-continental situations. – Au: V, T, K. Sw: BE,
GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl. It: TAA, Lomb, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 143
Cetraria sepincola (Ehrh.) Ach.
Syn.: Cetraria scutata (Wulfen) Poetsch non auct., Lichen sepincola Ehrh., Platysma se-
pincola (Ehrh.) Hom., Tuckermannopsis sepincola (Ehrh.) Hale
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a subarctic-subalpine, circumpolar species found
on small twigs of shrubs and trees, especially Betula, Alnus viridis, Rhododendron fer-
rugineum, mostly near the ground, and in areas with siliceous substrata; widespread
throughout the Alps, but only locally common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, VD, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Cetrariella commixta (Nyl.) A. ell & Kärnefelt
Syn.: Cetraria commixta (Nyl.) . Fr., Melanelia commixta (Nyl.) A. ell, Parmelia
commixta (Nyl.) . Fr., Platysma commixtum Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found on hard
siliceous rocks wetted by rain in upland areas; somehow more bound to cold-humid
sites than the supercially similar Melanelia hepatizon; widespread in the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Cetrariella delisei (Bory ex Schaer.) Kärnefelt & A. ell
Syn.: Cetraria delisei (Bory ex Schaer.) Nyl., Cetraria hiascens (Fr.) . Fr., Cetraria
islandica (L.) Ach. var. delisei Bory ex Schaer.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species of acid soil in rather humid
situations; very rare in the Alps, being only known from Austria. – Au: T, S, K.
Cetrariella sorediella (Lettau) V.J. Rico & A. ell
Syn.: Cetraria commixta (Nyl.) . Fr. f. sorediella Lettau, Melanelia commixta (Nyl.) A.
ell var. sorediella (Lettau) Hafellner & Türk, Melanelia sorediella (Lettau) V.J. Rico,
van den Boom & Barrasa
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species resembling C. commixta, but only known
in the sterile state, with soralia-like areas on the surface and along the margins, inter-
mixed with often crowded, detachable isidia-like structures with a pycnidium enclosed
in the apex; on siliceous rocks, mostly on boulders in streams; more common in the
mountains of SW Europe, rare elsewhere; obviously rare in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, N.
Cetrelia cetrarioides (Delise ex Duby) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
Syn.: Parmelia cetrarioides (Delise ex Duby) Nyl., Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach. var.
cetrarioides Delise ex Duby
L – Subs.: cor, sil, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with the perlatolic acid syndrome
plus traces of imbricaric acid, found on the bark of broad-leaved trees and on epiphytic
mosses, more rarely on silicicolous mosses in humid, old, mostly montane forests. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl:
SlA, Tg. Li.
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144
Cetrelia chicitae (W.L. Culb.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
Syn.: Cetraria chicitae W.L. Culb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with the alectoronic and α-collatolic acids syn-
drome, the rarest Cetrelia in the Eastern Alps. – Au: V, S, K, St, O, N. It: Frl. Sl: SlA.
Cetrelia monachorum (Zahlbr.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
Syn.: Parmelia monachorum Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor, bry-sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with the imbricaric acid syndrome
(major) and perlatolic acid (minor), found on the bark of broad-leaved trees, more
rarely on silicicolous mosses in humid, old, mostly montane forests; probably the most
common species of Cetrelia in the Alps; several records listed under C. cetrarioides could
refer to this taxon. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. It: Frl, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
Syn.: Parmelia cetrarioides (Delise ex Duby) Nyl. var. rubescens (. Fr.) Du Rietz,
Parmelia olivetorum Nyl., Parmelia rubescens (. Fr.) Vain. nom.illeg., Pseudoparmelia
aradensis Gyeln.
L – Subs.: cor, bry-sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with the olivetoric acid syndrome,
found on bark of broad-leaved trees and on epiphytic, more rarely silicicolous mosses
in humid, old forests, locally still abundant in montane Abies-Fagus forests, especially
in the Eastern Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR,
LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Chaenotheca brachypoda (Ach.) Tibell
Syn.: Chaenotheca sulphurea (Retz.) Middelb. & Mattsson, Coniocybe brachypoda Ach.,
Coniocybe griseola Ach., Coniocybe sulphurea (Retz.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on decorticated stumps of deciduous trees, more
rarely on bark and siliceous rocks, in old humid forests, on faces slightly protected
from rain. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ. It: TAA, Piem.
Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Calicium brunneolum Ach., Calicium exipes Ach., Calicium melanophaeum Ach.
var. brunneolum (Ach.) Schaer., Cyphelium brunneolum (Ach.) De Not., Phacotium
brunneolum (Ach.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on relatively soft-decomposed lignum of old conifer-
ous stumps in humid woodlands, more rarely on wood of deciduous trees, very rarely
corticolous; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, HSav. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Chaenotheca chlorella (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Calicium carthusiae Harm., Calicium chlorellum Ach., Chaenotheca carthusiae
(Harm.) Lettau, Chaenotheca suzai Nádv.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 145
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: optimum on old oaks inside forests, in ssures
of the bark, sometimes on decorticated trunks, also of conifers, especially on dry un-
dersides and inside hollow trunks. – Au: S. Sw: BE, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Lig.
Chaenotheca chrysocephala (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Calicium chrysocephalum Ach., Calicium chrysocephalum Ach. var. lare Ach.,
Cyphelium chrysocephalum (Ach.) Chevall., Phacotium chrysocephalum (Ach.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a boreal-montane, circumpolar species found
on the acid bark of both broad-leaved trees and conifers, more rarely on hard lignum,
with optimum on Larix near treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA.
Chaenotheca cinerea (Pers.) Tibell
Syn.: Calicium cinereum Pers., Calicium schaereri De Not. non sensu Nádv., Chaeno-
theca albida (Körb.) Zahlbr., Chaenotheca schaereri (De Not.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on the nutrient-rich
bark of several trees (e.g. Acer, Fraxinus, Populus, Ulmus), in deep ssures of the bark
seldom wetted by rain, with optimum at low elevations; recent records from the Alps
are rare. – Au: St, N. Sw: BE. It: Ven, Lomb.
Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig.
Syn.: Calicium ferrugineum Turner ex Sm., Calicium melanophaeum Ach., Calicium rosci-
dum (Ach.) Flörke var. pinastri Ach., Chaenotheca melanophaea (Ach.) Zwackh, Cyphe-
lium ferrugineum (Turner ex Sm.) Ach., Cyphelium melanophaeum (Ach.) A. Massal.,
Phacotium ferrugineum (Turner ex Sm.) Gray, Phacotium melanophaeum (Ach.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpo-
lar species found on acidic bark, especially of very old oaks, Castanea and conifers, on
faces protected from rain, sometimes on decorticated stumps and even charred wood;
reported as tolerant of air pollution, and expanding in Northern Europe; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR,
LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell
Syn.: Calicium capitellatum Ach., Calicium furfuraceum (L.) Pers., Coniocybe furfuracea
(L.) Ach., Mucor furfuraceus L.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, deb, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a holarctic lichen found beneath over-
hanging faces protected from rain, especially in forests, often on exposed roots, but
rather indierent to the substrata (also found on siliceous rocks and lignum); wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL,
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146
GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Chaenotheca gracilenta (Ach.) Mattsson & Middelb.
Syn.: Calicium gracilentum Ach., Coniocybe gracilenta (Ach.) Ach., Cybebe gracilenta
(Ach.) Tibell
L – Subs.: xyl, cor, ter – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a circumboreal-montane species found on
rotting wood and decaying bark on faces protected from rain, such as hollows of old
stumps in ancient, humid forests; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Chaenotheca hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Calicium aciculare (Gray) Fr., Calicium hispidulum (Ach.) Ach., Calicium tra-
chelinum (Ach.) Ach. var. hispidulum Ach., Chaenotheca acicularis (Gray) Zwackh,
Chaenotheca chlorella (Ach.) Müll. Arg. var. hispidula (Ach.) Vain., Chaenotheca chlorel-
loides (Anzi) Zahlbr., Cyphelium aciculare (Gray) Arnold, Cyphelium chlorelloides Anzi,
Phacotium aciculare (Gray) Trevis., Phacotium hispidulum (Ach.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a cool-temperate, probably holarctic lichen found in
dry hollows and undersides, and on the bases of ancient trees, especially oaks, in humid
deciduous forests. – Au: V, T, S, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GL, GR, SZ, UW, VS. Fr:
AHP. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Chaenotheca laevigata Nádv.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a cool-temperate to southern boreal-montane lichen
found in bark ssures of acid-barked deciduous and coniferous trees in humid forests,
more rarely on lignum; probably overlooked and more widespread, but certainly never
common in the Alps. – Au: V, S, St, N. Sw: SZ. Fr: AMa. It:TAA.
Chaenotheca phaeocephala (Turner) . Fr.
Syn.: Calicium phaeocephalum (Turner) Fr., Calicium saepiculare Ach., Chaenotheca
chlorella auct. non (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Cyphelium phaeocephalum (Turner) Körb., Lichen
phaeocephalus Turner
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate, holarctic lichen found on old
oaks in open woodlands, in bark ssures seldom wetted by rain. – Au: V, T, S, St, O,
N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Vau. It:
Ven, TAA.
Chaenotheca servitii Nádv.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a very rare species with a poorly developed endosub-
stratic or thin, smooth greenish thallus with Stichococcus, apothecia with long, slender
stalks, in the upper part with a reddish to yellow pruina which covers also the outside
of the capitulum, which is broadly obovoid to lenticular with a well developed exciple,
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 147
asci cylindrical with rather small, spherical, mostly smooth, uniseriate ascospores (c. 4
µm in diam.); on lignum of deciduous trees, for the study area only recorded from the
Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Chaenotheca sphaerocephala Nádv.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a minutely granular, whitish thallus
and apothecia with globose, epruinose capitula virtually lacking an exciple, based on
a lignicolous type from Chile; ecology still poorly known; recently reported on bark
from montane forests in the Central Alps. – Sw: LU, SZ.
Chaenotheca stemonea (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Calicium physarellum Ach., Calicium stemoneum (Ach.) Ach., Calicium trichiale
Ach. var. stemoneum Ach., Chaenotheca aeruginosa auct. non (Turner ex Sm.) A.L. Sm.,
Cyphelium stemoneum (Ach.) De Not., Phacotium physarellum (Ach.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpo-
lar lichen found in rain-protected hollows of conifer trunks inside forests, especially
near the ground, both on bark and on lignum, sometimes on acid-barked deciduous
trees, e.g. Betula, Quercus; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N,
B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: Tg.
Chaenotheca subroscida (Eitner) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Cyphelium subroscidum Eitner
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a minutely granular, grey thallus and
apothecia with a greenish-yellow pruina on the exciple and the upper part of the stalks
(closely related to C. phaeocephala); usually on bark of coniferous trees (Picea, Abies) in
rather moist montane forests; widespread in the Alps, but rare. – Au: V, T, St, N. Sw:
BE, SZ, UR, VD. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Chaenotheca trichialis (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Calicium cinereum auct., Calicium elassosporum Nyl., Calicium trichiale Ach.,
Chaenotheca aeruginosa (Turner ex Sm.) A.L. Sm. non auct., Chaenotheca brunneola
(Ach.) Müll. Arg. var. elassospora (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Chaenotheca elassospora (Nyl.) Zahl-
br., Cyphelium trichiale (Ach.) De Not., Phacotium trichiale (Ach.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a holarctic species found on acid-barked decidu-
ous trees, conifers and lignum, in forests and woodlands; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Chaenotheca xyloxena Nádv.
Syn.: Chaenotheca nudiuscula (Schaer.) Nádv.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane lichen
found on hard and dry lignum, especially of conifers, in humid forests, more rarely on
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bark and on lignum of deciduous trees. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AMa, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Cheiromycina abelliformis B. Sutton
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a crustose, epiphloeodic thallus
and cushion-shaped sporodochia in which multicellular conidia develop, branching
three-dimensionally, originating from conspicuous globose cells; on bark of mostly
broad-leaved trees in moist forests; widespread in the Holarctic region; from the Alps
there are only a few records at low to mid-elevations, but elsewhere the species reaches
the treeline ecotone. – Au: St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. It: TAA.
Cheiromycina petri D. Hawksw. & Poelt
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: thallus and sporodochia as in C. abelliformis, but basal
cells of conidia not dierentiated, branching of conidia two-dimensional, and branch-
es shorter; on bark of trees; widespread in the Holarctic region, with a few records only
from the Eastern Alps. – Au: St.
Chrysothrix caesia (Flot.) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Allarthonia caesia (Flot.) Zahlbr., Arthonia caesia (Flot.) Körb., Coniangium cae-
sium Flot.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species also known from North
America, found on the smooth bark of deciduous trees, especially Carpinus; often ster-
ile and overlooked in the Alps, being easily confused with species of Lepraria. – Au: K,
St. It: Frl. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Bilimbia fulgens Hampe ex A. Massal., Byssus candelaris L., Crocynia ava (Schreb.)
Hue, Lepraria candelaris (L.) Fr., Lepraria citrina auct. p.p., Lepraria ava (Schreb.) Sm.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane
lichen found on dry, shaded parts of the trunks of deciduous and coniferous trees, on
faces protected from rain, sometimes on lignum, with a wide altitudinal range; wide-
spread and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Calicium chlorinum (Ach.) Schaer. non auct. p.p., Crocynia chlorina (Ach.) Hue,
Lepra chlorina (Ach.) DC., Lepraria chlorina (Ach.) Ach. ex Sm., Lichen chlorinus Ach.,
Pulveraria chlorina (Ach.) Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread lichen found in underhangs and crevices
of siliceous rocks in shaded, humid situations; limited to areas with high air humidity,
but with a wide altitudinal range. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI,
UR, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 149
Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrl.
Syn.: Cenomyce pityrea (Flörke) Ach. f. acuminata Ach., Cladonia acuminata (Ach.)
Norrl. subsp. foliata (Arnold) Vain., Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrl. var. norrlinii
(Vain.) Lynge, Cladonia foliata (Arnold) Kernst., Cladonia norrlinii Vain.
L – Subs.: bry, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane
lichen found on calciferous soil rich in humus in open situations; widespread but not
common in the Alps. – Au: T, K, O. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UW, VS. It: Frl,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Cladonia amaurocraea (Flörke) Schaer.
Syn.: Capitularia amaurocraea Flörke, Cladonia destricta (Nyl.) Ohlert
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, boreal-subarctic-subal-
pine lichen found on soil and bryophytes in open habitats, mostly in sites with a long
snow cover; widespread throughout the Alps, but only locally common. – Au: , T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot. subsp. arbuscula
Syn.: Cladina arbuscula (Wallr.) Hale & W.L. Culb., Cladina sylvatica (Ach.) Cromb.,
Cladonia sylvatica (Ach.) Rabenh., Patellaria arbuscula (Wallr.) Wallr., Patellaria folia-
cea Wallr. var. arbuscula Wallr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, bry, xyl – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a circumpolar, boreal-subarctic-
subalpine lichen growing in lichen-rich tundra-like vegetation on mineral soil in ex-
posed habitats; sometimes found on lignum. Several records, especially from Italy, could
refer to subsp. squarrosa, which is more widespread in the Alps. – Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR,
LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot. subsp. squarrosa (Wallr.) Ruoss
Syn.: Cladina arbuscula (Wallr.) Hale & W.L. Culb. subsp. squarrosa (Wallr.) Burgaz,
Cladonia squarrosa (Wallr.) Flot., Patellaria coccinea Wallr. var. squarrosa Wallr., Patel-
laria squarrosa (Wallr.) Wallr.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, bry, xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: this is the most widespread
subspecies of the C. arbuscula-complex in the Alps; several records listed under C. ar-
buscula subsp. arbuscula could refer to this taxon. In the recent Nordic Lichen Flora,
however, the psoromic acid strain is regarded as a taxonomically unimportant chemo-
type. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia bacilliformis (Nyl.) Sarnth.
Syn.: Cladonia carneola (Fr.) Fr. var. bacilliformis Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl, ter – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a yellowish green squamulose pri-
mary thallus and unbranched, acuminate podetia with a sorediate surface, later some-
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times with narrow scyphi, apothecia ochraceous but rarely developed; usually on rotten
wood in forests dominated by conifers, but also on soil layers over siliceous rocks; not
common in the Alps, mainly in the montane belt. – Au: T, S, K. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VS.
Fr: HSav. It: TAA.
Cladonia bellidiora (Ach.) Schaer.
Syn.: Lichen bellidiorus Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, deb, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane,
circumpolar lichen found on acid soil and mossy rocks in wind-protected and humid
situations (e.g. in sites with a long snow cover), most frequent near or above treeline;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia borealis S. Stenroos
L – Subs.: bry, ter-sil, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on mineral siliceous soil in open habitats;
related to C. coccifera, and with a similar ecology; certainly more widespread in the
Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Cladonia botrytes (K.G. Hagen) Willd.
Syn.: Lichen botrytes K.G. Hagen
L – Subs.: xyl, ter – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a circumpolar, boreal-montane lichen found on
decaying wood, mostly on horizontal faces of stumps and fallen trunks, especially of co-
nifers, more rarely on decaying bark; widespread in the Alps, but generally not common.
– Au: T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, VD, VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) Flörke
Syn.: Baeomyces caespiticius Pers., Cladonia agariciformis (Wulfen) Arnold
L – Subs.: ter-sil, xyl, cor, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to southern boreal-
montane, circumpolar lichen found on mineral, generally sandy-clay soil, occasionally
on rotting wood and on bases of ancient trunks, in sheltered situations; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Sl: SlA.
Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng.
Syn.: Cladonia locarnensis Frey nom.illeg., Cladonia pityrodes Nyl., Cladonia symphycar-
podes Nyl., Lichen cariosus Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a boreal-montane to subarctic-subalpine,
circumpolar lichen found on disturbed mineral, often sandy soil over calcareous or
base-rich substrata, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 151
Cladonia carneola (Fr.) Fr.
Syn.: Cenomyce carneola Fr., Cladonia carneopallida (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, xyl, ter – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, mainly boreal-montane
to subarctic lichen found on rotting wood and soil rich in humus in open montane to
subalpine woodlands, sometimes reaching the alpine belt; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaer.
Syn.: Baeomyces cenoteus Ach., Cladonia brachiata (Fr.) Hampe, Cladonia uncinata
Hom.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane, circum-
polar species found on rotting wood, mainly on old stumps, and on soil rich in humus,
with a wide altitudinal range; widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flot. subsp. cervicornis
Syn.: Cladonia verticillata (Hom.) Schaer. var. cervicornis (Ach.) Flörke, Lichen cervi-
cornis Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane lichen
found on mineral siliceous soil in open grasslands and garrigues; several records from
upland areas could refer to subsp. verticillata or even to C. macrophyllodes. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flot. subsp. verticillata (Hom.) Ahti
Syn.: Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flot. var. verticillata (Hofm.) Flot., Cladonia pyxida-
ta (L.) Hom. var. verticillata Hom., Cladonia verticillata (Hom.) Schaer., Cladonia
verticillata (Hom.) Schaer. var. evoluta (. Fr.) Stein
L – Subs.: ter-sil, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a boreal-montane to subarctic-subalpine,
circumpolar lichen found on acid soil in open habitats; more frequent in upland areas
than the typical subspecies. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Sw: ?BE, ?GR, ?UR. Fr: HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng.
Syn.: Cenomyce chlorophaea Flörke ex Sommerf., Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hom. var.
chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Flörke, Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hom. subsp. chloro-
phaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) V. Wirth
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, xyl, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: closely related to the non-sorediate
C. pyxidata and rich in ecotypes, several morphologically similar taxa with diering
secondary chemistry are treated separately, specimens with unknown chemistry are
usually listed here; on acid soil, rotten wood or mossy rocks; widespread on all con-
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tinents; common throughout the Alps from the lowlands to the alpine belt. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
Cladonia ciliata Stirt.
Syn.: Cladina ciliata (Stirt.) Trass, Cladina ciliata (Stirt.) Trass var. tenuis (Flörke) Ahti
& M.J. Lai, Cladina leucophaea (Abbayes) Hale & W.L. Culb., Cladina tenuis (Flör-
ke) B. de Lesd., Cladonia ciliata Stirt. f. avicans (Flörke) Ahti & DePriest, Cladonia
ciliata Stirt. var. tenuis (Flörke) Ahti, Cladonia laxiuscula (Delise) Sandst., Cladonia
leucophaea Abbayes, Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg. f. avicans Flörke, Cladonia
rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. tenuis Flörke, Cladonia tenuis (Flörke) Harm., Cladonia
tenuis (Flörke) Harm. var. leucophaea (Abbayes) Ahti
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a rare temperate species found on mosses
in shrublands, especially in undisturbed maquis vegetation, restricted to humid areas.
e species occurs in two chemotypes which rarely grow together, the colour varying
from dark brown to straw-yellow in f. avicans (Flörke) Ahti & DePriest. – Au: T, S,
O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA,
Lig. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd.
Syn.: Capitularia asotea (Ach.) Flörke, Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. var. asotea Ach.,
Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. var. stemmatina (Ach.) Vain., Cladonia cornucopioides F.
Wilson, Lichen cocciferus L.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, deb – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circum-
polar lichen found on soil in open situations, such as in dry tundra-like habitats, more
rarely on wood; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng.
Syn.: Cenomyce coniocraea Flörke, Cladonia apolepta (Ach.) H.M.M. Hansen & M.
Lund, Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr. var. coniocraea (Flörke) Nyl., Cladonia pycnotheliza
Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, deb, ter-sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a widespread, holarctic species found
on a wide variety of organic substrata, including bark, and then mostly on basal parts
of boles, but mostly on soil rich in humus and on rotten wood, with a wide altitudinal
range; widespread and common throughout the Alps. See also note on C. ochrochlora.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 153
Cladonia convoluta (Lam.) Anders
Syn.: Cladonia endiviifolia (Dicks.) Fr., Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. subsp. convo-
luta (Lam.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. subsp. endiviifolia
(Dicks.) Boistel, Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. var. convoluta (Lam.) Vain., Cladonia
foliacea (Huds.) Willd. var. endiviifolia (Dicks.) Schaer., Lichen convolutus Lam.
L # – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on calcareous
mineral soil in dry grasslands, or in intradunal depressions, also occurring in dry-con-
tinental valleys of the Alps. A recent revision of the C. foliacea-C. convoluta-complex
showed that neither morphological characters nor phylogenetic analyses gave evidence
to delimit two taxa; however, since there are some ecological and distributional dier-
ences, we prefer to provisionally treat here the calcicolous forms separately. – Au: N.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Sl: SlA.
Cladonia cornuta (L.) Hom.
Syn.: Cladonia radiata (Schreb.) Ach. var. cornuta (L.) M. Choisy, Lichen cornutus L.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, xyl, deb – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a boreal-montane to subarctic-subalpine,
circumpolar species found on mineral and organic soil, but also on wood, with opti-
mum in subalpine areas with siliceous substrata; widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. var. crispata
Syn.: Baeomyces turbinatus Ach. var. crispatus Ach., Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. var.
dilacerata (Schaer.) Malbr., Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. var. divulsa (Delise) Arnold,
Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. var. elegans (Delise) Vain., Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot.
var. infundibulifera (Schaer.) Vain., Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. var. subracemosa Vain.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, bry, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a boreal-montane to subarctic-
subalpine, circumpolar species found on soil, more rarely on lignum, in open habitats,
in areas near treeline with siliceous substrata; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. var. cetrariiformis (Delise) Vain.
Syn.: Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. var. gracilescens (Rabenh.) Vain.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: diering from the type variety in the
pointed tips of the very narrow, tube-like funnels, confusable with C. subfurcata with
glossy esquamulose podetia with melanotic dying bases; on acid soil; common in
Atlantic Europe; in the Alps only known from the treeline ecotone upwards, but not
common, and not always distinguished from the typical variety. – Au: T, S, K, St. Fr:
Sav, HSav, Var.
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Cladonia cryptochlorophaea Asahina
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate, perhaps holarctic
lichen found on soil rich in humus, on peat, etc., probably with a western distribution
in Europe. Perhaps better treated as a chemical strain of C. grayi. – Au: T, K, St, N. Sw:
BE, LU, VS. Fr: AMa, Var. It: Ven. Sl: Tg.
Cladonia cyanipes (Sommerf.) Nyl.
Syn.: Cenomyce carneopallida (Ach.) Nyl. var. cyanipes Sommerf.
L – Subs.: bry, sil, ter-sil, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, perhaps
circumpolar species found in open heaths and forest glades amongst bryophytes and
on organic soil, much more rarely on wood, in areas with siliceous substrata near and
above treeline; widespread in the Alps, but generally rare. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB. Sw: GR. Fr: HSav. It: TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia decorticata (Flörke) Spreng.
Syn.: Capitularia decorticata Flörke
L – Subs.: ter-sil, deb, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar species found on mineral, more rarely on organic soil and rotting wood in
open habitats, restricted to siliceous areas. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI,
VS. Fr: Isè. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Cladonia deformis (L.) Hom.
Syn.: Cladonia crenulata (Ach.) Flörke, Lichen deformis L.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor, deb, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circum-
polar species found on rotting wood and organic soil; some records could refer to C.
sulphurina; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia digitata (L.) Hom.
Syn.: Cladonia digitata (L.) Hom. var. brachytes (Ach.) Vain., Cladonia digitata (L.)
Hom. var. ceruchoides Vain., Lichen digitatus L.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar species found on strongly weathered lignum, mosses, at the base of trunks,
sometimes on soil rich in humus; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Cladonia diversa Asperges ex S. Stenroos
L – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: related to C. coccifera, and with a similar ecology, but
perhaps more bound to humid habitats; probably more widespread in the Alps. – It:
Frl, Ven, TAA.
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Cladonia ecmocyna Leight.
Syn.: Cladonia elongata (Wulfen) Hom. var. ecmocyna (Leight.) Räsänen, Cladonia
gracilis (L.) Willd. var. ecmocyna (Leight.) Kernst.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane to subarctic-subalpine,
circumpolar lichen found on organic soil and amongst bryophytes in cool depressions
with a late snow cover. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Sw: GR, UR, VS. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA.
Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr.
Syn.: Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr. var. dendroides (Flörke) Müll. Arg., Cladonia mbriata
(L.) Fr. var. longipes (Flörke) Rabenh., Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr. var. major (K.G.
Hagen) H. Magn., Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr. var. minor (K.G. Hagen) H. Magn.,
Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr. var. prolifera (Retz.) A. Massal., Cladonia mbriata (L.)
Fr. var. tenuipes (Delise) H. Olivier, Cladonia major (K.G. Hagen) Sandst., Cladonia
minor (K.G. Hagen) Szatala, Lichen mbriatus L.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, deb, cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a temperate to arctic-alpine, hol-
arctic species found on rotten wood, soil, at the base of trunks, with a wide ecological
range and a correspondingly wide altitudinal range; widespread and common through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Cladonia rma (Nyl.) Nyl.
Syn.: Cladonia alcicornis (Lightf.) Fr. var. rma Nyl., Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd.
var. rma (Nyl.) Vain., Cladonia nylanderi Cout.
L – Subs.: ter-int – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on mineral, often
base-rich soil in open Mediterranean grasslands, with several records from the base of
the Western Alps and from dry-continental valleys. – Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lig.
Cladonia oerkeana (Fr.) Flörke
Syn.: Cenomyce oerkeana Fr., Cladonia berghsonii Asperges, Cladonia oerkeana (Fr.)
Flörke var. brebissonii (Delise) Vain., Cladonia oerkeana (Fr.) Flörke var. carcata (Ach.)
Vain., Cladonia oerkeana (Fr.) Flörke var. chloroides (Flörke) Vain., Cladonia macilenta
Hom. subsp. oerkeana (Fr.) V. Wirth, Cladonia macilenta Hom. var. carcata (Ach.)
Nyl., Cladonia macilenta Hom. var. corticata Vain.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, xyl, deb – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a circumboreal-montane species
found on organic soil and peat, but also on sand, more rarely on lignum, with opti-
mum in the subalpine belt; widespread throughout the Alps but only locally common.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, VD, VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav. It:
Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
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156
Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd.
Syn.: Cladonia alcicornis (Lightf.) Fr., Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. var. alcicornis
(Lightf.) Schaer., Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. var. damicornis (Ach.) . Fr., Lichen
foliaceus Huds.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen, an ecological vicariant
of C. convoluta on more or less acid, but often base-rich ground. See also note on C.
convoluta. – Au: K, St, B. Sw: GR, LU, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad.
Syn.: Cenomyce furcata (Huds.) Ach., Cladonia corymbosa (Ach.) Krohn, Cladonia fur-
cata (Huds.) Schrad. var. corymbosa (Ach.) Nyl., Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. var.
palamaea (Ach.) Nyl., Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. var. pinnata (Flörke) Vain.,
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. var. racemosa (Hom.) Flörke, Cladonia furcata
(Huds.) Schrad. var. subulata Flörke, Cladonia racemosa Hom., Lichen furcatus Huds.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, bry, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic, temperate to boreal-
montane lichen found on soil, amongst mosses, sometimes on bark and lignum, in
areas with calcareous or siliceous base-rich rocks, with a wide altitudinal range; wide-
spread and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Cladonia glauca Flörke
Syn.: Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaer. var. glauca (Flörke) Leight.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, perhaps
circumpolar lichen found on acid soil in open habitats; widespread throughout the
Alps, but generally rare. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Sw: GR, LU, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. subsp. gracilis
Syn.: Cladonia chordalis (Flörke) Nyl., Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. var. aspera Flörke,
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. var. chordalis (Flörke) Schaer., Lichen gracilis L.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, deb – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a circumpolar, cool-temperate to
southern arctic lichen found on acid soil, more rarely on decaying wood in upland
areas. According to Ahti (see Nimis 2016) its presence in the Alps is dubious, and most
records could refer to C. macroceras. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. subsp. turbinata (Ach.) Ahti
Syn.: Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. var. dilatata auct., Cladonia pachyscypha Sandst. ex
Zahlbr., Lichen turbinatus Ach.
L – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 4 – Note: a taxon with short podetia, all with scyphi (subulate
podetia lacking); on the forest oor, but also on rotten wood; common in the middle
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 157
boreal zone, in the Alps in coniferous forests of the upper montane belt (not above
treeline); there are several scattered records, but infraspecic taxa of the C. gracilis-
group were not always distinguished. According to Ahti (see Nimis 2016), however,
the presence of C. gracilis in the Alps is dubious, and most records could prove to refer
to C. macroceras – Sw: GR, LU, SZ. Fr: Sav. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia grayi G. Merr. ex Sandst.
Syn.: Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hom. subsp. grayi (G. Merr ex Sandst.) V. Wirth
L – Subs.: xyl, deb, bry, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a holarctic, rather northern repre-
sentative of the C. pyxidata-chlorophaea-complex, found on soil rich in humus, peat,
and rotting wood. – Au: V, S, K, St, O. Sw: BE, LU, UR, VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia humilis (With.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Cladonia conistea (“Delise”) Asahina, Cladonia conoidea Ahti, Lichen humilis With.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, xyl, sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, widespread species
found on disturbed, often sandy soil, more rarely on lignum and mossy trees; appar-
ently more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. – Au: T. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, HSav, Var. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia incrassata Flörke
Syn.: Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. var. incrassata (Flörke) Laurer
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane species
with a fragmented circumpolar range, found on peaty and humus-rich soil and on
strongly weathered lignum; with a few scattered records from the Alps, where it is evi-
dently rare. – Au: S, N. Sw: U W. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia luteoalba Wheldon & A. Wilson
L – Subs.: deb, sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a conspicuous primary thallus
consisting of large squamules which are revolute when dry, with a yellow underside,
podetia rarely present, small, unbranched, ecorticate, with subulate tips; on soil layers
over siliceous rocks and plant debris in open habitats; widespread in Europe but not
common, with a few records from the Eastern Alps. – Au: T, S.
Cladonia macilenta Hom.
Syn.: Cladonia bacillaris (Ach.) Genth, Cladonia macilenta Hom. var. clavata (Ach.)
H. Olivier, Cladonia macilenta Hom. var. scabrosa (Mudd) Cromb., Cladonia maci-
lenta Hom. var. squamigera Vain.
L – Subs.: xyl, deb, cor, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane,
circumpolar lichen found on dierent organic substrata such as rotting wood, bark
(mostly on basal parts of trunks), and more rarely on soil rich in humus; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:BE, GR, LU,
SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It:Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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158
Cladonia macroceras (Delise) Hav.
Syn.: Cenomyce gracilis (L.) Dufour var. macroceras Delise, Cladonia elongata auct. p.p.,
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. var. macroceras (Delise) Flot.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, bry, deb – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a subarctic-subalpine, circumpo-
lar lichen, one of the most abundant species in Rhododendron heaths throughout the
Alps, mostly deeply immersed amongst mosses; widespread and common throughout
the Alps. See also note on C. gracilis. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Cladonia macrophylla (Schaer.) Stenh.
Syn.: Cladonia alpicola (Flot.) Vain., Cladonia ventricosa (Lightf.) J.F. Gmel. var. mac-
rophylla Schaer.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a northern-Alpine species found on
organic soil and weathered siliceous rocks; widespread in the Alps but generally not
common. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: Isè, HSav. It:
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia macrophyllodes Nyl.
Syn.: Cladonia lepidota Nyl. var. macrophyllodes (Nyl.) Du Rietz
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found
on soil in open sites with a long snow cover, optimum in the alpine belt of the siliceous
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, Isè,
Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia magyarica Vain.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species recalling C. pyxidata, with a primary thallus
of erect squamules showing the white underside when dry, and podetia, including the
inner side of scyphi, covered with elongate squamules; a lowland species of sandy soil
in continental parts of Europe; in the Alps only known from the easternmost foothills.
– Au: N.
Cladonia mediterranea P.A. Duvign. & Abbayes
Syn.: Cladina mediterranea (P.A. Duvign. & Abbayes) Follmann & Hern.-Padr., Cla-
donia macaronesica Ahti
L – Subs.: ter, bry – Alt.: 1 – Note: a Mediterranean-Macaronesian lichen found in
Mediterranean maquis vegetation amongst pleurocarpous mosses in sheltered situa-
tions with plenty of diuse light, with a few records from the base of the Western Alps.
– Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Cladonia merochlorophaea Asahina
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate, probably cir-
cumpolar lichen found on humus-rich soil. – Au: T, S, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: LU,
SZ, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 159
Cladonia mitis Sandst.
Syn.: Cladina mitis (Sandst.) Hustich, Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot. subsp. mitis
(Sandst.) Ruoss, Cladonia subsylvatica Stirt.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, bry, xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a typical member of sub-
alpine-alpine tundras, perhaps more common at higher altitudes than C. arbuscula;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP,
BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Cladonia monomorpha Aptroot, Sipman & Herk
Syn.: Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hom. var. baccifera Räsänen
L # – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: only recently recognised as a distinct species in
the C. pyxidata-group, and perhaps more widespread, this species should be character-
ised by squamules with narrowly recurved margins, by the presence of discoid, bullate
plates on the podetial surface, and by long and sometimes branched proliferations of
the scyphus margins supporting the apothecial discs. e species was described from
the Netherlands, where it occurs in acid inland sand dunes with the highest terrestrial
lichen diversity, and it appears to be widespread in Europe on siliceous rocks and acid
sand. According to Ahti (see Nimis 2016) preliminary DNA data from the type local-
ity show that it does not dier from “normal” C. pyxidata, except that C. pyxidata is
not uniform at all. However, the type of C. pyxidata, which comes from Italy, is mor-
phologically dierent. – Au: V, S, St, N. Sw: SZ. It: Lomb.
Cladonia norvegica Tønsberg & Holien
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane lichen found
on decaying trunks and stumps in moist-shaded habitats such as ancient, undisturbed
woodlands; when epiphytic, on basal parts of conifers; probably more widespread in
the Alps. – Au: S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ, UW. It: Frl. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia novochlorophaea (Sipman) Brodo & Ahti
Syn.: Cladonia merochlorophaea Asahina var. novochlorophaea Sipman
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species of the C. grayi-group, with a primary
thallus of non-coalescent small squamules and usually dark brown, scyphose podetia
with a corticate, verruculose surface lacking sorediate granules, but later with corticate
schizidia; conrmation by analysis of secondary chemistry is necessary for a correct
identication; on acid soil over siliceous rocks and in arctic-alpine heaths; widespread
but not common, in the Alps, so far with a few records only. – Fr: AMa.
Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke
Syn.: Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr. var. ochrochlora (Flörke) Schaer., Cladonia furcata
(Huds.) Schrad. var. notabilis Müll. Arg., Cladonia lepidula Kremp., Cladonia ochro-
chlora Flörke var. pycnotheliza (Nyl.) Harm., Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke var. spadicea
Müll. Arg., Cladonia pergracilis Kremp.
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160
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, deb, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: very similar to C. coniocraea, but
with podetia corticated in the lower third and at the bottom of the often present scy-
phi; a mainly temperate species found on rotten wood and at the base of tree trunks in
both deciduous and coniferous forests; in the Alps it ranges from the lowlands to the
montane belt, and is rather common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: Tg.
Cladonia parasitica (Hom.) Hom.
Syn.: Cladonia delicata auct., Lichen parasiticus Hom.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate, probably holarctic species,
normally lignicolous, on stumps, sometimes on basal parts of old trunks; widespread
in the Alps. – Au: S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, TI, UR, VD. Fr: AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Cladonia peziziformis (With.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Cladonia capitata (Michx.) Spreng., Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. var. lepto-
phylla (Ach.) Hepp, Cladonia leptophylla (Ach.) Flörke, Cladonia leptophylloides Harm.,
Lichen peziziformis With.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on soil in open
woodlands (oak, pine), in areas with siliceous substrata, with a few scattered records
from the Alps. – Au: St. Sw: VD, VS. Fr: Isè. It: Lig.
Cladonia phyllophora Hom.
Syn.: Baeomyces degenerans Flörke, Cladonia degenerans (Flörke) Spreng., Cladonia lepi-
dota (Ach.) Nyl. non auct., Cladonia trachyna (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, deb – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane,
probably holarctic lichen found on acid mineral soil; widespread throughout the Alps.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa,
HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia pleurota (Flörke) Schaer.
Syn.: Capitularia pleurota Flörke, Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. subsp. pleurota
(Flörke) Vain., Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. var. pleurota (Flörke) Schaer., Cladonia
frondescens Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl, deb, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane,
circumpolar lichen found on soil, rotting wood, more rarely on basal parts of trunks
in open habitats, with optimum near or above treeline; widespread and common
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 161
Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) Grognot
Syn.: Baeomyces pocillum Ach., Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hom. subsp. pocillum (Ach.)
Vain., Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hom. var. pocillum (Ach.) Schaer.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry, deb – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic species found
on calciferous soil and amongst bryophytes in dry, open grasslands. e species, in its
current circumscription, is heterogeneous; widespread and common throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Cladonia polycarpoides Nyl.
Syn.: Cladonia subcariosa auct.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on cal-
careous mineral soil in open grasslands and on soil pockets on large isolated boulders.
– Au: K, N. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VD. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Cladonia polydactyla (Flörke) Spreng.
Syn.: Cenomyce polydactyla Flörke, Cladonia bouillenei P.A. Duvign., Cladonia brebisso-
nii (Delise) Parrique subsp. monguillonii (Harm.) Choisy, Cladonia digitata (L.) Hom.
var. deminuta Mong., Cladonia abelliformis Vain., Cladonia monguillonii Harm.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor, ter – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circum-
polar lichen found on organic soil and rotting wood in forests, more rarely on bark, in
the basal parts of old trunks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Cladonia portentosa (Dufour) Coem.
Syn.: Cenomyce portentosa Dufour, Cladina impexa (Harm.) B. de Lesd., Cladina por-
tentosa (Dufour) Follmann, Cladonia condensata (Sandst.) Zahlbr., Cladonia impexa
Harm., Cladonia laxiuscula auct., Cladonia spumosa (Flörke) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, deb – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly western species in Europe,
found on acid soil in open situations, such as in Calluna-heaths; most of the records
from the Alps (especially the Central and Eastern Alps) require re-conrmation. – Au:
V, T, S, K, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia pseudopityrea Vain.
L – Subs.: xyl, ter – Alt.: 2 – Note: a Mediterranean to Mediterranean-montane spe-
cies found on lignum e.g. of Olea, Abies, Pinus, Fagus, but also on soil rich in humus in
forests, especially along creeks; with a few records from the Alps of Switzerland. – Sw:
UR, TI.
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Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hom.
Syn.: Cladonia neglecta (Flörke) Spreng., Lichen pyxidatus L.
L # – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, bry, deb, xyl, cor – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a widespread, very
polymorphic, holarctic species with a wide altitudinal-latitudinal range, which is com-
mon throughout the Alps. In its present circumscription, however, the species appears
to be heterogeneous. See also note on C. monomorpha. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Baeomyces anomaeus Ach., Capitularia pityrea Flörke, Cenomyce pityrea (Flörke)
Ach., Cladonia anomaea (Ach.) Ahti & P. James, Cladonia lamarckii Nyl., Cladonia
pityrea (Flörke) Fr., Lichen ramulosus With.
L – Subs.: bry, sil, cor, xyl, ter-sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate to southern
boreal-montane lichen found on epilithic bryophytes, rotting wood and organic soil. –
Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg.
Syn.: Cladina alpestris (L.) Nyl. non auct., Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl., Cladonia al-
pestris (L.) Rabenh. non auct., Cladonia gigantea (Bory) Abbayes, Cladonia vicaria R.
Sant., Lichen rangiferinus L., Patellaria rangiferina (L.) Wallr.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, xyl – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a circumpolar arctic-alpine lichen, one
of the most abundant elements of lichen-rich tundra-like vegetation on mineral soil in
exposed habitats, with optimum near and above treeline; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ,
TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Cladonia rangiformis Hom.
Syn.: Cladonia aberrans auct., Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. subsp. rangiformis
(Hom.) Boistel, Cladonia muricata auct., Cladonia pungens (Ach.) Gray, Cladonia
rangiformis Hom. var. muricata (Delise) Arnold, Cladonia rangiformis Hom. var.
pungens (Ach.) Vain.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, deb – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on cal-
ciferous or base-rich siliceous soil in open habitats, with optimum in dry grasslands;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR,
LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia rei Schaer.
Syn.: Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr. var. nemoxyna (Ach.) Coem., Cladonia nemoxyna
(Ach.) Arnold
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 163
L – Subs.: ter-sil, deb – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate, probably holarctic spe-
cies found on mineral clay and base-rich soil, mostly in slightly disturbed habitats such
as track sides and clearings of open forests and heaths. – Au: V, T, K, St, O. Sw: BE,
GR. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl.
Syn.: Cenomyce scabriuscula Delise, Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. var. adspersa
(Flörke) F. Wilson, Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. var. pungens Ach. non Fr., Clado-
nia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. var. recurva A.L. Sm., Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. var.
scabriuscula (Delise) Coem., Cladonia pungens (Ach.) Gray non auct., Cladonia surrecta
(Flörke) Sandst.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, deb – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate, widespread but rare li-
chen found on soil and amongst mosses in humid-sheltered situations, such as in open
woodlands. – Au: N. Fr: AHP, Isè. It: Frl, TAA, Piem.
Cladonia squamosa Hom. var. squamosa
Syn.: Cenomyce sparassa (Ach.) Ach., Cladonia squamosa Hom. var. denticollis
(Hom.) Flörke, Cladonia squamosa Hom. var. levicorticata Sandst., Cladonia squa-
mosa Hom. var. muricella (Delise) Vain., Cladonia squamosa Hom. var. phyllocoma
(Rabenh.) Vain., Cladonia squamosa Hom. var. polychonia Flörke
L – Subs.: ter-sil, xyl, deb, bry, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen found on
organic substrata in sheltered situations, rarely on bark, in the basal parts of trunks; a
very polymorphic taxon, widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N,
B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Cladonia squamosa Hom. var. subsquamosa (Nyl. ex Leight.) Vain.
Syn.: Cladonia delicata (Ehrh.) Flörke var. subsquamosa Nyl. ex Leight., Cladonia squa-
mosa Hom. var. allosquamosa Hennipman, Cladonia subsquamosa (Nyl. ex Leight.)
Cromb.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: more hygrophytic than the typical variety, and
more bound to higher altitudes. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia stellaris (Opiz) Pouzar & Vězda
Syn.: Cenomyce stellaris Opiz, Cladina alpestris auct. non (L.) Nyl., Cladina stellaris
(Opiz) Brodo, Cladonia aberrans (Abbayes) Stuckenb., Cladonia alpestris auct. non (L.)
Rabenh.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, subarctic-subalpine spe-
cies found in wind-protected sites with a long snow cover; widespread throughout the
Alps, but generally rare. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ,
TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
164
Cladonia straminea (Sommerf.) Flörke
Syn.: Cenomyce straminea Sommerf., Cladonia metacorallifera Asahina
L – Subs.: bry, sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species of the C. coccifera-group, better known
under its synonym C. metacorallifera, with dark green podetia covered by minute squa-
mules, and narrow scyphi; mostly on siliceous substrata in places with little snow in
winter; widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, with a few records from the Eastern
Alps, somewhat below treeline. – Au: T, S, St. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia strepsilis (Ach.) Grognot
Syn.: Baeomyces strepsilis Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane
lichen found on humus-rich soil overlaying siliceous rocks and amongst bryophytes in
humid depressions periodically lled by water, in open situations. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
N. Sw: VS, TI. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Cladonia stygia (Fr.) Ruoss
Syn.: Cladina stygia (Fr.) Ahti, Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg. f. stygia Fr.
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species recalling a robust C. rangiferina, but the
dying bases of podetia strongly blackening, and the pycnidial slime red; in bogs and
similar moist habitats; widespread in the Holarctic region, most common in the north-
ern boreal zone; in the Alps rare, and restricted to raised bogs from the valley bottoms
to the subalpine belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, UW,
VD. Fr: HSav. It: VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia subcervicornis (Vain.) Kernst.
Syn.: Cladonia verticillata (Hom.) Schaer. var. subcervicornis Vain.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on siliceous rocks and on soil rich in humus in
open habitats; very rare in the Alps. – Sw: ?TI, ?VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Vau. It: Ven, Piem.
Cladonia subfurcata (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Cladonia degenerans (Flörke) Spreng. f. subfurcata Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: similar to C. crispata var. cetrariiformis, but with
glossy esquamulose podetia with melanotic dying bases; in bogs and mountain heaths;
the centre of distribution is in the Arctic and northern boreal zone, with a single record
from the Eastern Alps. – Au: T.
Cladonia sublacunosa Vain.
L # – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the C. uncialis-group, with podetia
lacking a cortical layer in the upper parts, which are distinctly arachnoid; on stony si-
liceous soil between siliceous boulders; only known from two high-elevation localities
in the Eastern Alps; its taxonomic status is uncertain. – Au: T. Ge: OB.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 165
Cladonia subrangiformis Sandst.
Syn.: Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. subsp. subrangiformis (Sandst.) Abbayes nom.
illeg., Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. var. subrangiformis (Sandst.) Hennipman
nom.illeg.
L # – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on
mineral calciferous soil, often amongst bryophytes. is taxon has so far no valid name
at subspecic rank, and recent molecular data do not support its separation from C.
furcata, so that it could be better treated at the level of forma. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Sw:
GR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia subulata (L.) F.H. Wigg.
Syn.: Cladonia cornutoradiata (Vain.) Zopf, Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr. var. cornutora-
diata Vain., Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr. var. radiata (Schreb.) Cromb., Cladonia m-
briata (L.) Fr. var. subcornuta Nyl ex Cromb., Cladonia mbriata (L.) Fr. var. subulata
(L.) Vain., Cladonia radiata (Schreb.) Ach., Cladonia subulata (L.) F.H. Wigg. var.
radiata (Schreb.) Ozenda & Clauzade, Lichen subulatus L.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, deb, bry – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to subarctic lichen
found on mineral soil on track sides and in clearings of open forests and heaths, more
rarely on rotting wood, in areas with siliceous substrata; several records from the Alps
require re-conrmation. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia sulphurina (Michx.) Fr.
Syn.: Cladonia deformis (L.) Hom. var. gonecha (Ach.) Arnold, Cladonia gonecha
(Ach.) Asahina, Scyphophorus sulphurinus Michx.
L – Subs.: xyl, bry, deb, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumboreal-subarctic lichen
found on organic substrata in cold-shaded situations, most common on rotting wood,
e.g. on stumps and decaying fallen trunks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Cladonia symphycarpa (Flörke) Fr.
Syn.: Capitularia symphycarpa Flörke, Cladonia dahliana Kristinsson, Cladonia hunga-
rica (Vain.) Szatala, Cladonia symphycarpia auct.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic species found on calcareous
ground in dry grasslands, or on the top of exposed calcareous boulders; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ,
TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
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166
Cladonia trassii Ahti
Syn.: Cladonia lepidota auct.
L – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species also recorded from Tierra del
Fuego, resembling the strictly arctic C. stricta, but with centrally proliferating scyphi and
constantly containing atranorin; on acid soil near or above treeline; all Alpine records of
this species are under C. stricta or C. lepidota. According to Ahti (see Nimis 2016) re-
cords from the Alps most likely refer to C. trassii. – Au: T, S, K. Sw: VS. It: Lomb, Piem.
Cladonia turgida Hom.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar species
found on acid soil in open habitats, with optimum near treeline; rare in the Alps. – Au:
O, N. Sw: GR, VD, VS. Fr: Sav. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Cladonia uliginosa (Ahti) Ahti
Syn.: Cladonia gracilescens auct., Cladonia lepidota var. gracilescens auct., Cladonia stric-
ta (Nyl.) Nyl. var. uliginosa Ahti
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a species with an evanescent primary thallus,
scyphose podetia repeatedly proliferating from the centre, and a strongly melanotic
medulla high up in living podetia; on wet, acid soil or on soil layers over siliceous rocks;
the distribution is mainly subarctic-continental, and the records from the Alps need
verication. – Au: K. Sw: BE, GR.
Cladonia umbricola Tønsberg & Ahti
L – Subs.: ter-sil, xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with red apothecia and pyc-
nidia, resembling C. polydactyla, but podetia more greenish grey and smaller (to 2
cm tall), scyphi narrower (rarely more than 2 mm wide), covered by farinose soredia,
and marginal proliferations lacking or short, with squamatic acid and therefore UV+
white; on decaying wood and at the base of trunks of conifers as well as on acidic soil
in humid-shaded situations; widespread in Western Europe and North America but
not common, in the study area so far only known from the Western Alps. – Fr: HSav.
Cladonia uncialis (L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. uncialis
Syn.: Cladonia stellata Schaer., Cladonia uncialis (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. obtusata (Ach.)
Räsänen, Lichen uncialis L.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to northern boreal-
montane, circumpolar species found on soil and amongst mosses in very open habitats
with a long snow cover, near or above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Cladonia uncialis (L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. biuncialis (Hom.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Cladonia biuncialis Hom., Cladonia uncialis (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. dicraea (Ach.)
Räsänen, Cladonia uncialis (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. turgescens (Delise) Fr., Cladonia uncialis
(L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. dicraea (Ach.) D. Hawksw.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 167
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a taxon with a mainly anisotomic-dichoto-
mous branching and dichotomous terminal pointed branchlets, containing squamatic
acid, genetically distinct from the typical subspecies; over acid rocky soils and in coastal
heaths and bogs outside the Alps; in the Alps mainly in alpine heaths. – Au:V, T, S, K,
St. Ge: Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven.
Clauzadea chondrodes (A. Massal.) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Biatora chondrodes A. Massal., Biatora cyclisca A. Massal., Clauzadea cyclisca (A.
Massal.) V. Wirth, Lecidea chondrodes (A. Massal.) Malbr., Lecidea cyclisca (A. Massal.)
Malbr., Lecidea savonensis B. de Lesd., Protoblastenia chondrodes (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.,
Protoblastenia cyclisca (A. Massal.) Szatala
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on limestone and
dolomite, on surfaces with short periods of water seepage after rain, often with colonies
of cyanobacteria, but avoiding very dry situations. – Au: V, T, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig. Sl: Tg.
Clauzadea immersa (Hom.) Hafellner & Bellem.
Syn.: Biatora immersa (Hom.) P. Syd., Hymenelia immersa (Hom.) Körb., Leci-
dea calcivora (Schaer.) A. Massal., Lecidea immersa (Hom.) Ach., Lecidea immersa
(Hom.) Ach. var. calcivora Schaer., Lecidella immersa (Hom.) Körb., Lichen immer-
sus Weber, Protoblastenia immersa (Hom.) J. Steiner, Verrucaria immersa Hom.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane lichen found
on a wide variety of calciferous rocks, especially limestone, with a wide altitudinal
range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, LU, SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Clauzadea metzleri (Körb.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux ex D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Biatora metzleri Körb., Biatora oolithina (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidea metzleri (Körb.)
. Fr., Lecidea oolithina Nyl., Protoblastenia metzleri (Körb.) J. Steiner
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, holarctic early coloniser of small
calcareous pebbles in dry grasslands; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, O.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: LU, SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb.
Clauzadea monticola (Ach. ex Schaer.) Hafellner & Bellem.
Syn.: Biatora fuscorubens Nyl., Biatora monticola (Ach. ex Schaer.) Hepp, Biatora ochra-
cea Hepp nom.illeg., Lecidea caementicola Erichsen, Lecidea fuscorubens (Nyl.) Nyl.,
Lecidea monticola Ach. ex Schaer., Lecidea ochracea (Arnold) Zwackh, Lecidea rubigi-
neoatra Vain., Lecidea subacervata Müll. Arg., Lecidea sympathetica Taylor ex Leight.,
Lecidella fuscorubens (Nyl.) Stein, Lecidella ochracea Arnold, Protoblastenia fuscorubens
(Nyl.) Räsänen, Protoblastenia monticola (Ach. ex Schaer.) J. Steiner, Protoblastenia
ochracea (Arnold) Zahlbr., Sarcogyne calcomaura Norman
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168
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic pioneer species of calciferous rocks (lime-
stone, dolomite, sandstone, calciferous schists), also found on man-made substrata
(e.g. on mortar walls), and even on gypsum, with optimum below the montane belt;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Clauzadeana macula (Taylor) Coppins & Rambold
Syn.: Aspicilia morioides Blomb. ex Arnold, Clauzadeana instratula (Nyl.) Cl. Roux,
Lecanora morioides (Blomb. ex Arnold) Blomb., Lecidea instratula Nyl., Lecidea macula
Taylor, Lecidea perustula Nyl., Lecidea pissodes Stirt., Psora pissodes (Stirt.) Walt. Watson
L – Subs.: sil, sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on hard, steeply inclined crystalline siliceous
rocks; probably overlooked in the Alps, but certainly not common. – Au: V, T, K, St.
It: TAA, Piem.
Clavascidium imitans (Breuss) M. Prieto
Syn.: Catapyrenium imitans Breuss, Placidium imitans (Breuss) Breuss
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: similar to C. lacinulatum, but pycnoconidia rod-
shaped; on soil in steppe-like vegetation; based on a type from Mongolia and appar-
ently widespread in Asia, with a single record from the montane belt of the Western
Alps (France), on gypsaceous soil. – Fr: Sav.
Clavascidium lacinulatum (Ach.) M. Prieto var. lacinulatum
Syn.: Catapyrenium lacinulatum (Ach.) Breuss, Endocarpon hepaticum Ach. var. lacinu-
latum Ach., Placidiopsis grappae Beltr., Placidium lacinulatum (Ach.) Breuss, Placidium
rufescens (Ach.) A. Massal. var. trapeziforme A. Massal.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean-Atlantic to mild-tem-
perate terricolous species found on loess and calciferous ground, most frequent in dry
grasslands at relatively low elevations; apparently more frequent in the Western and
Southern Alps. See also Nimis (1993: 545). – Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven,
TAA.
Clavascidium lacinulatum (Ach.) M. Prieto var. atrans (Breuss) M. Prieto
Syn.: Placidium lacinulatum (Ach.) Breuss var. atrans Breuss
L # – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a variety with dark perithecial walls, based on a
type from Eastern North America, where it grows on soil over ophiolitic rocks; in the
Alps only known from a single locality over calcareous soil; on the whole an insu-
ciently known taxon in need of critical re-evaluation. – Sw: VS.
Clavascidium umbrinum (Breuss) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium umbrinum Breuss
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on calciferous, clayey soil; only known from Dal-
matia, France and Piemonte, this species is worthy of further study. – It: Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 169
Cliostomum corrugatum (Ach.) Fr.
Syn.: Biatora ehrhartiana (Ach.) W. Mann, Biatorina ehrhartiana (Ach.) Mudd, Biatorina
graniformis (K.G. Hagen) A.L. Sm., Buellia cliostomoides A. Massal., Catillaria ehrhar-
tiana (Ach.) . Fr., Catillaria graniformis (K.G. Hagen) Vain., Cliostomum graniforme
(K.G. Hagen) Coppins, Lecanora ehrhartiana (Ach.) Fr., Lecidea corrugata Ach., Lecidea
ehrhartiana (Ach.) Ach., Limboria corrugata (Ach.) Ach., Rhytisma corrugatum (Ach.) Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate species found on old
oaks, but also on Abies in humid stands, more rarely on lignum (decorticated trunks,
wooden poles); widespread throughout the Alps, but generally rare. – Au: T, S, St, N.
Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AMa. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Cliostomum avidulum Hafellner & Kalb
Syn.: Lecanora navarrensis Etayo
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a pale yellowish, sorediate thallus, oc-
casionally fertile with biatorine, often pruinose apothecia, and 1-septate ascospores; on
both broad-leaved and coniferous trees in forests and open woodlands in areas with an
oceanic climate; widespread in Western Europe, from the Alps there are so far a few
records along the northern rim. – Sw: LU, UW.
Cliostomum grithii (Sm.) Coppins
Syn.: Bacidia imitatrix Malme, Biatora mixta Fr., Biatorina grithii (Sm.) A. Massal.,
Biatorina mixta (Fr.) Hellb., Biatorina tricolor auct., Catillaria grithii (Sm.) Malme,
Catillaria tricolor auct. non (With.) . Fr., Lichen grithii Sm.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species with a fragmented holarctic
range, found on bark of old isolated trees in open, humid woodlands, rarely on lig-
num; widespread in the Alps, but generally rare. – Au: V, T, O, N. Fr: AMa, Isè, Var.
It: Frl, Ven, Lomb.
Cliostomum haematommatis (Keissl.) D. Hawksw., Earl.-Benn. & Coppins
Syn.: Lichenophoma haematommatis Keissl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a whitish grey to bluish grey, sorediate to
leprose thallus, ascomata unknown, but conspicuous, black, semi-immersed pycnidia
with elongate cylindrical conidiogenous cells and narrowly ellipsoid conidia usually
present; on bark of trees in areas with a humid climate; so far only known from the
Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Cliostomum leprosum (Räsänen) Holien & Tønsberg
Syn.: Catillaria leprosa Räsänen
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a whitish, abundantly sorediate thallus,
biatorine apothecia (occasionally present) with yellowish discs, and conspicuous black
pycnidia (always present); the dierence from C. haematommatis is in need of reevalu-
ation; on bark of conifers in old-growth forests; widespread in the Holarctic region; in
the Alps so far only a few records along the northern rim. – Sw: LU, UW.
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170
Cliostomum pallens (Kullh.) S. Ekman
Syn.: Bilimbia pallens Kullh.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with an esorediate thallus, pale yellow,
minute biatorine apothecia, 3-septate, bacilliform ascospores, and inconspicuous pyc-
nidia; on bark of broad-leaved and coniferous trees, widespread in the Holarctic region
especially in the boreal zone, with a few records from the Alps. – Au: K. Sw: GR, TI.
Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.) Kalb & Lücking
Syn.: Biatorina lutea (Dicks.) Körb., Dimerella lutea (Dicks.) Trevis., Gyalecta lutea
(Dicks.) Hornem., Lecidea lutea (Dicks.) Taylor, Lichen luteus Dicks., Microphiale lutea
(Dicks.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical lichen
found on bark and epiphytic liverworts in semi-natural, old, humid forests; widespread
but rare throughout the Alps. – Au: V, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, SZ, TI,
UR, UW. Fr: AMa, Var. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Coenogonium pineti (Ach.) Lücking & Lumbsch
Syn.: Belonium piceae Henn., Biatora pineti (Ach.) Fr., Biatorina diluta (Pers.) . Fr.,
Biatorina pineti (Ach.) A. Massal., Biatorinopsis diluta (Pers.) Müll. Arg., Dimerella di-
luta (Pers.) Trevis., Dimerella pineti (Ach.) Vězda, Gyalecta alnicola B. de Lesd., Gyalec-
ta diluta (Pers.) Blomb. & Forssell, Gyalecta pineti (Ach.) Tuck., Gyalecta rosea (Eitner)
Zahlbr., Lecidea pineti Ach., Microphiale diluta (Pers.) Zahlbr., Peziza diluta Pers.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, deb, bry – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a probably holarctic lichen, most com-
mon on acid bark, both of conifers and of broad-leaved trees, below the subalpine belt;
widespread throughout the Alps, especially in non-heavily disturbed semi-natural areas
with a humid climate. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Coenogonium tavaresianum (Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman
Syn.: Dimerella tavaresiana Vězda
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on acid bark of coni-
fers and broad-leaved trees in open, humid and warm woodlands, reported only from
the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa.
Collema accidum (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Collema rupestre (Sw.) Rabenh., Lathagrium rupestre (Sw.) A. Massal., Lichen ac-
cidus Ach., Lichen rupestris Sw. nom.illeg., Parmelia accida (Ach.) Ach., Synechoblastus
accidus (Ach.) Körb., Synechoblastus rupestris (Sw.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate to southern boreal-
montane lichen with a fragmented holarctic range, found on bark, epilithic mosses,
base-rich siliceous and slightly calciferous rocks in sheltered, humid situations; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR,
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 171
GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Collema furfuraceum (Arnold) Du Rietz
Syn.: Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC. var. furfuraceum (Arnold) H. Olivier, Synecho-
blastus nigrescens (Huds.) Trevis. var. furfuraceum Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate, probably holarctic lichen found on
bark of broad-leaved trees and on epiphytic mosses, more common in the past, presently
conned to semi-natural, open lowland forests. – Au: T, K, O. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, TI, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Collema glebulentum (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Degel.
Syn.: Collema coralliferum Degel., Collema furvellum Räsänen, Leptogium glebulentum
Nyl. ex Cromb.
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks in humid situations;
perhaps somehow more widespread throughout the Alps, but often confused with oth-
er species. – Au: V, T, S, St. Sw: BE, VS. It: Lomb.
Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC.
Syn.: Collema vespertilio (Lightf.) Hom., Lathagrium nigrescens (Huds.) Gray, Lichen
nigrescens Huds., Lichen verspertilio Lightf., Synechoblastus nigrescens (Huds.) Trevis.,
Synechoblastus vespertilio (Lightf.) Hepp
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on more or less
isolated trees (depending on air humidity); more common in the past, presently absent
from urban areas but locally still frequent in humid, semi-natural habitats, more wide-
ranging in altitude and latitude than the closely related C. subnigrescens; widespread in
the Alps, but only locally common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Collema ryssoleum (Tuck.) A. Schneid.
Syn.: Collema meridionale Hue, Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC. subsp. ryssoleum Tuck.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on steeply inclined
seepage tracks of basic siliceous rocks; a mainly western species in Europe, also re-
ported from the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var. It: Lig.
Collema subaccidum Degel.
Syn.: Collema subfurvum auct.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate, incompletely holarctic species
found on more or less isolated broad-leaved trees in humid-rainy areas; more common
in the past, presently absent from urban areas and most common along the Southern
and Western Alps. – Au: St, N. Sw: TI. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
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172
Collema subnigrescens Degel.
Syn.: Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC. var. caesium (Clemente) Colmeiro, Collema ni-
grescens (Huds.) DC. var. subnigrescens (Degel.) Pišút, Collema subnigrescens Degel. var.
caesium (Clemente) Degel., Parmelia nigrescens (Huds.) Ach. var. caesia Clemente, Syn-
echoblastus nigrescens (Huds.) Trevis. f. caesium (Clemente) Hue
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on the bark of more
or less isolated broad-leaved trees; more thermophytic than the closely related C. nigre-
scens; apparently more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. – Sw: TI, UW. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Piem.
Collemopsidium algovicum (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Arthopyrenia algovica (Servít) Riedl, Paraphysothele algovica Servít, elidium al-
govicum (Servít) P. Scholz comb. inval.
L # – Subs.: int-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a poorly known species with a thin, olive-green,
subgranular thallus forming patches to 1.5 cm in diam., ascomata to c. 0.25 mm in
diam., a hemispherical involucrellum spreading and covered by a thin thalline layer,
the perithecial wall dark (to c. 150 µm in diam.), persisting and poorly ramied in-
terascal laments, and 1-septate ascospores (to c. 20 µm long) with a somewhat wider
upper cell; on temporarily submerged calcareous schists, only known from the type
locality in the Eastern Alps (Germany). – Ge: Schw.
Collemopsidium angermannicum (Degel.) A. Nordin
Syn.: Arthopyrenia angermannica Degel., Arthopyrenia strontianensis Swinscow, Pyreno-
collema strontianense (Swinscow) R.C. Harris
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a thin, episubstratic, smooth to ri-
mose, olive-brown to dark brown thallus with a cyanobacterial photobiont (develop-
ing globose cells), scattered, black perithecioid ascomata, ssitunicate asci, 1-septate
ascospores, and richly branched hamathecial elements; on often submerged siliceous
rocks along streams and margins of lakes; widespread in the Holarctic region, but not
common; also recorded from the Western Alps in sites with a untypical ecology, and
therefore in need of conrmation. – Fr: AMa, Var.
Collemopsidium argilospilum (Nyl.) Coppins & Aptroot
Syn.: Pyrenocollema argilospilum (Nyl.) Coppins, Verrucaria argilospila Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an olive-black, thin thallus becoming
somewhat gelatinous when wet (with a cyanobacterial photobiont), based on a type
from Finland; on moist sandy or clayey soil in inland habitats; a rare taxon with a few
scattered records in Europe, including a single record from the Alps, along the edge of
a forest road; ecology otherwise poorly known. – Au: K.
Collemopsidium caesium (Nyl.) Coppins & Aptroot
Syn.: Arthopyrenia caesia (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Arthopyrenia nylanderi (Hepp) Riedl, Lei-
ophloea caesia (Nyl.) Trevis., Leiophloea nylanderi (Hepp) Trevis., Pseudarthopyrenia
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 173
caesia (Nyl.) Keissl., Pyrenocollema caesium (Nyl.) R.C. Harris, Pyrenocollema tichothe-
cioides (Arnold) R.C. Harris, Sagedia nylanderi Hepp, Verrucaria caesia Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a partly endolithic, whitish to blu-
ish grey thallus (forming dark brown, thin patches on non-calcareous rocks only),
semi-immersed perithecioid ascomata containing anastomosing interascal laments,
8-spored asci, and 1-septate ascospores with an attenuated lower end; the generic
placement and the synonymy of Verrucaria caesia (type from the western Mediterrane-
an near the sea, ascospores exceeding 25 µm in length) and Arthopyrenia tichothecioides
(type from the Northern Alps in the montane belt, ascospores shorter than 25 µm) are
in need of re-evaluation, as is the ecology (perhaps a lichenicolous species); on boulders
and steeply inclined to vertical surfaces of permanently damp or moist limestones or
base-rich siliceous rocks; widespread in the Holarctic region, but not common; in the
Alps ranging from mid – to high elevations. – Au: T, S, St, O. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Sav, HSav, Var. It: TAA.
Collemopsidium minutulum (Bornet) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art.
36.1b)
Syn.: Arnoldia minutula Bornet, Lempholemma minutulum (Bornet) Zahlbr., Pyreno-
collema minutulum (Bornet) Puym.
L # – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thallus of black globules (to 0.5 mm
in diam.), a Nostoc-like photobiont, immersed ascomata, 8-spored asci embedded in
an amyloid hymenial gel, and ellipsoid, simple ascospores; on soil e.g. along secondary
dirt roads; easy to be overlooked and distribution therefore poorly documented, with
a few records from the Western Alps. – Sw: VS. Fr: AMa.
Coniocarpon cinnabarinum DC.
Syn.: Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr., Arthonia gregaria (Weigel) Körb. non Fée, Ar-
thonia tumidula (Ach.) Ach., Coniocarpon gregarium (Weigel) Schaer., Sphaeria gregaria
Weigel, Spiloma tumidulum Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, perhaps holarctic species found
on Fraxinus, but also on trees with harder and more acid bark, such as Carpinus, Fagus
and even Quercus ilex, in open, humid woodlands, e.g. along rivers; widespread in the
Alps, but much more frequent in the past. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, TI, VD. Fr: AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem. Sl: SlA.
Coniocarpon elegans (Ach.) Duby
Syn.: Arthonia elegans (Ach.) Almq., Arthonia ochracea Dufour, Coniocarpon ochraceum
(Dufour) Fr., Spiloma elegans Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on smooth bark, e.g.
of Corylus, in humid woodlands, such as along rivers, often with Pseudoschismatomma
rufescens. – Au: S, N. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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174
Cornicularia normoerica (Gunnerus) Du Rietz
Syn.: Alectoria tristis (Weber) . Fr., Cetraria normoerica (Gunnerus) Lynge, Ce-
traria tristis (Weber) Fr., Cornicularia tristis (Weber) Ach., Imbricaria tristis (Weber)
Anzi, Lichen normoericus Gunnerus, Parmelia tristis (Weber) Spreng., Platysma triste
(Weber) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found on hard,
wind-exposed siliceous rocks, with optimum above treeline; widespread throughout
the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, UR, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Crespoa crozalsiana (Harm.) Lendemer & B.P. Hodk.
Syn.: ?Canoparmelia carneopruinata (Zahlbr.) Elix & Hale, Canoparmelia crozalsiana
(B. de Lesd. ex Harm.) Elix & Hale, ?Parmelia carneopruinata Zahlbr., Parmelia cro-
zalsiana B. de Lesd. ex Harm., ?Parmelia sbarbaronis B. de Lesd., ?Parmotrema carneo-
pruinatum (Zahlbr.) D. Hawksw., Parmotrema crozalsianum (B. de Lesd. ex Harm.) D.
Hawksw., ?Pseudoparmelia carneopruinata (Zahlbr.) Hale, Pseudoparmelia crozalsiana
(B. de Lesd. ex Harm.) Hale
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate species with subtropical anities,
also reported from North America, locally abundant only – and strangely – at the base
of the Western Alps (especially in Olea-plantations); C. carnopruinata, known from
Liguria, is doubtfully distinct. – Fr: Var. It: Lig.
Cresponea premnea (Ach.) Egea & Torrente
Syn.: Cresponea premnea (Ach.) Egea & Torrente var. saxicola (Leight.) Egea & Tor-
rente, Lecanactis plocina (Ach.) A. Massal., Lecanactis premnea (Ach.) Arnold, Lecan-
actis premnea (Ach.) Arnold var. saxicola (Leight.) H. Olivier, Lecidea premnea Ach.,
Lecidea premnea Ach. var. saxicola Leight.
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on siliceous rocks
and on the bark of old deciduous trees (mainly oaks) in rain-protected faces, in very
open, humid, park-like woodlands. – Au: S. Fr: Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Cryptodiscus gloeocapsa (Nitschke ex Arnold) Baloch, Gilenstam & Wedin
Syn.: Bryophagus gloeocapsa Nitschke ex Arnold, Gloeolecta bryophaga (Körb. ex Arnold)
Vězda, Gloeolecta gloeocapsa (Nitschke ex Arnold) Lettau, Gyalecta gloeocapsa (Nitschke
ex Arnold) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, deb – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: encrusting leafy hepatics or bryophytes,
usually over sandy to clayey soils, mostly in shaded situations, e.g. along forest roads;
widespread in the Holarctic region, in the Alps probably still regionally overlooked. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: SZ.
Cryptolechia carneolutea (Turner) A. Massal.
Syn.: Gyalecta carneolutea (Turner) H. Olivier, Gyalectina carneolutea (Turner) Vězda,
Pachyphiale carneolutea (Turner) Samp., Parmelia carneolutea Turner, Pertusaria carne-
olutea (Turner) Anzi, Pertusaria protuberans . Fr. nom.illeg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 175
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen with subtropical anities
found on nutrient-rich bark in very humid situations; perhaps extinct in the Insubrian
district of Italy. – It: Lomb.
Cryptothele rhodosticta (Taylor) Henssen
Syn.: Pyrenopsis rhodosticta (Taylor) Müll. Arg., Verrucaria rhodosticta Taylor
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a crustose, areolate, dark reddish brown
thallus and immersed perithecioid ascomata with an amyloid hymenial gel and cylin-
drical, thin-walled asci with attenuated apices containing simple, ellipsoid ascospores;
on periodically submerged siliceous rocks near lakes and streams; rare in (North)West-
ern Europe; records from the Alps have an atypical ecology and therefore need verica-
tion. – Au: ? V, T. It: ?TAA, ?Lomb, ?VA.
Cypheliopsis mediterranea (B. de Lesd.) Nádv.
Syn.: Cyphelium mediterraneum B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a cyphelioid species with a grey, areolate thallus and
immersed apothecia containing cylindrical asci giving rise to a mazaedium mainly con-
sisting of dark brown, non-septate, spherical ascospores; on siliceous rocks not far from
the Mediterranean Sea; only known from the type locality at the base of the Western
Alps. – Fr: Var.
Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) waites
Syn.: Coenogonium ebeneum (Dillwyn) A.L. Sm., Coenogonium germanicum Glück,
Coenogonium nigrum auct. non (Huds.) Zahlbr., Conferva ebenea Dillwyn, Cystocoleus
niger auct. non (Huds.) Har.
L – Subs.: sil, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, probably
holarctic lichen found on vertical to underhanging surfaces of siliceous rocks protected
from rain in very humid situations, more rarely on soil. e species often grows with
Racodium rupestre, forming black, felt-like patches over extensive areas of rock; the
most commonly associated lichens are species of Lepraria; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, UW, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Dactylina ramulosa (Hook.) Tuck.
Syn.: Dufourea muricata Laurer, Dufourea ramulosa Hook.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, deb – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found
on soil developing from calcareous schists, mostly above treeline; widespread in the
Alps, but generally rare. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, UR, VS. It: TAA,
Lomb, VA.
Dendriscosticta wrightii (Tuck.) B. Moncada & Lücking
Syn.: Sticta wrightii Tuck.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: this is the type species of a recent generic segregation of
Sticta belonging to the Lobariaceae, close to Ricasolia (Lobaria amplissima-group), with
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
176
a large thallus, whitish-grey on the lower side, bearing cyphelloid structures lacking an
overarching rim, usually fertile; on bark of deciduous trees (especially Acer pseudoplata-
nus) along the northern slopes of the Alps under oceanic climatic conditions, extremely
rare or regionally extinct: all records are historical. – Au: S. Ge: OB.
Dendrographa decolorans (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Arthonia decolorans (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.) Erichsen, Lepraria decolorans (Tur-
ner & Borrer ex Sm.) Almb., Opegrapha albocincta Nyl., Opegrapha pitardii B. de Lesd.,
Schismatomma albocinctum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Schismatomma decolorans (Turner & Borrer
ex Sm.) Clauzade & Vězda, Schismatomma pitardii (B. de Lesd.) Torrente & Egea, Spi-
loma decolorans Turner & Borrer ex Sm.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate, mostly western species found on
ancient trees, with a few records from the Southern and Western Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var.
It: Frl, Lig.
Dendrographa latebrarum (Ach.) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Crocynia albissima B. de Lesd., Crocynia fragilissima Hue, Crocynia hueana B. de
Lesd., Crocynia latebrarum (Ach.) Vain., Lecanactis latebrarum (Ach.) Arnold, Lepraria
latebrarum (Ach.) Sm., Lichen latebrarum Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate species found beneath un-
derhangs and in crevices of siliceous rocks which are seldom wetted by rain, much
more rarely on old trunks of Quercus; widespread in the Alps, but generally not very
common. – Au: V, T, S, St. Sw: GR, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, TAA, Lomb.
Dermatocarpon arnoldianum Degel.
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rather poorly understood, but characteristic,
perhaps holarctic species found on calciferous or base-rich siliceous rocks in periodi-
cally wet places, or near the ground. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS.
It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Dermatocarpon complicatum (Lightf.) W. Mann
Syn. Dermatocarpon decipiens auct. non (A. Massal.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Dermato-
carpon miniatum var. complicatum (Lightf.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species of acid siliceous rocks, growing on
periodically inundated surfaces. It is well distinct from D. intestiniforme, but it was fre-
quently confused with it. D. complicatum seems to include most high-elevation records
of the lichen hitherto called D. decipiens or D. miniatum var. decipiens by European
authors, diering from D. luridum in the pruinose thallus and the non-amyloid me-
dulla. From the original description by Massalongo, the true D. decipiens seems to be a
synonym of D. intestiniforme. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 177
Dermatocarpon intestiniforme (Körb.) Hasse
Syn.: Dermatocarpon polyphyllum (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Endocarpon intes-
tiniforme Körb.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane to arctic-alpine, cir-
cumpolar lichen found on sunny rock surfaces in periodically wet places; widespread
throughout the Alps. Several records could refer to D. complicatum (see note on that
species) – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Dermatocarpon leptophyllodes (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Dermatocarpon diractum (. Fr.) Blomb. & Forssell, Dermatocarpon lorenzia-
num Anders, Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann var. diractum . Fr., Endocar-
pon leptophyllodes Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane species
found on periodically inundated surfaces of basic siliceous rocks. e species is not eas-
ily recognised as belonging to Dermatocarpon, the thallus consisting of tightly arranged
squamiform lobes (but with the pseudoparenchymatic lower cortex which is typical for
the genus); from the Alps there are only a few scattered records, but perhaps the speies
has been overlooked. – Fr: Isè, Sav. It: VA.
Dermatocarpon leptophyllum (Ach.) K.G.W. Lång
Syn.: Lichen leptophyllus Ach.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species of the D. miniatum-group with umbilicate
thalli usually provided with blackish grey, concave lobes, and subglobose, uniseriate
ascospores in cylindrical asci, found on horizontal or depressed rock faces of calcareous
rocks in seasonally wet places; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records, but
the species might have been not always distinguished from D. miniatum. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, N. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, HAl. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Dermatocarpon luridum (With.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Biatora lurida (With.) Fr., Dermatocarpon aquaticum Herre, Dermatocarpon u-
viatile (Weber) . Fr., Dermatocarpon weberi (Ach.) W. Mann, Endocarpon aquaticum
Chevall. nom.illeg., Endocarpon uviatile (Weber) DC., Lichen luridus With., Schaere-
ria lurida (With.) Gyeln.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to subarctic-subalpine, prob-
ably circumpolar species found on periodically inundated siliceous rocks near creeks
and brooks, or on steeply inclined, shaded faces with frequent water seepage. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav,
HSav. It: Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum Vain.
Syn.: Dermatocarpon bachmannii Anders var. inundatum Klem., Dermatocarpon meio-
phyllum Vain.
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178
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on periodically inundated siliceous rocks, es-
pecially in the splash zone of lake shores or along creeks, in seepage tracks on slightly
sloping faces; from the Alps there are several scattered records. – Au: T, S, N. Fr: Sav.
It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann var. miniatum
Syn.: Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann var. aetneum (Tornab.) Zahlbr., Derma-
tocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann var. imbricatum (A. Massal.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.,
Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann var. umbilicatum (Schaer.) Vain., Endocarpon
miniatum (L.) P. Gaertn., G. Mey. & Scherb., Endocarpon miniatum (L.) P. Gaertn., G.
Mey. & Scherb. var. aetneum Tornab., Endocarpon miniatum (L.) P. Gaertn., G. Mey.
& Scherb. var. imbricatum A. Massal., Lichen miniatus L.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on more or less calciferous and on basic siliceous
rocks, from calcareous schists to limestone and dolomite, especially on steeply inclined
to underhanging surfaces, and in rain-tracks, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann var. cirsodes (Ach.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Dermatocarpon caesium Räsänen, Endocarpon miniatum (L.) P. Gaertn., G. Mey.
& Scherb. var. cirsodes Ach.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a morph with thick thalli and a distinctly papil-
lose lower surface; on calcareous or basic siliceous rocks, usually in long-time dry lo-
calities; distribution insuciently known because regionally not distinguished. – Au:
S, K, St, N. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa.
Dermatocarpon moulinsii (Mont.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Endocarpon miniatum (L.) P. Gaertn., G. Mey. & Scherb. var. exasperatum A.
Massal., Endocarpon moulinsii Mont.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a silicicolous, holarctic species of periodically wetted
rocks, with several records from the Southern Alps only (Italy). – It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Piem, Lig.
Dermatocarpon rivulorum (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
Syn.: Endocarpon rivulorum Arnold
L – Substr.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a widespread, cool-temperate to arctic-
alpine, circumpolar species found on periodically submerged siliceous rocks, in seep-
age tracks or along small streams, often completely inundated during summer, also
occurring in melt-water seepages below snow-beds and along lakeshores. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 179
Dibaeis baeomyces (L. f.) Rambold & Hertel
Syn.: Baeomyces roseus Pers., Dibaeis rosea (Pers.) Clemente, Lichen baeomyces L. f.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on humid, disturbed clay soil, often in Calluna-
heaths; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Dimelaena lichenicola K. Knudsen, Sheard, Kocourk. & H. Mayrhofer
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a recently-described lichenicolous lichen growing
on D. oreina; the record from the Italian Alps is the only one in Europe. – It: TAA.
Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman
Syn.: Beltraminia oreina (Ach.) Trevis., Dimelaena griseoviridis (H. Magn.) Vězda, Le-
canora mougeotioides Nyl., Lecanora oreina (Ach.) Ach., Lecanora straminea Ach. var.
oreina Ach., Rinodina altissima H. Magn., Rinodina hueana Vain. non (Harm.) Mig.,
Rinodina mougeotioides (Nyl.) Mong., Rinodina oreina (Ach.) A. Massal., Rinodina
oreina (Ach.) A. Massal. var. mougeotioides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread, holarctic species found on hard siliceous
rocks, including quartz, in sunny-dry situations, often on steeply inclined faces, common
only in dry-continental areas, from some parts of the Mediterranean coast to dry valleys
of the Alps; the species is chemically variable. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, UR,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Diploicia canescens (Dicks.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Buellia canescens (Dicks.) De Not., Catolechia canescens (Dicks.) Anzi, Diploto-
mma canescens (Dicks.) Flot., Lecidea canescens (Dicks.) Ach., Lichen canescens Dicks.,
Placodium canescens (Dicks.) DC.; incl: Diploicia canescens (Dicks.) A. Massal. var.
euthallina (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
L – Subs.: cal, cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a rather western and southern lichen in Europe,
found on a wide variety of substrata including base-rich or eutrophicated bark, cal-
ciferous sandstone, and limestone, sometimes also found in underhangs of calcareous
rocks protected from rain; rare in the Alps, somehow more frequent in the Western
and Southern Alps. – Au: N, B. Sw: ?VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Diploschistes actinostoma (Ach.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Acrorixis actinostoma (Ach.) Trevis., Diploschistes sbarbaronis B. de Lesd., Lim-
boria actinostoma (Ach.) A. Massal., Urceolaria actinostoma Pers ex Ach. nom. inval.,
Urceolaria actinostoma (Ach.) Schaer., Verrucaria actinostoma Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on basic siliceous
substrata, including roong tiles, more rarely on porous, weakly calciferous rocks, ex-
ceptionally also on supercially decalcied limestones; most frequent and abundant
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180
south of the Alps. e specic epithet is usually misspelled as “actinostomus”, but it is
a name, not an adjective, meaning “a mouth with rays”. – Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var,
Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Diploschistes albescens Lettau
L # – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: this species, frequently considered as a syno-
nym of D. diacapsis, diers in the tetrasporous asci and the thallus reacting strongly K+
yellow, then rapidly violet-red; it grows on gypsaceous or very porous calcareous rocks
and soil in dry, sunny situations; so far, it has only been distinguished in the Western
Alps (Haute-Vésubie, France) – Fr: AMa.
Diploschistes candidissimus (Kremp.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Acrorixis actinostoma (Ach.) Trevis. var. tectorum (A. Massal.) Trevis., Diploschistes
actinostoma (Ach.) Zahlbr. var. farinosus (Anzi) Zahlbr., Diploschistes calcareus (Müll.
Arg.) J. Steiner, Diploschistes farinosus (Anzi) Vězda, Limboria actinostoma (Ach.) A.
Massal. var. farinosa Anzi, Limboria actinostoma (Ach.) A. Massal. var. tectorum A. Mas-
sal., Limboria candidissima Kremp., Urceolaria actinostoma (Ach.) Schaer. var. tectorum
(A. Massal.) Jatta
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a whitish grey, pruinose thallus, entirely
immersed apothecia with punctiform discs, 4 – to – 8-spored asci, and medium-sized
muriform ascospores; on calcareous rocks; widespread in the Mediterranean region
and other parts of the world with a similar climate (e.g. Southern Australia); in the
Alps only known from some southern localities, such as dry valleys. – Fr: AHP, Var. It:
Ven, TAA, Piem.
Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch
Syn.: Diploschistes albissimus (Ach.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Diploschistes gypsaceus
auct. p.p., Diploschistes steppicus Reichert, Urceolaria diacapsis Ach., Urceolaria scruposa
(Schreb.) Ach. var. diacapsis (Ach.) Schaer.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a widespread species of arid grasslands found on
calciferous or base-rich soil in open, dry situations. – Sw: ?BE, ?FR, ?GR, ?TI, ?VS. Fr:
HAl, AMa, Drô, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Diploschistes euganeus (A. Massal.) J. Steiner
Syn.: Diploschistes clausus (Flot.) Zahlbr., Limboria euganea A. Massal., Urceolaria eu-
ganea (A. Massal.) Jatta
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on basic siliceous
rocks, more rarely on brick and roong tiles, in warm-humid areas, sometimes starting
the life-cycle on Ochrolechia parella; most frequent in the Southern Alps, at low eleva-
tions. – Sw: TI. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Diploschistes gypsaceus (Ach.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Diploschistes cretaceus (Ach.) Lettau, Diploschistes ochrophanes Lettau, Diploschistes
scruposus (Schreb.) Norman subsp. cretaceus (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Diploschistes
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 181
scruposus (Schreb.) Norman subsp. gypsaceus (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Diploschistes
scruposus (Schreb.) Norman subsp. ochrophanes (Lettau) Clauzade & Cl. Roux,
Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman var. cretaceus (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Gyalecta cre-
tacea Ach., Lecanora scruposa (Schreb.) Nyl. var. gypsacea (Ach.) Sommerf., Urceolaria
cretacea (Ach.) Balb., Urceolaria gypsacea Ach., Urceolaria scruposa (Schreb.) Ach. var.
cretacea (Ach.) Schaer., Urceolaria scruposa (Schreb.) Ach. var. gypsacea (Ach.) Körb.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane lichen
found in rock ssures, on vertical or underhanging surfaces of calcareous rocks, often
in woodlands, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant.
Syn.: Diploschistes bryophiloides (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Diploschistes bryophilus (Ehrh. ex Ach.)
Zahlbr., Diploschistes lichenicola (Mont. & Fr.) Vain., Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.)
Norman subsp. muscorum (Scop.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Diploschistes scruposus
(Schreb.) Norman var. arenarius (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.)
Norman var. bryophilus (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Müll. Arg., Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.)
Norman var. parasiticus (Sommerf.) Zahlbr., Lichen impressus Sw., Lichen muscorum
Scop., Melittiosporum lichenicola (Mont. & Fr.) Massee, Stictis lichenicola Mont. & Fr.,
Urceolaria bryophila (Ehrh.) Funck, Urceolaria bryophiloides Nyl., Urceolaria scruposa
(Schreb.) Ach. var. arenaria Schaer.
L – Subs.: par, bry, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen, often – but apparently
not always – parasitic on Cladonia squamules (especially C. pocillum and C. symphy-
carpa, sometimes also on the podetia of C. rangiformis), generally on mosses and plant
debris in dry grasslands on limestone, with a wide altitudinal range. Not always distin-
guished from D. diacapsis in the older literature and related to D. scruposus; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR,
SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Diploschistes neutrophilus (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Fern.-Brime & Llimona
Syn.: Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch subsp. neutrophilus (Clauzade & Cl.
Roux) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Diploschistes gypsaceus (Ach.) Zahlbr. subsp. neutrophilus
Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L # – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: this taxon was originally segregated from D. gypsa-
ceus on account of its dierent ecology (it grows on neutral sandy to clay soil) and the
amyloid reaction of the medulla, a character which is not always evident; it grows on
subneutral sandy soils in the western Mediterranean region, including the base of the
SW Alps. – Fr: Vau.
Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman
Syn.: Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch subsp. interpediens (Nyl.) Cl. Roux, Di-
ploschistes interpediens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman subsp.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
182
interpediens (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman
subsp. iridatus (A. Massal.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.)
Norman subsp. violarius (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.)
Norman var. clauzadei B. de Lesd., Diploschistes violarius (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lichen scrupo-
sus Schreb., Urceolaria scruposa (Schreb.) Ach., Urceolaria violaria (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen found on sili-
ceous rocks, more rarely on soil, with a wide altitudinal range. Formerly frequently
confused with similar species. e species, in its present circumscription, seems to be
heterogeneous; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Diplotomma alboatrum (Hom.) Flot.
Syn.: Abacina alboatra (Hom.) Norman, Buellia alboatra (Hom.) . Fr., Buellia
alboatra (Hom.) . Fr. var. ambigua (Ach.) . Fr., Buellia alboatra (Hom.) .
Fr. var. subochracea Zahlbr., Buellia alboatra (Hom.) . Fr. var. vulgata . Fr.,
Buellia ambigua (Ach.) Malme, Buellia atromaculata Sandst., Buellia epipolia (Ach.)
Mong. non auct., Buellia lainea (Ach.) Clauzade & Ozenda, Buellia subochracea
(Zahlbr.) J. Steiner, Diplotomma alboatrum (Hom.) Flot. var. epipolium (Ach.) A.
Massal., Diplotomma ambiguum (Ach.) Flagey, Diplotomma atromaculatum (Sandst.)
Szatala, Diplotomma epipolium (Ach.) Arnold non auct., Diplotomma epipolium (Ach.)
Arnold var. ambiguum (Ach.) Arnold, Diplotomma heppianum (Müll. Arg.) Arnold,
Diplotomma laineum (Ach.) J. Nowak & Tobol., Diplotomma subochraceum (Zahlbr.)
Szatala, Diplotomma tegulare Körb., Lecanora lainea Ach., Lecidea alboatra (Hom.)
Chevall., Lecidea alboatra (Hom.) Chevall. var. ambigua (Ach.) Harm., Lecidea
ambigua Ach., Lecidea heppiana Müll. Arg., Lecidea soreumidia Stirt., Lichen albo-
ater Hom., Rhizocarpon alboatrum (Hom.) Anzi, Rhizocarpon ambiguum (Ach.)
Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon heppianum (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Rhizocarpon soreumidium
(Stirt.) A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mild-temperate to southern boreal-mon-
tane lichen found on bark, lignum and base-rich or slightly calciferous rocks, brick,
roong tiles etc., mostly below the subalpine belt; widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Diplotomma chlorophaeum (Hepp ex Leight.) Kr.P. Singh & S.R. Singh
Syn.: Buellia chlorophaea (Hepp ex Leight.) Lettau, Buellia porphyrica (Arnold) Mong.,
Diplotomma porphyricum Arnold, Lecidea chlorophaea Hepp ex Leight., Lecidea porphy-
rica (Arnold) Stizenb., Rhizocarpon chlorophaeum (Hepp ex Leight.) Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a temperate, perhaps holarctic early coloniser of
basic siliceous rocks and roong tiles; overlooked, and certainly more widespread in
the Alps. – Au: T, St. Ge: Ge. Fr: AHP, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 183
Diplotomma hedinii (H. Magn.) P. Clerc & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Buellia epipolia auct., Buellia hedinii H. Magn., Diplotomma epipolium auct. non
(Ach.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly temperate species of exposed calcareous
rocks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Sw: BE, GR,
LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Diplotomma lutosum A. Massal.
Syn.: Buellia dispersa (Kremp.) Lindau, Buellia subdispersa Mig., Diplotomma alboa-
trum (Hom.) Flot. var. dispersum Kremp., Diplotomma dispersum (Kremp.) Arnold,
Diplotomma subdispersum (Mig.) Etayo & Breuss
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an apparently widespread but rare, or at least
rarely distinguished, mostly silicicolous species, characterised by 4-celled spores with
transversal septa only, and by the I+ blue reaction of the medulla. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem.
Diplotomma murorum (A. Massal.) Coppins
Syn.: Buellia epipolia var. murorum (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Diplotomma alboatrum var.
murorum A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 2. – Note: a mild-temperate lichen starting the life-cycle
on species of the Caloplaca teicholyta-complex, the peculiar biology of which deserves
further study. – It: Ven.
Diplotomma nivale (Bagl. & Carestia) Hafellner
Syn.: Buellia margaritacea (“Sommerf.”) Lynge, Buellia nivalis (Bagl. & Carestia) Her-
tel, Diplotomma margaritaceum auct. non (Ach.) Szatala, Leciographa nivalis Bagl. &
Carestia, Polyschistes nivalis (Bagl. & Carestia) Keissl., Tryblidaria nivalis (Bagl. & Car-
estia) Rehm
L – Subs.: cal-par, sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: mainly on Caloplaca species on steeply
inclined to vertical faces of more or less calciferous rocks in upland areas. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig.
Diplotomma pharcidium (Ach.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Buellia alboatra (Hom.) . Fr. var. athroa (Ach.) . Fr., Buellia alboatra
(Hom.) . Fr. var. zabotica (Körb.) . Fr., Buellia pharcidia (Ach.) Malme, Buellia
zabotica (Körb.) Räsänen, Diplotomma athroum (Ach.) Stein, Diplotomma zaboticum
Körb., Lecanora pharcidia Ach., Lecidea parasema (Ach.) Ach. var. athroa Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a corticolous species of the D. alboatrum-group
with relatively large apothecia with a prominent, thick margin, and additionally a thal-
line veil; usually on smooth bark of deciduous trees (Populus, Fraxinus); an inland spe-
cies at low elevations; from the Alps there are only some scattered records, but perhaps
it was not always distinguished from similar species. – Au: N. Sw: GR.
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184
Diplotomma scheideggerianum (Bricaud & Cl. Roux) Nimis
Syn.: Buellia scheideggeriana Bricaud & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen which seems to have a
narrower ecological range than that of its hosts (Caloplaca chrysodeta, C. xantholyta),
being slightly more hygro – and less photophytic; from the Alps there are several scat-
tered records. – Au: St. Sw: GR. Fr: AHP, Var, Vau. It: Frl.
Diplotomma venustum (Körb.) Körb.
Syn.: Buellia alboatra (Hom.) . Fr. var. venusta (Körb.) . Fr., Buellia suevica
Bertsch, Buellia venusta (Körb.) Lettau, Diplotomma alboatrum (Hom.) Flot. var. ve-
nustum Körb., Diplotomma epipolium (Ach.) Arnold var. reagens J. Steiner
L – Subs.: cal, cal-par – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: this mild-temperate to Mediterranean lichen,
at least when young, is a constant parasite on Protoparmeliopsis versicolor, reaching
above treeline south of the Alps; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, St,
O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Dirina ceratoniae (Ach.) Fr.
Syn.: Dirina repanda Fr. non auct., Lecania ceratoniae (Ach.) Stizenb., Lecanora ce-
ratoniae Ach., Lecanora repanda Duby f. corticola Harm., Parmelia ceratoniae (Ach.)
Spreng.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1 – Note: D. ceratoniae and D. massiliensis have been extensively
studied from the molecular point of view, which showed that D. ceratoniae is not only
corticolous, but quite frequently saxicolous as well. Mostly, the saxicolous specimens
can be morphologically distinguished from the strictly saxicolous D. massiliensis. How-
ever, there are cases where saxicolous specimens of the two species are virtually indis-
tinguishable without DNA data. In the study area the species is known only from the
base of the Western Alps, not far from the coast. – Fr: AMa.
Dirina massiliensis Durieu & Mont.
Syn.: Biatora praerimata (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Bilimbia stenhammari (Fr. ex Stenh.)
Boistel, Dirina cyclosora Poelt & Nimis, Dirina patronii Bagl., Dirina repanda auct.
non Fr., Dirina stenhammari (Fr. ex Stenh.) Poelt & Follmann, Dirinopsis massiliensis
De Not., Lecanactis opponens (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Lecanactis stenhammari (Fr. ex Stenh.)
Arnold, Lecanora repanda Fr. ex Duby, Lecidea conspurcata (Sm.) Ach., Lecidea opponens
Nyl., Lecidea stenhammari Fr. ex Stenh., Variolaria conspurcata (Sm.) Turner & Borrer
L – Subs.: cal, sil, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on steeply inclined or underhanging surfaces
of basic siliceous or calcareous rocks, very variable according to the type of substrata
(thallus colour depends on the quantity of calcium oxalates, and on the density of
epilichenic cyanobacteria); in the study area the sexual form is restricted to coastal situ-
ations at the base of the SW Alps, while the sterile form is more widespread. – Au: T,
S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, LU, GR. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 185
Eiglera avida (Hepp) Hafellner
Syn.: Aspicilia argillacea Anzi, Aspicilia avida (Hepp) Rehm, Aspicilia avida (Hepp)
Rehm f. detrita Arnold, Aspicilia micrantha Körb., Aspicilia ochracea (Schaer.) A.Massal.,
Lecanora avida Hepp, Lecanora avida Hepp f. detrita (Arnold) Mig., Lecidea con-
traria Malme
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine lichen found on
base-rich or weakly calciferous rocks, not rarely on pebbles and small stones near the
ground in cold sites; widespread throughout the Alps, but easy to overlook. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Li.
Eiglera homalomorpha (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux ex Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Aspicilia homalomorpha (Nyl.) Hue, Hymenelia homalomorpha (Nyl.) Poelt &
Vězda, Lecanora homalomorpha Nyl., Lecidea cavatula Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: mainly on limestone and dolomite near the
ground, such as on basal parts of steep clis; widespread throughout the Alps, where it
is locally common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl.
Elixia exella (Ach.) Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecidea exella (Ach.) Hedl., Leptographa exella (Ach.) M. Choisy, Limboria
exella Ach., Lithographa exella (Ach.) Zahlbr., Placographa exella (Ach.) . Fr.,
Ptychographa exella (Ach.) Coppins, Xylographa exella (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on lignum, especially on vertical sides of stumps,
with optimum in the subalpine belt; certainly more widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: UR, VS. It: TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Encephalographa elisae A. Massal.
Syn.: Encephalographa cerebrina (DC.) A. Massal. var. elisae (A. Massal.) Anzi, En-
cephalographa rubiformis A. Massal., Melaspilea elisae (A. Massal.) Redinger, Melaspilea
rubiformis (A. Massal.) Redinger
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on compact calcare-
ous rocks in sheltered, microclimatically stable situations, often in underhangs; appar-
ently more frequent in the Western and Southern Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Enchylium bachmanianum (Fink) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin var. millegranum
(Degel.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Collema bachmanianum (Fink) Degel. var. millegranum Degel.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: this variety diers from the typical on in
the presence of granuliform isidia on both thallus and apothecial margins; when sterile,
it is dicult to distinguish from the equally terricolous E. tenax var. vulgare, as well as
from the usually calcicolous Lathagrium fuscovirens; the distribution is arctic-alpine,
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
186
the species being extremely rare in the Central European mountains, with a few records
from the Alps. e specimen from Tyrol has been revised as belonging to var. mil-
legranum; the exsiccata on which the record from Italy (Lombardia) is based has been
revised by Degelius as +/ – var. millegranum. e presence of the typical variety in the
Alps is therefore dubious. – Au: T, St. It: Lomb.
Enchylium coccophorum (Tuck.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema coccophorum Tuck., Collema crenatum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Collema har-
mandii Samp.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on calciferous soil in dry grasslands; this almost cos-
mopolitan species of dry areas – which can be easily mistaken for E. tenax – might be
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: St. Fr: AHP, Vau.
Enchylium conglomeratum (Hom.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema conglomeratum Hom., Collema fasciculare (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. var.
conglomeratum (Hom.) Ach., Collema verruculosum Hepp ex Müll. Arg. non sensu
Arnold, Synechoblastus conglomeratus (Hom.) Körb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species with a fragmented holarc-
tic range, found on nutrient-rich bark, especially of Juglans; formerly more widespread,
presently restricted to the vicinity of small settlements in mountain valleys, where it
is locally abundant. – Au: T, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, GR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Enchylium expansum (Degel.) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. var. expansum Degel.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: ?5 – Note: known almost exclusively from arctic-alpine locali-
ties, at temperate latitudes this species appears to be restricted to high altitudes, e.g. at
c. 2,700 m in the single locality known for the Alps. – Au: T.
Enchylium ligerinum (Hy) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema ligerinum (Hy) Harm., Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach. var. ligerinum
Hy, Collema verruculosum sensu Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on base-rich bark,
especially of Juglans and Populus; more widespread in the past, but locally still common
near small settlements in montane valleys of the Alps. – Au: T, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI,
UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Li.
Enchylium limosum (Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema forissii Szatala, Collema glaucescens Hom., Collema limosum (Ach.)
Ach., Collema viscosum A. Massal., Lichen limosus Ach., Parmelia limosa (Ach.) Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a holarctic, temperate to boreal-montane, short-
lived species of mineral, clay soil in disturbed habitats; certainly overlooked, but never
common in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, St. Sw: TI, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 187
Enchylium polycarpon (Hom.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin subsp. polycarpon
Syn.: Collema orbiculare (Schaer.) Tonglet, Collema polycarpon Hom., Collema stygi-
um Rabenh., Collemodium polycarpoides Nyl., Leptogium polycarpoides (Nyl.) Harm.,
Lathagrium orbiculare (Schaer.) Arnold, Synechoblastus orbicularis (Schaer.) Dalla Torre
& Sarnth., Synechoblastus polycarpus (Hom.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic species found on exposed, hard, calcifer-
ous rocks and dolomite; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: Tg.
Enchylium polycarpon (Hom.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin subsp. corcyrense
(Arnold) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Collema polycarpon Hom. subsp. corcyrense (Arnold) Pišút, Collema polycarpon
Hom. var. corcyrense (Arnold) Harm., Collema ragusanum Zahlbr., Collema salev-
ense (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Lathagrium akralense Flagey, Lathagrium accidulum Flag-
ey, Lathagrium orbiculare (Schaer.) Arnold f. corcyrense Arnold, Lathagrium salevense
(Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy, Synechoblastus salevensis Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: more thermophytic and more southern than the
typical subspecies, this taxon is worthy of further study. – Au: T, N. Fr: AMa, HSav,
Var. It: Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Enchylium tenax (Sw.) Gray
Syn.: Collema ceranoides Borrer, Collema concinnum Flot., Collema crustaceum Kremp.,
Collema intestiniforme Rabenh., Collema palmatum auct., Collema pulposulum Nyl.,
Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach., Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach. var. corallinum
A. Massal., Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach. var. tenax (Sw.) Nyl., Collema pulposum
(Bernh.) Ach. var. vulgare (Schaer.) Schaer., Collema subcorallinum Degel., Collema
subpulposum Nyl., Collema substellatum H. Magn., Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach., Collema
tenax (Sw.) Ach. var. ceranoides (Borrer) Degel., Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. var. coral-
linum (A. Massal.) Degel., Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. var. crustaceum (Kremp.) Degel.,
Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. var. substellatum (H. Magn.) Degel., Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach.
var. vulgare (Schaer.) Degel., Collema trachselii Schaer., Lichen pulposus Bernh., Lichen
tenax Sw., Parmelia pulposa (Bernh.) Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: an extremely polymorphic and ecologically
wide-ranging species, certainly the most common of the genus in the Alps; it is a
widespread holarctic, almost cosmopolitan lichen found on calciferous or base-rich
siliceous soil in open habitats (e.g. in dry grasslands), on consolidating sand dunes
and on terricolous bryophytes, more rarely directly on rock, often found also in dis-
turbed habitats such as track sides in urban settlements. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N,
B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
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188
Endocarpon adscendens (Anzi) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Dermatocarpon pusillum (Hedw.) Anzi var. adscendens Anzi, Endocarpon evirescens
(Nyl.) Nyl., Endocarpon pallidum auct.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, perhaps holarctic
lichen found on terricolous mosses, often near and on cyanobacterial colonies, with
optimum in upland areas with base-rich siliceous rocks; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl,
AMa, Isè, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Endocarpon adsurgens Vain.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species recalling E. adscendens in the polyphyl-
lous thallus of adscending squamules (to 2 mm across) with a dull brown upper side
and a blackish lower side, attached by a few rhizines, the hymenial algal cells globose;
on soil layers over calcareous rocks, based on a type from Finland, but widespread in
Europe; from the Alps there are some scattered records, but the species is rather rare. –
Au: V, T, K, St. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AMa. It: TAA.
Endocarpon latzelianum Servít
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a species with adpressed to imbricate, small
squamules (to 0.6 mm across) with crenulate to sublobate margins, relatively small
ascospores (less than 40 µm long), and globose to broadly ellipsoid hymenial algal cells;
based on a type from Croatia and showing a southern distribution in Europe; in the
Alps it is very rare, at low elevations. – Sw: LU.
Endocarpon loscosii Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a monophyllus, plane, totally adnate,
olivaceous thallus, relatively small ascospores (less than 40 µm long), and globose to
elongate hymenial algal cells; on clay to sandy soil; based on a type from Spain and
with a southern distribution in Europe and a single record from an inner dry valley of
the Western Alps. – Sw: VS.
Endocarpon pallidulum (Nyl.) Nyl.
Syn.: Verrucaria pallidula Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a pale brownish thallus consisting
of roundish squamules which are less than 1 mm across, and with relatively small as-
cospores (less than 40 µm long); based on a type from the Andes (Peru), where it was
growing on sandy soil, with two records from the Central and Western Alps, which
urgently need conrmation. – Sw: LU. Fr: AMa.
Endocarpon pallidum Ach.
Syn.: Dermatocarpon pallidum (Ach.) Mudd, Endopyrenium pallidum (Ach.) Boistel,
Verrucaria pallida (Ach.) Nyl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 189
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mainly southern lichen found in open, dry,
calcareous grasslands; the epithet “pallidum” was often used in the past to designate E.
adscendens; most records are from the Southern Alps. – Ge: OB. Fr: Var. It: Frl, TAA,
Lomb, Piem.
Endocarpon psorodeum (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell
Syn.: Dermatocarpon psorodeum (Nyl.) Vain., Verrucaria psorodea Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int, cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on mineral-rich basic siliceous rocks with
some water seepage, often associated to colonies of cyanobacteria; probably more wide-
spread throughout the Alps, especially in dry-continenral valleys. – Au: K, O, N. Sw:
SZ. Fr: Isè. It: Piem.
Endocarpon pusillum Hedw.
Syn.: Dermatocarpon glomeruliferum A. Massal., Dermatocarpon pusillum (Hedw.)
Anzi, Dermatocarpon sorediatum (Borrer) Arnold, Endocarpon garovaglii (Mont.)
Schaer., Endocarpon glomeruliferum (A. Massal.) Trevis., Endocarpon pusillum Hedw.
var. garovaglii (Mont.) Willey, Endocarpon schaereri Körb., Endocarpon sorediatum
(Borrer) Hook., Endocarpon subscabridulum (Nyl.) Nyl., Endocarpon trapeziforme (J.
Koenig) Trevis. non auct., Endopyrenium pusillum (Hedw.) Körb., Lichen trapeziformis
J. Koenig, Verrucaria garovaglii Mont., Verrucaria sorediata Borrer, Verrucaria subs-
cabridula Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on calcareous soil, most often in ssures
of calcareous rocks. E. pusillum in the sense of most European authors is heterogene-
ous, and perhaps could be subdivided into several species; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: FR, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Endocarpon schisticola (B. de Lesd.) Servít
Syn.: Endopyrenium schisticola B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with an epilithic thallus consisting of ad-
pressed, roundish squamules (1–3 mm in diam.), several immersed ascomata per squa-
mule (to 0.25 mm in diam.), an involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall in the
upper third, 2-spored asci, and colourless, oblong, muriform ascospores with 7–13
transversal and up to 3 longitudinal septa (to 45 µm long); on schist; only known from
the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Lig.
Endohyalina insularis (Arnold) Giralt, van den Boom & Elix
Syn.: Buellia saxatilis Schaer. f. insularis Arnold, Rinodina insularis (Arnold) Hafellner
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a widespread, but apparently rare silicicolous
species described from South Tyrol, with a srongly reduced thallus and an obligately
lichenicolous growth on species of the Lecanora rupicola-group; in the Alps it is not
common. – Au: T, K, St. Fr: AMa, Var. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
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190
Endohyalina interjecta (Müll. Arg.) Giralt
Syn.: Buellia interjecta Müll. Arg., Lecidea interjecta (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., Rinodina
interjecta (Müll. Arg.) H. Mayrhofer, Scheid. & Sheard
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a buelliod lichen with a brown, areolate thallus and
Dirinaria-type ascospores, found on granite boulders; only known from the type local-
ity in the Western Alps. – Fr: HSav.
Enterographa crassa (DC.) Fée
Syn.: Chiodecton crassum (DC.) Zahlbr., Chiodecton venosum (Pers.) Zahlbr., Entero-
grapha venosa (Pers.) A. Massal., Leucodecton crassum (DC.) A. Massal., Opegrapha cras-
sa DC, Sagedia crassa (DC.) A. Massal., Stigmatidium crassum (DC.) Duby
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical lichen found
on smooth bark in riparian, open, humid-warm woodlands below the montane belt;
extremely rare in the Alps (Insubrian District, Western Alps). – Fr: AMa, Var. It: Ven,
Lomb.
Enterographa elaborata (Leight.) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Enterographa jorgei Vězda & Vivant, Enterographa venosa sensu A. L. Sm., Ope-
grapha venosa Sm. nom.illeg. non Pers., Platygramma elaborata Leight., Stigmatidium
venosum (Sm.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a species with a pale grey thallus reacting C+ red and
Pd+ yellow, and long lirelliform ascomata; on bark of broad-leaved trees in forests and
woodlands under maritime inuence; distributed in suitable habitats not too far from
the coast in Western Europe, further south from Macaronesia eastwards to the Black
Sea area, with a few records from the Western Alps at low elevations. – Fr: AMa. It: Lig.
Enterographa hutchinsiae (Leight.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Chiodecton hutchinsiae (Leight.) Zahlbr., Enterographa germanica (A. Massal.) A.
Massal., Opegrapha hutchinsiae (Leight.) Körb., Platygramma hutchinsiae Leight., Stig-
matidium germanicum A. Massal., Stigmatidium hutchinsiae (Leight.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical lichen found
on vertical to underhanging surfaces of hard siliceous rocks, rarely on smooth bark, at
relatively low elevations; extremely rare in the Alps. – Au: St, N.
Enterographa zonata (Körb.) Källsten
Syn.: Lecanactis zonata (Körb.) A. Massal., Opegrapha horistica (Leight.) Stein, Ope-
grapha zonata Körb., Verrucaria horistica Leight.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane, perhaps cir-
cumpolar lichen found on vertical to underhanging surfaces of hard siliceous rocks in
deep gorges or mature forests, very rarely on bark, with optimum in the montane belt;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, SG, TI, UR, UW,
VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 191
Eopyrenula grandicula Coppins
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with 3-dystoseptate, large macroconidia
(c. 15–20 µm long) which are diagnostic, found in Graphidion communities on the
smooth bark of deciduous trees within old-growth forests, in areas with high precipi-
tations; widespread in Western Europe but not common, with a single locality in the
Eastern Alps. – Au: S.
Eopyrenula leucoplaca (Wallr.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Leptosphaeria leucoplaca (Wallr.) Vain., Porina chiomela (Norman) Zahlbr., Pyr-
enula alba A. Massal., Pyrenula farrea auct. non (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Pyrenula leuco-
placa (Wallr.) Körb., Pyrenula quercus A. Massal., Pyrenula schaereri A. Massal., Sagedia
chiomela Norman, Spermatodium leucoplacum (Wallr.) Trevis., Verrucaria farrea auct.
non (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Verrucaria leucoplaca Wallr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species found on the (mostly) smooth
bark of deciduous trees in open, humid forests; widespread throughout the Alps, but
not common, probably more frequent in the past. – Au: S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU.
Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA.
Ephebe hispidula (Ach.) Horw.
Syn.: Cornicularia hispidula Ach., Ephebe spinulosa . Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species forming small cushions consisting of rough la-
ments due to the presence of small branchlets, with 16-spored asci; on boulders along
streams and small rivers; most records are from Northern Europe, with a single record
from the Central Alps, which needs conrmation. – Sw: TI.
Ephebe lanata (L.) Vain.
Syn.: Cornicularia lanata (L.) DC., Ephebe intricata Lamy, Ephebe lapponica Nyl.,
Ephebe pubescens auct. p.p., Ephebeia cantabrica Nyl., Ephebeia martindalei Nyl., Lichen
lanatus L., Parmelia lanata (L.) Wallr.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpo-
lar lichen with outliers in the cool-temperate zone, found on steeply inclined, periodi-
cally wetted or inundated siliceous rocks, on seepage tracks, etc., with optimum above
treeline; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE,
GR, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Ephebe multispora (E. Dahl) Henssen
Syn.: Spilonematopsis multispora E. Dahl
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: ?4 – Note: the smallest of the Ephebe species, with thread-like
thalli recalling a Stigonema-cushion, terminal pycnoascocarps (to 0.1 mm in diam.)
with a spinulose margin, 16-spored asci, and simple, subspherical ascospores (4–6 ×
3–5 µm); based on a type from Greenland, on humid rocks; very rare, with a single
record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
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192
Ephebe perspinulosa Nyl.
Syn.: Ephebe papillata H. Magn., Ephebe trachytera (Nyl. ex Vain.) Henssen nom.illeg.,
Ephebeia perspinulosa (Nyl.) Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on periodically wetted siliceous rocks above and
near treeline; perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – It: Piem.
Epilichen glauconigellus (Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Buellia scabrosa (Ach.) A. Massal. var. cinereascens . Fr., Lecidea glauconigella
Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with an indistinct thallus and
crowded but dispersed, marginate apothecia; parasitic on species of Baeomyces (mostly
B. rufus); widespread in Northern Europe, very rare in the Central European moun-
tains, with a few records from the Eastern Alps. – Au: T, S, St.
Epilichen scabrosus (Ach.) Clem.
Syn.: Buellia scabrosa (Ach.) A. Massal., Karschia scabrosa (Ach.) Rehm, Lecidea sca-
brosa Ach., Skolekites scabrosus (Ach.) Norman
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: optimum in cold-humid situations
in upland areas, at rst a parasite on Baeomyces-species, becoming autotrophic when
old; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Epiphloea byssina (Hom.) Henssen & P.M. Jørg
Syn.: Collema byssinum Hom., Collema cheileum (Ach.) Ach. var. byssinum (Hom.)
Körb., Leptogium amphineum Ach. ex Nyl., Leptogium anomalum (Nyl.) Harm., Lepto-
gium byssinum (Hom.) Zwackh ex Nyl., Polychidium byssinum (Hom.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an inconspicuous, perhaps overlooked, ephemeral
lichen of calciferous clay soil. – Au: T. It: TAA.
Epiphloea terrena (Nyl.) Trevis.
Syn.: Amphidium terrenum (Nyl.) Nyl., Leptogium crozalsianum Harm., Leptogium ter-
renum Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 1 – Note: on bare siliceous soil in Mediterranean grasslands and
garrigues, in the Alps with a single station in Liguria, near Spotorno. – It: Lig.
Euopsis granatina (Sommerf.) Nyl.
Syn.: Lecanora granatina Sommerf., Pyrenopsis granatina (Sommerf.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a species with an areolate thallus, the granulose areoles
being dark brown and spotted pale brown due to the presence of two photobionts, the
minute lecanorine apothecia recalling small garnets; on periodically wet siliceous boul-
ders and outcrops in sunny places; widespread in the Holarctic region but altogether
rare, also recorded from Papua New Guinea; for the Alps only reported from two dis-
tant localities. – Sw: VS. It: TAA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 193
Euopsis pulvinata (Schaer.) Vain.
Syn.: Blennothallia haemalea (Sommerf.) Trevis., Collema haemaleum Sommerf., Leci-
dea pulvinata Schaer., Pannaria haemalea (Sommerf.) A. Massal., Pyrenopsis haemalea
(Sommerf.) Norrl., Pyrenopsis macrocarpa E. Dahl, Pyrenopsis pulvinata (Schaer.) .
Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, perhaps circum-
polar lichen found on siliceous rocks, especially in seepage tracks on small pebbles in
wet places, sometimes even on soil; much overlooked, and probably more widespread
in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, St. Sw: BE, UR, VS. It: TAA.
Evernia divaricata (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Letharia divaricata (L.) Hue, Lichen divaricatus L.; incl. Evernia perfragilis Llano
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, deb, ter – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to southern boreal-
montane, circumpolar lichen found on twigs of coniferous and deciduous trees in
semi-natural, humid, montane to subalpine forests; albeit very rarely, it also occurs on
soil on windy ridges with frequent fog; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl:
SlA, Tg. Li.
Evernia illyrica (Zahlbr.) Du Rietz
Syn.: Evernia divaricata (L.) Ach. subsp. illyrica Zahlbr., Letharia illyrica (Zahlbr.)
Harm.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a Mediterranean-montane species found in humid
beech-r forests; extremely rare in the Alps, being known from a few localities in Slo-
venia. – Sl: SlA, Tg.
Evernia mesomorpha Nyl.
Syn.: Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. var. thamnodes Flot., Evernia thamnodes (Flot.) Ar-
nold, Letharia mesomorpha (Nyl.) Du Rietz
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a boreal-montane, circumpolar lichen found
on bark (often on twigs) of conifers, sometimes on lignum (e.g. on wooden poles, and
decorticated branches), with optimum in the subalpine belt; widespread throughout
the Alps, but only locally common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, TI, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Evernia arenaria auct. non (Retz.) Fr., Evernia herinii P.A. Duvign., Letharia are-
naria auct., Lichen prunastri L., Parmelia prunastri (L.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen, rare only in dis-
turbed situations and in dry habitats; common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
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194
Farnoldia dissipabilis (Nyl.) Hertel
Syn.: Lecidea dissipabilis Nyl., Lecidea jurana Schaer. var. sublutescens (Nyl.) Hertel,
Lecidea obstans Nyl., Lecidea sublutescens Nyl., Melanolecia dissipabilis (Nyl.) Hertel,
Tremolecia jurana (Schaer.) Hertel var. sublutescens (Nyl.) Hertel
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on calciferous rocks, especially in rock ssures and
on steeply inclined to slightly overhanging surfaces near or above treeline; very closely
related to F. jurana, this taxon, known from the Central European mountains (Alps,
Carpathians), awaits further study – Au: V, T, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, VS.
Fr: AHP, Sav. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Farnoldia hypocrita (A. Massal.) Fröberg var. hypocrita
Syn.: Biatora emergens Müll. Arg., Haplocarpon lithospersum (Zahlbr.) M. Choisy, Le-
cidea emergens Flot. nom.illeg., Lecidea hypocrita A. Massal., Lecidea jurana Schaer. var.
emergens (Müll. Arg.) Boistel, Lecidea lithospersa Zahlbr., Lecidea lithygra sensu Fr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a taxon with a partially to entirely endolithic thallus
and large, epruinose apothecia with a broad margin, the hymenial surface becoming
uneven to subgyrose; on sunny surfaces of limestone and dolomite; widespread in
Europe and Greenland, and rather common in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: Tg. Li.
Farnoldia hypocrita (A. Massal.) Fröberg var. ligans (Nyl.) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Lecidea hypocrita A. Massal. var. ligans (Nyl.) Hertel, Lecidea ligans Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a variety with smaller apothecia with thin, exuose
margins and often blue-grey pruinose discs; on sunny surfaces of limestone and dolo-
mite; a rare taxon of the Central European mountains; the distribution in the Alps is
incompletely known because this variety was not always distinguished. – Au: T, St, O.
Fr: Sav, HSav. It: TAA.
Farnoldia jurana (Schaer.) Hertel subsp. jurana
Syn.: Biatora annularis Müll. Arg., Haplocarpon juranum (Schaer.) M. Choisy, Lecidea
albosuusa . Fr., Lecidea annularis (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Lecidea calcigena Flörke
ex Körb., Lecidea inferior Nyl., Lecidea jurana Schaer., Lecidea petrosa Arnold, Lecidea
petrosa Arnold var. glaucocarpa Arnold, Lecidea subvorticosa Nyl., Melanolecia jurana
(Schaer.) Hertel, Tremolecia jurana (Schaer.) Hertel
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circumpolar species
found on limestone and dolomite, more rarely on other calciferous rocks (e.g. sand-
stone and schist); one of the most common calcicolous species above and near treeline
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ,
UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 195
Farnoldia jurana (Schaer.) Hertel subsp. bicincta (Hertel) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
ex Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Lecidea jurana Schaer. var. bicincta Hertel, Melanolecia jurana (Schaer.) Hertel
subsp. bicincta (Hertel) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Melanolecia jurana (Schaer.) Hertel var.
bicincta (Hertel) Hertel
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on exposed calcareous rocks near and above treeline,
often associated with Hymenelia coerulea; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem.
Farnoldia jurana (Schaer.) Hertel subsp. caerulea (Kremp.) M. Brand
Syn.: Lecidea caerulea Kremp.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a name applied to a small-spored morph of the
F. jurana aggregate; on limestone and dolomite; distribution incompletely known,
because it was not always distinguished. – Au: S, O. Ge: OB.
Farnoldia jurana (Schaer.) Hertel subsp. muverani (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Biatora muverani Müll. Arg., Lecidea jurana Schaer. var. muverani (Müll. Arg.)
Hertel, Lecidea muverani (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Melanolecia jurana (Schaer.) Hertel
var. muverani (Müll. Arg.) Hertel
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a taxon with non-umbonate apothecia, the hypothe-
cium about twice as high as the hymenium, the exciple relatively thin, reacting slowly
K+ crimson to violet; on limestone and calcareous schists; a rare taxon of the Central
European mountains; the distribution in the Alps is incompletely known because this
variety was not always distinguished. – Au: V, T, S, St, O. Fr: HSav.
Farnoldia micropsis (A. Massal.) Hertel
Syn.: Lecidea macrospora Lynge, Lecidea micropsis A. Massal., Lecidea nivalis Anzi, Le-
cidea rhaetica Hepp ex . Fr., Lecidea valpellinensis B. de Lesd, Lecidella micropsis (A.
Massal.) Körb., Lecidella rhaetica (Hepp ex . Fr.) Körb., Melanolecia micropsis (A.
Massal.) Hertel, Tremolecia nivalis (Anzi) Hertel
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species, with opti-
mum on calciferous sandstone and schists, rarer on limestone and dolomite, mostly on
inclined faces; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Farnoldia muscigena (Vězda) Hafellner & Tretiach
Syn.: Lecidea jurana Schaer. var. muscigena Vězda, Melanolecia muscigena (Vězda) Hertel
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: known from the Central European mountains (Tatra,
Alps), this lichen is found on moribund bryophytes, crustose lichens and plant debris
over calcareous substrata; probably more widespread in the Alps – Au: S, St. It: Frl, Piem.
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196
Farnoldia similigena (Nyl.) Hertel
Syn.: Lecidea similigena Nyl., Lecidea subrhaetica Arnold ex Lettau, Melanolecia simili-
gena (Nyl.) Hertel, Tremolecia similigena (Nyl.) Hertel
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a rare arctic-alpine species found on inclined to verti-
cal faces of calciferous siliceous rocks (e.g. calcareous sandstone and schist). – Au: V, T.
Ge: Schw. Sw: GR. Fr: HAl, Sav. It: TAA.
Felipes leucopellaeus (Ach.) Frisch & G. or
Syn.: Arthonia leucopellaea (Ach.) Almq., Arthonia marmorata Nyl., Arthonia melaleuca
sensu Malme, Arthonia schaereri A. Massal., Melaspilea associata Norman, Trachylia leu-
copellaea (Ach.) Eitner, Spiloma melaleucum Ach. var. leucopellaeum Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with lobate ascomata bordered by byssoid
hyphae, and phragmospored, microcephalic ascospores; on bark of conifers in old-
growth forests under suboceanic climatic conditions; widespread in the temperate to
boreal zones, in the Alps lacking only in areas with a more continental climate. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, LU, SG, SZ, UR, UW. It: Frl. Sl: SlA.
Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vězda
Syn.: Biatora bouteillei (Desm.) A. Massal., Biatorina bouteillei (Desm.) Arnold, Biato-
rina littorella (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Catillaria bouteillei (Desm.) Zahlbr., Catillaria littorella
(Nyl.) Zahlbr., Catillaria rubicola (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) H. Olivier, Lecanora bou-
teillei (Desm.) Harm., Lecidea bouteillei (Desm.) Nyl., Lecidea littorella Nyl., Parmelia
bouteillei Desm.
L – Subs.: cor, fol – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane spe-
cies found on leaves and twigs of conifers (especially Abies in the Alps), but also on
evergreen Mediterranean trees and shrubs in very humid situations. – Au: S, K, St, O.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Fellhanera gyrophorica Sérus., Coppins, Diederich & Scheid.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a farinose to granular, greenish thallus
and sessile, pale to brownish pycnidia reacting C+ red (apothecia rare); on bark of de-
ciduous and coniferous trees or overgrowing bryophytes in lowland to lower montane
forests with a suboceanic climate; so far only known from Europe; in the Alps the dis-
tribution is still insuciently documented, as the species was overlooked or undercol-
lected, being almost always sterile. – Au: O. Sw: BE.
Fellhanera subtilis (Vězda) Diederich & Sérus.
Syn.: Arthonia subtilis (Vězda) Vězda, Bacidia subtilis Vězda
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on twigs of small shrubs (Vaccinium, Calluna),
more rarely on mosses (e.g. Polytrichum) and on branches of Picea in cold sites, on
north-facing slopes or in deep gorges, usually in upland areas; perhaps more widespread
in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. It: Frl. Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 197
Fellhanera viridisorediata Aptroot, M. Brand & Spier
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a usually epiphytic species with a granular, green-
ish grey, farinose-sorediate thallus containing roccellic acid, the soralia initially cra-
teriform, later pustular and eventually fusing, the sessile apothecia rarely present, with
dark brown discs and paler persistent margins, a paraplectenchymatic, hyaline exciple
and a brownish hypothecium, 8-spored asci, and mainly 1-septate ascospores (14–17 ×
3–5 µm) with a thin perispore; widespread in Europe, but most common in its western
parts, with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Germany). – Ge: Schw.
Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola (Erichsen) Sérus. & Coppins
Syn.: Bacidia buxi Vězda & Vivant, Bacidia gorgonea Vězda & Poelt, Bacidia myrio-
carpa Erichsen, Bacidia myrtillicola Erichsen, Bacidia nitschkeana (J. Lahm ex Rabenh.)
Zahlbr. var. perpusilloides Erichsen, Fellhanera buxi (Vězda & Vivant) Vězda, Fellhanera
myrtillicola (Erichsen) Hafellner
L – Subs.: cor, fol – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with an inconspicuous thallus, small
(less than 0.2 mm in diam.), pale brown to bluish-grey, soon virtually immarginate
apothecia, mostly 3-septate ascospores which are longer than 18 µm, and liform,
curved macroconidia (Fellhanera subtilis has ascospores shorter than 16 µm and pyri-
form-clavate conidia); usually on twigs and leaves (including needles of e.g. Abies) in
the understory of forests, but also in semi-natural habitats; widespread in Western and
Central Europe and Macaronesia; the occurrence in the Alps still insuciently docu-
mented. – Au: T, K, St. Ge: OB. Fr: AMa, Isè, Vau. It: Frl.
Fellhaneropsis vezdae (Coppins & P. James) Sérus. & Coppins
Syn.: Bacidia vezdae Coppins & P. James, Fellhanera vezdae (Coppins & P. James) V.
Wirth
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with apothecia in various shades of brown,
frequently becoming tuberculate, and mostly 5–7-septate ascospores which are longer
than 30 µm; on bark of broad-leaved (mainly Quercus) and coniferous (e.g. Abies) trees
in very humid forests, especially on basal parts of trunks, sometimes foliicolous; wide-
spread in Western and Central Europe and Macaronesia, with a few records from the
Alps. – Au: S, St. Sw: BE, SG.
Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & A. ell
Syn.: Allocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Randlane & Saag, Cetraria cucullata (Bellardi)
Ach., Lichen cucullatus Bellardi, Nephromopsis cucullata (Bellardi) Divakar, A. Crespo
& Lumbsch
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen,
a typical element of tundra-like vegetation in open, dry habitats, mostly above tree-
line, most frequent on basic siliceous substrata, in wind-exposed ridges; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
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198
Flavocetraria nivalis (L.) Kärnefelt & A. ell
Syn.: Allocetraria nivalis (L.) Randlane & Saag, Cetraria nivalis (L.) Ach., Lichen nivalis
L., Nephromopsis nivalis (L.) Divakar, A. Crespo & Lumbsch
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, deb – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen,
a typical element of tundra-like vegetation of open, dry habitats above treeline; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
SG, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale
Syn.: Imbricaria caperata (L.) DC., Lichen caperatus L., Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach.,
Parmelia cylisphora (Ach.) Vain., Parmelia herreana Zahbr., Parmelia negativa Gyeln.,
Parmelia subglauca Nyl., Pseudoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on isolated decid-
uous, more rarely evergreen trees, only exceptionally on rocks (e.g. on north-exposed
faces of basic siliceous rocks in dry-continental valleys of the Alps); common and abun-
dant in the submediterranean belt throughout the Alps, rarer elsewhere. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Flavoparmelia soredians (Nyl.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. var. soredians (Nyl.) Hillmann, Parmelia soredians
Nyl., Pseudoparmelia soredians (Nyl.) Hale
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on broad-leaved, more
rarely coniferous trees, with optimum in areas with a warm-humid climate, usually
below the montane belt; apparently more frequent in the Western and Southern Alps,
at low elevations. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Flavopunctelia aventior (Stirt.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia andreana Müll. Arg., Parmelia aventior Stirt., Parmelia kernstockii
Lynge & Zahlbr., Parmelia lobarina Zahlbr., Parmelia variata Hue, Punctelia aventior
(Stirt.) Krog
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of rather continental areas, found on
more or less isolated deciduous trees; most frequent in dry valleys of the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: Isè. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Flavopunctelia soredica (Nyl.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia manshurica Asahina, Parmelia soredica Nyl., Parmelia ulophyllodes
(Vain.) Savicz, Punctelia soredica (Nyl.) Krog
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly epiphytic species, restricted to valleys of the
Alps with a continental climate. – Sw: ?BE. It: TAA, Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 199
Frigidopyrenia bryospila (Nyl.) Grube
Syn.: Arthopyrenia bryopsila (Nyl.) Arnold, Collemopsidium bryospilum (Nyl.) Coppins,
Didymella bryospila (Nyl.) H. Magn., Verrucaria bryospila Nyl.
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 5 – Note: a circum-arctic-alpine species found on soil and
plant debris, with a squamulose, olive to brownish-black thallus, a chroococcoid pho-
tobiont, ascomata with a peridium pigmented mainly in the intercellular spaces, cylin-
drical ssitunicate asci, and 1-septate ascospores; known from two localites only in the
Alps. – Au: S. Sw: BE.
Fritzea lamprophora (Körb.) Stein
Syn.: Lecidea lamprophora (Körb.) Zahlbr., Psora lamprophora Körb.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with a brown, glossy thallus consisting of at
squamules with free margins, laminal, red-brown, immarginate apothecia, and simple
(!) ascospores; ecology poorly known, type from Southern Poland, on basalt in a gorge,
with a single historical record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Frutidella caesioatra (Schaer.) Kalb
Syn.: Lecidea arctica Sommerf., Lecidea caesioatra Schaer., Lecidella arctica (Sommerf.)
Körb., Lecidella caesioatra (Schaer.) Kalb
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen found on si-
licicolous mosses, especially Andreaea and Grimmia, in places with a long snow cover,
more rarely directly on rock. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, UR. Fr: HSav.
It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Frutidella furfuracea (Anzi) M. Westb. & M. Svenss.
Syn.: Biatora amaurospoda Anzi, Biatora furfuracea Anzi, Biatora pullata Norman, Fru-
tidella pullata (Norman) Schmull, Lecidea amaurospoda (Anzi) Vain., Lecidea anziana
Zahlbr., Lecidea furfuracea (Anzi) Jatta, Lecidea ostrogothensis Nyl., Lecidea perobscurans
Nyl., Lecidea pullata (Norman) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on bark, on basal parts of (mainly) coniferous
trees, more rarely on lignum, often associated with Parmeliopsis ambigua, with opti-
mum in the subalpine belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Fuscidea arboricola Coppins & Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a greenish to brownish, areolate thallus
(similar to F. praeruptorum) being UV – and reacting Pd+ red, usually surrounded by a
brownish prothallus, the more central areolae breaking up apically to form green soral-
ia, mostly remaining sterile; on bark of broad-leaved trees in various forest types, from
the lowlands to the montane belt; widespread in Europe and Eastern North America;
there are several scattered records from the Alps, where the species was certainly under-
collected. – Au: T, K. Sw: LU. Sl: SlA.
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200
Fuscidea austera (Nyl.) P. James
Syn.: Fuscidea aggregata (Flot.) V. Wirth & Vězda, Fuscidea aggregatilis (Grummann) V.
Wirth & Vězda, Fuscidea taeniarum (Malme) V. Wirth & Vězda, Lecanora austera Nyl.,
Lecidea aggregata (Flot.) H. Magn., Lecidea aggregatilis Grummann
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of hard
siliceous rocks in upland areas. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: GL. Fr: AMa. It: TAA.
Fuscidea cyathoides (Ach.) V. Wirth & Vězda
Syn.: Biatora rivulosa (Ach.) Fr., Fuscidea subrivulosa (Vain.) P. James, Lecidea cyathoides
(Ach.) Ach., Lecidea rivulosa Ach., Lichen cyathoides Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to southern boreal-montane, per-
haps circumpolar lichen found on siliceous rocks in humid areas; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AMa,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Fuscidea gothoburgensis (H. Magn.) V. Wirth & Vězda
Syn.: Fuscidea maculosa (H. Magn.) Poelt, Lecidea gothoburgensis H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: apparently a rare lichen on steep surfaces of very hard
siliceous rocks in shaded, cool habitats. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: HSav.
Fuscidea kochiana (Hepp) V. Wirth & Vězda
Syn.: Biatora indigula (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Biatora kochiana (Hepp) Rabenh., Biatora
rivulosa (Ach.) Fr. var. kochiana (Hepp) Fr., Lecanora mammillifera Stirt., Lecidea co-
riacella Nyl., Lecidea interludens Nyl., Lecidea kochiana Hepp, Lecidea morosa Dufour,
Lecidea rivulosa Ach. var. kochiana (Hepp) Schaer.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of hard siliceous rocks
in moderately shaded, humid situations, with optimum near or above treeline; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI,
UR, UW, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Fuscidea lightfootii (Sm.) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Biatora lightfootii (Sm.) Hepp, Biatorina lightfootii (Sm.) Körb., Catillaria light-
footii (Sm.) H. Olivier, Lecidea lightfootii (Sm.) Ach., Lichen lightfootii Sm.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a grey-green to brownish-green,
areolate thallus (similar to F. arboricola), being bluish-white under UV-light and re-
acting C-, often sorediate and at the same time bearing dark grey-brown to blackish
apothecia with centrally constricted ascospores; on small twigs of various trees and
shrubs, often near bogs or streams; widespread in the Holarctic region, with a western
tendency in Europe and a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: T, O. Ge: Ge.
Sw: BE, SZ. Fr: Var.
Fuscidea lygaea (W. Mann) V. Wirth & Vězda
Syn.: Biatora lygaea W. Mann, Catillaria massalongoi Körb. non auct., Fuscidea periplaca
(Nyl.) V. Wirth & Vězda, Fuscidea tenebrica (Nyl.) V. Wirth & Vězda, Lecidea kochiana
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 201
Hepp var. lygaea (W. Mann) Leight., Lecidea lygaea Ach. nom.illeg., Lecidea obscurata
(Ach.) Schaer., Lecidea periplaca Nyl., Lecidea tenebrica Nyl., Rhizocarpon massalongii
(Körb.) Malme non auct.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of hard
siliceous rocks in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
N. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Fuscidea mollis (Wahlenb.) V. Wirth & Vězda
Syn.: Biatora mollis (Wahlenb.) Arnold, Lecidea mollis (Wahlenb.) Nyl., Lecidea rivu-
losa Ach. var. mollis Wahlenb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a mainly western species with isolated outposts in the
Central European mountains, found on steeply inclined, sheltered surfaces of siliceous
rocks. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: UR. It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Fuscidea praeruptorum (Du Rietz & H. Magn.) V. Wirth & Vězda
Syn.: Lecidea praeruptorum Du Rietz & H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a grey-green, areolate thallus (similar
to F. arboricola) being white under UV-light and reacting C+ red, with a brown pro-
thallus usually visible between the areolae and at the margins, the more central areolae
with brownish-grey to greyish-green, often concave soralia, mostly remaining sterile;
usually saxicolous on shaded rocks under overhangs, but also switching to the bark of
various trees; widespread in the Holarctic region, with a boreal to temperate-montane
pattern and a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: K. Sw: TI. Fr: Isè, Var.
Fuscidea pusilla Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a minute, greenish, areolate thallus
being bluish-white under UV-light and reacting C-, surrounded by a brown prothal-
lus, often occurring in colonies, the more central areolae breaking up apically to form
green soralia (the species is only known in the sterile state); on bark of broad-leaved
trees in various forest types, from the lowlands to the montane belt; widespread in the
Holarctic region, with several scattered records from the Alps, where it was certainly
undercollected. – Au: T, K, St, O. Sw: SZ, TI, UR, UW. It: Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Fuscidea recensa (Stirt.) Hertel, V. Wirth & Vězda
Syn.: Fuscidea curvula (H. Magn.) Hertel, Lecidea arcuatula (Arnold) Hue, Lecidea
curvula H. Magn., Lecidea recensa Stirt.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on hard siliceous rocks in humid, sheltered sites,
usually below the subalpine belt; overlooked, being often sterile, and probably more
widespread in the Alps. – Au: St, N. It: TAA, VA.
Fuscidea stiriaca (A. Massal.) Hafellner
Syn.: Biatora stiriaca A. Massal., Biatorinella fagicola (Zschacke) Deschâtres & Werner,
Biatorinella rivulosa (Ach.) Deschâtres & Werner var. corticola (Fr.) Werner, Fuscidea
cyathoides (Ach.) V. Wirth & Vězda var. corticola (Fr.) Kalb., Fuscidea fagicola (Zscha-
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202
cke) Hafellner & Türk, Lecidea cyathoides (Ach.) Ach. var. corticola (Fr.) H. Magn.,
Lecidea fagicola Zschacke, Lecidea rivulosa Ach. var. corticola (Fr.) Jatta, Lecidea stiriaca
(A. Massal.) Jatta
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a cool-temperate to southern boreal-montane
lichen found on bark (mainly of Fagus), not always distinguished from F. cyathoides. –
Au: K, St. Fr: AHP, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Fuscopannaria confusa (P.M. Jørg.) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Pannaria confusa P.M. Jørg.
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species resembling F. mediterranea, but squamules
with a plane surface and less than 2 mm long, with marginal, coarsely granular soralia;
on branches of various trees and shrubs near the ground, but also on rocks in very hu-
mid places, like in the spray zone of waterfalls; a rare European species with a boreal to
temperate-high montane distribution pattern; in the Alps known from two localities
only. – Au: T. Sw: VS.
Fuscopannaria ignobilis (Anzi) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Pannaria ignobilis Anzi, Pannaria romanoana Hue, Pannaria servitiana Gyeln.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic species usually found in
cracks of the bark of ancient trees, near the base of the boles, with scattered records
from the base of the Western Alps (France, Italy), and from Slovenia. – Fr: AMa, Var,
Vau. It: Lig. Sl: Tg.
Fuscopannaria leucosticta (Tuck. ex E. Michener) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Pannaria craspedia Körb., Pannaria leucosticta (Tuck. ex E. Michener) Nyl., Par-
melia leucosticta Tuck. ex E. Michener
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on mossy trunks of broad-leaved trees; there are no re-
cent records from the Alps of this declining species. – Sw: ?GR. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Fuscopannaria mediterranea (Tav.) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Pannaria mediterranea Ta v.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean species found on
bark of ancient broad-leaved trees in semi-natural, rather undisturbed, humid wood-
lands, more rarely on siliceous, mossy rocks, with some records from the base of the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau.
Fuscopannaria nebulosa (Hom.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art.
36.1b)
Syn.: Moelleropsis nebulosa (Hom.) Gyeln., Pannaria brunnea (Sw.) A. Massal. var.
coronata (Hom.) A. Massal., Pannaria nebulosa (Hom.) Nyl., Patellaria nebulosa
Hom., Trachyderma nebulosum (Hom.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mild-temperate early coloniser of clay-sandy soil,
especially earth banks along unpaved roads, with optimum in humid areas with sili-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 203
ceous substrata; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR,
VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Fuscopannaria praetermissa (Nyl.) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Lecidea carnosa (Dicks.) Sommerf. var. lepidiota Sommerf., Massalongia carnosa
(Dicks.) Körb. var. lepidiota (Sommerf.) Körb., Pannaria lepidiota (Sommerf.) . Fr.,
Pannaria praetermissa Nyl., Parmeliella lepidiota (Sommerf.) Vain., Parmeliella praeter-
missa (Nyl.) P. James, Toninia caeruleonigricans (Lightf.) . Fr. non auct., Trachyderma
praetermissum (Nyl.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar lichen found on calciferous soil, mosses and plant debris; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Gabura fascicularis (L.) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Arctomia fascicularis (L.) Otálora & Wedin, Collema aggregatum auct., Collema asca-
ridosporum (A. Massal.) Degel., Collema fasciculare (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg., Lathagrium
ascaridosporum A. Massal., Lichen fascicularis L., Synechoblastus aggregatus auct., Synecho-
blastus ascaridosporus (A. Massal.) Zwackh, Synechoblastus fascicularis (L.) A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen with a fragmented holarctic
range, found on old broad-leaved trees, often on mosses, in open, humid stands; some-
how more frequent in the past, presently very much declining. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, Lig. Sl: Tg.
Gloeoheppia turgida (Ach.) Gyeln.
Syn.: Acarospora endocarpea (Fr.) Flagey, Endocarpon turgidum Ach., Heppia endocarpea
(Fr.) Hue, Heppia turgida (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora endocarpea (Fr.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean lichen found on calciferous
soil in dry grasslands, occasionally on weathered basic siliceous rocks; in the study area it is
known with certainty only from the base of the Western Alps (France). – Sw: ?Sw. Fr: AMa.
Glypholecia scabra (Pers.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Acarospora scabra (Pers.) . Fr., Glypholecia candidissima Nyl., Glypholecia gru-
mulosa (Schaer.) Zahlbr., Glypholecia rhagadiosa Nyl. nom.illeg., Urceolaria scabra Pers.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: an incompletely holarctic species found on ex-
posed surfaces of calciferous and base-rich siliceous rocks, mainly in dry-continental
areas. – Au: T. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav. It: Piem, VA, Lig.
Gomphillus calycioides (Delise ex Duby) Nyl.
Syn.: Baeomyces calycioides Delise ex Duby, Baeopodium calycioides (Delise ex Duby)
Trevis., Berengeria calycioides (Delise ex Duby) A. Massal., Mycetodium calycioides (Del-
ise ex Duby) A. Massal.
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L – Subs.: bry, cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate to tropical species found on
bryophytes, mostly on basal parts of old trunks in mature warm-humid forests at low
elevations. e regions from which it was reported, mostly in the Insubrian district of
Italy, are presently aected by air pollution, so that the species might be extinct. – Sw:
TI. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Graphis betulina (Pers.) Ach.
Syn.: Graphis juglandis Garov. ex A. Massal., Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. var. betulina
(Pers.) Arnold, Opegrapha betulina Pers.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a taxon of the G. scripta-group with apothecia
surrounded by a conspicuous, often raised white thalline margins; on bark of broad-
leaved trees in various forest types; widespread in the Holarctic region, but for a long
time not distinguished and distributional data therefore likely to be incomplete; also
known from several localities in the Alps, but less common than G. scripta or G.
pulverulenta. See also note on G. scripta. – Au: K, St, O. Sw: ?SZ. Fr: AMa, Drô. It:
Ven, Lomb, Lig.
Graphis elegans (Borrer ex Sm.) Ach.
Syn.: Aulacographa elegans (Borrer ex Sm.) Leight., Graphis neglecta Erichsen, Graphis
petrina Nyl., Graphis ramicans Nyl., Graphis sulcata (Pers.) A. Massal., Opegrapha
elegans Borrer ex Sm., Phaeographis ramicans (Nyl.) Lettau
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical species
found on smooth bark, mainly of Ilex in warm-humid woodlands; very rare, and
probably declining in the Alps. – Au: V, O. Sw: GR, UR. Fr: Isè. It: Frl, TAA,
Lomb, Piem.
Graphis inustuloides Lücking
Syn.: Graphina anguina auct. eur. non (Mont.) Müll. Arg., Graphis inustula Nyl. non
Stirt., alloloma anguinum auct. non (Mont.) Trevis., Ustalia anguina auct. eur. non
Mont.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate to tropical species found on
smooth bark, now perhaps extinct from the only known station in Italy (Insubrian
District). – It: Lomb.
Graphis macrocarpa (Pers.) Röhl.
Syn.: Graphis scipta (L.) Ach. var. macrocarpa (Pers.) Ach., Opegrapha macrocarpa Pers.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a taxon of the G. scripta-group, characterised
by apothecia with rounded ends and widely exposed, epruinose, brown discs, found
on the bark of broad-leaved trees in dierent forest types; for a long time not distin-
guished, and distributional data therefore likely incomplete; also known from several
localities in the Alps, but less common than G. scripta or G. pulverulenta. See also note
on G. scripta. – Au: K, St. Sw: SZ. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 205
Graphis pulverulenta (Pers.) Ach.
Syn.: Graphis abietina (Schaer.) Malbr., Graphis cerasi (Pers.) Ach., Graphis diracta
Turner, Graphis litterella (Ach.) Röhl., Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. var. abietina (Schaer.)
Rabenh., Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. var. cerasi (Pers.) Ach., Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. var.
pulverulenta (Pers.) Ach., Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. var. serpentina (Ach.) G. Mey., Gra-
phis serpentina (Ach.) Ach., Graphis subtilis (Pers.) Röhl., Opegrapha abietina (Schaer.)
Malbr., Opegrapha cerasi Pers., Opegrapha pulverulenta Pers., Opegrapha serpentina
(Ach.) Schrad.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a taxon of the G. scripta-group, characterised by
apothecia with mostly acute ends and widely exposed, white – to grey-pruinose discs,
found on the bark of broad-leaved trees in dierent forest types; for a long time not
distinguished and distributional data therefore likely to be incomplete, but common
in the Alps. See also note on G. scripta. – Au: S, St, O, N, B. Sw: BE, SZ, TI, UR. Fr:
AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Graphis scripta (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Graphis hebraica (Hom.) Röhl., Graphis limitata (Pers.) Röhl., Graphis micro-
carpa (Ach.) Röhl., Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. var. limitata (Pers.) Ach., Graphis scripta
(L.) Ach. var. spathea Ach., Graphis spathea (Ach.) Röhl., Lichen scriptus L., Opegrapha
limitata Pers.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a widespread temperate to southern boreal-mon-
tane lichen found on smooth bark, mostly in deciduous forests, in humid areas also on
twigs and branches, but normally on trunks, in drier areas restricted to the base of the
boles. In the narrow sense, this taxon is characterised by apothecia with more or less
hidden discs and a thin (<= 0.1 mm) to absent thalline margin, while several species
have been segregated based on morphological characters only (G. betulina, G. macro-
carpa, G. pulverulenta). A recent study based on both molecular and morphological
characters showed that, although between six and seven putative species are nested
within the G. scripta-complex, these do not fully correspond to the taxa that were dis-
tinguished based on apothecium morphology. Pending further studies, we treat here G.
scripta in a broad sense, while the fewer recent records of the morphologically dened
“species” are provisionally treated as separate entities. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Gregorella humida (Kullh.) Lumbsch
Syn.: Biatora humida Kullh., Lecidea humida (Kullh.) . Fr., Leprocollema europaeum
H. Magn., Moelleropsis humida (Kullh.) Coppins & P.M. Jørg.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an inconspicuous lichen with a blackish-
grey thallus composed of goniocysts containing a nostociform photobiont, and con-
vex, virtually immarginate, colourless to medium brown (when dry) apothecia with
cylindrical to subclavate asci recalling those of Trapelia, containing simple, relatively
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206
large ascospores; pioneer on soil and debris e.g. on dump heaps and margins of white
roads; widespread in the boreal to temperate zones of Europe, but rare (perhaps over-
looked), in the Alps, being only known from a single locality. – Au: St.
Gyalecta arbuti (Bagl.) Baloch & Lücking
Syn.: Bacidia arbuti (Bagl.) Jatta, Bacidiopsis arbuti Bagl., Pachyphiale arbuti (Bagl.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1 – Note: a species of Mediterranean, rather humid forests, fre-
quently confused with G. carneola, with a few records from the base of the Western
Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Gyalecta bilimbioides Anzi
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: known only from the type collection, on dolomite,
this species, characterised by the small urceolate apothecia with a reddish disc and a
black margin, and by 2–6-celled ascospores, well deserves further study. – It: Ven.
Gyalecta carneola (Ach.) Hellb.
Syn.: Bacidia carneola (Ach.) De Not., Bacidia cornea (With.) A. Massal., Biatora car-
neola (Ach.) Fr., Gyalecta cornea (With.) Tuck., Gyalecta interserta (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Le-
cidea carneola Ach., Lecidea interserta Nyl., Pachyphiale carneola (Ach.) Arnold, Pachy-
phiale cornea (With.) Poetsch
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found in old, humid forests;
widespread, but rare and very much declining in the Alps. – Au: S, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw:
GR, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: Drô, Var. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Gyalecta derivata (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Gyalecta biformis (Körb.) H. Olivier, Gyalecta croatica Schuler & Zahlbr., Gya-
lecta truncigena (Ach.) Hepp var. biformis (Körb.) Vězda, Gyalecta truncigena (Ach.)
Hepp var. croatica (Schuler & Zahlbr.) Vězda, Gyalecta truncigena (Ach.) Hepp var.
derivata (Nyl.) Boistel, Lecidea derivata Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the G. truncigena-group found on
broad-leaved trees (especially Acer and Fraxinus) in humid areas, with elongate-fusi-
form ascospores which occasionally have 1–2 straight longitudinal septa, widespread
in Europe and also known from North Africa, but rather rare; in the Alps known from
several scattered localities, but not always distinguished from G. truncigena. – Au: S,
K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var.
Gyalecta erythrozona Lettau
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the G. leucaspis-group characterised by
entire (rather than radially incised) apothecial margins, and elongate-fusiform (rather
than acicular) ascospores; it grows on schists containing some calcium on moist, shad-
ed, steep rock faces or under overhangs; widespread in the Holarctic region, in the
Central European orobiomes it mostly occurs near or above treeline; in the Alps it is
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 207
known from several scattered localities, and is evidently rare. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge:
Schw. Sw: TI. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav. It: Frl.
Gyalecta fagicola (Arnold) Kremp.
Syn.: Bacidia fagicola Arnold, Gyalecta corticola (Lönnr.) A.L. Sm., Lecidea congruella
Nyl., Pachyphiale corticola Lönnr., Pachyphiale fagicola (Arnold) Zwackh
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: optimum in open deciduous forests, but in humid
areas also found on isolated, old trees; widespread throughout the Alps, but generally
not common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: Var,
Vau. It: Frl, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Gyalecta otowii Körb.
Syn.: Gyalecta truncigena (Ach.) Hepp var. querceti (Nyl.) Boistel, Lecidea querceti Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on broad-leaved
trees in clearings of ancient, undisturbed forests, especially in deep ssures of the bark,
often on Acer and Fraxinus. – Au: T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: UW. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
It: Lig. Sl: SlA.
Gyalecta foveolaris (Ach.) Schaer.
Syn.: Gyalecta wahlenbergiana Ach., Petractis foveolaris (Ach.) A. Massal., Secoliga foveo-
laris (Ach.) A. Massal., Urceolaria foveolaris Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen
found on calciferous soil, occasionally also on rocks, in humid and shaded situations
near and above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Gyalecta friesii Flot. ex Körb.
Syn.: Gyalecta denudata . Fr., Petractis friesii (Flot. ex Körb.) A. Massal., Secoliga
friesii (Flot. ex Körb.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane species growing on
bryophytes and plant debris, more rarely on bark of conifers and on siliceous rocks,
with optimum near or above treeline; apparently very rare in the Alps. – Au: S. Ge:
Ge. It: Ven.
Gyalecta geoica (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen geoicus Wahlenb. ex Ach., Secoliga geoica (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Körb.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circum-
polar species found on soil, bryophytes and plant debris over calcareous or base-rich
siliceous substrata, often in rock ssures in sheltered situations, mostly in upland
areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Sl: Tg.
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Gyalecta herculina (Rehm) Baloch, Lumbsch & Wedin
Syn.: Belonia herculina (Rehm) Keissl., Segestrella herculina Rehm
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with perithecioid, yellow-brown ascomata, the
acicular to vermiform ascospores being discharged through a narrow pore; on bark of
broad-leaved trees (e.g. Fagus), usually near the base of trunks; rare in SE Europe, with
a single record from the Eastern Alps. – Sl: SlA.
Gyalecta hypoleuca (Ach.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Gyalecta exanthemoides (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Gyalecta gyalectoides (A. Massal.)
Lindau, Gyalecta thelotremoides (Nyl.) Kremp., Lecidea thelotremoides Nyl., Petractis
hypoleuca (Ach.) Vězda, Secoliga gyalectoides (A. Massal.) A. Massal., elotrema gya-
lectoides A. Massal., elotrema gyalectoides A. Massal. var. exanthemoides A. Massal.,
Urceolaria hypoleuca Ach., Volvaria gyalectoides (A. Massal.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate species found on steeply inclined
to underhanging faces of dolomitic rocks and limestones in rather sheltered situations,
mostly in woodlands; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Gyalecta incarnata (. Fr. & Graewe) Baloch & Lücking
Syn.: Belonia incarnata . Fr. & Graewe, Belonia russula Körb. ex Nyl. var. terrigena
(Eitner) Keissl., Belonia terrigena Eitner, Gongylia incarnata (. Fr. & Graewe) Zahl-
br., Gongylia macrospora Suza ex Servít
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine species found on soil
rich in humus, often in rather disturbed habitats, such as on mountain track sides,
mostly above treeline; easy to overlook and probably more widespread in the Alps, but
rare. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. It: Frl, TAA.
Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr. var. jenensis
Syn.: Gyalecta cupularis (Hedw.) Schaer., Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr. var. mon-
tenegrina Servít, Lecanora cupularis (Hedw.) Duby, Lecidea cupularis (Hedw.) Ach.,
Peziza jenensis Batsch
L – Subs.: cal, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a holarctic species found on limestone, dolomite
and other types of calciferous rocks, occasionally over bryophytes, in shaded situations
such as in deep rock ssures and underhangs, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread
and locally common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr. var. macrospora Vězda
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: this variety, characterised by ascospores longer than 30
µm (shorter than 25 µm in the typical one), is based on a type from maritime Western
Europe, on siliceous rocks; the identity of records from calcareous rocks in the alpine
belt of the Austrian Alps needs conrmation. – Au: ?K. Fr: AMa, Var.
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Gyalecta kukriensis (Räsänen) Räsänen
Syn.: Gyalecta cupularis (Hedw.) Schaer. var. kukriensis Räsänen, Gyalecta jenensis
(Batsch) Zahlbr. var. deminuta Norman ex Lettau, Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr.
var. kukriensis (Räsänen) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on calciferous schists near or above treeline; also
known from the Carpathians and Scandinavia, for the Alps reported from two distant
localities only. – Au: S. It: Piem.
Gyalecta leucaspis (Kremp.) Kremp.
Syn.: Gyalecta acicularis Anzi, Secoliga leucaspis Kremp. ex A. Massal. nom.illeg., elo-
trema leucaspis Kremp.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on shaded, steeply inclined faces of dolomitic rocks,
mostly below the alpine belt; certainly less common than G. jenensis, but widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: Tg.
Gyalecta liguriensis (Vězda) Vězda
Syn.: Gyalecta truncigena (Ach.) Hepp var. liguriensis Vězda
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on bark of ancient trees in humid, sheltered situa-
tions; in the study area it is known only from the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa,
Var, Vau.
Gyalecta nidarosiensis (Kindt) Baloch & Lücking
Syn.: Belonia caudata (Vězda & Vivant) P.M. Jørg. & Vězda, Belonia nidarosiensis
(Kindt) P.M. Jørg. & Vězda, Clathroporina calcarea Walt. Watson, Clathroporina cau-
data Vězda & Vivant, Microglaena nidarosiensis Kindt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with perithecioid, pale to pink ascomata
and muriform ascospores with attenuated ends; on steep faces of calcareous clis, in
overhangs or in sheltered places on stone walls; most common in Western Europe, for
the Alps reported from a few localities only. – Au: T. Fr: AHP, AMa.
Gyalecta nigritella Cl. Roux & M. Bertrand
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species resembling the Mediterranean G. thelotre-
mella Bagl., but apothecia with black discs and margins, and ascospores smaller and
submuriform; on dolomitic boulders; only known from the type locality in the West-
ern Alps (at 1,265 m). – Fr: AMa.
Gyalecta ophiospora (Lettau) Baloch & Lücking
Syn.: Pachyphiale ophiospora Lettau
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the G. cornea-group (asci polyspored and
ascospores acicular), with spiral-shaped ascospores in twisted arrangement, found on
bark of broad-leaved trees in montane forests; widespread in temperate Europe, includ-
ing the Alps, but rare. – Au: V, S, O, N. Sw: FR, SZ.
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210
Gyalecta peziza (Mont.) Anzi
Syn.: Biatora peziza Mont., Secoliga peziza (Mont.) Arnold
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circumpolar spe-
cies found on slightly calciferous soil rich in humus, and on terricolous bryophytes
near or above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps, but generally rare. – Au: T, S,
K. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: HAl. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Gyalecta rosea (Schaer.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Lecidea rosea Schaer.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, white, rough thallus and ur-
ceolate, immersed apothecia with rose to esh-coloured discs crowned by a thalline
margin; the microscopic characters are unknown and the generic placement is in need
of re-evaluation; this could possibly be the oldest name for one of the calcicolous
Gyalecta-species; on calcareous rock at high elevation, only known from the type local-
ity in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: BE.
Gyalecta russula (Körb. ex Nyl.) Baloch, Lumbsch & Wedin
Syn.: Belonia fennica Vain., Belonia russula Körb. ex Nyl., Beloniella cinerea Norman,
Gyalecta bacidiospora (Eitner) Zahlbr., Secoliga bacidiospora Eitner
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, probably circum-
polar species found on base-rich soil, often on bryophytes, and on steeply inclined or
underhanging surfaces of basic siliceous rocks, with optimum above treeline; perhaps
more widespread in the Alps, but generally not common. – Au: T, S, St. Ge: OB. Fr:
AMa. It: Frl, TAA.
Gyalecta sbarbari Vězda
L – Subs.: cor, cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a rare species resembling G. truncigena, but with
longer, fusiform ascospores (26–30 × 6–7 µm), with mostly 9–11 transversal septa and
1 incomplete longitudinal septum; the type was on calcareous rocks in a humid-shaded
site near the coast of Liguria, but the typical substrate seems to be bark; records from
Austria need critical re-evaluation. – Au: K, O. It: Lig.
Gyalecta subclausa Anzi
Syn.: Gyalecta chlorobaea Nyl., Gyalecta elegantula Müll. Arg., Gyalecta rosellovirens Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an inconspicuous, perhaps overlooked species found
on vertical faces of calcareous rocks in humid, damp and shaded situations in upland
areas. – Au: ?V, St. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Lomb. Sl: Tg.
Gyalecta sudetica Vězda
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species of the G. leucaspis-group, but apothecial mar-
gins entire rather than radially incised as in G. erythrozona, diering from the latter
in the submuriform ascospores with attenuated ends, recalling those of G. kukriensis;
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 211
on calcareous schists in the montane belt of Central European orobiomes, with a few
records from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K, St.
Gyalecta truncigena (Ach.) Hepp
Syn.: Gyalecta abstrusa (Wallr.) A. Massal., Gyalecta wahlenbergiana Ach. var. trun-
cigena Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate lichen found on mature trees, mostly
Acer and Fraxinus, but also on the slightly nutrient-enriched bark of more acid-barked
trees, such as oaks, in mild-humid areas; more common in the past, presently localised
in clearings of ancient, open, humid forests; widespread throughout the Alps, but gen-
erally not very common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GR, TI, UR.
Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Gyalecta ulmi (Sw.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Gyalecta rubra (Hom.) A. Massal., Haematomma rubrum (Hom.) H. Olivi-
er, Lecania rubra (Hom.) Müll. Arg., Lecanora rubra (Hom.) Ach., Lepadolemma
rubrum (Hom.) Trevis., Lichen ulmi Sw., Phialopsis rubra (Hom.) Körb., Phialopsis
ulmi (Sw.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor, bry-cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a warm-temperate lichen found on mature
trees (especially near the base of Ulmus), but also on mosses on steeply inclined faces
of calciferous rocks; apparently widespread throughout the Alps but rare, and probably
more frequent in the past. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SG, SZ,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Gyalectidium setiferum Vězda & Sérus.
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species forming whitish-grey to greenish nely verrucose
thalli provided with scattered sterile setae and hyphophores, only known in the sterile
state; on leaves of evergreen shrubs and juvenile trees (e.g. Buxus, Abies) in the under-
story of very humid forests; widespread in Europe from Brittany in Western France to
the Western Caucasus, with a few records from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Gyalidea asteriscus (Anzi) Aptroot & Lücking
Syn.: Solorinella asteriscus Anzi
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a typical lichen of steppe grasslands on loess,
whose distribution extends widely into Central Asia, found on loess and (in the Alps)
on soil deriving from calcareous schists; restricted to strongly continental valleys in the
Alps. – Au: T, S, K. Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: Sav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Gyalidea diaphana (Körb ex Nyl.) Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia bayeri (E. Senft) Servít, Biatora diaphana Körb. ex Nyl., Biatorina di-
aphana (Körb. ex Nyl.) Körb., Catillaria bayeri E. Senft, Catillaria diaphana (Körb. ex
Nyl.) Lettau
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212
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species recalling G. fritzei, but with 2-celled
ascospores; on long-time inundated siliceous boulders in streams; widespread in the
Arctic zone of Europe and in the alpine belt of European orobiomes, with a few records
from the Eastern Alps, but perhaps overlooked elsewhere. – Au: St, O, N.
Gyalidea fritzei (Stein) Vězda
Syn.: Gyalecta fritzei Stein
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a thin smooth thallus, sessile apothecia
with concave discs and brown to blackish margins, and muriform ascospores, found
on siliceous rocks in humid-shaded habitats, such as along creeks, with optimum above
treeline; for the Alps it is known from several scattered localities. – Au: T, S, St. Sw:
TI. It: Lomb.
Gyalidea fruticola M. Svenss. & G. or
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with small, whitish apothecia with minute
discs, and submuriform, oblong ascospores; corticolous on basal branches of shrubs
(e.g. Lonicera) in various forest types; apparently rather common in Scandinavia, with
a single record from the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
Gyalidea lecideopsis (A. Massal.) Lettau ex Vězda var. lecideopsis
Syn.: Gyalecta albocrenata Arnold, Gyalecta hyalina Hepp, Gyalecta lecideopsis A. Mas-
sal., Gyalecta stigmatoides (Nyl.) Boistel, Gyalidea albocrenata (Arnold) Lettau, Gyalidea
lecideopsis (A. Massal.) Lettau ex Vězda var. stigmatoides (Nyl.) Vězda, Lecidea stigma-
toides Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a northern-montane species found on limestone,
dolomite, calciferous schists, on porous, damp faces; easily overlooked, but certainly
rare in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, UR. Fr: HSav.
It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Gyalidea lecideopsis (A. Massal.) Lettau ex Vězda var. convarians (Nyl.) Vězda
Syn.: Gyalecta convarians Nyl., Gyalidea lecideopsis (A. Massal.) Lettau ex Vězda var.
eucarpa (Servít) Vězda, Lopadium cacuminum H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a taxon with reduced spore numbers per ascus and
muriform ascospores which are longer than 30 µm, found on limestone and dolomite
in moist places; widespread in Europe and also known from Asia and Arctic North
America, but much rarer than the typical variety. – Au: V, T. Ge: OB. It: TAA.
Gyalidea roseola (Arnold) Lettau
Syn.: Gyalecta roseola Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on periodically wetted faces of siliceous rocks (espe-
cially crystalline schists) near creeks and waterfalls in upland areas; an overall rare spe-
cies, known from a few localities in NW Europe and from the Alps. – Au: T, S. It: TAA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 213
Gyalidea scutellaris (Bagl. & Carestia) Lettau
Syn.: Gyalecta arctica Malme, Gyalecta pseudogeoica Anzi, Gyalecta scutellaris Bagl. &
Carestia
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species found on humid, acid
substrata, such as moribund bryophytes and soil rich in humus, with optimum above
treeline. – Au: T, S. Sw: ?Sw. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Gyalidea subscutellaris (Vězda) Vězda
Syn.: Gyalecta subscutellaris Vězda
L – Subs.: deb – Alt.: 5 – Note: similar to G. scutellaris, but apothecia markedly smaller
(less than 0.4 mm diam.) and with smaller muriform ascospores (≤ 20 µm); on acid
to subneutral debris; rare in the European orobiomes, with a single record from the
Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Gyalideopsis helvetica van den Boom & Vězda
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a smooth, greyish-green, glossy
thallus and scattered, excavate soralia, apothecia (when present) reddish-brown, with
submuriform, fusiform ascospores in mostly 4-spored asci; it grows on fallen, decor-
ticated tree trunks; widespread in the Holarctic region but altogether rare, with a few
scattered records from the Alps. – Au: K, St. Sw: SZ, VS. It: TAA.
Gyalideopsis modesta Vězda & Poelt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species recalling a Gyalidea, but interascal laments
branched and anastomosing, with less than 15 µm long, submuriform ascospores; on
pebbles of siliceous schists in places with alternately moist and dry conditions, such as
on talus of secondary roads; only known from the Eastern Alps, rare. – Au: St.
Gyalideopsis piceicola (Nyl.) Vězda & Poelt
Syn.: Gyalecta piceicola (Nyl.) Arnold, Gyalidea piceicola (Nyl.) Lettau, Lecidea piceicola
Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a smooth, greyish-green, glossy
thallus, minute, reddish – to blackish-brown apothecia, and 4-spored asci with sub-
muriform, fusiform ascospores; on twigs of conifers (mostly Picea) in montane forests
with frequent fog, usually in the lowermost canopy; widespread in the Holarctic re-
gion; in the Alps only known from scattered localities, but perhaps overlooked because
of its very special ecology. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, SZ.
Gyalideopsis tuerkii Vězda
L – Subs.: ter-int – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a smooth, greyish-green thallus,
relatively large, reddish-brown apotheci, and submuriform, fusiform ascospores; on
debris of calcareous schists; so far only known from the Eastern Alps, near treeline.
– Au: T.
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214
Gyalolechia aurea (Schaer.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Caloplaca aurea (Schaer.) . Fr., Lecidea aurea Schaer., alloidima aureum
(Schaer.) Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species of the mountains of Central and
Southern Europe, found on plant debris and mosses in ssures and cracks of calcareous
rocks and dolomite, with optimum above treeline; widespread but not always common
in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, LU, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
Gyalolechia bracteata (Hom.) A. Massal. subsp. bracteata
Syn.: Caloplaca bracteata (Hom.) Jatta, Caloplaca bracteata (Hom.) Jatta f. alpina
(. Fr.) Zahlbr., Fulgensia bracteata (Hom.) Räsänen, Fulgensia bracteata (Hom.)
Räsänen var. alpina (. Fr.) Räsänen, Lecanora bracteata (Hom.) Ach., Placodium
bracteatum (Hom.) Nyl., Placodium fulgens (Sw.) DC. var. alpinum . Fr., Psora
bracteata Hom.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: frequently fertile, with non-septate ascospores; in
the study area on soil over calcareous schists, usually on wind-exposed ridges. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Gyalolechia bracteata (Hom.) A. Massal. subsp. deformis (Erichsen) ined. (pro-
visionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Caloplaca bracteata (Hom.) Jatta var. deformis Erichsen, Fulgensia bracteata
(Hom.) Räsänen subsp. deformis (Erichsen) Poelt
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a usually sterile morph spreading by schizidia
developing from the central squamules and exposing the white medulla after they have
split o; on soil in ssures; in the Alps most common in the limestone mountain
chains, in the extra-Alpine foreland mostly over gypsum soils. – Au: T, K, S, St, N. Sw:
LU, SZ, VS.
Gyalolechia delphinensis (Poelt) Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Syn.: Fulgensia delphinensis Poelt
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a speciess recalling G. bracteata in habitus, but
with 1-septate asacospores; on gypsum soil in the Western Alps. – Fr: HAl, Sav.
Gyalolechia desertorum (Tomin) Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Syn.: Caloplaca desertorum Tomin, Caloplaca geoica H. Magn., Fulgensia desertorum
(Tomin) Poelt, Placodium desertorum Tomin
L – Subs.: cal, int, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a species found in open grasslands on
more or less calciferous soil, to be looked for further in dry-continental valleys of the
Alps. – Au: T. Sw: VS. Fr: HAl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 215
Gyalolechia epiphyta (Lynge) Vondrák
Syn.: Caloplaca epiphyta Lynge, Caloplaca laricina Rondon, Caloplaca xanthostigmoidea
auct. non (Räsänen) Zahlbr., Gyalolechia xanthostigmoidea auct. non (Räsänen) Søcht-
ing, Frödén & Arup
L – Subs.: bry-cal, deb-cal, ter-cal, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: this lichen is widespread in
the arctic and temperate-montane to alpine zones of the Northern Hemisphere, main-
ly in continental regions, being usually epiphytic or epixylic (often on Juniperus), but
it also occurs on soil and mosses in rock crevices over calcareous rocks (e.g. on boulders
visited by birds) in arctic-alpine habitats or in steppes; the relationships with Caloplaca
bryochrysion await clarication. e epiphytic Caloplaca xanthostigmoidea is based on
a type from Eastern North America and is apparently a dierent species. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Gyalolechia avorubescens (Huds.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Syn.: Caloplaca aurantiaca auct. non (Lightf.) . Fr., Caloplaca avorubescens (Huds.)
J.R. Laundon, Caloplaca avovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. var. salicina
(J.F.Gmel.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Caloplaca salicina (J.F. Gmel.) Szatala, Caloplaca
suberythrella (Nyl.) Clauzade & Rondon, Lichen avorubescens Huds.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen, most common on old,
more or less isolated deciduous trees, especially oaks; a member of a dicult and vari-
able group; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI,
UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: Tg.
Gyalolechia avovirescens (Wulfen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Syn.: Callopisma aurantiacum (Lightf.) A. Massal. var. avovirescens (Wulfen) A. Mas-
sal., Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. var. avovirescens (Wulfen) . Fr., Caloplaca
aurantiaca (Lightf.) . Fr. var. inalpina (Ach.) H. Magn., Caloplaca erythrella (Ach.)
Kie., Caloplaca avorubescens (Huds.) J.R. Laundon subsp. avovirescens (Wulfen)
Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Caloplaca avovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Le-
canora erythrella (Ach.) Ach., Lichen avovirescens Wulfen, Placodium aurantiacum
(Lightf.) Anzi var. avovirescens (Wulfen) Hepp, Placodium aurantiacum (Lightf.) Anzi
var. inalpinum (Ach.) H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly temperate species growing on weakly
calcareous sandstone and calciferous schists, on boulders and walls, with optimum at
relatively low elevations; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N,
B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: Tg.
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216
Gyalolechia fulgens (Sw.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Syn.: Caloplaca fulgens (Sw.) Körb., Fulgensia fulgens (Sw.) Elenkin, Lecanora fulgens
(Sw.) Ach., Lichen fulgens Sw., Placodium fulgens (Sw.) DC., Psoroma fulgens (Sw.) A.
Massal., Squamaria fulgens (Sw.) Hook.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a subtropical to temperate lichen found on
calcareous rocks and thin layers of soil, often in rock ssures, usually below the sub-
alpine belt. – Au: T, St, N. Sw: GR, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Gyalolechia fulgida (Nyl.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Syn.: Caloplaca fulgida (Nyl.) J. Steiner, Fulgensia fulgida (Nyl.) Szatala, Lecanora fulg-
ida (Nyl.) Hue, Placodium fulgidum Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean lichen found on rock,
especially in ssures, more rarely on soil in dry grasslands, with several records from the
base of the Western Alps (France, Italy). – Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Lig.
Gyalolechia klementii (Kalb) Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Syn.: Fulgensia klementii Kalb
L – Subs.: bry-cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species recalling G. pruinosa, but the egurate
marginal lobes lemon-yellow, and ascospores simple, with pointed ends; based on a
type from Spain and also recorded from Greece; on soil or encrusting calcicolous bryo-
phytes, with a few lowland records from the Western Alps. – Sw: LU. Fr: AMa.
Gyalolechia pruinosa Körb. var. pruinosa
Syn.: Caloplaca pruinosa (Körb.) Zahlbr., Fulgensia pruinosa (Körb.) Poelt
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging faces of
calcareous rocks, mostly in ssures, sometimes on epilithic bryophytes, with optimum
above treeline. – Au: V, T, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ. Fr: AHP, HAl. It:
TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Gyalolechia pruinosa Körb. var. ssiseda (Poelt) ined. (provisionally placed here,
ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Caloplaca aurea (Schaer.) . Fr. var. ssiseda Poelt, Fulgensia pruinosa (Körb.)
Poelt var. ssiseda Poelt
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: on the top of birds’ perching boulders; for the
study area only reported from Austria, but perhaps not distinguished elsewhere. – Au:
V, T, S, St.
Gyalolechia subbracteata (Nyl.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup
Syn.: Caloplaca subbracteata (Nyl.) Lettau, Fulgensia fulgens (Sw.) Elenkin f. subbractea-
ta (Nyl.) Nimis, Fulgensia sorediosa Klem., Fulgensia subbracteata (Nyl.) Poelt, Lecanora
subbracteata Nyl.
L # – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on calciferous ground, in clearings of grasslands
and shrublands, with optimum in the Mediterranean belt. A critical taxon, charac-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 217
terised by schizidia, which, however, also occur in other related species. According to
Roux et al. (2014), it cannot be separated from G. fulgens, the schizidia being just a
re-generation form from damages to the thallus, but molecular data show that the two
taxa are distinct (see Nimis 2016). – Sw: VS. It: Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig.
Gypsoplaca macrophylla (Zahlbr.) Timdal
Syn.: Lecidea macrophylla Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with an olive-brown, squamiform thallus
bearing laminal, undelimited, reddish-brown ascomata; on soil layers over calcareous
schists under periodically xeric conditions leading to steppe vegetation; widespread in
the Holarctic region, but with a single locality in the Eastern Alps. – Au: T.
Gyrographa gyrocarpa (Flot.) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Graphis gyrocarpa (Flot.) Spreng., Opegrapha gyrocarpa Flot., Opegrapha saxicola
Ach. var. gyrocarpa (Flot.) Stizenb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of sili-
ceous rocks, often in forests, in cold-humid situations, more rarely on subacid bark;
widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: UR, VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Haematomma ochroleucum (Neck.) J.R. Laundon var. ochroleucum
Syn.: Haematomma coccineum (Dicks.) Körb., Haematomma leiphaemum (Ach.) Zopf,
Haematomma vulgare A. Massal., Lecanora haematomma Ach. nom.illeg., Lepra leiphae-
ma (Ach.) Mérat, Lichen ochroleucus Neck.
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on steeply in-
clined to underhanging, somehow rain-protected surfaces of siliceous rocks, but also
on bark in humid forests; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N,
B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè,
HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Haematomma ochroleucum (Neck.) J.R. Laundon var. porphyrium (Pers.) J.R.
Laundon
Syn.: Haematomma coccineum (Dicks.) Körb. var. porphyrium (Pers.) . Fr, Haema-
tomma porphyrium (Pers.) Zopf, Lichen haematomma Ehrh. var. porphyrius Pers.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mild-temperate taxon, much rarer on bark than the
typical variety, and perhaps slightly less photophytic. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: UR.
Fr: AHP. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Halecania alpivaga (. Fr.) M. Mayrhofer
Syn.: Lecania alpivaga . Fr., Lecania thallophila H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, int, int-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine species found
on weakly calciferous and basic siliceous rocks in humid situations, frequently parasitic on
various species of Placynthium (but also observed on Collema); probably more widespread
in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR, SZ. Fr: AHP. It: TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
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218
Halecania elaeiza (Nyl.) M. Mayrhofer
Syn.: Lecanora elaeiza Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with relatively small ascospores (< 15 µm
long) found on calcareous rocks in upland areas; altogether rare in Eastern and Central
Europe, including the Alps. – Au: T, N. It: TAA.
Halecania lecanorina (Anzi) M. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Diphratora disparata Jatta nom.illeg., Gyalolechia lecanorina (Anzi) Anzi, Lecania
disparata Lettau nom. illeg, Lecania lecanorina (Anzi) Zahlbr., Lecaniella disparata Jatta
nom.illeg., Lecanora disparata Nyl. nom.illeg., alloidima disparatum Arnold nom.il-
leg., alloidima lecanorinum Anzi, Toninia lecanorina (Anzi) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: bry, ter-cal, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on thin layers of soil, on mosses and
plant debris over calcareous substrata, with optimum near treeline; perhaps more wide-
spread in the Alps, but certainly not common. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
GR, SG. It: Lomb, Piem, VA.
Halecania pannarica M. Brand & van den Boom
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species resembling H. giraltiae, with a thallus
composed of small squamules (Pd+ orange), laminal, bluish-black soralia (small apo-
thecia occasionally present); on boulders and outcrops of various types of schists, often
parasitic on Aspicilia-species (rarely on Acarospora and Rhizocarpon); so far known from
a few localities in the Western Alps. – Sw: UR, VS. Fr: AMa.
Halecania spodomela (Nyl.) M. Mayrhofer
Syn.: Lecania spodomela (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Lecanora spodomela Nyl., Lecidea nigricans Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a silicicolous species resembling H. alpivaga, but
with a strongly reduced thallus and smaller apothecia, usually parasitic on Placynthium;
in Western Europe it is mainly coastal, and the central and eastern European historical
records are in need of critical re-evaluation; in the study area it is known from a single
locality in the Western Alps. – It: Piem.
Halecania viridescens Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species recalling Rinodina eorescens in appearance,
but the pale green to greenish-brown areoles are very fragile, dissolving into pale viv-
id-green soralia with farinose soredia (Pd+ red), apothecia occasionally present, with
relatively thin ascospores; on slightly eutrophic bark of deciduous trees (mainly Salix)
often near rivers and lakes; most frequent in Western Europe, with a few records from
the Eastern Alps, but perhaps not always recognised elsewhere. – Au: K, O. Ge: OB.
Harpidium rutilans Körb.
Syn.: Acarospora rutilans (Körb.) Hue, Zeora rutilans Flot. nom. nud.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks; both
in the Mediterranean region and in dry-warm valleys of the Alps, perhaps overlooked,
but certainly not common. – Au: T. Sw: GR. Fr: Var. It: TAA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 219
Helocarpon crassipes . Fr.
Syn.: Lecidea crassipes (. Fr.) Nyl., Micarea crassipes (. Fr.) Coppins
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 4 – Note: thallus composed of small granules dispersed in
a pale hypothallus, encrusting bryophytes in arctic-alpine environments; widespread
in Fennoscandia, presence in the Central European mountains uncertain, and records
from the Alps in need of verication. – Ge: OB. Sw: GR.
Helocarpon pulverulum (. Fr.) Türk & Hafellner
Syn.: Helocarpon crassipes auct. eur. merid. non . Fr., Lecidea crassipes (. Fr.) Nyl. f.
pulverula . Fr., Micarea crassipes auct. eur. merid. non (. Fr.) Coppins
L # – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: thallus composed of densely arranged pulveru-
lent granules, taxonomic value in need of re-evaluation; on bryophytes and plant de-
bris on the ground and amongst rocks, in areas with siliceous substrata, with optimum
near treeline; widespread in the Holarctic region, and fairly common in the Eastern
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. It: Frl, Ven, TAA.
Henrica melaspora (Taylor) Savić & Tibell
Syn.: Anthracothecium melasporum (Taylor) Müll. Arg., Polyblastia melaspora (Taylor)
Zahlbr., ?Polyblastia plotocarpa Norman ex Zschacke, Polyblastia scotinospora (Nyl.)
Hellb., Polyblastia subinumbrata (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Verrucaria melaspora Taylor
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on siliceous to somewhat calcareous, wet rocks
in open situations, often on slate, usually along rivers or by lakeshores or on pebbles at
least intermittently ushed with running water, near or above treeline. – Au: T, S, K,
St. Sw: VS. Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Piem.
Henrica theleodes (Sommerf.) Savić, Tibell & Nav.-Ros.
Syn.: Henrica ramulosa B. de Lesd., Polyblastia theleodes (Sommerf.) . Fr., Verrucaria
theleodes Sommerf.
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: in niches and ssures of humid calcareous schists
and granodiorite, usually along rivers or by lakeshores, often occurring together with
cyanobacterial lichens, usually above treeline; known from Scandinavia, Iceland,
Greenland, the Alps and the Pyrenees, and from Colorado in North America. – Au: T,
S, St. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Henrica vallorcinensis (Croz.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Polyblastia vallorcinensis (Croz.) Zschacke, Verrucaria vallorcinensis Croz.
L # – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thin, grey to brown thal-
lus, protruding hemispherical ascomata with a descending involucrellum, and nally
brown, muriform ascospores; perhaps close to or even identical with H. melaspora; on
humid faces of siliceous rocks along river banks; only known from the type locality in
the Western Alps (France), and from Switzerland, near the border with France (Haute
Savoie). – Sw: VS. Fr: HSav.
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220
Heppia adglutinata (Kremp.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Heppia urceolata (Schaer.) Nägeli, Heppia virescens (Mont.) Nyl., Lecanora adglu-
tinata Kremp., Nylanderopsis salevensis Gyeln., Solorina virescens Mont.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar,
ephemeral lichen of disturbed calciferous soil in dry, open grasslands; some records of
H. lutosa might belong here. – Au: V. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, HSav, Vau. It: Piem, Lig.
Heppia lutosa (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Collema lutosum Ach., Collema sanguinolentum (Kremp.) Stizenb., Heppia atlan-
tica Gyeln.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen found
on more or less calciferous soil in dry grasslands below the montane belt; it was often
confused, in the older literature, with H. adglutinata, which is bound to upland areas;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: Tg. Li.
Hertelidea botryosa (Fr.) Printzen & Kantvilas
Syn.: Biatora botryosa Fr., Lecidea botryosa (Fr.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a probably circumboreal-montane to cool-tem-
perate lichen found on lignum, often on burnt trunks of conifers and Quercus, more
rarely on acid bark, usually in upland areas but below treeline; with several scattered
records from the Alps. – Au: N. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Lomb, VA.
Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis.
Syn.: Anaptychia hypoleuca auct. non (Muhl.) A. Massal., Anaptychia obscurata (Nyl.)
Vain., Anaptychia sorediifera (Müll. Arg.) Du Rietz & Lynge, Heterodermia hypoleu-
ca auct. non (Muhl.) Trevis., Physcia obscurata Nyl., Pseudophyscia speciosa auct. non
(Wulfen) Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on more or less
isolated trees, occasionally on epilithic mosses. See also note to Polyblastidium subne-
glectum. – Au: V, T, S, O. Ge: Ge. Sw: U W. It: Ven, TAA, Lig.
Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) Trevis.
Syn.: Anaptychia speciosa (Wulfen) A. Massal., Lichen speciosus Wulfen, Parmelia spe-
ciosa (Wulfen) Ach., Physcia speciosa (Wulfen) Nyl., Pseudophyscia speciosa (Wulfen)
Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cor, bry-sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a temperate species found on bark, epiphytic
bryophytes, sometimes on mossy rocks in humid, mostly montane woodlands; wide-
spread throughout the Alps, but generally rather rare. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 221
Heteroplacidium compactum (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Catapyrenium compactum (A. Massal.) R. Sant., Dermatocarpon compactum (A.
Massal.) Blomb. & Forssell, Dermatocarpon crassulum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Endopyr-
enium crassulum Müll. Arg., Placidium compactum A. Massal., Rhodocarpon compactum
(A. Massal.) Lönnr., Verrucaria compacta (A. Massal.) Jatta
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on more or less calcareous rocks, sometimes on
other crustose lichens, but not parasitic, usually in upland areas but below treeline.
is name probably includes several taxa related to H. fusculum, whose taxonomic sta-
tus is in need of clarication. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: GR, SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa,
HSav. It: TAA, Piem, Lig.
Heteroplacidium contumescens (Nyl.) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium contumescens (Nyl.) Breuss, Dermatocarpon contumescens (Nyl.)
Zahlbr., Endocarpon contumescens Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, ter – Alt.: 1 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of
base-rich or calciferous rocks, sometimes on soil in rock ssures, mostly in warm-dry
situations, e.g. in grasslands and garrigues; in the study area only known from the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: Vau.
Heteroplacidium divisum (Zahlbr.) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium divisum (Zahlbr.) Breuss, Dermatocarpon divisum Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 1 – Note: a Mediterranean species recalling H. imbricatum but
with much thinner and strongly divided squamules, found on base-rich soil over si-
liceous substrata in dry sites; hitherto known only from Southern Europe (Italy, SE
Spain, Balkan Peninsula). – It: Ven.
Heteroplacidium fusculum (Nyl.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Dermatocarpon insulare (A. Massal.) Mig., Dermatocarpon nantianum (H. Ol-
ivier) Zahlbr., Endocarpon insulare (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Endocarpon nantianum H.
Olivier, Endopyrenium insulare (A. Massal.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Placidium insulare
A. Massal., Verrucaria fuscula Nyl., Verrucaria insularis (A. Massal.) Jatta, Verrucaria
insularis (A. Massal.) Jatta var. major Zehetl.
L – Subs.: cal, cal-par – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a calcicolous species with a crustose-areolate,
dark brown thallus but otherwise with a Heteroplacidium anatomy, growing on taxa of
the Aspicilia calcarea-group, but nally often becoming independent; widespread and
fairly common in the Mediterranean region, with some outposts in Central Europe;
apparently more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps, mostly in the lowlands. –
Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Heteroplacidium imbricatum (Nyl.) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium imbricatum (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Dermatocarpon imbricatum
(Nyl.) Zahlbr., Endocarpon imbricatum Nyl., Endopyrenium imbricatum (Nyl.) Boistel
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
222
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: in ssures of hard calcareous rocks and amongst
mosses, especially limestone, in rather sheltered situations, at low elevations; appar-
ently more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lig.
Heteroplacidium zamenhoanum (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Cl. Roux
Syn.: Dermatocarpon compactum sensu Clauzade & Rondon, Verrucaria zamenhoana
Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a crustose, dark brown thallus
with incised to sublobate areoles, growing on taxa of the Staurothele areolata-group on
slightly inclined to subhorizontal surfaces of calcareous rocks in upland areas; wide-
spread in Europe and North America, as well as in the Alps; it is easy to overlook be-
cause the thalli of host and parasite are concolorous. – Au: V, T. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, VA, Lig.
Hydropunctaria amphibia (Clemente) Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria amphibia Clemente, Verrucaria symbalana Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 1 – Note: a species with a green-brown to brown-
black, cracked thallus provided with abundant black ridges, at-topped, crenate peri-
thecia, and narrowly ellipsoid ascospores (l/w ratio ≥ 2.5); on both siliceous and calcar-
eous seashore rocks; common and widespread along the coasts of the northern Atlantic
Ocean, rare in the Mediterranean region, with a few records from the base of the
Western Alps (France, Italy). – Fr: AMa. It: Lig.
Hydropunctaria maura (Wahlenb.) C. Keller, Gueidan & üs
Syn.: Involucrothele magnussonii Servít, Verrucaria haeyrenii Erichsen, Verrucaria
malmei Servít, Verrucaria maura Wahlenb., Verrucaria trachinodes Norman, Verrucaria
zschackeana Erichsen
L – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 1 – Note: a species with a dull brown to black, cracked thallus
provided with abundant black dots, immersed to protruding perithecia, and ellipsoid
ascospores (l/w ratio ≤ 2.0); on both siliceous and calcareous seashore rocks, forming
a conspicuous belt at the upper edge of the littoral zone; widespread and common,
subcosmopolitan, including the Mediterranean region at the base of the Western Alps,
along the coast. – It: Lig.
Hydropunctaria rheitrophila (Zschacke) C. Keller, Gueidan & üs
Syn.: Verrucaria cinereolutescens Zschacke, Verrucaria kernstockii Zschacke, Verrucaria
minutipuncta Erichsen, Verrucaria rheitrophila Zschacke, Verrucaria scotinodes Zschacke
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species with an olive-green to orange-
brown thallus, in longitudinal section usually with carbonised dots or/and columns,
and perithecia with a basally open involucrellum; on both siliceous and calcareous
rocks in cold, fast-running streams or in permanently submerged to frequently wetted
places; widespread in the Holarctic region and also known from the Southern Hemi-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 223
sphere; also widespread in the Alps, but not common. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Var. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Hydropunctaria scabra (Vězda) C. Keller, Gueidan & üs
Syn.: Verrucaria scabra Vězda
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species diering from H. rheitrophila by an
involucrellum enclosing entirely the perithecium and reaching the thallus base, where
it fuses with the carbonised basal layer; on siliceous rocks in the amphibious zone of
streams, often near rapids and waterfalls, but also on lake shores; widespread in Europe
but only locally abundant; with a few records from the Eastern Alps, but perhaps over-
looked or misidentied as H. rheitrophila elsewhere. – Au: T, S, K. Fr: AMa.
Hymenelia aigneri (Zahlbr.) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Ionaspis aigneri Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a peach-ower coloured to pure
red thallus containing a trentepohlioid photobiont, black apothecia, and hymenium
bright red in the upper part, reacting N+ purple; on calcareous stones e.g. on screes in
the montane belt; distribution insuciently known; in the study area only reported
from two localities in the Eastern Alps. – Au: ?V, N.
Hymenelia carnosula (Arnold) Lutzoni
Syn.: Aspicilia carnosula Arnold, Ionaspis carnosula (Arnold) Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species of the H. epulotica-group with a white thal-
lus containing a trentepohlioid photobiont, pale esh-coloured apothecia, and subglo-
bose ascospores ≤ 10 µm in diam.; on limestone below or near treeline; distribution
insuciently known; in the study area only reported from the Eastern Alps. – Au: ?V,
K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Hymenelia coerulea A. Massal.
Syn.: Aspicilia coerulea (A. Massal.) Lindau, Hymenelia hiascens A. Massal., Lecanora
cantiana (Garov.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coerulea (A. Massal.) Jatta, Lecanora pseudocoerulea
Zahlbr., Manzonia cantiana Garov.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of hard calciferous
rocks, including moderately dolomitic, hard limestone; certainly widespread and lo-
cally abundant throughout the Alps, with optimum in the montane and subalpine
belts. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Hymenelia cyanocarpa (Anzi) Lutzoni
Syn.: Aspicilia cyanocarpa Anzi, Ionaspis cyanocarpa (Anzi) Jatta
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on periodically inundated, hard siliceous rocks,
with optimum above treeline; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: S, St. Fr:
Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb.
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224
Hymenelia epulotica (Ach.) Lutzoni
Syn.: Aspicilia epulotica (Ach.) Anzi, Gyalecta epulotica Ach., Ionaspis epulotica (Ach.)
Blomb. & Forssell, Ionaspis epulotica (Ach.) Blomb. & Forssell var. patellula (Arnold)
H. Magn., Pinacisca epulotica (Ach.) Trevis
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to cool-temperate, circumpolar
species found on hard, compact calciferous rocks such as limestone, dolomite, cal-
careous schists, in sheltered-humid situations; widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Sl: SlA. Li.
Hymenelia haematina (Körb.) Lutzoni
Syn.: Aspicilia haematina Körb., Ionaspis haematina (Körb.) . Fr.
L # – Subs.: met – Alt.: 4 – Note: a silicicolous species with a brown-red thallus, black,
urceolate, immarginate apothecia, and subglobose ascospores of c. 10 µm in diam.;
ecology and distribution are insuciently known; in the study area only reported from
a few localities of the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: ?T, K.
Hymenelia heteromorpha (Kremp.) Lutzoni
Syn.: Aspicilia cinereorufescens (Ach.) A. Massal. var. heteromorpha Kremp., Ionaspis
annularis H. Magn., Ionaspis heteromorpha (Kremp.) Arnold, Ionaspis ochracella (Nyl.)
H. Magn., Ionaspis reducta H. Magn., Ionaspis rhodopsis (Sommerf.) Blomb. & Forssell
var. melanopsis (Sommerf.) Zahlbr., Ionaspis schismatopis (Nyl.) Hue
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with an epilithic, rimose, whitish thal-
lus, small apothecia with black discs, and subglobose ascospores of c. 10 µm in diam.;
on limestone and dolomite, widespread in Europe from the temperate to the arctic
zone; widespread also in the Alps, but not common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: LU, SZ. Fr: HAl, Isè, Sav, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Hymenelia melanocarpa (Kremp.) Arnold
Syn.: Hymenelia prevostii (Duby) Kremp. var. melanocarpa Kremp., Ionaspis cyrtaspis
auct., Ionaspis melanocarpa (Kremp.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circumpolar species, most
frequent on hard, compact calciferous rocks in upland areas; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Hymenelia prevostii (Duby) Kremp.
Syn.: Aspicilia prevostii (Duby) Anzi, Ionaspis prevostii (Duby) Arnold, Lecanora prev-
ostii (Duby) . Fr., Lecidea prevostii (Duby) Schaer., Urceolaria prevostii Duby
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on hard calcareous rocks, especially compact lime-
stone. According to Roux et al. (2014), this is just a phycotype of H. epulotica with
trebouxioid algae. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 225
Hymenelia rhodopis (Sommerf.) Lutzoni
Syn.: Ionaspis rhodopis (Sommerf.) Blomb. & Forssell, Lecanora acharii (Ach.) Som-
merf. var. rhodopis Sommerf.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with an epilithic, rimose, whitish thallus,
small apothecia with pale pink discs, and broadly ellipsoid ascospores measuring 17–
20 × 10–12 µm; common on calcareous stones; widespread in the Holarctic region,
but not always distinguished from H. epulotica (with an endolithic thallus). – Au: V,
T, S, St, N. Sw: SZ.
Hymenelia similis (A. Massal.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Aspicilia isabellina Jatta, Aspicilia similis (A. Massal.) Anzi, Ionaspis similis (A.
Massal.) Jatta, Lecanora carneopallens Nyl., Lecanora similis (A. Massal.) Nyl., Pinacisca
similis A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on shaded and steeply inclined surfaces of calciferous
rocks, especially limestone and dolomite, descending to low altitudes in humid, coastal
areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: Tg.
Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora adglutinata Flörke, Physcia adglutinata (Flörke) Nyl., Physcia elaeina
auct. non (Wahlenb.) A.L. Sm., Physciopsis adglutinata (Flörke) M. Choisy
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a widespread mild-temperate species found on iso-
lated, mostly deciduous trees with nutrient-rich or – enriched bark, also in areas with
intensive agriculture; widespread throughout the Alps, mainly at low elevations. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Biatora ostreata (Hom.) . Fr., Lecidea ostreata (Hom.) Schaer., Lecidea scala-
ris (Ach.) Ach., Lichen scalaris Ach., Psora ostreata Hom., Psora scalaris (Ach.) Hook.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen found on acid bark, especially of conifers, but also on Castanea and on lignum,
including charred wood; widespread and locally common throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SG, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) Räsänen
Syn.: Parmelia austerodes Nyl., Parmelia obscurascens (Bitter) Zahlbr., Parmelia obscurata
(Ach.) Bitter non auct., Parmelia obscurata (Ach.) Bitter var. isidiata (Lynge) H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar spe-
cies found on acid bark, especially of conifers, and on lignum, occasionally on siliceous
rocks; perhaps most frequent in the climatically most continental parts of the Alps,
with optimum near treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
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226
Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti
Syn.: Hypogymnia obscurata auct., Parmelia bitteri Lynge, Parmelia obscurata auct. et
sensu Bitter
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar lichen found on acid bark, especially of conifers, occasionally on lignum and
on siliceous rocks, with optimum near treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS.
Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
Hypogymnia farinacea Zopf
Syn.: Hypogymnia bitteriana (Zahlbr.) Räsänen, Parmelia bitteriana Zahlbr., Parmelia
farinacea Bitter
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane lichen,
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.
Syn.: Imbricaria physodes (L.) DC., Lichen physodes L., Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach.,
Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach. var. labrosa Ach., Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach. var. platyphylla
Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, deb, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen, common
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL,
GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav.
Syn.: Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. var. tubulosa (Schaer.) Walt. Watson, Parmelia
physodes (L.) Ach. var. tubulosa Schaer., Parmelia tubulosa (Schaer.) Bitter
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, holarctic species, certainly
much rarer than H. physodes, and bound to more natural and humid situations; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL,
GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique
Syn.: Imbricaria physodes (L.) DC. var. vittata (Ach.) Körb., Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach.
var. vittata Ach., Parmelia vittata (Ach.) Röhl.
L – Subs.: cor, sil, bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane lichen found
on bark, often on basal parts of trunks, on acid soil and overgrowing moribund bryo-
phytes; widespread throughout the Alps, but generally not common. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 227
Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta (Krog & Swinscow) Krog & Swinscow
Syn.: Parmelia afrorevoluta Krog & Swinscow, Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta (Krog &
Swinscow) Elix & Hale
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species diering from H. revoluta in having lobes
with a glossy lower surface, often simple, glossy rhizines, and coarse soredia developing
from pustules, based on a type from Eastern Africa. It grows on bark of broad-leaved
trees in areas with a more or less oceanic climate; widespread in both Hemispheres, and
perhaps spreading in Europe in recent years. e species is very similar to H. revoluta,
and some records of the latter could refer to it; widespread also in the Alps, especially
on the northern side. – Au: V, T, S, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU,
SG, SZ, TI, UW, VD. Fr: Isè, HSav, Var. It: Lig.
Hypotrachyna britannica (D. Hawksw. & P. James) P. James
Syn.: Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale var. britannica (D. Hawksw. & P. James)
P. Scholz, Parmelia britannica D. Hawksw. & P. James, Parmelia revoluta Flörke var.
britannica (D. Hawksw. & P. James) V. Wirth, Parmelinopsis britannica (D. Hawksw.
& P. James) Elix
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species resembling H. afrorevoluta in the coarse
soredia developing from pustules, but soredia blue-black and easily eroding, lower sur-
face dull and therefore similar to H. revoluta; on both rocks and bark, usually near the
coast; widespread in Western Europe, with a few records from the Swiss Alps. – Sw:
GR, TI, ?VS.
Hypotrachyna laevigata (Sm.) Hale
Syn.: Lichen laevigatus Sm., Parmelia laevigata (Sm.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a humid subtropical to mild-temperate lichen found
in ancient, very humid forests, on mossy trunks and rocks, very much declining. – Au:
V, T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, UW, ?VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Hypotrachyna minarum (Vain.) Krog & Swinscow
Syn.: Parmelia minarum Vain., Parmelinopsis minarum (Vain.) Elix & Hale
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: H. horrescens is an Atlantic species, and its records
from Switzerland, Italy and Slovenia most probably refer to this species. – Sw: TI. It:
TAA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flörke) Hale
Syn.: Imbricaria revoluta (Flörke) Flot., Parmelia revoluta Flörke
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on deciduous
trees, exceptionally on mossy siliceous rocks in humid areas, very much declining, and
absent from urban areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, ?GR,
LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
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Hypotrachyna sinuosa (Sm.) Hale
Syn.: Imbricaria sinuosa (Sm.) Körb., Lichen sinuosus Sm., Parmelia despreauxii Delise
ex Duby, Parmelia sinuosa (Sm.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a widespread, but rare mild-temperate species found on
bark and epiphytic mosses in open, humid and cold forests. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Hypotrachyna taylorensis (M.E. Mitch.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia revoluta Flörke var. rugosa Cromb., Parmelia rugosa Taylor non Fr., Par-
melia taylorensis M.E. Mitch.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rare mild-temperate species found on mossy trunks
in ancient, undisturbed, moist forests. – Au: V, T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: LU,
SZ, TI, UW. It: Lomb, Piem.
Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Baeomyces aeruginosus (Scop.) DC., Baeomyces icmadophilus (L. f.) Bory, Biatora
icmadophila (L. f.) Fr., Icmadophila aeruginosa (Scop.) Trevis., Icmadophila elveloides
(Weber) Hedl., Lecidea icmadophila (L. f.) Ach., Lichen ericetorum L., Patellaria aerugi-
nosa (Scop.) Spreng.
L – Subs.: xyl, bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane,
circumpolar species found on decaying wood and moribund bryophytes, usually in
upland areas; common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Immersaria athroocarpa (Ach.) Rambold & Pietschm.
Syn.: Amygdalaria athroocarpa (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecidea athroocarpa (Ach.)
Ach., Lecidella athroocarpa (Ach.) Arnold, Lichen athroocarpus Ach., Porpidia athroocar-
pa (Ach.) Hertel & Rambold
L – Subs.: sil, sil-par, met – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, chemi-
cally variable, circumpolar species found on siliceous, often iron-rich and weathered
rocks in exposed situations, starting the life-cycle on species of Aspicilia s.lat. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, N. Sw: TI. Fr: AMa, Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Immersaria cupreoatra (Nyl.) Calat. & Rambold
Syn.: Aspicilia cupreoatra (Nyl.) Arnold, Aspicilia olivacea Bagl. & Carestia, Bellemerea
cupreoatra (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecanora cupreoatra Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen of siliceous rocks starting
the life-cycle on Buellia-species, most frequent above treeline; with several scattered
records from the Alps. – Au: T, S. Sw: GR. It: Piem, VA, Lig.
Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S.L.F. Mey.
Syn.: Cetraria aleurites (Ach.) . Fr., Imbricaria aleurites (Ach.) Lam. & DC., Lichen
aleurites Ach., Parmelia aleurites (Ach.) Ach., Parmelia diusa (Hom.) Sandst. non
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 229
auct., Parmeliopsis aleurites (Ach.) Nyl., Parmeliopsis pallescens (Hom.) Zahlbr., Par-
meliopsis placorodia sensu Jatta non auct.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a circumboreal-montane to cool-temperate spe-
cies found on acid bark, mostly of conifers and on decorticated stumps, with optimum
near treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè, Sav,
HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Ingvariella bispora (Bagl.) Guderley & Lumbsch
Syn.: Diploschistes bisporus (Bagl.) J. Steiner, Diploschistes bisporus (Bagl.) J. Steiner var.
ochraceus (Anzi) Poelt comb. inval., Diploschistes ochraceus (Anzi) J. Steiner, Diploschistes
scruposulus (Nyl.) J. Steiner, Rhizocarpon clauzadei B. de Lesd., Urceolaria bispora Bagl.,
Urceolaria ferruginea Harm., Urceolaria ochracea Anzi, Urceolaria scruposula Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on base-rich siliceous substrata, mostly on horizontal
surfaces; mainly in dry-continental valleys of the Alps. – Au: T. Fr: AMa, Var. It: TAA,
Lomb, VA, Lig.
Inoderma byssaceum (Weigel) Gray
Syn.: Arthonia biformis (Flörke) Schaer., Arthonia byssacea (Weigel) Almq., Lecidea bi-
formis Flörke, Pyrenothea biformis (Flörke) A. Massal., Pyrenothea byssacea (Weigel) A.
Massal., Sphaeria byssacea Weigel
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on very old decidu-
ous trees with acid bark (usually oaks) in open woodlands, often near rivers; most of
the few records from the Alps are old. – Au: S. It: Ven, TAA.
Involucropyrenium pusillum Breuss & Türk
L – Subs.: bry-cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species recalling I. squamulosum, but with a basally
closed, entire involucrellum, smaller perithecia and smaller ascospores; on bryophytes
overgrowing boulders of limestone; only known from the type locality in the Eastern
Alps. – Au: O.
Involucropyrenium romeanum (B. de Lesd.) Breuss
Syn.: Involucropyrenium squamulosum (M. Brand & van den Boom) Breuss, Verrucaria
romeana B. de Lesd., Verrucaria squamulosa M. Brand & van den Boom
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species recalling Verrucaria macrostoma, but thallus
squamulose, perithecia at the edge or between squamules, with involucrellum reaching
the base but basally open, and ascospores to c. 30 µm long; on calcareous rocks, includ-
ing man-made substrates; rather common in Western Europe with a single record from
the Eastern Alps, but perhaps overlooked or misidentied elsewhere. – Au: S. Fr: HSav.
Involucropyrenium terrigenum (Zschacke) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium terrigenum (Zschacke) Breuss, Verrucaria terrigena Zschacke
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with squamules closely attached to the
soil, fusing to form a grey crust, perithecia with an entire involucrellum, and broadly
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230
ellipsoid to subglobose ascospores; on acidic soil, ecology otherwise poorly known;
very rare and so far only reported from two localities in the Alps. – Au: T. Fr: AHP.
Involucropyrenium tremniacense (A. Massal.) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium tremniacense A. Massal., Dermatocarpon tremniacense (A. Massal.)
J. Steiner, Involucrocarpon tremniacense (A. Massal.) Servít, Verrucaria tremniacensis (A.
Massal.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a widespread terricolous species of open grass-
lands over more or less calcareous substrata; apparently most frequent in the Western
and Southern Alps. – Au: K. Sw: UR. Fr: HAl, Isè, HSav, Vau. It: Ven, Piem, VA.
Involucropyrenium waltheri (Kremp.) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium waltheri (Kremp.) Körb., Dermatocarpon waltheri (Kremp.) Blomb.
& Forssell, Involucrocarpon waltheri (Kremp.) Servít, Verrucaria waltheri Kremp.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on humus-rich soil in alpine grasslands;
probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR,
SZ, VS. It: TAA, Piem, Lig.
Ionaspis ceracea (Arnold) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Aspicilia ceracea Arnold, Hymenelia ceracea (Arnold) M. Choisy, Lecanora ceracea
(Arnold) Stizenb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on siliceous pebbles and stones near the soil;
widespread in the Alps, but often overlooked, or confused with small Acarospora-
species. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav. It:
TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Ionaspis delibuta (Ach.) Hue
Syn.: Lecidea delibuta Ach.
L # – Subs.: ?cal – Alt.: ? – Note: a species resembling in habitus Hymenelia epulotica
and perhaps belonging to that genus, with a thin, continuous, grey to ochraceous
thallus and small, immersed, later somewhat elevated apothecia with blackish discs
covered by a white pruina; on calcareous(?) rocks, other ecological requirements not
documented, growing together with Opegrapha rupestris (de Schaerer); reported from
Switzerland without a precise locality, and only known from the type. – Sw: Sw.
Ionaspis lacustris (With.) Lutzoni
Syn.: Aspicilia fulvomellea (A.L. Sm.) Walt. Watson, Aspicilia lacustris (With.) . Fr.,
Hymenelia lacustris (With.) M. Choisy, Lecanora fulvomellea A.L. Sm., Lecanora lacus-
tris (With.) Nyl., Lichen lacustris With.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circumpolar
species found on siliceous rocks, periodically submerged in mountain creeks. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 231
Ionaspis obtecta (Vain.) R. Sant.
Syn.: Aspicilia obtecta (Vain.) Hav., Hymenelia obtecta (Vain.) Poelt & Vězda, Lecanora
obtecta Vain.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu, met – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species recalling I. lacustris, but with a
rimose, ochraceous-brownish thallus, an amyloid medulla, and immersed, but some-
what protruding apothecia with blackish-brown margins; on exposed siliceous, oc-
casionally metal-rich rocks; widespread in Europe but altogether rare, with a few scat-
tered records from the Alps. – Au: S, St. Fr: HSav. It: TAA.
Ionaspis odora (Ach. ex Schaer.) Stein
Syn.: Aspicilia odora (Ach. ex Schaer.) A. Massal., Gyalecta odora Ach. ex Schaer, Ion-
aspis chrysophana auct. non (Körb.) Stein
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circumpolar
species found on hard siliceous rocks, amphibious along mountain creeks. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Ionaspis spitzbergensis H. Magn. (not validly published ICN 36.1.)
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species with an euse, minutely areolate
to subgranular thallus, and minute black apothecia with both margin and epihyme-
nium bluish to blackish green, reacting N+ red violet, the ascospores not exceeding
10 µm in length; on siliceous stones and low outcrops, with a single record from the
Eastern Alps – Au: S.
Ionaspis suaveolens (Fr.) . Fr. ex Stein
Syn.: Aspicilia chrysophana Körb., Gyalecta suaveolens Fr., Ionaspis chrysophana (Körb.) Stein
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on hard, compact, siliceous rocks in moist and
rather shaded situations, mostly in upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Jamesiella anastomosans (P. James & Vězda) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda
Syn.: Gyalideopsis anastomosans P. James & Vězda
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with lmy glaucous thalli provided
with peculiar spine-like, isidiiform hyphophores, frequently sterile in Central Europe,
rather regularly fertile in Western Europe, with biatorine, red-brown apothecia and
muriform ascospores; on bark and stumps in moist forests; widespread in the North-
ern Hemisphere and also known from New Zealand; widespread also in the Alps, but
probably still undercollected. – Au: K, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GL, GR, SZ,
TI, UW, VS. Fr: Var. It: TAA.
Japewia subaurifera Muhr & Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a usually sterile species with a greenish to brown thal-
lus, with soralia at rst punctiform and convex, but later often conuent, outer soredia
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232
brownish, inner soredia yellowish green, apothecia brown and biatorine, usually less
convex than those of J. tornoensis; on bark of both broad-leaved and coniferous trees in
moist habitats; widespread in the Holarctic region, with a few scattered records from
the Alps. – Au: T. Sw: GR, VS. Sl: SlA.
Japewia tornoensis (Nyl.) Tønsberg
Syn.: Biatora breadalbanensis (Stirt.) Walt. Watson, Biatora tornoensis (Nyl.) . Fr., Le-
cidea breadalbanensis Stirt., Lecidea frigidella Nyl., Lecidea tornoensis Nyl., Mycoblastus
tornoensis (Nyl.) R.A. Anderson
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane species found on
twigs of shrubs, on terricolous mosses and plant debris in upland areas, usually over
siliceous substrata. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, TI, UR, VS.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, VA.
Koerberia biformis A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on rough bark,
mostly of old deciduous trees, especially Castanea and Quercus, in humid areas; appar-
ently more frequent in the Western and Southern Alps, but never common. – Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb.
Koerberiella wimmeriana (Körb.) Stein
Syn.: Aspicilia acceptanda (Nyl.) Arnold ex Hue, Aspicilia leucophyma (Leight.) Hue,
Aspicilia littoralis (Vain.) Hue, Lecanora acceptanda Nyl., Lecanora creatina Norman
ex . Fr., Lecanora leucophyma Leight., Lecanora littoralis (Vain.) Zahlbr., Lecanora
wimmeriana (Körb.) Poetsch, Lecanorella josiae Frey, Lecidea ceratina (Norman ex .
Fr.) Stizenb., Perspicinora leucophyma (Leight.) Riedl, Pertusaria littoralis Vain., Zeora
wimmeriana Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found on
periodically wetted siliceous rocks; widespread, but regionally often overlooked in the
Alps, being often sterile. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VS. Fr: HAl,
AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Lambiella furvella (Nyl. ex Mudd) M. Westb. & Resl
Syn.: Lecidea furvella Nyl. ex Mudd, Lecidea furvula Nyl., Lecidea orphnaeilla Stirt.,
Lecidea spongiosula Nyl., Rimularia furvella (Nyl. ex Mudd) Hertel & Rambold
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a brown, rimose to areolate thal-
lus, the areoles with minute granular isidia easily and soon breaking down to form
conuent sorediate crusts, usually sterile; sometimes confused with Miriquidica in-
trudens, but lacking the paler margin of the areoles and the black marginal soralia; on
exposed siliceous rocks, where it acts as a non-specialised parasitic lichen (frequent
hosts are species of Rhizocarpon, Aspicilia, Lecidea, Lecanora and others); widespread in
the Northern Hemisphere; widespread in the Alps, but probably overlooked in some
regions. – Au: V, ?T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, UR, VD. Fr: HSav. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 233
Lambiella gyrizans (Nyl.) M. Westb. & Resl
Syn.: Lecidea fuscocinerea auct. non Nyl., Lecidea gyrizans Nyl., Rimularia gyrizans
(Nyl.) Hertel & Rambold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a fertile species with an areolate thallus in various shades
of brownish-grey to dark brown with convex areoles, roundish to angular, lecideoid
apothecia with umbonate to gyrose discs, and ellipsoid ascospores exceeding 10 µm in
length; on siliceous boulders and outcrops in the boreal zone and in the montane to
subalpine belt in temperate orobiomes, rarely higher; widespread in the Northern Hem-
isphere but not common, with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Lambiella insularis (Nyl.) T. Sprib.
Syn.: Biatora intumescens (Flörke ex Flot.) Hepp, Lecidea insularis Nyl., Lecidea intume-
scens (Flörke ex Flot.) Nyl., Lecidea petraea auct. var. intumescens Flörke, Lecidella intu-
mescens (Flörke ex Flot.) Arnold, Nesolechia intumescens (Flörke ex Flot.) Sacc., Rimu-
laria insularis (Nyl.) Rambold & Hertel, Toninia intumescens (Flörke ex Flot.) Boistel
L – Subs.: sil-par, int-par – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen invading the
thalli of the Lecanora rupicola-group; contrary to the host, it is absent from disturbed
habitats; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lasallia pustulata (L.) Mérat
Syn.: Gyrophora pustulata (L.) Ach., Lichen pustulatus L., Macrodictya pustulata (L.) A.
Massal., Umbilicaria pustulata (L.) Hom.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar species
found on periodically wetted, but rapidly drying surfaces of basic siliceous rocks, usually
in seepage tracks, with a wide altitudinal range, but usually absent above treeline; wide-
spread throughout the Alps but only locally common. – Au: T, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI,
UR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lathagrium auriforme (With.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema auriculatum Hom., Collema auriforme (With.) Coppins & J.R. Laun-
don, Collema granosum auct., Riccia auriformis With.
L – Subs.: cal, bry – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane, holarc-
tic lichen found on calcicolous mosses, rarely directly on rock in sheltered situations,
e.g. in woodlands or on shaded walls; rare within large settlements and in areas with
intensive agriculture, otherwise widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lathagrium cristatum (L.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin var. cristatum
Syn.: Collema cristatum (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg., Collema granuliferum Nyl., Collema
hypergenum Nyl., Collema melaenum (Ach.) Ach., Lichen cristatus L.
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234
L – Subs.: cal, bry-cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen found on exposed
limestone and dolomite with some seepage of water after rain (an ecological feature
which is very evident in dry Mediterranean areas, where the species is conned to rain-
tracks), widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lathagrium cristatum (L.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin var. marginale (Huds.)
ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Collema cristatum (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. var. marginale (Huds.) Degel., Col-
lema marginale (Huds.) Hom., Collema multidum (Scop.) Rabenh., Lichen margin-
alis Huds., Lichen multidus Scop.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a morph with adnate, distinctly and repeatedly
furcate lobes that are more or less linear and concave, mostly fertile, but occasionally
isidiate (isidia globular to clavate); on limestone boulders and outcrops from mid
– to high elevations; widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, but real distribution
in the Alps dicult to evaluate, because it was not always distinguished from the
typical variety. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lathagrium dichotomum (With.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema dichotomum (With.) Coppins & J.R. Laundon, Collema uviale (Huds.)
Ach., Collema uviatile (Huds.) Steud., Tremella dichotoma With.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a bright to dark green thallus usually
not exceeding 3 cm in diam., with adnate to partly ascending, repeatedly branched,
strap-like lobes, the apothecia usually sparse or lacking; on permanently inundated si-
liceous boulders in rivers and large creeks with not too fast running water; widespread
in Europe but rare, with a single record from the Eastern Alps, which needs conrma-
tion. – Ge: OB.
Lathagrium fuscovirens (With.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema furvum (Ach.) DC., Collema fuscovirens (With.) J.R. Laundon, Collema
stillicidiorum Harm., Collema subgranosum Harm., Collema tuniforme (Ach.) Ach.,
Collema verruciforme (Ach.) Nyl., Lichen furvus Ach., Lichen fuscovirens With., Lichen
tuniformis Ach., Parmelia furva (Ach.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cal, bry – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen found on calcif-
erous rocks, more rarely on epilithic mosses, in moderately sheltered sites with some
water seepage after rain, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 235
Lathagrium undulatum (Laurer ex Flot.) Poetsch var. undulatum
Syn.: Collema laureri Flot., Collema undulatum Laurer ex Flot., Lathagrium laureri
(Flot.) Arnold, Synechoblastus laureri (Flot.) Körb., Synechoblastus laureri (Flot.) Körb.
var. microphyllinus Anzi
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, probably circum-
polar lichen found on calciferous rocks with some water seepage after rain, mostly in
upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lathagrium undulatum (Laurer ex Flot.) Poetsch var. granulosum (Degel.) ined.
(provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Collema undulatum Laurer ex Flot. var. granulosum Degel.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a usually sterile morph with more or less globular
isidia, not always distinguished from the typical variety; on calcareous rocks and soil
layers; widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, but real distribution in the Alps dif-
cult to evaluate. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. Sl: SlA.
Lecanactis abietina (Ach.) Körb.
Syn.: Cyphelium incrustans Ach., Lecanactis illecebrosa (Dufour) Fr. var. megaspora G.
Merr., Lecanactis megaspora (G. Merr.) Brodo, Lecidea abietina (Ach.) Ach., Lichen abi-
etinus Ach., Pyrenotea leucocephala (Ach.) Fr., Pyrenula leucocephala Ach., Schismatom-
ma abietinum (Ach.) A. Massal. non (Humb.) Almq.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate lichen, mostly found in mixed for-
ests with Abies, on dry undersides of trunks and old branches, in crevices of the bark,
much more rarely on old Quercus; widespread throughout the Alps, but generally not
very common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, LU, SG, SZ,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var. It: Frl, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Lecania atrynoides M. Knowles
Syn.: Lecania macrocarpa B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a species with a granular to rimose-areolate, greyish
to brownish thallus, and non-pruinose apothecia with red-brown to blackish discs and
thin, later excluded thalline margins; on nutrient-enriched siliceous rocks in the supral-
ittoral zone, often in crevices and overhangs; widespread in SW Europe and Macaron-
esia, but not common, with a few records from the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Piem, Lig.
Lecania coeruleorubella (Mudd) M. Mayrhofer
Syn.: Lecania coerulescens Mudd var. coeruleorubella Mudd, Lecania nylanderiana A.
Massal. var. coeruleorubella (Mudd) Zahlbr.
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236
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an areolate thallus in various shades
of brown, the areolae coarsely sorediate to blastidiate, the sessile apothecia with red-
brown to black discs and granular to occasionally sorediate margins, usually partly
pruinose, most ascospores 3-septate; on mortar and limestone on shaded walls; wide-
spread in Europe, with a few, mostly historical records from the Eastern Alps (Austria).
– Au: T, St, N.
Lecania croatica (Zahlbr.) Kotlov
Syn.: Catillaria croatica Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with an almost immersed to rimose-areolate
and then pale grey to tan thallus with discrete punctiform soralia, without chemical
substances, often sterile; apothecia entirely ochraceous to pale brown, with simple to
1-septate ascospores; on bark of deciduous trees in dierent forest types; widespread
in the Northern Hemisphere and also in the Alps, but not common; sterile material,
however, may not always have been identied correctly. – Au: K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: SZ. Sl: SlA.
Lecania cuprea (A. Massal.) van den Boom & Coppins
Syn.: Bacidia albidocarnea (Nyl.) Zahlbr. var. alborubella (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Bacidia al-
bidocarnea (Nyl.) Zahlbr. var. albovirella (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Bacidia albovirella (Nyl.) H.
Olivier, Bacidia cuprea (A. Massal.) Lettau, Bacidia cupreorosella (Nyl. ex Stizenb.) A.
Schneid., Bacidia prasinoides (Nyl.) Nyl., Biatora cupreorosella (Nyl. ex Stizenb.) Tuck.,
Bilimbia cuprea A. Massal., Catillaria umbraticula (Nyl.) P. James, Lecidea albovirella
Nyl., Lecidea cupreorosella Nyl. ex Stizenb.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on underhanging or
vertical, base-rich or somehow calciferous rocks in woodlands and gorges, sometimes
overgrowing epilithic mosses; widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, K, St, O, N. Sw: SZ, TI,
UW. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Piem, Lig.
Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Biatora anomala Fr., Biatora cyrtella (Ach.) W. Mann, ?Biatora microcyrtella Anzi,
Biatorina cyrtella (Ach.) A. Massal., Biatorina heterobaphia Anzi, Bilimbia anomala
(Fr.) Mudd, Catillaria heterobaphia (Anzi) Lettau, Lecanora cyrtella (Ach.) Röhl., Le-
cidea austriaca Zahlbr., Lecidea cyrtella Ach., Lecidea subalpina Zahlbr. non Stizenb.,
Patellaria cyrtella (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Sporoblastia cyrtella (Ach.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen found on the base-rich bark of
isolated trees, e.g. on Populus, Juglans, Fraxinus, Sambucus, mostly in Xanthorion-com-
munities; some earlier records could refer to L. cyrtellina and L. sambucina; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 237
Lecania cyrtellina (Nyl.) Sandst.
Syn.: Lecanora cyrtellina Nyl., Lecidea cyrtellina (Nyl.) Lettau
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species recalling L. cyrtella, but most ascospores
only up to 3 µm wide, occasionally accompanied by macroconidiomata containing
simple to 1-septate, falcate macroconidia; on base-rich bark of broad-leaved trees in the
shade of old-growth forests; widespread in Europe, NW Africa and North America, as
well as in the Alps, but not common, regionally perhaps overlooked. – Au: T, S, K, St.
Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. Sl: SlA.
Lecania dubitans (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.
Syn.: Lecania dimera (Nyl.) . Fr., Lecanora dimera Nyl., Lecidea dubitans Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species recalling L. cyrtella, but with strongly
curved ascospores; mostly on bark of broad-leaved trees; widespread in Europe but
altogether rare; from the Alps there are some scattered records, mostly in the montane
belt. – Au: St, N. Sw: BE, GR, VD, VS. Fr: Isè.
Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd
Syn.: Lecidea luteola (Schrad.) Ach. var. erysibe (Ach.) Ach., Lichen erysibe Ach.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen mostly found on cal-
careous substrata, often on mortar, concrete and brick walls; in the past often confused
with other species. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AMa, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecania avescens Lynge
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a yellowish-grey, verrucose to rimose-
areolate thallus, nally convex apothecia with black, epruinose discs, an intensely violet
epihymenium and 8-spored asci containing 1-septate ascospores; based on a type from
Novaya Zemlya, where it was found on pure chalk; extremely rare, for the few records
from Central and Southern Europe the colour of the epihymenium is given as red-
brown, and the ascospores are reported as wider; of these, one record is from the Alps
on schistose rocks. – Sw: GR.
Lecania fraudulenta (Hepp) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Biatora fraudulenta Hepp, Biatorina fraudulenta (Hepp) Arnold, Catillaria sub-
fraudulenta Zahlbr., Lecidea fraudulenta (Hepp) Stizenb.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species which is perhaps related to L. cyrtella, with
hyaline, ellipsoid to ovoid, mostly simple (some 1-septate intermixed) ascospores (8–
12 µm long), other characters not mentioned in the protologue; on bark of deciduous
trees; only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: UR.
Lecania fuscella (Schaer.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Lecania syringea (Ach.) . Fr., Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. var. syringea (Ach.)
Ach., Parmelia pallida (Pers.) Wallr. var. fuscella Schaer.
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238
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on base-rich bark of
well-lit trees, especially Populus, Juglans and Ulmus; widespread in the Alps, mostly at
low elevations. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, LU, SZ, VD. Fr: AHP,
AMa, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecania hutchinsiae (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.
Syn.: Lecanora hutchinsiae Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species similar to the calcicolous L. sylvestris, with a
thin, continuous to rimose-areolate thallus coloured in shades of grey, sessile apothecia
which are convex from the beginning, with brown discs and soon excluded margins;
on siliceous rocks and boulders, often in shaded habitats near the coast; widespread in
Western Europe; the only record from the Alps needs conrmation. – Sw: SZ.
Lecania inundata (Hepp ex Körb.) M. Mayrhofer
Syn.: Biatorina inundata Hepp ex Körb., Biatorina proteiformis A. Massal. var. compacta
A. Massal., Catillaria italica B. de Lesd., Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd var. inundata
(Hepp ex Körb.) Zahlbr., Lecania porracea (Stizenb.) Flagey, Lecania sbarbaronis B. de
Lesd., Lecanora sbarbaronis (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate calcicolous species, often found on
man-made substrata; in the past confused with L. erysibe or L. turicensis, and perhaps
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AMa. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Piem, VA.
Lecania koerberiana J. Lahm
Syn.: Lecania opuntiae Bagl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate and altogether rare species found
on nutrient-rich or – enriched bark; closely related to L. fuscella, and in the past often
confused with L. naegelii, to which some of the records may refer. – Au: T, K, O. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: TAA.
Lecania naegelii (Hepp) Diederich & van den Boom
Syn.: Bacidia abscondita Erichsen, Bacidia naegelii (Hepp) Zahlbr., Biatora naegelii
Hepp, Bilimbia naegelii (Hepp) Kremp., Bilimbia vallis-tellinae Anzi
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate species with optimum in
the submediterranean belt, but also present within eu-Mediterranean vegetation in
humid, coastal sites; widespread throughout the Alps, below treeline. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl:
SlA, Tg. Li.
Lecania nylanderiana A. Massal.
Syn.: Lecania athroocarpa (Nyl.) Trevis., Lecania cooperta (Ach.) Poetsch
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate species found on vertical to underhang-
ing surfaces of calcareous rocks; several records from the Alps need conrmation. – Au:
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 239
T, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, Sav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecania olivacella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecania subalbens (Nyl.) Hazsl., Lecanora olivacella Nyl., Lecanora subalbens Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on calcareous and basic siliceous rocks; a wide-
spread, but rare species, with a wide altitudinal range, to be looked for further in the
Alps. – Au: T, St. Fr: AMa, Var. It: Piem, Lig.
Lecania polycycla (Anzi) Lettau
Syn.: Callopisma genevense Müll. Arg., Lecania amblyospora (Harm.) Zahlbr., Lecania
genevensis (Müll. Arg.) Lettau, Lecanora amblyospora Harm., Rinodina polycycla Anzi
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species of calcareous rocks,
sometimes also occurring on concrete walls. – Au: T, St, O, N. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, AMa,
HSav, Var. It: Ven, Piem.
Lecania pusilla Tretiach
L – Subs.: bry-cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a very inconspicuous lichen found on calcicolous bryo-
phytes inside deciduous woods; so far reported only from the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: Frl.
Lecania rabenhorstii (Hepp) Arnold
Syn.: Biatorina ceramonea A. Massal., Biatorina rabenhorstii (Hepp) A. Massal., Leca-
nia alborubra B. de Lesd., Lecania algarbiensis Cout., Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd var.
ceramonea (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd var. rabenhorstii (Hepp)
Mudd, Lecaniella rabenhorstii (Hepp) Jatta, Patellaria rabenhorstii Hepp
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: closely related to L. inundata; on more or less cal-
ciferous substrata, including concrete, tiles, cement etc., also in non-natural situations
such as on walls in villages; apparently more frequent in the Southern and Western
Alps. – Au: St, B. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lecania sambucina (Körb.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatorina sambucina Körb., Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) . Fr. subsp. sambucina
(Körb.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a lichen recalling L. cyrtella, but with 16-spored
asci, found in lichen-rich communities on old deciduous trees with a rough, base-rich
bark, such as Sambucus, Populus, and Salix; probably widespread throughout Europe,
including the Alps, but very likely overlooked or mistaken for L. cyrtella, with which it
has been often synonymised. – Au: O, N.
Lecania suavis (Müll. Arg.) Mig.
Syn.: Callopisma suave Müll. Arg., Lecania tavaresiana Clauzade & Vězda
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of cal-
careous rocks, often near small cracks, but also on walls of mortar, usually below the
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240
montane belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecania subfuscula (Nyl.) S. Ekman
Syn.: Bacidia circumpallens (Nyl.) Arnold, Bacidia subfuscula (Nyl.) . Fr., Biatora
siberiensis Willey, Lecidea circumpallens Nyl., Lecidea subfuscula Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a whitish, rather thick, granular thal-
lus and apothecia with brown to blackish discs and margins often remaining pale, and
narrowly fusiform to bacilliform, mostly 3-septate ascospores; mostly on soil and plant
debris, rarely directly on rock, in nutrient-rich habitats; based on a type from Iceland
and widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, but in the Alps reported from a few
localities at low elevations. – Sw: UW. It: Ven.
Lecania sylvestris (Arnold) Arnold var. sylvestris
Syn.: Biatora holomelaena (Flörke) Hepp, Biatora sylvestris Arnold, Biatorina sylvestris
(Arnold) Körb., Catillaria sylvestris (Arnold) Lettau
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen of calcareous substrata,
including mortar walls; probably more widespread in the Alps, but never common;
closely related to L. hutchinsiae. – Au: St, O. Sw: SZ. Fr: HSav. It: Ven, Lomb.
Lecania sylvestris (Arnold) Arnold var. umbratica (Arnold) M. Mayrhofer
Syn.: Biatorina proteiformis A. Massal. f. umbratica Arnold, Lecania erysibe (Ach.)
Mudd f. umbratica (Arnold) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen of calcareous rocks; prob-
ably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, St. It: Frl.
Lecania turicensis (Hepp) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Biatora turicensis Hepp, Biatorina albariella (Nyl.) Arnold, Biatorina proteiformis
A. Massal., Biatorina proteiformis A. Massal. var. dispersa A. Massal., Biatorina protei-
formis A. Massal. var. lecideina A. Massal., Biatorina rabenhorstii (Hepp) A. Massal. var.
turicensis (Hepp) Anzi, Biatorina turicensis (Hepp) A. Massal. var. farinosa A. Massal.,
Lecania albariella (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd f. dispersa (A. Mas-
sal.) Zahlbr., Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd f. lecideina (A. Massal.) Maheu & A. Gillet,
Lecania erysibe (Ach.) Mudd var. proteiformis (A. Massal.) Boistel, Lecania farinosa (A.
Massal.) B. de Lesd., Lecania phaeoleucodes (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecania proteiformis (A.
Massal.) Arnold, Lecania subcaesia (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Lecaniella rabenhorstii (Hepp)
Jatta var. turicensis (Hepp) Jatta, Lecanora proteiformis (A. Massal.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, int, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on calcareous rocks, mortar, basic siliceous
rocks, brick and roong tiles, often on man-made substrata, usually below the subal-
pine belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw:
BE, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 241
Lecanographa abscondita (. Fr.) Egea & Torrente
Syn.: Lecanactis abscondita (. Fr.) Lojka, Opegrapha abscondita . Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: similar to Psoronactis dilleniana, but thallus C+ red
and ascospores thicker at the upper end and provided with a thick perisporal sheath;
on siliceous rocks under overhangs and in other sheltered places; widespread in the
Northern Hemisphere, with a few records from the Eastern Alps. – Au: T, S, St.
Lecanographa amylacea (Ehrh. ex Pers.) Egea & Torrente
Syn.: Lecanactis amylacea (Ehrh. ex Pers.) Arnold, Lecanactis illecebrosa (Dufour) Fr.,
Lecidea farinosa (Ach.) Nyl. non H. Magn., Lichen amylaceus Ehrh. ex Pers., Opegrapha
illecebrosa Dufour, Schismatomma illecebrosum (Dufour) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate, mainly western lichen found on
well-lit, old deciduous trees, especially oaks, on faces seldom wetted by rain; very rare
in the Alps. – Sw: GR. It: Ven, TAA.
Lecanographa lyncea (Sm.) Egea & Torrente
Syn.: Lecanactis emersa (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., Lecanactis lyncea (Sm.) Fr., Lecanactis
plocina (Ach.) A. Massal. non auct., Lecanactis stictica Durieu & Mont., Lecanactis ves-
tita (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., Lichen lynceus Sm., Opegrapha emersa Müll. Arg., Opegrapha
lyncea (Sm.) Borrer ex Hook., Opegrapha stictica (Durieu & Mont.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate, mainly western lichen found
on the rough, acid bark of very old isolated trees, especially oaks; very rare, and so far re-
ported only from the Western and Southern Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Lecanora aitema (Ach.) Hepp
Syn.: Lecanora aitema (Ach.) Hepp var. saepincola (Ach.) Hedl., Lecanora saepinco-
la (Ach.) Arnold, Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. var. aitema (Ach.) . Fr., Lecanora
symmicta (Ach.) Ach. var. saepincola (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora symmictera Nyl. var. aitema
(Ach.) Nyl., Lecidea aitema Ach., Lecidea saepincola Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: this species diers from L. symmicta, of which it
is treated as a synonym by several authors, in the dark green to black apothecial discs
and the early excluded apothecial margins; on twigs of Calluna and other shrubs, more
rarely on lignum and bark of coniferous trees and oaks; most records from the Alps are
ancient. – Au: S, O. Ge: OB. Sw: LU, SZ. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach. var. cinerella Flörke, Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach.
var. sordidescens . Fr., Lecanora pallida (Schreb.) Rabenh. non Chévall., Lecanora
scrupulosa auct., Lecanora subalbella Nyl., Lichen albellus Pers., Lichen pallidus Schreb.,
Patellaria pallida (Schreb.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, perhaps holarctic lichen
found on smooth bark, especially of Fagus, but also of Abies in deciduous woodlands;
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242
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecanora albellula (Nyl.) . Fr. var. albellula
Syn.: Lecanora cembricola Nyl., Lecanora eusella Hedl., Lecanora glaucella (Flot.) Nyl.,
Lecanora mughicola Nyl. var. cembricola (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Lecanora ochrom-
ma Nyl., Lecanora ochrostomoides Nyl., Lecanora piniperda Körb. nom.illeg., Lecanora
piniperda Körb. var. glaucella (Flot.) Körb., Lecidea albellula Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a probably circumboreal-montane species of
the L. saligna-group, better known under its synonym L. piniperda, with often densely
crowded apothecia that are usually less than 0.5 mm in diam., found on hard lignum
and acid bark, usually in upland areas, with a mainly western distribution in Europe;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora albellula (Nyl.) . Fr. var. macroconidiata M. Brand & van den Boom
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a variety with reddish-brown to blackish apothecial
discs, and sessile pycnidia often containing allantoid, up to 3-septate macroconidia; on
wood or acid bark, widespread in Western Europe but not common; in the Alps so far
only known from Switzerland. – Sw: SZ.
Lecanora albula (Nyl.) Hue var. albula
Syn.: Squamaria albula Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a species based on a type from the French
Alps (Dauphiné), characterised by a relatively thick, whitish thallus with subegurate
margins and apothecia of the L. polytropa-type, perhaps heterogenous in its current
circumscription; on very sunny surfaces of rocks which are very poor in calcium, in
warm-dry situations. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: ?B. Sw: BE. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Vau.
Lecanora albula (Nyl.) Hue var. vocontia Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4 – Note: a variety diering in the thallus with a Pd+ yellow to red
reaction; on horizontal to inclined rock faces of rocks which usually have a low content
in calcium; in the study area so far known from a few localities in the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: AHP, HAl, Vau.
Lecanora allophana (Ach.) Nyl. f. allophana
Syn.: Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. nom. rej., Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. f. allophana Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on isolated decidu-
ous trees with base-rich bark, especially Juglans, Acer and Fraxinus, often along roads;
most frequent in slightly continental areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 243
Lecanora allophana (Ach.) Nyl. f. sorediata Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this taxon was sometimes considered as a synonym
of L. impudens, which, however has a dierent chemistry; its distribution in the Alps
is dicult to assess, since it was not always distinguished. – Au: T. Ge: Schw. Sw: AP,
BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. It: Frl.
Lecanora alpigena (Ach.) Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecanora polytropa (Hom.) Rabenh. var. alpigena (Ach.) Rabenh., Lecanora var-
ia (Hom.) Ach. var. alpigena Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on siliceous or slightly calciferous rocks in upland
areas, with optimum above treeline; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, N. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecanora anopta Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea anopta (Nyl.) Lettau
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species related to L. saligna, from which it
diers in the reddish-brown to blackish apothecia with evanescent thalline margins,
recalling those of L. cadubriae (but that species is K+ yellow to orange-red); on decor-
ticated trunks, more rarely on the bark of conifers; probably more widespread in the
Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VD, VS. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme
Syn.: Lecanora subfusca auct., Lecanora subfuscata H. Magn., Lecanora subrugosa Nyl.,
Parmelia subfusca (L.) Ach. var. argentata Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a widespread, temperate to southern boreal-
montane lichen with optimum on smooth bark, especially of Fagus. e synonymisa-
tion of L. subrugosa with this species is supported by molecular data; widespread and
common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP,
BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Lecanora argopholis (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecanora blyttii (Fr.) Schaer., Lecanora frustulosa auct. non (Dicks.) Ach., Lecanora
oregana Tuck., Lecanora subventosa (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecanora thiodes Spreng., Parmelia atra
(Huds.) Ach. var. argopholis Ach., Schistoplaca argopholis (Ach.) Brusse
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen found on base-rich, sometimes
weakly calciferous siliceous rocks, occasionally on detritus, bryophytes and other li-
chens (e.g. on Psora globifera). – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lecanora atromarginata (H. Magn.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Lecidea atromarginata H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a holarctic species found on calciferous sandstone and
basalt, with optimum above treeline, up to the nival belt; closely related to L. margi-
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244
nata, diering mainly in chemistry (usnic and stictic acids); from the Alps there are
several scattered records. – Au: T. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: HAl. It: Ven, TAA.
Lecanora barkmaniana Aptroot & Herk
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the L. subfusca-group with a grey, rimose
to angular-verrucose thallus bearing punctiform but soon conuent soralia, the soredia
granular and greenish-grey, apothecia rare; corticolous, usually on roadside trees in
sites with strong eutrophication; most common in Western Europe and widespread in
the Alps, but rarely collected. – Ge: OB. Sw: GL, GR, SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: Isè. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora bicincta Ramond var. bicincta
Syn.: Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. var. bicincta (Ramond) Clauzade & Cl. Roux,
Lecanora sordida (Pers.) . Fr. var. bicincta (Ramond) . Fr.
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen found on vertical to under-
hanging surfaces of hard siliceous rocks. According to Roux et al. (2014) this is just a
morphotype of L. rupicola, transitional forms being common; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, HSav. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecanora bicincta Ramond var. sorediata (Flot.) Leuckert & Poelt
Syn.: Zeora glaucoma (Hom.) Flot. var. sorediata Flot.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: probably more widespread, at least in the Alps, but
overlooked, and certainly not common. See also note on var. bicincta. – Au: T, St. Sw:
GR, TI. Fr: AMa. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Lecanora bicinctoidea Blaha & Grube
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the L. swartzii-group but recalling L.
bicincta in the areolate thallus and the blackish inner parathecial rim; on vertical to
overhanging faces of siliceous clis; in the study area so far only reported from the
Eastern Alps. – Au: St.
Lecanora biformis (Ramond) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecidea biformis (Ramond) Ramond, Lichen biformis Ramond
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species recalling L. sulphurea, but with a thinner
thallus and smaller, aspicilioid apothecia; on siliceous rocks in upland areas; in the
study area so far known from a few localities in the Western Alps (France), but perhaps
not recognised elsewhere. – Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav.
Lecanora boligera (Norman ex . Fr.) Hedl.
Syn.: Biatora nylanderi auct. non Anzi, Lecidea fuscescens Sommerf. f. boligera Norman
ex . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane species found on twigs of
Rhododendron and other shrubs in open, often windy situations, especially on small
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 245
branches, sometimes on plant debris and lignum, with optimum near treeline. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, VS. It: Frl. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora cadubriae (A. Massal.) Hedl.
Syn.: Biatora admixta . Fr., Biatora cadubriae A. Massal., Lecidea cadubriae (A.
Massal.) . Fr., Lecidea magnussoniana Hertel, Lecidea ramulicola H. Magn. non (H.
Magn.) Hillm., Lecidea subinsequens Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane species found on
the bark of conifers, especially near the base of the trunks, more rarely on lignum of de-
corticated trunks, with optimum in the upper montane and subalpine belts; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora caesiosora Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora cenisia Ach. var. soredians Suza, Lecanora soralifera H. Magn. non (Suza)
Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on hard siliceous rocks in upland areas; very much
overlooked, but certainly not common in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: SZ. Fr:
AMa. It: Piem. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora campestris (Schaer.) Hue
Syn.: Lecanora atra (Huds.) Ach. var. expansa Ach., Lecanora campestris (Schaer.) Hue
var. expansa (Ach.) Erichsen, Lecanora genuensis B. de Lesd., Lecanora maceriaecola B.
de Lesd., Lecanora ossicola Erichsen, Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. var. campestris (Schaer.)
Rabenh., Lecanora subglabrata Werner, Lecanora viridans Maheu & Werner, Parmelia
subfusca (L.) Ach. var. campestris Schaer.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a holarctic lichen mostly found on basic siliceous
rocks (rarely also on supercially decalcied limestone), especially hard sandstone, of-
ten on small stones or on surfaces not far from the ground; widespread throughout the
Alps, mostly below treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora carpinea (L.) Vain.
Syn.: Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach. var. angulosa (Schreb.) Flot., Lecanora angulosa
(Schreb.) Ach., Lecanora erikssonii H. Magn., Lecanora pallida (Schreb.) Rabenh. var.
angulosa (Schreb.) Rabenh., Lichen carpineus L.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate early coloniser of smooth bark,
with a wide altitudinal range; common throughout the Alps below the subalpine belt.
e species has several morphotypes, and may consist of several species which still need
to be delimited. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL,
GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
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246
Lecanora cateilea (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Lecanora subfusca var. cateilea Ach. –
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this is a member of the L. albella-group, which
includes species with a pruinose disc and an ecorticate apothecial margin. It is distin-
guished by the polysporous asci and the Pd+ yellow apothecial margin (psoromic acid),
and has a mainly northern distribution in Europe, growing on bark in rather shaded
and humid situations – It: Ven.
Lecanora cavicola Creveld
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a species found on acid siliceous rocks near or above
treeline; perhaps more widespread, but not common in the Alps, where it reaches the
nival belt. – Au: T, S, K, St. It: Piem.
Lecanora cenisia Ach.
Syn.: Lecanora atrynea (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora atrynea (Ach.) Nyl. var. melacarpa Nyl.,
Lecanora cenisia Ach. var. atrynea (Ach.) H. Magn., Lecanora cenisia Ach. var. mel-
acarpa (Nyl.) Boistel, Lecanora transcendens (Nyl.) Arnold, Parmelia cenisia (Ach.) Fr.,
Zeora cenisia (Ach.) Flot.
L – Subs.: sil, cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, cool-temperate to arctic-alpine
lichen of siliceous rocks, more rarely also found on hard lignum; widespread and com-
mon throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, S, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI,
UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. subsp. chlarotera
Syn.: Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. f. rugosella (Zahlbr.) Poelt, Lecanora crassula H. Magn.,
Lecanora rugosa (Nyl.) Nyl. non Ach., Lecanora rugosella Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: this is certainly one of the the most common
epiphytic Lecanora at low elevations throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N,
B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. subsp. meridionalis (H. Magn.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecanora chlarotera Nyl. f. meridionalis (H. Magn.) Ozenda & Clauzade, Lecano-
ra meridionalis H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a very controversial taxon, perhaps just a form
of L. chlarotera with darker apothecial discs. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Lecanora chloroleprosa (Vain.) H. Magn.
Syn.: Lecanora chlorophaeodes Nyl. subsp. chloroleprosa Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a yellowish blue-green thallus composed
of granules and subspherical areoles partly transforming in equally coloured soredia,
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 247
based on a type from Northern Karelia; on siliceous rocks in windy situations; very rare
in the Alps, apparently more common in Scandinavia. – Au: K.
Lecanora cinereofusca H. Magn.
Syn.: Lecanora degelii T. Schauer & Brodo
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rare species found on smooth bark of old deciduous
trees, especially Fagus, in humid montane forests. For specimens on Abies with large,
thick-walled ascospores see L. insignis. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, SZ, UW. Fr: Vau. It: Frl, Lig.
Lecanora circumborealis Brodo & Vitik.
Syn.: Lecanora coilocarpa auct. non (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane lichen found on acid
bark, often on twigs, sometimes on lignum, mostly in upland areas, with optimum in
the subalpine belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecanora compallens Herk & Aptroot
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a sorediate species recalling L. expallens (with which
it often grows together) except the thallus colour, which is whitish-grey due to the
lack of usnic acid (which is only detectable in the granular bluish-green soredia); on a
wide variety of roadside trees, but avoiding those with very acid bark; rarely collected
in the Alps at low elevations, more common in Western Europe. – Sw: UW. Fr: AMa,
Drô, Vau.
Lecanora concolor Ramond
Syn.: Placodium concolor (Ramond) Körb., Squamaria concolor (Ramond) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on vertical to underhanging surfaces of hard siliceous
rocks, with optimum above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps, where it reaches
the nival belt. – Au: V, T, S, K. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl. ex Cromb.
Syn.: Lecanora conizaea auct. non (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora conizaea f. variola Arnold,
Lecanora farinaria Borrer var. conizaeoides (Nyl. ex Cromb.) A.L. Sm., Lecanora pityrea
Erichsen, Lecanora pseudovaria Degel. nom. nud.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a sorediate thallus and apothecia usu-
ally present as well, reacting Pd+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid); on acid bark; in cities
with severe air pollution it was often the only lichen that survived, more common in
second half of the XX century in times of acid air-pollution, apparently becoming
rarer and regionally even disappearing due nitrogen-rich pollution. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, TI. Fr: Isè, Var, Vau. It: Lomb, Piem
VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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Lecanora daunasii Houmeau & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species related to L. sulphurea, diering in the small-
er apothecia with orange-brownish discs, recalling Protoblastenia rupestris in colour; on
steep faces of siliceous rock in shaded situations; in the study area so far only reported
from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AHP.
Lecanora diaboli Frey & Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora concolor Ramond f. elata (Arnold) Mig., Placodium concolor (Ramond)
Körb. f. elatum Arnold
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a species with large, thick thalli forming rosettes,
otherwise recalling L. concolor; on steep rock faces of marly limestone or schists and
even gneiss at high elevations; widespread in the Alps, but rare. – Au: T. Sw: GR. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa.
Lecanora dispersoareolata (Schaer.) Lamy
Syn.: Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. var. dispersoareolata Schaer., Placodium dis-
persoareolatum (Schaer.) Körb., Squamaria dispersoareolata (Schaer.) Anzi
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on exposed, weakly calcareous or basic siliceous
rocks in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora eminens Asta, Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecanora prominens Asta, Clauzade & Cl. Roux non Clauzade & Vězda
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species related to L. albula with which it often
grows together, with a chalky-white thallus consisting of dispersed areoles bordered by
a black hypothallus, the apothecia provided with a blue-green disc, a persisting thalline
margin reacting Pd+ yellow (psoromic acid), and minute ascospores; on schists poor in
calcium carbonate, usually on south-exposed steep faces in the alpine belt; in the study
area so far known from a few localities of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HAl, AMa.
Lecanora epanora (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen epanorus Ach., Parmelia epanora (Ach.) Ach., Patellaria epanora (Ach.)
Trevis.
L – Subs.: met – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a holarctic early coloniser of steeply inclined to
underhanging surfaces of metal-rich metamorphic rocks, mostly in upland areas. – Au:
T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lecanora epibryon (Ach.) Ach. var. epibryon
Syn.: Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. var. hypnorum (Wulfen) Schaer., Lichen epibryon Ach.
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine species found on
mosses and plant debris in open calcareous grasslands and alpine tundras, often on
ridges in Carex rma stands; common throughout the Alps near and above treeline.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 249
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Lecanora epibryon (Ach.) Ach. var. bryopsora Doppelb. & Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora bryopsora (Doppelb. & Poelt) Hafellner & Türk
L # – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on mosses and plant debris on calcareous
substrata; certainly more widespread in the Alps, but dicult to recognise, being often
sterile. Molecular data suggest that this is just a sorediate morph of L. epibryon. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St. Fr: AHP, Sav. It: Piem.
Lecanora eurycarpa Poelt, Leuckert & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Myriolecis eurycarpa (Poelt, Leuckert & Cl. Roux) Hafellner & Türk
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a poorly developed thallus and dis-
persed, large apothecia with whitish margins turning to bluish or blackish towards the
edge of the hymenium, the discs brown, epruinose; usually on steep rock faces of vari-
ous types of schist including those rich in iron, mostly at high elevations; widespread in
the Alps but rare. e species, which contains usnic acid, does not belong into Myriol-
ecis (see Roux et al. 2017) – Au: T, S, St. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav.
Lecanora expallens Ach.
Syn.: Lecanora conizaea (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora expallens Ach. var. conizaea Ach., Le-
canora foehrensis Erichsen, Lecidea soraliata Vain.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on acid, gen-
erally rough bark, especially abundant on Quercus in open woodlands, sometimes on
lignum; widespread and often common throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecanora expersa Nyl.
Syn.: Lecanora coilocarpa (Ach.) Nyl. var. sorediata Räsänen, Lecanora elisa Nyl., Le-
canora raesaenenii Gyeln.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a sorediate species of the L. subfusca-group with
the chemistry of L. circumborealis, characterised by roundish, usually not conuent
soralia; usually on wood, occasionally on bark, including branches of subalpine shrubs
(Rhododendron) at high elevations; widespread in the Alps but regionally undercol-
lected, being often sterile. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ,
TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HAl. It: Ven. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora farinaria Borrer
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a taxon of the L. subfusca-group with a sorediate thallus,
resembling L. barkmaniana, but with mounds of yellowish-white soredia, a dierent chem-
istry, and apothecia, when present, of the pulicaris-type; usually on wood but occasionally
also on bark; rare in the Alps, more common in NW Europe. – Au: T, S. Sw: TI, VS.
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Lecanora ageyana Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thin, greyish thallus and minute apo-
thecia which are aspicilioid at rst, later recalling those of Myriolecis persimilis; on the
bark of deciduous trees at low elevations; in the study area so far known from a single
locality in the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
Lecanora ahaultiana Hue
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a calcicolous species with a whitish, pulvinate, frag-
ile thallus, sessile apothecia, and minute, broadly ellipsoid to subspherical ascospores;
in the study area so far known only from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AHP, Sav.
Lecanora avoleprosa Tønsberg
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species morphologically resembling L. expal-
lens, with a greyish to yellowish thallus and soon conuent, pale yellow to yellow-green
soralia (containing usnic acid, an unnamed xanthone and terpenoids including zeor-
in), apothecia occasionally present, of a dark aeruginose colour; on bark of various trees
in all forest belts; distribution still incompletely documented. Earlier records from BE,
LU, UW and VD in Switzerland refer to Lecanora compallens or L. strobilina. – Au: S,
K, N. Sw: FR.
Lecanora formosa (Bagl. & Carestia) Knoph & Leuckert
Syn.: Lecidea contorta Bagl. & Carestia, Lecidea formosa Bagl. & Carestia, Lecidea lac-
ticolor Arnold, Lecidea mesotropiza Nyl., Lecidea nansenii Lynge, Lecidea subdita Nyl.,
Lecidella bullata auct. non Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on slightly underhanging surfaces of siliceous
rocks, especially crystalline schist, in humid and cold situations, with optimum in the
alpine and nival belts, often starting the life-cycle on other crustose lichens; widespread
in the Alps, but generally not common. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, Sav. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, VA.
Lecanora freyi Poelt
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rosulate species with minute lobes recalling
small thalli of Lecanora valesiaca, and apothecia with brownish-greenish to dark green
discs; on steep rock faces of calcareous schists at high elevations; widespread in the
Alps, but altogether rare. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR. Fr: AHP.
Lecanora frustulosa (Dicks.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecanora frustulosa (Dicks.) Ach. var. ludwigii (Spreng.) . Fr., Lecanora hydroph-
ila Sommerf., Lecanora ludwigii (Spreng.) Ach., Lecidea boissoniana Croz., Lichen frus-
tulosus Dicks., Patellaria frustulosa (Dicks.) Trevis., Toninia boissoniana (Croz.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of weakly calciferous
siliceous rocks, often in otherwise dry seepage tracks, mostly in upland areas. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
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Lecanora fuscescens (Sommerf.) Nyl.
Syn.: Biatora fuscescens (Sommerf.) Fr., Biatorella fuscescens (Sommerf.) Boistel, Lecidea
fuscescens Sommerf.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a probably circumboreal-montane species
found on twigs of shrubs, especially Rhododendron ferrugineum in the subalpine belt,
sometimes on lignum. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: HSav.
It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Lecanora gangaleoides Nyl.
Syn.: Lecanora cenisia Ach. var. gangaleoides (Nyl.) Harm.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on base-rich, but
lime-poor siliceous rocks in sheltered situations, often in underhangs; most frequent in
the Western Alps. – Au: ? V. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, Lig.
Lecanora gisleri (Anzi ex Arnold) Arnold
Syn.: Biatora gisleri Anzi ex Arnold, Lecidea gisleri (Anzi ex Arnold) Stizenb.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a probably circumboreal-montane lichen found
on twigs of shrubs, especially Rhododendron ferrugineum in the subalpine belt. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: VS. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Lecanora gisleriana Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Lecanora gisleri Poelt & Ullrich non (Anzi ex Arnold) Arnold
L – Subs.: met-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on iron rich siliceous rocks near and above tree-
line, parasitic on the thalli of L. epanora, L. handelii and L. subaurea; widespread but
localised in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K. Sw: UR. Fr: HSav. It: VA.
Lecanora glabrata (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Lecanora allophana (Ach.) Nyl. var. glabrata (Ach.) J. Steiner, Lecanora subfusca
(L.) Ach. var. glabrata Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on smooth bark of
deciduous trees; several old records from the Alps require conrmation. – Au: T, K, St,
N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, TI. Fr: HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecanora glaucolutescens Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a granular to leprose, bluish-greenish to
yellowish thallus reacting C+ orange and concolorous apothecia, based on a type from
Portugal, on quartzitic rocks near the sea; apparently rare, the records from mid – to
high elevations (Austria) are dubious. – Au: ?K. Fr: Isè.
Lecanora handelii J. Steiner
L – Subs.: met, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of
metalliferous rocks in upland areas; widespread in the Alps, wherever suitable substrata
are present. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, UR, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Lomb, Piem, VA.
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Lecanora horiza (Ach.) Linds.
Syn.: Lecanora laevis Poelt, Lecanora parisiensis Nyl., Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. f.
horiza Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean species found on smooth
bark of isolated broad-leaved trees; much rarer in the Alps than in the Mediterranean
mountains. – Au: S, K, St, N. Sw: GL, GR, SG, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecanora hybocarpa (Tuck.) Brodo
Syn.: Parmelia hybocarpa Tuck.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on the bark of more or less isolated trees in lowland
areas; apparently common in North America, this species has been recently reported
also from Europe, and is also known from the Western Alps. – Sw: ?SZ. Fr: Isè.
Lecanora hypopta (Ach.) Vain.
Syn.: Biatora hypopta (Ach.) Räsänen, Lecanora subintricata (Nyl.) . Fr. var. con-
vexula Arnold, Lecidea hypopta Ach.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on hard lignum, especially on decorticated stumps,
more rarely on the bark of conifers in upland areas; certainly more widespread in the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. It: TAA, Piem.
Lecanora hypoptella (Nyl.) Grummann
Syn.: Lecanora symmictiza (Nyl.) Hedl., Lecidea symmictiza Nyl., Lecidea hypoptella
Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane lichen found on
lignum and acid bark in upland areas; it belongs to a poorly known group and is
widespread in Scandinavia, being also known from the British Isles, France, Central
Europe, and the mountains of the Iberian Peninsula; perhaps more widespread in the
Alps. – It: Ven, TAA.
Lecanora hypoptoides (Nyl.) Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea hypoptoides Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a boreal-montane lichen found on hard lignum, es-
pecially on decorticated stumps, more rarely on the acid bark of conifers and Castanea,
mostly in upland areas. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It:
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora impudens Degel.
Syn.: Lecanora chloropolia auct. non (Erichsen) Almb., Lecanora maculata (Erichsen)
Almb., Pertusaria farinacea H. Magn., Pertusaria maculata Erichsen non H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate species found on base-rich bark, espe-
cially on isolated Fraxinus in humid riparian woodlands; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr:
HAl, AMa, Isè, Var. It: Frl, TAA. Sl: SlA. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 253
Lecanora insignis Degel.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rare species of the L. subfusca-group, peculiar in hav-
ing large, thick-walled ascospores; apparently restricted to the bark of coniferous trees
in humid montane forests; in the study area so far known from the Eastern Alps only.
– Au: O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Lecanora intricata (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Biatora polytropa (Hom.) Fr. var. intricata (Ach.) Fr., Lecanora mutabilis Som-
merf., Lecanora polytropa (Hom.) Rabenh. var. intricata (Ach.) Schaer., Lecanora varia
(Hom.) Ach. var. intricata (Ach.) . Fr., Parmelia intricata Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine, ecologically wide-ranging
silicicolous species; common in the Alps with optimum above treeline. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora intumescens (Rebent.) Rabenh.
Syn.: Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. var. intumescens (Rebent.) Flot., Ochrolechia parella
(L.) A. Massal. var. tumidula (Pers.) Arnold non auct., Ochrolechia tumidula (Pers.)
Arnold non auct., Parmelia intumescens Rebent., Patellaria intumescens (Rebent.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate species found on smooth subacid
bark, with optimum in humid beech forests; widespread and locally common through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Lecanora jamesii J.R. Laundon
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a sorediate species with a whitish-grey thallus and
circular, convex, farinose, pale yellow soralia, usually sterile; on bark of deciduous trees
in rather humid situations; in the Alps it is rare, being more common in Western Eu-
rope. – Au: T, N. Sw: VS.
Lecanora latro Poelt
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a silicicolous species with usually small and
scattered individual thalli developing on those of its obligate host, Miriquidica nig-
roleprosa, with minute yellowish areolae, lecanorine apothecia with blackish discs, and
subspherical ascospores; there are scattered reports from the Alps, where the species is
much rarer than its host. – Au: T, S, St. Sw: UR.
Lecanora lecideoides (Nyl.) Harm.
Syn.: Lecanora rubrofusca B. de Lesd. var. nigra B. de Lesd., Lecanora sbarbaroana
(Klem.) H. Magn. ex Sbarbaro, Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. var. lecideoides Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1 – Note: a very poorly known species of siliceous rocks, reported
from a few localities in Western and Southern Europe, including the base of the West-
ern Alps. – Fr: Var. It: Lig.
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Lecanora leptacina Sommerf.
Syn.: Lecanora intricata (Ach.) Ach. var. leptacina (Sommerf.) Stizenb.
L – Subs.: bry, ter – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a probably circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen
found on mosses (Andreaea, Grimmia) and plant debris in sites with a long snow cover
above treeline, in areas with siliceous substrata; perhaps more widespread in the Alps,
but not common. – Au: T, K. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AHP. It: Lomb, Piem.
Lecanora leptacinella Nyl.
L – Subs.: bry, cor – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species with thalli consisting
of some scattered, yellowish-white areoles soon giving raise to lecanorine apothecia
with brown to blackish discs; muscicolous on moribund mosses (Polytrichum, Rhac-
omitrium), rarely on other bryophytes or on branches of subalpine shrubs (Rhododen-
dron), often together with Japewia tornoensis and/or Lecidea polytrichinella; in the Alps
it might be more widespread, having been perhaps overlooked in some regions. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR.
Lecanora leptyrodes (Nyl.) Degel.
Syn.: Lecanora angulosa (Schreb.) Ach. var. leptyrodes Nyl., Lecanora nemoralis Makar.
non auct., Lecanora pycnocarpa H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate early coloniser found
on the smooth bark of young trunks and branches (mainly of Fagus and Betula) which,
however, is able to persist on ancient trees, with optimum in beech forests; widespread
and locally common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, S, K, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR,
GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecanora leuckertiana Zedda
Syn.: Lepraria leuckertiana (Zedda) L. Saag
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: on old trees in humid, but well-lit situations, with op-
timum in humid Mediterranean forests. e species, which contains usnic acid and is
always sterile, does not belong to Lepraria. – Au: K. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora leucoderma (Anzi) Stizenb.
Syn.: Zeora leucoderma Anzi
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, white, smooth, cartilaginous
thallus, adnate to sessile, small, apothecia with a reddish disc and a very thin margin
separated from the disc, and small, ovoid, hyaline, simple ascospores; the type material,
collected on shaded calcareous rocks in the Rhaetic Alps (Italy), at 1,900 m, is badly pre-
served (see Nimis 2016). e species might even belong to Protoblastenia. – It: Lomb.
Lecanora lojkaeana Szatala
Syn.: Squamaria ferruginea Szatala
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 255
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rarely collected species known from the Alps, the
Central European mountains, and Scandinavia, found beneath overhanging surfaces of
hard siliceous rocks in upland areas; perhaps overlooked and more widespread in the
Alps, being almost always sterile. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: HSav. It: TAA.
Lecanora luteovernalis Brodo
L – Subs.: deb – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species of the L. symmicta-group with a verrucose to
granulose, yellowish to yellowish-green thallus growing on plant remains, and apothe-
cia with yellowish-green to black discs soon becoming convex and margins excluded,
based on a type from Arctic Canada; in the Alps so far recorded from a single locality
in Switzerland. – Sw: SZ.
Lecanora magnussoniana Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Squamarina magnussonii Frey & Poelt
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with small, ochraceous yellow, indistinctly
rosulate thalli, sessile apothecia with thick thalline margins and brownish discs, and
asci of Lecanora-type; on calcareous rocks under overhangs; known from a few scat-
tered localities in the Alps. – Au: S, St. Sw: GR.
Lecanora margacea Poelt
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with a thallus of whitish, roundish to later in-
distinctly lobate squamules, and sessile apothecia with lecanorine margins and brown
discs; on calcareous schists and marly limestones; widespread in Europe but rare, with
a few records from the Eastern Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K.
Lecanora marginata (Schaer.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Biatora elata (Schaer.) Hepp, Lecanora eliminata (Arnold) Nyl., Lecanora margi-
nata (Schaer.) Hertel & Rambold subsp. elata (Schaer.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Leci-
dea elata Schaer., Lecidea elata Schaer. var. formata Maheu & A. Gillet, Lecidea elata
Schaer. var. marginata (Schaer.) A. Massal., Lecidea elata Schaer. var. subfarinosa H.
Magn., Lecidea eliminata (Arnold) Arnold, Lecidea marginata Schaer., Lecidea margi-
nata Schaer. subsp. elata (Schaer.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecidea marginata Schaer. var.
elata (Schaer.) Anzi, Lecidea marginata Schaer. var. subfarinosa (H. Magn.) J. Nowak &
Tobol., Lecidea shlidenii Räsänen, Lecidea sulphurella . Fr., Lecidella elata (Schaer.)
Körb., Lecidella marginata (Schaer.) Körb.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found on
limestone, dolomite, and more or less calciferous siliceous rocks; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lecanora minutissima A. Massal.
L # – cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a more or less farinose, whitish thallus, very
small, gyalectiform, sessile apothecia with a yellowish disc and a persistent margin,
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8-spored asci, and ovoid-fusiform, simple ascospores measuring c. 9 × 3.6 µm, also
reported from the Czech Republic and Romania; this taxon, which perhaps belongs to
Myriolecis, well deserves further study. e type (VER) was collected “ad saxa jurassica
Prov. Veronensis (Grozzana)”. – It: Ven.
Lecanora mughicola Nyl.
Syn.: Lecanora varia (Hom.) Ach. var. alpina Anzi ex Arnold, Lecanora varia (Hom.)
Ach. var. melanocarpa Anzi ex Arnold
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a circumboreal-montane lichen found on hard lig-
num, mostly of conifers, in upland areas, with optimum in the subalpine belt; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Sl: SlA. Li.
Lecanora mugosphagneti Poelt & Vězda
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species of the L. albella-group with a whitish thallus
bearing conuent soralia, apothecia very rare, as in L. albella; on bark of Pinus mugo
in bogs; in the study area so far known from a few localities in the Eastern Alps. – Au:
V. Sw: LU.
Lecanora nohedensis Cl. Roux & M. Barbero
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a strongly reduced thallus of
scattered areoles, nally sessile apothecia with lecanorine margins and brownish-green
discs, and broadly ellipsoid ascospores; parasitic on Placopyrenium breussii (which is
itself a parasite on Aspicilia calcitrapa) on inclined to subvertical, well-lit faces of sili-
ceous schists; in the study area so far known only from the base of the Western Alps.
– Fr: AMa.
Lecanora norvegica Tønsberg
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species recalling Loxospora elatina, but with a very
dierent secondary chemistry (atranorin, protocetraric acid), so far only known in the
sterile state, characterised by an episubstratic pale grey thallus with a marginal part con-
sisting of minute areolae, and a central continuous part with minute tubercles which
become sorediate; on trunks of coniferous trees in sites with a continental climate; in
the study area so far known only from the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
Lecanora orbicularis (Schaer.) Vain.
Syn.: Lecanora concolor Ramond var. angustata (Arnold) Jatta, Lecanora polytropa
(Hom.) Rabenh. var. orbicularis Schaer.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen growing on hard siliceous
rocks, often on steeply inclined to underhanging faces, with optimum above treeline;
widespread in the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Sav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 257
Lecanora orosthea (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Biatora orosthea (Ach.) W. Mann, Lecanora sulphurea (Hom.) Ach. var. orosthea
(Ach.) Flagey, Lecidea orosthea (Ach.) Ach., Lichen orostheus Ach., Zeora orosthea
(Ach.) Flot.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on vertical or underhanging surfaces of siliceous rocks
protected from rain in upland areas; certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: ?V,
?T, K. Sw: BE, VS. Fr: HSav, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb.
Lecanora pallidesulphurea Schaer.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a silicicolous species with a pale yellow, pulverulent,
rimose to areolate thallus, and innate to sessile, marginate apothecia with black convex
discs; only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland), on granite.
– Sw: VS.
Lecanora pallidiformis (Anzi) Bagl.
Syn.: Lecidea pallidiformis Anzi (“pallidaeformis”)
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a verrucose-granulose, white thallus,
immaginate, subglobose, black apothecia with a greenish pruina, a reddish epithecium,
a yellowish hypothecium, and simple, ellipsoid, hyaline ascospores measuring 10–12 ×
4–5 µm; the type, which well deserves further study, was collected on mica-schists in
the Alps near Sondrio (Italy). – It: Lomb.
Lecanora pannonica Szatala
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: diering from L. caesiosora in the thallus of bullate
areolae, with granular, bluish-grey to dark grey soredia in soralia usually located at the
edge of the areoles, as well as in the presence of gangaleoidin; on hard siliceous rocks,
in the Alps also on man-made substrata, especially on vertical faces, very much over-
looked, or confused with other species. – Au: S, St. It: TAA, Piem.
Lecanora phaeostigma (Körb.) Almb.
Syn.: Biatora avella Blomb., Biatora phaeostigma Körb., Lecanora obscurella (Som-
merf.) Hedl., Lecidea nitida Sommerf., Lecidea obscurella (Sommerf.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this species, which is related to L. cadubriae,
seems to be widespread in Northern and Central Europe; it grows on the bark of co-
nifers, especially near the base of the trunks, more rarely on lignum of decorticated
trunks, with optimum in the upper montane and subalpine belts. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: FR, GR, LU, TI, UW, VS. Fr: Vau. It: Ven.
Lecanora polycarpella Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecanora polycarpa Anzi nom.illeg.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a very poorly known calcicolous species character-
ised by a spreading, thin, grey, minutely squamulose-areolate thallus, the areolae with a
white margin merging with the concolorous prothallus, very numerous, minute, sessile
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258
apothecia with a brownish-black, plane to convex disc and a very thin, white-pulver-
ulent thalline margin, 8-spored asci, and hyaline, ovoid, simple ascospores measuring
4.5–6 × 9–10 µm; reported only from the type locality and from the Eastern Alps
(Veneto). – It: Ven, Lomb.
Lecanora polytropa (Hom.) Rabenh.
Syn.: Biatora polytropa (Hom.) Fr., Lecanora illusoria (Ach.) Leight., Lecanora varia
(Hom.) Ach. var. illusoria Ach., Verrucaria polytropa Hom.
L – Subs.: sil, int, xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circum-
polar, ecologically wide-ranging lichen found on siliceous rocks wetted by rain, with a
wide altitudinal range, but most frequent near and above treeline; widespread and very
common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Lecanora populicola (DC.) Duby
Syn.: Lecanora distans (Ach.) Ach., Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. var. distans (Ach.) D.
Dietr., Parmelia distans (Ach.) Mart., Patellaria populicola DC.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane lichen
found especially on Populus tremula and Alnus in the montane belt; apparently more
frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. – Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav,
Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Lecanora praesistens Nyl.
Syn.: Lecanora pleiospora J. Steiner, Lecanora pleiospora J. Steiner f. diluta J. Steiner
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a polyspored epiphytic species of the L. subfusca-
group with epihymenial crystals dissolving in K (pulicaris-type); widespread in the
Alps, but rarely reported. – Au: S, St. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr:
Isè, Sav, Vau.
Lecanora printzenii Pérez-Ortega, Vivas & Hafellner
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 5 – Note: lichenicolous on various species of Umbilicaria,
causing serious damages in the areas of the lichen where it grows; so far only reported
from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Lecanora protecta Bagl. & Carestia
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: thallus ash-grey, K+ intensely brownish red, warty,
on a pale prothallus, apothecia of various sizes, frequent or scattered, with a brown,
at disk, and a rather thick, wavy-wrinkled, indented, permanent margin, spores 8 per
ascus, simple, ellipsoidal-spindle-shaped, 12–14 µm long. is species, which probably
belongs to Protoparmelia, is known only from the type collection. – It: Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 259
Lecanora pseudistera Nyl.
Syn.: Lecanora atrofusca Maheu & Werner, Lecanora clauzadei B. de Lesd., Lecanora
ripartii sensu Poelt non Lamy, Lecanora rubrofusca B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, sil, int – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean species
found on calciferous sandstone and other base-rich siliceous rocks in warm-dry areas,
mostly at low elevations; apparently more frequent in the Western and Southern Alps.
– Sw: TI, VS. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecanora pseudosarcopidoides M. Brand & van den Boom
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a recently-described lignicolous species found on
rotting trunks and wood of conifers, mainly in the subalpine belt, in species-poor
stands, almost always associated with Parmeliopsis ambigua. It is supercially similar
to L. saligna, diering in the form of the conidia and in other minor morphological
characters, and is certainly much more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, K. Sw: SZ, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav. It: TAA.
Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecanora chlarona (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora coilocarpa (Ach.) Nyl. non auct., Lecanora
detrita (Hom.) Ach., Lecanora pinastri (Schaer.) H. Magn., Lecanora subfusca (L.)
Ach. var. detrita (Hom.) A. Massal., Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. var. pinastri Schaer.,
Patellaria pulicaris Pers.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circum-
polar lichen found on bark of conifers, more rarely of broad-leaved trees, and on
lignum, both on twigs and trunks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Lecanora quercicola Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species of the L. saligna-group with a granular to
nely warted thallus and lecanorine apothecia with brown discs covered by a white to
yellowish pruina, frequently with conidiomata containing broadly fusiform, curved
macroconidia; on the bark of deciduous trees in parks and open woodlands; most com-
mon in Western Europe, with a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria) and the
Insubrian district (Italy). – Au: St. It: Lomb.
Lecanora reagens Norman
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species found under overhangs of hard, mineral-
rich siliceous rocks (gneiss, schists), mostly in ssures, occasionally on epilithic mosses,
with optimum in upland areas. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR. It: TAA, Piem.
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260
Lecanora rouxii S. Ekman & Tønsberg
Syn.: Lepraria avescens Cl. Roux & Tønsberg, Lepraria avescens Clauzade & Cl. Roux
nom. inval.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on vertical to underhanging surfaces of weathered or
ssured calcareous rocks seldom wetted by rain, often in woodlands, mostly in natural
habitats; certainly more widespread in the Alps. Closely related to Lecanora swartzii. –
Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: ?BE, SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Ven.
Lecanora rubicunda Bagl.
Syn.: Lecanora augustinii Erichsen, Lecanora circumrubens Samp., Lecanora ochraceoro-
sea Werner, Lecanora olivieri Zahlbr., Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. var. sylvestris Nyl. ex
Stizenb., Lecanora sylvestris (Nyl.) J. Steiner
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean lichen found on smooth bark
in open maquis and garrigue vegetation; confused with L. chlarotera in the past, but
certainly not common, even in the Mediterranean region, including a few records from
the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa.
Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. subsp. rupicola var. rupicola
Syn.: Lecanora glaucoma (Hom.) Ach., Lecanora rimosa (Retz.) Röhl., Lecanora sor-
dida (Pers.) . Fr., Lecanora stenhammari (Körb.) Jatta, Lichen rupicola L., Parmelia
sordida (Pers.) Fr.
L – Subs.: sil, int, xyl – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a widespread, holarctic silicicolous lichen;
the other varieties have been not always distinguished, so their distribution is poorly
known. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. subsp. rupicola var. eorens Leuckert & Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. f. sorediata (Flot.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a name applied to sorediate morphs of L. rupicola
s.str., whose taxonomic value is uncertain; on inclined rock faces of siliceous rocks, in
somehow more shaded-humid situations; probably more widespread in in the Alps. –
Au: ?V. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl, Piem.
Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. subsp. rupicola var. glaucescens (Sw.) Poelt & Vězda
comb. inval.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a name applied to morphs with apothecia soon becom-
ing convex, whose taxonomic status is uncertain, found under overhangs of siliceous
rocks; distribution poorly known. – Au: St. Fr: AHP, AMa.
Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. subsp. subplanata (Nyl.) Leuckert & Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. var. subplanata (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Le-
canora subradiosa Nyl. non auct., Lecanora subplanata Nyl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 261
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a taxon resembling in habitus subsp. rupicola, but
containing xanthones in the medulla. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS.
Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. subsp. sulphurata (Ach.) Leuckert & Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora avescens (Bagl.) Bagl., Lecanora glaucoma (Hom.) Ach. var. sulphurata
Ach., Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. var. sulphurata (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Le-
canora sordida (Pers.) . Fr. var. avescens Bagl., Lecanora sulphurata (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a taxon containing xanthones in the cortex and there-
fore of a distinctly yellowish colour; in the Alps it is common only in dry situations,
such as on south-exposed faces. – Fr: AMa, Var. It: Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecanora salicicola H. Magn.
Syn.: Lecanora migdina sensu Poelt & Vězda, Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach. subsp. rho-
dodendri (Harm.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecanora rhododendri (Harm.) Motyka, Le-
canora subfuscata H. Magn. var. rhododendri (Harm.) Poelt
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a probably circumboreal-montane lichen found on
dead or decaying twigs of shrubs, especially Rhododendron ferrugineum in the subalpine
belt; certainly widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, TI, VS. Fr: HAl, Isè. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lecanora saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatora eusa (Hom.) A. Massal., Lecanora eusa (Hom.) Ach., Lecanora ef-
fusa (Hom.) Ach. var. sarcopis (Ach.) . Fr., Lecanora saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr. var.
sarcopis (Ach.) Tomin, Lecanora sarcopis (Ach.) Ach., Lecanoropsis saligna (Schrad.) M.
Choisy, Lichen salignus Schrad., Zeora eusa (Hom.) Anzi
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a holarctic, temperate to boreal-montane lichen
found on hard, undecomposed wood or on bark of conifers; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora sarcopidoides (A. Massal.) A.L. Sm.
Syn.: Biatora pumilionis (Rehm) Oxner, Biatora sarcopidoides A. Massal., Lecanora
metaboliza Nyl., Lecanora metaboloides Nyl., Lecanora piniperda Körb. subsp. sar-
copidoides (A. Massal.) Hedl., Lecanora pumilionis (Rehm) Arnold, Lecanora sar-
copidoides (A. Massal.) A.L. Sm. var. hypnophaga Poelt, Lecidea sarcopidoides (A.
Massal.) Ohlert
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a taxon of the L. symmicta-complex, found on
acid bark, most often of conifers, and on lignum, usually in upland areas; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
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262
Lecanora silvae-nigrae V. Wirth
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a European orophyte found on inclined to under-
hanging surfaces of siliceous, often iron-rich rocks, mostly near and above treeline.
In G there is also a sample collected by E. Frey in Switzerland (GR) at 3,125 m, on
mosses. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Frl, Piem, VA.
Lecanora soralifera (Suza) Räsänen non H. Magn.
Syn.: Lecanora eorescens (Cromb.) Lettau, Lecanora intricata (Ach.) Ach. var. soralifera
Suza, Lecanora polytropa (Hom.) Rabenh. var. eorescens Cromb.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on iron-rich rocks, including pebbles; certainly
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, St. Sw: GR. Fr: AMa. It: Frl, Piem.
Lecanora sororia Bagl. & Carestia
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species of uncertain anity, with a verrucose-are-
olate, whitish-grey, K+ red thallus of minute, bullate areolae on a dark grey to black hy-
pothallus, sessile apothecia with a brownish red, grey-pruinose disc and a thin thalline
margin, thread-like, conglutinate paraphyses, a pale yellow epiphymenium, 8-spored
asci, and uniseriate, ellipsoid ascospores measuring 20–30 × 10–12 µm; only known
from the type collection, on gneiss; the type material would be well worthy of further
study. – It: Piem.
Lecanora stenotropa Nyl.
Syn.: Lecanora polytropa (Hom.) Rabenh. var. stenotropa (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: this silicicolous species, which is closely related to L.
polytropa, is apparently quite widespread and locally common along the Southern Alps
(Roux et al. 2014). Several other records might be hidden under L. polytropa. – Au: ?T.
Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Piem.
Lecanora strobilina (Spreng.) Kie.
Syn.: Lecanora conizaea auct. non (Ach.) Nyl., Parmelia strobilina Spreng.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on acid bark
and lignum, mostly in open woodlands; previously confused with other species and
hence distribution rather poorly known. – Au: K, St. Sw: GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecanora subaurea Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecanora aurea Eitner non (Schaer.) Schaer., Lecanora hercynica Poelt & Ullrich
L – Subs.: met – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species with a conspicuous, grey-green to yellow-
green, areolate thallus (due to the presence of rhizocarpic acid), with marginal soralia
on the areoles; on metal-rich rocks (Fe, Cu), usually in well-lit habitats; widespread in
Europe, including the Alps, except in some countries where suitable rocks are rare. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 263
Lecanora subcarnea (Lilj.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecanora ochrinaeta Ach., Lecanora pallescens A. Massal., Lecanora sordida (Pers.)
. Fr. var. subcarnea (Lilj.) . Fr., Lecanora trevisanii A. Massal., Lichen subcarneus
Lilj., Zeora subcarnea (Lilj.) Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean species found on
steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of siliceous rocks, mostly below the upper
montane belt; widespread in the Alps, but generally not very common. – Au: V, T, K,
N. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA.
Lecanora subcarpinea Szatala
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a taxon of the L. carpinea-group with thallus and
apothecial margins reacting Pd+ intensely yellow to orange, found on smooth bark of
well-lit deciduous trees, including branches and twigs, mostly at low altitudes; not al-
ways distinguished, and hence distribution insuciently known, but apparently wide-
spread in the Alps. – Au: T, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecanora subintricata (Nyl.) . Fr.
Syn.: Lecanora varia (Hom.) Ach. var. subintricata Nyl., Lecanoropsis subintricata
(Nyl.) M. Choisy
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a circumboreal-montane lichen found on lignum
and, more rarely, on the bark of conifers, mostly in upland areas, widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Sl: SlA.
Lecanora subravida Nyl.
Syn.: Lecanora varia (Hom.) Ach. var. subravida (Nyl.) Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: this name is mostly used for a lignicolous
taxon, perhaps of the L. saligna-group, but there are nomenclatural problems which we
are unable to resolve at the moment; the species. which might be heterogeneous, has
scattered records from the Alps. – Ge: Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: HSav, Vau. Li.
Lecanora sulphurea (Hom.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecanora polytropa (Hom.) Rabenh. var. sulphurea (Hom.) Schaer., Lecidea sul-
phurea (Hom.) Wahlenb., Lichen sulphureus Hom., Zeora sulphurea (Hom.) Flot.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-par – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a widespread and locally common lichen
which often starts the life-cycle on Tephromela atra, with a wide altitudinal range;
in the Alps it is usually silicicolous, but in the Mediterranean mountains calcicolous
forms are frequent. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr:
AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
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Lecanora swartzii (Ach.) Ach. subsp. swartzii
Syn.: Lecanora glaucoma (Hom.) Ach. var. swartzii (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora sordida
(Pers.) . Fr. var. swartzii (Ach.) Rabenh., Lecanora subradiosa auct. non Nyl., Lichen
swartzii Ach., Zeora sordida (Pers.) Körb. var. swartzii (Ach.) Körb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen found on steeply inclined to
underhanging surfaces of siliceous rocks, with optimum near and above treeline; most
frequent in the Alps, but also occurring in the high Mediterranean mountains. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecanora swartzii (Ach.) Ach. subsp. caulescens (J. Steiner) Leuckert & Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora subradiosa Nyl. var. caulescens J. Steiner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a lichen forming minute, podetia-like structures grow-
ing in dense cushions of c. 1–2 cm in diam. and up to 1 cm high, otherwise like subsp.
swartzii; under overhangs of siliceous rocks, from the montane to the lower alpine belt;
the distribution is poorly known, and in the study area is so far limited to the Eastern
Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Lecanora swartzii (Ach.) Ach. subsp. nylanderi (Räsänen) Leuckert & Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora subradiosa Nyl. var. nylanderi Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a lichen containing xanthones missing in subsp.
swartzii, found under overhangs of siliceous rocks at high elevations; widespread in the
Alps and rather common in areas with suitable habitats. – Au: T, S, K, St.
Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. var. symmicta
Syn.: Biatora maculiformis (Hom.) Beltr., Biatora symmicta (Ach.) A. Massal., Le-
canora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. var. symmictera (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecanora symmictera Nyl.,
Lecanora trabalis (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora varia (Hom.) Ach. var. maculiformis (Hom.)
Rabenh., Lecanora varia (Hom.) Ach. var. symmicta Ach., Lecidea symmicta (Ach.)
Ach., Zeora maculiformis (Hom.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic, boreal-montane to tem-
perate lichen found on acid bark, often on twigs of shrubs, with a wide altitudinal
range; widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. var. sorediosa auct. non Westman
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: in Central Europe this name is used for perhaps
heterogenous sorediate lichens of the L. symmicta-group (but dierent from L. orae-
frigidae R. Sant., a lignicolous maritime-arctic species not occurring in the Alps); on
branches of shrubs (Rhododendron) and on plant debris and moribund mosses at high
elevations; in the study area so far known only from the Eastern Alps (Austria), but
probably overlooked or confused with other taxa elsewhere. – Au: V, T, S, K, St.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 265
Lecanora thysanophora R.C. Harris
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an epiphytic species which is widespread and
common in Eastern North America, supercially very similar to Haematomma och-
roleucum, but with a dierent chemistry; probably much more widespread in the
Alps, but confused with other species in the past. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Sl: SlA.
Lecanora tolypodes Poelt & Vězda
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species of the L. polytropa-group growing as a
parasite on Aspicilia-species, developing minute fertile thalli on steep faces of siliceous
rocks; so far only known from the alpine belt in Switzerland. – Sw: GR.
Lecanora torquata (Fr.) Körb.
Syn.: Parmelia torquata Fr.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an often misunderstood species, probably a Pro-
toparmelia. – Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Lecanora umbrosa Degel.
Syn.: Lecanora neglecta (Räsänen) Räsänen, Lecanora sorediifera (. Fr.) Räsänen non
Fée, Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. var. sorediifera . Fr.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane lichen
found on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of weakly calciferous or base-rich,
weathered siliceous rocks near or above treeline; widespread in the Alps but regionally
overlooked, being often sterile. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, B. Ge: ?Ge. Sw: GR, SG, SZ, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, Piem.
Lecanora valesiaca (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb.
Syn.: Placodium valesiacum Müll. Arg., Squamaria valesiaca (Müll. Arg.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on base-rich rocks (gneiss, porphyr, schists, etc.)
containing some calcium, in warm-dry situations. – Au: T, S. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: Sav. It:
TAA, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecanora varia (Hom.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecanora subvaria Nyl., Lecanora varia (Hom.) Ach. var. abbrevians Hedl., Le-
canora varia (Hom.) Ach. var. denudata Bagl., Lecanora varia (Hom.) Ach. var. sub-
varia (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Patellaria varia Hom.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane
lichen found on hard lignum, more rarely on smooth, hard, acid bark, especially of
conifers, in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N,
B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
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Lecanora variolascens Nyl.
Syn.: ?Lecanora bavarica Poelt, Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. var. variolosa Körb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: mostly found at the base of trunks of isolated decidu-
ous trees; so far only reported from a few localities in the Alps, but perhaps overlooked,
being mostly sterile. – Au: St, O, N. Fr: AHP. Ge: OB, Schw. It: TAA.
Lecanora vinetorum Poelt & Huneck
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species of the L. varia-complex, characterised
by the presence of vinetorin. – Sw: TI. It: TAA.
Lecanora viridiatra (Stenh.) Nyl. ex Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatora viridiatra Stenh., Lecidea luteoatra Nyl., Lecidea viridiatra (Stenh.) Scha-
er. non Ach. nec (Wulfen) Lamy, Psora viridiatra (Stenh.) Anzi
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of steeply inclined to vertical surfaces of very
hard siliceous rocks rich in quartz, in seepage tracks, near or above treeline. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St. Fr: HAl, AMa, HSav. It: Piem, VA.
Lecidea aemulans (Arnold) Britzelm.
Syn.: Lecidella aemulans Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a calcicolous species of unclear relationship, as the
paraphyses are given as conglutinated and the ascospores are relatively slim, provision-
ally placed here in Lecidea s.lat.; reported from the Alps, the Tatra Mnts., and Spitsber-
gen, with optimum near or above treeline. – Ge: OB. Sw: GL. It: TAA.
Lecidea albofuscescens Nyl.
Syn.: Biatora albofuscescens (Nyl.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a probably circumboreal species found on conifers,
especially Picea, rarely on acid-barked deciduous trees such as Betula and Sorbus aucu-
paria in upland areas. It does not belong to Lecidea s.str. – Au: K, N. Ge: Ge. It: Ven,
TAA. Sl: SlA.
Lecidea albohyalina (Nyl.) . Fr.
Syn.: Biatora albohyalina (Nyl.) Bagl. & Carestia, Lecidea anomala Ach. f. albohyalina
Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on smooth, acid bark. e species does not be-
long to Lecidea s.str. – Au: K, St. Fr: AHP. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Lecidea albolivida Lettau
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, spreading, granular, whitish thal-
lus, sessile apothecia with olive discs and darker margins, a dark brown hypothecium,
8-spored asci, and narrowly ellipsoid ascospores; on bark of coniferous trees; so far only
recorded from the Eastern Alps in Germany, where it is probably extinct. – Ge: OB.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 267
Lecidea alpestris Sommerf.
L # – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found
on naked soil, mosses and plant debris over siliceous substrata, more rarely on bark,
on basal parts of conifers in the subalpine belt. Systematic position and delimitation
of this species are still not clear. – Au: T. Sw: BE, TI. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Lecidea amabilis Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 5 – Note: a poorly known species of unclear relationships,
with a reddish to orange-white thallus forming isles on a black hypothecium, which
may fuse in later stages, immersed, immarginate, black-brown (pale brown to reddish-
brown when moist) apothecia with convex discs, a hyaline hypothecium, a brownish
epihymenium, 8-spored asci, and oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (10–15 × 5–7 µm);
on siliceous rocks in the high-alpine belt; only known from the type locality in the
Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
Lecidea andersonii Filson
Syn.: Lecidea pseudopromiscens Hertel & Rambold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a bipolar species, widespread in continental Antarctica
and known from Iceland, with only a few records from the Alps, where it was probably
overlooked. – Sw: VS.
Lecidea antiqua B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a lecideoid species of unclear relationship (?Tel-
oschistaceae), with a grey, areolate to verrucose thallus (K-!), orange apothecia to c. 0.5
mm in diam. (K+ ?red), nally sessile and persistently at, with a thin margin slightly
paler than the disc, a hyaline hypothecium, a granular, yellow epihymenium, hardly
conglutinated paraphyses, 8-spored asci, and simple ascospores (to c. 20 µm long);
only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Italy), on schist. – It: VA.
Lecidea areolata Schaer.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a silicicolous species which probably belongs to the
Lecanora marginata-group. – Sw: ?VS. Fr: HSav.
Lecidea atrobrunnea (DC.) Schaer. subsp. atrobrunnea
Syn.: Lecidea funckii Flot., Lecidea protecta H. Magn., Lecidella atrobrunnea (DC.) Körb.,
Psora atrobrunnea (DC.) A. Massal., Sporastatia funckii (Flot.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
L – Subs.: sil, cal, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a bipolar, arctic-alpine to boreal-montane
species of acid siliceous rocks in exposed situations, starting the life-cycle on species
of Bellemerea or on L. silacea, with optimum near and above treeline. e species is
chemically variable, and several chemotypes were distinguished; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: ?Ge. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
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Lecidea atrobrunnea (DC.) Schaer. subsp. porphyrilica Hertel & Leuckert
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a rare chemical strain of the L. atrobrunnea-complex
containing only porphyrilic acid; on siliceous rocks at high elevations; distribution
insuciently known. – Sw: GR, UR, VS.
Lecidea atrobrunnea (DC.) Schaer. subsp. saxosa Hertel & Leuckert
Syn.: Lecidea gneissicola Zahlbr., Lecidea saxosa R.S. Anderson nom. inval., Lecidea syn-
carpa Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a rather common chemical strain of the L. atrobrunnea-
complex containing the substances of the norstictic acid syndrome; widespread in the
mountains of the Northern Hemisphere. – Au: T, St, N. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa.
Lecidea atrobrunnea (DC.) Schaer. subsp. stictica Hertel & Leuckert
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a holarctic silicicolous taxon with optimum near and
above treeline; widespread but rarely collected in the Alps. – Au: T, K. Sw: VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Ven, Lomb.
Lecidea atrobrunnea (DC.) Schaer. var. chamaelepis Hertel ined.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a name used for a chemical strain with 2’-O-methylper-
latolic acid, diering from L. atrobunnea s.str. also in the longer ascospores; on siliceous
rocks in the alpine belt; distribution insuciently known. – Au: T.
Lecidea auriculata . Fr. subsp. auriculata
Syn.: Lecidea confoederans Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a much misunderstood circumpolar, arctic-alpine
species found on siliceous rocks in wind-exposed, sunny situations, in the high-alpine
belt of humid mountains; much rarer in the Alps than the closely related L. promiscens.
– Au: V, T, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav.
It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Lecidea auriculata . Fr. subsp. brachyspora . Fr.
Syn.: Lecidea brachyspora (. Fr.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: ecologically similar to the typical subspecies, from
which it diers in the shorter spores, this taxon is also known from the Himalayas; the
only certain records for the Alps are from Salzburg and Hautes-Alpes, all other records
need conrmation. – Au: S. Fr: AHP. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Lecidea bagliettoana Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecidea interjecta Bagl. & Carestia non Nyl. nec (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5. Note: a species described from the Italian Alps, diering
from L. auriculata in the very narrow, sublinear ascospores, also reported from Bul-
garia. – It: Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 269
Lecidea berengeriana (A. Massal.) Nyl.
Syn.: Biatora berengeriana A. Massal., Biatora cupreiformis (Nyl.) Arnold, Biatora
poetschiana Körb, Lecidea cupreiformis (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecidea miscella Sommerf. non
Ach., Lecidea strasseri Zahlbr., Mycobilimbia berengeriana (A. Massal.) Hafellner &
V. Wirth
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal, deb – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine to bo-
real-montane lichen found on mosses and plant debris over calcareous substrata. e
species does not belong to Lecidea nor to Mycobilimbia and is closely related to Romju-
laria; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA. Li.
Lecidea betulicola (Kullh.) H. Magn.
Syn.: Biatora betulicola Kullh., Lecidea epiphaea Nyl., Lecidea lignaria (Körb.) Nyl., Le-
cidea plusiospora . Fr.; incl. Lecidea betulicola (Kullh.) H. Magn. f. endamylea (Hedl.)
Hinteregger
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a boreal-montane species found on acid bark and
lignum in upland areas. e generic position is still not clear. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Sw:
SZ, VD. Fr: Isè. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Lecidea cervinicola B. de Lesd.
Syn.: Lecidea promiscua Nyl. var. cervinicola (B. de Lesd.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on low siliceous boulders, pebbles and flat stones
scattered over the ground in alpine heaths, sometimes also on large rock faces. –
Au: V, T, S, K. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè. It: TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Lecidea commaculans Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea intercalanda Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species of humid siliceous rocks near
and above treeline; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: ?V, S. It: TAA, Piem.
Lecidea conuens (Weber) Ach.
Syn.: Lecidea leptoceramia Anzi, Lecidea leucitica (Schaer.) Arnold, Lecidea vapulata
Anzi, Lichen conuens Weber, Verrucaria conuens (Weber) Weber ex. F.H. Wigg.; incl.
Lecidea conuens (Weber) Ach. var. leucitica Schaer.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a boreal-montane to arctic-alpine, circumpolar species
found on low siliceous stones and boulders with a long snow cover, with optimum near
treeline, but reaching the nival belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
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270
Lecidea conuentula Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Lecidea matildae H. Magn., Lecidea rimiseda Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: known from NW Europe and the French Alps, this
silicicolous species is related to L. fuscoatra, but is most frequent above treeline. – Fr:
HAl, HSav. It: TAA.
Lecidea conuescens Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea venustula Arnold
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on inclined to vertical faces of calciferous rocks,
especially lime-containing schists; related to L. lapicida, but calcicolous; locally not
rare in the Alps, and probably much more widespread, but overlooked. – Au: V, T, S.
Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav. It: TAA, Piem, Lig.
Lecidea decolor Arnold
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a thin, rimose, whitish to greyish
thallus (K-reaction negative, but medulla I+ violet), minute, black, non-pruinose apo-
thecia, a brown hypothecium. a olive-green epihymenium, 8-spored asci, and oblong
ascospores (12–15 × 5–6 µm); on siliceous rocks (e.g. mica-schist) at high elevations;
only recorded from a few localities in the Alps. According to Hertel (in litt.) it belongs
to the L. lapicida-group. – Au: T. Sw: VS.
Lecidea diducens Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea auriculata . Fr. var. diducens (Nyl.) . Fr., Lecidea sarcogyniza Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a circum – and bipolar, arctic-alpine silicicolous li-
chen, ecologically similar to, and closely related to L. auriculata. – Au: T. Sw: TI, VS.
It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecidea dodecamera Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin leprose thallus, sessile apothecia
with biatorine margins, a hyaline hypothecium and 12–16-spored asci; on bark of co-
niferous trees in montane forests; in the study area so far known only from the Western
Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
Lecidea ecrustacea (Anzi ex Arnold) Arnold
Syn.: Lecidea complicata H. Magn., Lecidea lactea Flörke ex Schaer. var. ecrustacea (Ar-
nold) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecidella polycarpa (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Körb. var. ecrus-
tacea Anzi ex Arnold, Lecidea pseudopilati (Vain.) Vain.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a silicicolous taxon with optimum above treeline,
doubtfully distinct from L. lapicida var. pantherina; reported from several localities in
the Alps. – Au: ?V, T, S, St. Sw: GR, UR, VS. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 271
Lecidea enclitica Nyl.
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a lignicolous species described from Northern
Finland, in the protologue compared to Biatora globulosa, but ascospores broader; so
far only known from Switzerland in the Alps. – Sw: BE, GR.
Lecidea erythrophaea Flörke ex Sommerf.
Syn.: Biatora erythrophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Fr., Lecidea hyalinella (Körb.) Jatta,
Lecidea tenebricosa auct. non Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, probably circumpolar
species of acid bark, especially of conifers, in humid-cold situations, e.g. in Sphagnum
bogs. Closely related to L. rhododendri and certainly not a Lecidea s.str. – Au: V, T, S,
K. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VS. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb.
Lecidea exigua Chaub.
Syn.: Biatora decandollei Hepp, Biatora exigua (Chaub.) Fr., Biatora geographica A.
Massal., Lecidea decandollei (Hepp) Jatta
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean lichen found in
very open woodlands, on smooth bark, especially on branches of deciduous trees; very
rare in the Alps. – Au: St. Fr: Isè. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Lecidea ssuriseda Poelt
Syn.: Mycobilimbia ssuriseda (Poelt) Poelt & Hafellner
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a probably circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found
in thin ssures of calciferous rocks (calcareous schist, dolomite, much more rarely pure
limestone) near and especially above treeline; certainly more widespread in the Alps. It
does not belong in Lecidea s.str. nor in Mycobilimbia, being related to Clauzadea in the
Porpidiaceae. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR. It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Lecidea fuliginosa Taylor
Syn.: Biatora conglomerata A. Massal., Biatora fuliginosa (Taylor) Fr., Lecidea confusa
Nyl., Psora confusa (Nyl.) Maheu & A. Gillet, Psora conglomerata (A. Massal.) Körb.,
Psora fuliginosa (Taylor) Stein, Psora koerberi A. Massal., Toninia confusa (Nyl.) Boistel
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: in small ssures of hard siliceous rocks in open, but
wind-protected situations, mostly in upland areas. Most probably not a Lecidea s.str. –
Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecidea algeriensis Zahlbr., Lecidea fumosa (Hom.) Ach., Lecidea prostratula
Stirt., Lecidea psoroides Bagl. & Carestia, Lecidea sardoa Bagl., Lecidea trabicola Eri-
chsen, Lichen fuscoater L., Patellaria fumosa (Hom.) Hom., Psora fumosa (Hom.)
A. Massal., Psora prostratula (Stirt.) Walt. Watson
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly temperate, widespread, extremely variable
lichen found on rock faces wetted by rain on a wide variety of substrata, from base-rich
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272
siliceous rocks to brick and roong tiles. L. grisella was not always distinguished from
this species in the past; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecidea fuscoatrata Nyl.
Syn.: Psora subfumosa (Arnold) Arnold var. fuscoatrata (Nyl.) Arnold
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a taxon resembling L. fuscoatra, but thallus C – and
ascospores less than 10 µm long, probably belonging to the L. atrobrunnea-group and
close to or even identical with L. subfumosa; on siliceous rocks in the alpine belt; the
distribution is insuciently known. – Au: T. Fr: Sav. It: TAA.
Lecidea globulispora Nyl.
Syn.: Biatora antiloga (Stirt.) Walt. Watson, Lecidea antiloga Stirt., Lecidea infralappo-
nica Vain., Lecidella antiloga (Stirt.) M. Choisy
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate to boreal-montane lichen
also known from the Southern Hemisphere found on hard, exposed lignum, more
rarely on conifer bark; to be looked for further in the Alps. e generic position of this
species, related to the North American L. paddensis (Tuck.) Zahlbr., is not clear. – Sw:
VS. Fr: Vau.
Lecidea goniophila Flörke var. gracilis (Arnold) ined. (provisionally placed here,
ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Lecidella goniophila (Flörke) Körb. var. gracilis Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a taxon recalling Lecidella stigmatea, but paraphyses
more conglutinated and ascospores narrower and often with pointed ends (to be com-
pared with L. aemulans); on boulders of dolomite, so far known only from the Eastern
Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Lecidea grisella Flörke
Syn.: Biatora livescens (Leight.) Walt. Watson, Lecidea fumosa (Hom.) Ach. var. gri-
sella (Flörke) Müll. Arg., Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach. var. grisella (Flörke) Nyl., Lecidea
grisella Flörke f. mosigii (Ach.) Zahlbr., Lecidea livescens Leight., Lecidea segregula Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this taxon was subsumed for a long time into L.
fuscoatra, but appears to be a well-distinct species, mainly distinguished by the rimose
instead of areolate thallus. It grows on base-rich siliceous rocks, often on man-made
substrata, e.g. on roong tiles, and seems to be most frequent at lower elevations than
L. fuscoatra. Some authors, however (e.g. Roux et al. 2014) still prefer to treat this
taxon as a variety of the extremely polymorphic L. fuscoatra. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, B.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, TI, UR. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Piem, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 273
Lecidea grummannii Hertel
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 5 – Note: a rare species of the L. atrobrunnea-complex with
pale brownish, glossy areoles and sunken, black, glossy apothecia producing broadly
ellipsoid to subglobular ascospores; parasitic on silicicolous brown Acarospora-species,
on which it develops small insular thalli; only known from the Southern Alps in Aus-
tria. – Au: K.
Lecidea haerjedalica H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, silicicolous species of wind-
exposed, snow-free sites, most frequent on crystalline schists near or above treeline;
from the Alps there are several scattered records. – Au: S, K. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, AMa.
It: TAA, Lig.
Lecidea huxariensis (Beckh. ex J. Lahm) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatora huxariensis Beckh. ex J. Lahm
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rare species of unclear relationship, with minute black-
ish apothecia and asci with 8–12 small ascospores; on wood, including fences; in the
study area so far only known from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Lecidea ileiformis Fr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rare species with a thick whitish thallus, large,
black, nally convex, virtually immarginate apothecia, and c. 10 µm long ascospores,
based on a type from Dovreell in Southern Norway; on soil in upland areas; distribu-
tion in the Alps poorly documented. – Sw: VS. Fr: HSav.
Lecidea inrmata Arnold
Syn.: Lecidea paupercula . Fr. f. inrmata (Arnold) Lettau
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: known only from the type collection and from a single
record from Austria, this silicicolous species is related to L. atrobrunnea. – Au: K. It:
TAA.
Lecidea inata Anzi
L # – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thick, cartilaginous, rugose-pli-
cate to bullate, yellowish white thallus forming small pillows, large, adnate, conuent,
black apothecia which are rst at and thinly marginate, then convex, a brownish epi-
thecium, a pale hypothecium, coherent paraphyses, 8-spored asci, and simple, hyaline,
ellipsoid ascospores measuring c. 18.9 × 13 µm; only known from the type collection
and from a few localities in the mountains of Central Europe, this taxon deserves fur-
ther study. – It: Lomb.
Lecidea inturgescens Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a taxon growing on siliceous rocks, with optimum
in the montane belt. Closely related to L. fuscoatra. – Fr: HSav. It: Lomb.
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274
Lecidea isidiosa Anzi
L # – Subs.: bry-sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: this species of uncertain anity, characterised by
a whitish, leprose-isidiose thallus, small, brown, convex apothecia with a dark hypo-
thecium and lax paraphyses, and simple spores measuring 13–17 × 3–5 µm, is known
only from the type collection above Bormio (Italy). – It: Lomb.
Lecidea italica B. de Lesd. nom.illeg. non Wedd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with a white, thin thallus of scattered to
contiguous, angular areoles reacting K-, on a black hypothallus, a I+ blue medulla, nu-
merous, black, sometimes thinly pruinose, sessile apothecia (2–2.5 mm in diam.), the
disc urceolate to concave, the margin prominent and wavy, an olivaceous epithecium
reacting K-, a strongly amyloid hymenium of coherent paraphyses, a colourless hypo-
thecium, 8-spored asci, and ellipsoid to oblong, hyaline, simple ascospores measuring
12–17 × 6–7(-8) µm; only known from the type collection in Valpelline, at 2,900 m.
– It: VA.
Lecidea laboriosa Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Lecidea leptoboloides Nyl., Lecidea lithophilopsis Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a still insuciently known species of L. plana-group
with narrower ascospores; on siliceous rocks, usually at high elevations; distribution
poorly documented. – Au: V. Sw: VS.
Lecidea labulata (Hepp ex Metzler) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatora labulata Hepp ex Metzler
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a calcicolous species of unclear relationship, with
a thallus consisting of whitish grey, small squamules dispersed on a grey prothallus,
sessile, globose, immarginate, black apothecia with an emerald-green hymenium,
8-spored asci, and simple, ellipsoid ascospores measuring 7–9 × 3–5 µm; only known
from two localities in Austria and Switzerland. – Au: S. Sw: GR.
Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach. var. lapicida
Syn.: Biatora ochromela (Ach.) Hepp, Lecidea contiguella Nyl., Lecidea declinans Nyl.,
Lecidea declinascens Nyl., Lecidea dendroclinis Nyl., Lecidea hoelii Lynge, Lecidea lactea
Flörke ex Schaer. var. ochromela (Ach.) Arnold, Lecidea ochromela (Ach.) Anzi, Lecidea
scotoplaca H. Magn., Lecidea subinvoluta Müll. Arg., Lecidea subplanata Vain., Lecidea
vestrogothica H. Magn., Lecidella lapicida (Ach.) Körb., Lecidella ochromela (Ach.) Ar-
nold, Lichen lapicida Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine to boreal-montane
and cool-temperate species with a broad ecological range, found on hard, acid siliceous
rocks, mostly in exposed, windy situations in upland areas; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 275
Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach. var. pantherina (Hom.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecidea cyanea (Ach.) . Fr., Lecidea lactea Flörke ex Schaer., Lecidea lapicida
(Ach.) Ach. var. lactea (Flörke ex Schaer.) V. Wirth, Lecidea pantherina (Hom.) .
Fr., Lecidea peralbida (. Fr.) H. Olivier, Lecidea polycarpa Flörke, Lecidea theiodes
Sommerf., Lecidea variegata Fr., Lecidella lactea (Flörke ex Schaer.) Arnold, Lecidella
pantherina (Hom.) Stein, Verrucaria contigua Hom. var. pantherina Hom.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: doubtfully distinct from var. lapicida and perhaps just
a chemical strain of the latter, with a similar distribution and ecology; widespread and
common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach. var. spilotica (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecidea spilotica Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a not generally recognised taxon, very close to L.
lapicida var. pantherina, based on type from the Pyrenees on schist, accepted only in
the French lichenological literature. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav.
Lecidea lenticella (Arnold) Stizenb.
Syn.: Biatora lenticella Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thin whitish thallus recalling Catil-
laria lenticularis, but apart from the non-septate ascospores, with conglutinated para-
physes lacking clavate tips and pigment caps; on limestone from the subalpine to the
alpine belt. – Au: T. Ge: OB. Sw: VS.
Lecidea leprarioides Tønsberg
Syn.: Lecidea turgidula Fr. var. pulveracea . Fr.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a rather rare, mainly boreal species of acid bark
in upland areas, related to L. turgidula. – Au: St, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG,
UR, VD, VS. It: TAA.
Lecidea leprosolimbata (Arnold) Lettau ex Poelt
Syn.: Lecidea atrobrunnea (DC.) Schaer. f. leprosolimbata (Arnold) Lettau, Psora atrob-
runnea (DC.) A. Massal. var. leprosolimbata Arnold
L – Subs.: int-par, sil-par – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on sunny, inclined, hard, weakly cal-
ciferous siliceous rocks, starting the life-cycle on the thalli of Bellemerea subcandida;
certainly more widespread in the Alps, and locally even common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St.
Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecidea leucothallina Arnold var. leucothallina
Syn.: Lecidea kujalae Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species found on boulders and
siliceous pebbles, especially on crystalline schist near the ground, in sites with a long
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276
snow cover, with optimum above treeline; known only from the Alps and rarely col-
lected. – Au: T. Sw: GR. It: TAA, Lomb, VA.
Lecidea leucothallina Arnold var. discrepans Rambold & Hertel
Syn.: Lecidea leucothallina Arnold var. subdiscrepans Rambold & Hertel ex errore
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 6 – Note: on hard siliceous rocks, often in sites with a long snow
cover; in the Alps hitherto only known from a single collection in Tyrol. – Au: T.
Lecidea lithophila (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecidea farinosa H. Magn., Lecidea heteromorpha H. Magn., Lecidea lapicida
(Ach.) Ach. f. lecanactis (A. Massal.) Arnold, Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach. var. lithophila
Ach., Lecidea lithophiliza Nyl., Lecidea pruinosa auct., Lecidella lithophila (Ach.) Ar-
nold, Lecidella pruinosa Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: an ecologically wide-ranging, pioneer spe-
cies found on vertical to slightly inclined surfaces of acid siliceous rocks close to the
ground, also on iron-rich substrata, with optimum above the montane belt; widespread
throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, TI,
UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecidea lygaeoides (Anzi) Jatta
Syn.: Biatora lygaeoides Anzi
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a brownish thallus of minute scattered
granules, delimited by a well-developed bluish-black prothallus, small black apothecia
with a at disc and a thin proper margin, a brownish epi – and hypothecium, 8-spored
asci, and simple, ellipsoid, hyaline ascospores measuring 13–14 × 6.8–8.6 µm; see also
Nimis (1993: 393). – It: Lomb.
Lecidea lyngei Degel.
Syn.: Lecidea arnoldii Lynge non (Kremp.) Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a silicicolous species described (as Lecidea arnoldii
Lynge) from Novaya Zemlya, perhaps belonging to Miriquidica, diering from M.
garovaglii in the cortex reacting K+ red. Lynge argued in the protologue that “Psora
aenea f. corrugata Arnold” might be a heterotypic synonym, which is the reason why
the species turns up in a lichen checklist of the Alps. – Au: T.
Lecidea magnussonii Lynge
L # – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species very closely related to Schaereria cinere-
orufa, with a thick, verrucose, brownish-grey thallus, black apothecia containing easily
separating paraphyses and narrowly cylindrical asci with uniseriate, globose ascospores;
overgrowing silicicolous mosses in the subalpine to alpine belts; for the study area there
is a single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: S.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 277
Lecidea malmeana Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecidea enalliza Nyl. var. subplana Malme, Lecidea microsporella Malme non Lettau
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, whitish thallus and small, black-
ish apothecia containing 16-spored asci with narrowly ellipsoid ascospores, based on a
type from Sweden; on bark of coniferous trees in montane forests, with a single record
from the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: BE.
Lecidea miscella Ach. non Sommerf.
L # – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thick, granular-verrucose, whit-
ish thallus, small, black, convex, immarginate apothecia with a brown hypothecium,
conglutinated paraphyses, and ellipsoid to oblong ascospores, based on a type from
Sweden; on soil and plant remains at high elevations, with a few records only from the
Alps. – Au: S. It: TAA.
Lecidea montanvertiana Croz.
Syn.: Biatora montanvertiana (Croz.) M. Choisy
L # – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species overgrowing bryophytes, with a white,
granular thallus reacting K+ yellow, small biatorine, nally convex, greenish-black apo-
thecia with a hyaline hypothecium, conglutinated paraphyses, and ellipsoid ascospores
which are mostly longer than 15 µm; in the study area only known from a single sta-
tion in the Western Alps (France), at 1,910 m. – Fr: HSav.
Lecidea moritzii B. de Lesd.
Syn.: Lecidea cacuminum B. de Lesd. non Vain. nec H.Magn.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with a chalky white, rimose to areolate, rela-
tively thick thallus (2–4 mm in diam.), the older areoles becoming somewhat lobate
with rounded lobes and surrounded by a hypothalline black margin, black marginate
apothecia (to 2 mm in diam.), an emerald green epithecium and hypothecium (?),
8-spored asci, and hyaline, oblong to subglobose, simple ascospores (5–7 × 2–4 µm);
on (presumably) calcareous rocks in the high-alpine belt; only known from the type
locality in the Eastern Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: GR.
Lecidea nivosa Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Biatora nivea Müll. Arg., Lecidea nivea (Müll. Arg.) Mig. nom. inval. non P. C r-
ouan & H. Crouan
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 6 – Note: a species resembling in habitus Carbonea atronivea
but probably belonging to the L. lapicida-group, with a white, rather thin, rimose to
areolate, rough thallus (no reaction with K, medulla I+ violet), small, black, non pruin-
ose, marginate, rst immersed, later adpressed apothecia (c. 0.5 mm in diam.), a brown
hypothecium, a brown epihymenium with a greenish tinge, 8-spored asci, and hyaline,
simple, ellipsoid ascospores (6–9 × 3–4.5 µm); on calcareous schists in the nival belt;
only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VD.
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Lecidea nylanderi (Anzi) . Fr.
Syn.: Biatora nylanderi Anzi, Lecidea fuscescens Nyl. non Sommerf.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a probably circumboreal-montane lichen found on the
bark old conifers inside forests, much more rarely on lignum, usually in upland areas. e
species, related to Myochroidea leprosula, does not belong to Lecidea s.str. – Au: T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GL, GR, LU, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, Isè, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Lecidea obluridata Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a silicicolous species resembling L. fuscoatra, but
thallus containing conuentic acid, apothecia adnate, at, with thin margins, hypothe-
cium brown, and ascospores oblong, c. 10 µm long; based on a type from low elevation
in the Pyrenees; the distribution in the Alps is poorly known. – Au: V, T, S. Sw: GR.
Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav. It: Piem.
Lecidea paratropoides Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks near the ground in dry areas, with
optimum near and above treeline; a member of the L. auriculata-group, known from
Central Asia, the dry valleys of the Alps, the mountains of Sicily and the Pyrenees,
mostly in continental areas. – Au: T, S. Sw: GR, VS. It: TAA, VA.
Lecidea paupercula . Fr.
Syn.: Lecidea atroocarpoides Vain., Lecidea kittilensis Vain.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species close to L. praenubila, not generally ac-
cepted as distinct, characterised by the thin areoles with a red-brown centre and paler
margin and the dark brown hypothecium, based on a type from Northern Norway; on
siliceous rocks at high elevations; the identity of Alpine records is uncertain. – Au: T,
K. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav.
Lecidea percutiens Poelt
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species of unclear relationships, only known in the
sterile state, forming small, greenish, verrucose thalli with isidiate-sorediate papillae on
the thalli of Diploschistes scruposus, mostly on sandstone at low elevations; so far only
known from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Vau.
Lecidea personata (Körb.) Jatta
Syn.: Lecidella personata Körb.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a very poorly known species reported from several
scattered localities in eastern Central Europe. e Italian material, collected on granite
near Bormio, was distributed by Anzi (Lich. Lang. 570). – It: Lomb.
Lecidea pertecta Hertel ined.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species resembling L. paratropoides, but with a dier-
ent chemistry (stictic acid syndrome); on siliceous rocks in the alpine belt; so far only
known from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: Au.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 279
Lecidea plana (J. Lahm) Nyl.
Syn.: Catillaria eximia Malme, Catillaria stromatoides H. Magn., Lecidea enteromorpha
(Flot.) Vain., Lecidea latypea Ach., Lecidella plana J. Lahm
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine to boreal-montane
lichen found on acid siliceous rocks, often on iron-rich substrata, on low boulders wet-
ted by rain in humid areas, with optimum near and above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, B. Sw: TI, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Lecidea plebeja Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea enalliza Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a boreal to temperate-montane species with an
indistinct to minutely verrucose thallus and usually small, black apothecia with thin
margins, a brown hypothecium, and small, ovoid ascospores, based on a type from
Finland; on wood and bark of conifers (Picea); from the Alps there are a few records
only. – Au: T, S. Sl: SlA.
Lecidea polycarpoides (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Biatora polycarpoides Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sil, ?int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species probably related to (or identical with)
L. lapicida var. pantherina, with a thin, rimose to areolate, grey to smoke-grey thallus
(reacting K+ yellow then red, medulla I+ violet, de Hertel), black, non-pruinose, mar-
ginate, rst immersed, later adpressed apothecia (c. 0.3–0.5 mm in diam.), a brownish
hypothecium, a bluish-black epihymenium, 8-spored asci, and oblong to ellipsoid,
simple, hyaline ascospores (12–15 × 5–7 µm); on siliceous (somehow calciferous?)
rocks; only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VD.
Lecidea polygonia Flot. ex Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 4 – Note: a taxon with an unresolved nomenclature of unclear
application, compared by Nylander with Immersaria athroocarpa, from which it should
dier in the smaller ascospores; on siliceous rocks, with some scattered records in Eu-
rope, including the Alps. A “L. polygonia Müll. Arg.” as cited in the Swiss checklist does
not exist. is epithet goes back to L. fumosa var. polygonia introduced as a nom. nud.
by Flotow, Lich. exs. no. 139 (1830), and was also cited by Nylander (Flora 64: 186,
1881) when he published a description under the name “L. polygonia (Flot.)”. If this is
the protologue, the taxon has to be ascribed to Nylander as L. polygonia Flot. ex Nyl.
A further complication is that Körber (Systema: 253, 1855) citing also the exsiccatum
of Flotow, apparently published a taxon “L. fumosa α [var.] nitida [f.] polygonia Flot.”
that has to be ascribed to Körber. is name, however, was not cited by Nylander, and
therefore cannot be the protologue of Nylander’s species. – Sw: UR.
Lecidea polytrichinella Hertel, Obermayer & Poelt
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a tiny species of unclear relationships, with a thallus
of minute, whitish areoles, small hemispherical, immarginate, brown to blackish apo-
thecia, asci recalling those of Biatora, and small ascospores; encrusting leaets of mori-
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280
bund Polytrichum, often together with Lecanora leptacinella; overall distribution arctic
to temperate-alpine; widespread in the Alps but rarely collected. – Au: S, K, St. Sl: SlA.
Lecidea praenubila Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea aeneola (Arnold) Vain., Lecidea atrocervina Vain., Lecidea helsingforsiensis Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, perhaps circum-
polar silicicolous species found on horizontal surfaces or on pebbles; much rarer in the
alpine belt of the Alps than in Northern Europe. At least in Austria, there is no certain
record: in the Alps the species might have been confused with L. subfumosa. – Au: ?T.
Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP. It: TAA, VA.
Lecidea privati Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 5 – Note: a silicicolous species of unclear relationships, with a
thallus of reddish-brown to greenish-brown, densely arranged, small areoles on a black
prothallus, marginate, plane, black apothecia with a pigmented hypothecium and an
olive-blackish epihymenium, 8-spored asci, and oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (9–10 ×
4–5 µm); only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
Lecidea promiscens Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea promiscua Nyl. var. promiscens (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecidea strep-
sodea Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a circum – and bipolar, arctic-alpine to boreal-mon-
tane lichen found on boulders close to the ground and on siliceous pebbles in alpine
heaths; widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: ?OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, VA.
Lecidea promiscua Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea dilabens . Fr., Lecidea gregalis Arnold, Lecidea speciosa Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a member of the dicult L. auriculata-complex,
closely related to L. promiscens and with a similar ecology; apparently common in the
alpine belt of the Alps, but overlooked. – Au: T, K, St, N. Sw: SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Isè. It: Frl, TAA.
Lecidea proxima Anzi
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: from the description this species appears to be re-
lated to Ramboldia elabens, diering in the intensely greenish apothecial disc, the pale
hypothecium and the larger spores; the type material, collected on dry twigs of Larix,
deserves further study. – Sw: GR. It: Lomb.
Lecidea pseudoplana Hertel ined.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a silicicoloous species resembling L. paratropoides,
but with a dierent chemistry (planaic acid); in the study area so far only known from
the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: Au.
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Lecidea ramulosa . Fr.
L – Subs.: cal, deb – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species of unclear relationships with a thick, whit-
ish to bluish-grey thallus of ramied and unequally thick particles, and adnate, black
apothecia which are at rst plane and marginate, later convex and immarginate, based
on a type from Northern Norway where it appears to be more common; on mosses and
soil in alpine environments, rarely reported from the Alps. – Sw: GR.
Lecidea rapax Hertel
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a permanently lichenicolous species of the L.
atrobrunnea-group, which invades thalli of the species Bellemerea alpina and B. cinere-
orufescens; closely related to L. leprosolimbata, and so far known only from the Alps.
Roux et al. (2014) consider this species as a silicicolous ecotype of L. leprosolimbata. –
Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, VA.
Lecidea rhagadiella (Nyl.) . Fr.
Syn.: Lecanora rhagadiella Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species of unclear relationships with an unusual
combination of characters: thallus rather thick, rimose, whitish, with amyloid hyphae,
urceolate to almost plane apothecia sunken in the thallus, a hyaline hypothecium, and
rather large, broadly ellipsoid ascospores, based on a type from Northern Finland, with
a few records from the Western Alps (France), on hard siliceous rocks at high eleva-
tions. – Fr: HAl, AMa.
Lecidea rhododendri (Hepp) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatora rhododendri (Hepp) Arnold, Biatora sylvana Körb. var. rhododendri Hepp
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on twigs of Rhododendron and other subalpine
shrubs. e species does not belong to Biatora s.str. and is closely related to L. eryth-
rophaea; it does not belong to Lecidea s.str. either. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: GR, LU, UR. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Lecidea sarcogynoides Körb.
Syn.: Lecidea squamata Flagey
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a constantly cryptothalline species with a red-violet
hymenium, found on exposed, steeply inclined faces of non-calcareous, mineral-rich
rocks in lichen-poor communities of dry-warm sites in the lower altitudinal belts, re-
cords from high elevations being unlikely; widespread in the Alps. – Au: ?T, ?S, ?K, St,
B. Sw: UR, VS. Fr: HSav, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecidea sauteri Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the L. auriculata-group with a very
thick thallus (with the conuentinic acid syndrome), and ascospores broader than in
L. auriculata, found on steep faces of siliceous clis in the subalpine and alpine belts;
in the study area so far known only from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: S.
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Lecidea scabridisca V. Wirth
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4(?-5) – Note: a species with a greyish-brown to brown, areolate
thallus, a medulla reacting K+ red, black apothecia with umbonate to gyrose discs, and
a brown hypothecium; on siliceous rocks, mostly in boulder screes of the subalpine
belt; in the study area so far known only from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: ?T, St.
Lecidea siderolithica Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Lecidea nigrogrisea Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the L. fuscoatra-group developing
small thin crustose thalli reacting C+ red (gyrophoric acid), with smaller ascospores
than in L. fuscoatra; on siliceous rocks at mid-elevations; in the study area so far known
only from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HAl, HSav.
Lecidea silacea (Hom.) Ach.
Syn.: Lecidea subsilacea Nyl., Lecidella silacea (Hom.) Körb., Patellaria silacea Hom.,
Psora tabacina Ramond ex DC. non auct., Toninia tabacina (Ramond ex DC.) Flagey
non auct.
L – Subs.: met, sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a probably circumpolar, arctic-alpine to boreal-
montane lichen found on iron-containing rocks in humid, sheltered situations, mostly
in upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecidea speirodes Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea contigua (Hom.) Fr. var. subcretacea Arnold, Lecidea decorosa Arnold, Le-
cidea subcretacea (Arnold) P. Syd., Lecidea subumbonata sensu Arnold et Lettau non Nyl.
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a lichen known from the central and southern
European mountains (Alps, Pyrenees, Cordillera Cantabrica in Spain, Tatra) found on
steeply inclined, supercially decalcied calciferous rocks or on lime-containing sili-
ceous rocks. – Au: V, T. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav,
Vau. It: TAA, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecidea sphaerella Hedl.
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species of unclear relationship, with a very thin,
greenish-white to greyish thallus, brownish to blackish-red (pale in the shade), hemi-
spherical to subglobose apothecia, a reddish to brownish hypothecium (and therefore
unlikely to represent a Lecania), with some intermixed 1-septate ascospores; on bark
of various trees and on wood; overall distribution boreal to temperate-montane, with a
few uncertain records from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: ?St, ?N.
Lecidea sphaerospora Bagl. & Carestia
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thick, grey-white, verrucose thallus
reacting K-, sessile, black, often conuent apothecia with plane to nally convex and
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 283
immarginate disc, a dark greenish epithecium, a colourless hypothecium, 8-spored
asci, and subellipsoid to spherical ascospores measuring 7–9 µm in diam.; a long-
forgotten taxon of uncertain anities, only known from the type collection, which
would deserve further study. – It: Piem.
Lecidea spotornonis B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a silicicolous species reported only from the type
collection above Spotorno. allus thin, blackish, bearing very small (0.1–0.2 mm in
diam.), black, rounded apothecia with a concave disc and a thick proper margin; epi-
thecium reddish, paraphyses free, simple; hymenium c. 45 µm tall, ascospores hyaline,
simple, measuring 10–14 × 4–6 µm. – It: Lig.
Lecidea spuriiformis Anzi
L # – Subst.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a well-developed, rimose-areolate,
white thallus delimited by a black prothallus, small, black apothecia with a prominent
proper margin, and elliptical, subacute ascospores measuring c. 18 × 8–10 µm; the
type, which well deserves further study, was collected on mica-schists on Mt. Spluga,
in Swiss territory. – It: TAA. Sw: GR.
Lecidea steineri Hertel
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the L. auriculata-group recalling L.
promiscens, but with an unpigmented to pale emerald hypothecium, and a cryptothal-
line thallus with a distinctly amyloid medulla, but lacking secondary compounds; on
siliceous rocks, with optimum in the alpine belt; in the study area so far known with
certainty only from the Western Alps (France). – Au: ? T. Fr: HAl, AMa.
Lecidea stratura K. Knudsen & Lendemer
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a recently-described silicicolous species of the L. tessella-
ta-group based on a type from California, with a relatively thin, greyish thallus consist-
ing of areoles with a rough surface, an amyloid medulla, apothecia often one per areole
in a more or less central position, and a pigmented hypothecium; in the study area so
far known only from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Lecidea subconuens Anzi
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: there is much confusion over the description of this
species; to our knowledge, the rst mention at species level provided with a descrip-
tion is in Anzi (Symbola Lichenum Rariorum etc. 1864: 18) which pre-dates that of
another taxon with the same epithet described by . Fries made by H. Olivier (1881);
the species, which diers from L. conuens in the thallus with pale areoles, the presence
of a prothallus, and the faintly grey-pruinose apothecia, has thin paraphyses with a
brownish tip and narrowly ellipsoid, obtuse ascospores with a thin episporium, meas-
uring 12–15 × 5–7 µm. – It: Lomb, Piem.
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Lecidea subcongrua Vain. non Nyl. nom.illeg.
Syn.: Lecidella subcongrua (“Vain.”) R. Sant. ined.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: an arctic to temperate-alpine species of unclear re-
lationships, perhaps belonging to Lecidella, with a usually verrucose, whitish thallus
reacting K+ yellow, black, glossy, plane apothecia of medium size, initially with a thin
margin, later convex and immarginate, with a pale hypothecium and a bluish-green
epihymenium, tightly coherent paraphyses, and medium-sized, ellipsoid ascospores;
on hard siliceous rocks in wind-exposed situations, with several records from the East-
ern Alps (Austria), but not distinguished elsewhere. – Au: ?V, S, St. It: TAA.
Lecidea subfumosa (Arnold) Zwackh
Syn.: Psora atrobrunnea (DC.) A. Massal. var. subfumosa Arnold, Psora subfumosa (Ar-
nold) Arnold
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, silicicolous species of the alpine belt,
closely related to L. atrobrunnea. – Au: T. It: TAA.
Lecidea subtrullissata Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species of unclear relationships recalling a Porpidia
in habitus, with a thin, whitish, rimose to areolate thallus, large sessile apothecia, the
discs with a bluish-grey pruina when young, a dark hypothecium, a c. 70 µm high
hymenium with sparsely branched paraphyses, and very small, ellipsoid ascospores; on
iron-rich siliceous sandstone; in the study area so far only known from the Western
Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
Lecidea sudetica Körb.
Syn.: Lecidea alboava (Körb.) Arnold, Lecidea virescens Müll. Arg., Lecidella alboava
Körb.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a silicicolous species reported from several localities
in the Alps and in Central Europe, with optimum in upland areas; with a few scattered
records from the Alps. – Au: St. Sw: BE, GR, VS. It: Lomb.
Lecidea swartzioidea Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea arnoldiana Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Lecidea gneissacea Zahlbr., Lecidea
jemtlandensis H. Magn., Lecidea lapicida (Ach.) Ach. var. swartzioidea (Nyl.) Nyl., Le-
cidea lithophiloides Müll. Arg. non Nyl., Lecidea metamorpha Anzi, Lecidea swartzioidea
Nyl. var. lithophiloides (Müll. Arg.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecidea vogesiaca Schaer.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine to boreal-montane lichen
of siliceous rocks, most common near and above treeline; closely related to L. lapicida
and doubtfully worthy of being separated from it as a distinct species. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, N. Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, Lig.
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Lecidea tessellata Flörke var. tessellata
Syn.: Lecidea cyanea sensu . Fr., Lecidea homalodes Nyl., Lecidea magna Lynge, Leci-
dea occidentalis Lynge, Lecidea spilota Fr., Lecidella spilota (Fr.) Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-par, cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, cir-
cumpolar species found on hard, often mineral-rich siliceous rocks in upland areas,
which sometimes starts the life-cycle as a parasite of other crustose lichens, especially
Aspicilia-species; widespread and common in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecidea tessellata Flörke var. caesia (Anzi) Arnold
Syn.: Biatora casimirii Müll. Arg., Lecidea azurea Kremp., Lecidea casimirii (Müll. Arg.)
Müll. Arg., Lecidea injuncta Nyl., Lecidea spilota Fr. var. caesia Anzi, Lecidella azurea
(Kremp.) Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-par, int-par – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on calciferous siliceous rocks, dolo-
mite, and supercially decalcied, hard limestones near and above treeline, starting the
life-cycle on other crustose lichens. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Lecidea titubans Bagl. & Carestia
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of uncertain anity, with a whitish,
areolate thallus developing on a conspicuous black hypothallus, plane, black, often
deformed and conuent apothecia with a plane disc and a thin proper margin, a green-
ish-brown epithecium, a thin hymenium of coherent paraphyses, a colourless hypothe-
cium, 8-spored asci, and elliptical, hyaline, simple ascospores which are c. 2 times as
long as wide; only known from the type collection, on schists, which deserves further
study. – It: Piem.
Lecidea turgidula Fr.
Syn.: Biatora turgidula (Fr.) Nyl., Lecidella turgidula (Fr.) Körb., Oedemocarpus turgidu-
lus (Fr.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on hard lignum, more rarely on bark of conifers;
the systematic position of this species is not clear: it certainly does not belong to Le-
cidea s.str. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: Isè, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Lecidea umbonata (Hepp) Mudd
Syn.: Biatora umbonata Hepp, Lecidea acosmeta Lettau, Lecidea exornans (Arnold) Nyl.,
Lecidea omphaliza Lettau, Lecidea subumbonata Nyl. non sensu Arnold, Lecidea umbo-
niza Nádv., Lecidella exornans (Arnold) Arnold, Lecidella umbonata (Hepp) Körb.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, mainly arctic-alpine, variable species
found on calciferous siliceous rocks, especially schist, in cool and humid situations;
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286
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Piem, Lig.
Lecidea variegatula Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species developing small thalli consisting of
minute, glossy, yellowish-brown areoles with a non-amyloid medulla lacking lichen
compounds, non-pruinose apothecia with a thin margin, hymenium less than 40 µm
high, and minute ascospores; on low siliceous outcrops and pebbles at low elevations;
widespread in Europe but rarely collected, with a single record from the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: St.
Lecidea verruca Poelt
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, bipolar silicicolous species of the
L. tessellata-group with a peculiar ecology, always growing on Aspicilia-species near or
above treeline. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: TI, UR. It: TAA, Piem.
Lecidea vicinalis Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling in habitus a small-fruiting form of
L. paratropoides, with a kryptothalline thallus, black, sessile, distinctly marginate apo-
thecia in irregular dense groups, a red-brown hypothecium, 8-spored asci, and minute,
ellipsoid ascospores (6–8 × 4–6 µm); on siliceous rocks (e.g. granite) at high elevations;
only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
Lecidella albida Hafellner
Syn.: Lecidea alba Schleich. ex Schaer. non (Ach.) Flörke, Lecidella alba (Schleich.)
Hertel nom.illeg.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly Central European species growing on the
smooth bark of more or less isolated individuals of Fagus, Fraxinus and Acer, more
rarely of conifers, in non-eutrophicated, rather humid situations; from the Alps there
are a few scattered records. – Au: St. Sw: SZ, UW. Fr: HSav. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Lecidella anomaloides (A. Massal.) Hertel & H. Kilias
Syn.: Biatora pungens Körb., Biatorina anomaloides (A. Massal.) Jatta, Catillaria anom-
aloides (A. Massal.) Lettau, Lecidea anomaloides A. Massal., Lecidea elaeochroma (Ach.)
Ach. var. pungens (Körb.) . Fr., Lecidea goniophila auct. non Flörke, Lecidea pilularis
(Ach.) Fr., Lecidea pungens (Körb.) Nyl., Lecidella goniophila auct., Lecidella pilularis
(Ach.) Stein, Lecidella pungens (Körb.) Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: on steeply inclined to slightly underhanging,
hard, base-rich or weakly calciferous siliceous rocks, with a wide altitudinal range;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SG, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA. Sl: SlA.
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Lecidella asema (Nyl.) Knoph & Hertel var. asema
Syn.: Lecidea asema Nyl., Lecidea distrata Arnold non Nyl., Lecidea distratula Zahlbr.,
Lecidea latypea auct. p.p. non Ach., Lecidea polyantha Taylor ex Leight., Lecidea subin-
congrua Nyl., Lecidella subincongrua (Nyl.) Hertel & Leuckert
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a widespread, chemically variable species of basic
siliceous rocks, on faces wetted by rain, with a wide altitudinal range, but rarely occur-
ring above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Var.
It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lecidella asema (Nyl.) Knoph & Hertel var. elaeochromoides (Nyl.) Nimis & Tretiach
Syn.: Lecidea catalinaria Stizenb., Lecidea elaeochromoides (Nyl.) Flagey, Lecidea par-
asema (Ach.) Ach. var. elaeochromoides Nyl., Lecidea subincongrua Nyl. var. elaeochro-
moides (Nyl.) Poelt, Lecidella elaeochromoides (Nyl.) Knoph & Hertel, Lecidella subin-
congrua (Nyl.) Hertel & Leuckert var. elaeochromoides (Nyl.) Hertel & Leuckert
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: the chemistry of L. asema is quite complex; this
variety with a yellow thallus is common in the Mediterranean region, and so easily
recognizable, that we still prefer to distinguish it from L. asema s.str., at least at varietal
level; in the Alps it is most frequent in the dry-warm valleys of the Alps. – Au: T, S, St.
Ge: Schw. Fr: Var, Vau. It: TAA, Piem.
Lecidella carpathica Körb.
Syn.: Blastenia rejecta . Fr., Lecidea baskalensis Szatala, Lecidea carpathica (Körb.)
Szatala, Lecidea continuior Nyl., Lecidea diractula H. Magn., Lecidea durietzii H.
Magn., Lecidea fennica Räsänen, Lecidea kotiluotensis Vain, Lecidea latypea auct. p.p.
non Ach., Lecidea latypiza auct. non Nyl., Lecidea latypizella Nádv., Lecidea loudiana
Zahlbr., Lecidea pertingens Nyl., Lecidea subsmaragdula H. Magn., Lecidea suprasedens
Zahlbr., Lecidella carpathica Körb. var. latypizella (Nádv.) Hertel, Nesolechia vain-
ioana Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil, int, cal – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen with a broad
altitudinal and latitudinal range, found on base-rich rocks wetted by rain in exposed
situations, often starting the life-cycle on other crustose lichens; widespread and com-
mon throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecidella eugiens (Nilson) Knoph & Hertel
Syn.: Lecidea eugiens Nilson, Lecidea incongruella Vain., Lecidella albidocinerella
(Vain.) Poelt & Vězda, Lecidella incongruella (Vain.) Hertel & Leuckert
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a member of the L. asema-complex; on more or less
calcareous or base-rich siliceous rocks, with optimum near or above treeline; probably
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. It: TAA.
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Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy f. elaeochroma
Syn.: Biatora ambigua A. Massal., Biatora tabescens Körb., Lecidea achristotera Nyl.,
Lecidea elaeochroma (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea avens (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecidea limitata auct. non
Scop., Lecidea olivacea (Hom.) A. Massal., Lecidea parasema (Ach.) Ach. var. elaeo-
chroma Ach., Lecidea parasema (Ach.) Ach. var. avens Nyl., Lecidea parasema (Ach.)
Ach. var. olivacea (Hom.) Mong., Lecidea parasema (Ach.) Ach. var. rugulosa Ach.,
Lecidella achristotera (Nyl.) Hertel & Leuckert, Lecidella ambigua (A. Massal.) Körb.,
Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy var. avicans (Ach.) Hertel, Lecidella olivacea
(Hom.) Hazsl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: this is one of the commonest epiphytic lichens
of the Alps below the subalpine belt, with an extraordinarily wide ecological and al-
titudinal range. e value of L. achristotera (here treated as a synonym) is questioned
by some authors, because in Lecidella the presence of a hymenial inspersion might not
have the same importance as in other genera. Some records could refer to L. euphorea.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy f. soralifera (Erichsen) D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Lecidea limitata (Scop.) Gray var. soralifera (Erichsen) J.R. Laundon, Lecidea
olivacea (Hom.) A. Massal. var. soralifera (Erichsen) Erichsen, Lecidella elaeochroma
(Ach.) M. Choisy var. soralifera (Erichsen) Hertel
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this sorediate-fruiting lichen, in our opinion, is just
an occasionally sorediate form of L. elaeochroma. It is more widespread than the few
records would suggest, but never common, generally occurring together with fruiting
specimens in humid-warm areas. e “occasional” appearance of asexually reproduc-
ing forms along south-to-north gradients, however, well deserves the attention of li-
chenologists. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, GR. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Ven, TAA, Lig.
Lecidella euphorea (Flörke) Hertel
Syn.: Biatorina dolosa (Ach.) A.L. Sm., Lecidea achrista (Sommerf.) Britzelm., Lecidea
dolosa Ach., Lecidea euphorea (Flörke) Nyl., Lecidea glomerulosa (DC.) Steud., Lecidea
parasema (Ach.) Ach. var. euphorea (Flörke) Arnold, Lecidea sabuletorum Flörke var.
euphorea Flörke, Lecidella dolosa (Ach.) Stein, Lecidella glomerulosa (DC.) M. Choisy
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: the value of this taxon is questioned by some
authors, who treat it as chemical strain (lacking xanthones) of L. elaeochroma; most
frequent on bark of deciduous trees in montane to subalpine forests, also on low shrubs
(e.g. Rhododendron) in the treeline ecotone. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecidella avosorediata (Vězda) Hertel & Leuckert
Syn.: Lecidea avosorediata Vězda, Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy var. a-
vosorediata (Vězda) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 289
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this epiphytic species, which deserves further study,
seems to be most frequent in the mountains of Southern Europe, including the Alps.
– Au: S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AHP,
Drô, Isè, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecidella granulosula (Nyl.) Knoph & Leuckert
Syn.: Lecidea chodatii Samp., Lecidea goniophiloides B. de Lesd., Lecidea granulosula
Nyl., Lecidella chodatii (Samp.) Knoph & Leuckert, Lecidella viridans (Flot.) Körb. var.
chodatii (Samp.) Hertel & Leuckert
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks; probably restricted to dry-
warm valleys of the Alps. – It: TAA, Lomb.
Lecidella laureri (Hepp) Körb.
Syn.: Biatora laureri Hepp, Lecidea euphorea (Flörke) Nyl. var. laureri (Hepp) Vain.,
Lecidea laureri (Hepp) Anzi
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on eutrophicated lignum and base-rich bark. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: GR, SZ, UR, VS. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecidella patavina (A. Massal.) Knoph & Leuckert
Syn.: Buellia sordida (A. Massal.) Jatta, Catillaria sordida A. Massal., Lecidea acrocya-
nea (. Fr.) H. Magn., Lecidea alaiensis Vain., Lecidea araratica Müll. Arg., Lecidea
endolithea Lynge, Lecidea epipolioides (J. Steiner) Szatala, Lecidea inamoena Müll. Arg.,
Lecidea patavina A. Massal., Lecidea piemontensis B. de Lesd., Lecidea portensis Nádv.,
Lecidea rolleana H. Magn., Lecidea rolleana H. Magn. var. portensis (Nádv.) Hertel,
Lecidea spitsbergensis Lynge, Lecidella alaiensis (Vain.) Hertel, Lecidella alaiensis (Vain.)
Hertel var. spitzbergensis (Lynge) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecidella endolithea (Lynge)
Hertel & Leuckert, Lecidella inamoena (Müll. Arg.) Hertel, Lecidella spitsbergensis
(Lynge) Hertel & Leuckert
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a circumpolar, cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, nitro-
philous lichen, one of the most common calcicolous lichens of upland areas through-
out the Alps; related to L. stigmatea. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lecidella pulveracea (Schaer.) P. Syd.
Syn.: Biatora pulveracea (Schaer.) Stein, Lecidea enteroleuca Ach. var. pulveracea Schaer.,
Lecidea pulveracea (Schaer.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found especially on
Fraxinus, sometimes on nutrient-enriched lignum. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw:
BE, FR, LU, SZ, UW, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA.
Sl: SlA.
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290
Lecidella scabra (Taylor) Hertel & Leuckert
Syn.: Lecidea alienata Nyl., Lecidea enterochlora Taylor, Lecidea parasema (Ach.) Ach.
var. prasinula Wedd., Lecidea prasinula (Wedd.) B. de Lesd., Lecidea protrusa Fr., Lecid-
ea scabra Taylor, Lecidella dirumpens (Hertel & Poelt) Hertel & Poelt, Lecidella prasi-
nula (Wedd.) Hertel, Lithographa larbalestieri Leight.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate to Mediterranean lichen found on
basic siliceous substrata wetted by rain in species-poor stands; the species is chemically
heterogeneous. – Au: V, T, S, St, N. Sw: GL, VS. Fr: Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert
Syn.: Bacidia arthoniza (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Bacidia biseptata H. Magn., Bacidia ostrogoth-
ica Malme, Biatora arctoides Hellb., Lecidea arthoniza Nyl., Lecidea caesiocinerea H.
Magn., Lecidea cinnamomea Flörke ex Hellb., Lecidea diasemoides Nyl., Lecidea en-
teroleuca auct. p.p., Lecidea glabra (Kremp.) Hellb., Lecidea imitatrix Zahlbr., Lecid-
ea incongrua (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecidea micacea (Körb.) H. Olivier, Lecidea parasema auct.
subsp. incongrua Nyl., Lecidea prominula Borrer, Lecidea restricta Stirt., Lecidea stig-
matea Ach., Lecidea subsequens Nyl., Lecidea vulgata Zahlbr., Lecidella aequata (Flörke)
Kremp., Lecidella glabra Kremp., Lecidella incongrua (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidella micacea
Körb., Lecidella vulgata (Zahlbr.) M. Choisy; incl. Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel &
Leuckert f. egena (Kremp.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal, sil, int – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a variable and ecologically wide-ranging
lichen, often found in disturbed habitats, especially on sandstone walls, sometimes
starting the life-cycle on other crustose lichens; widespread throughout the siliceous
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecidella subviridis Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a sorediate to leprose, grey-green
thallus with a peculiar secondary chemistry (atranorin, thiophanic acid, arthothelin),
apothecia rare; on the bark of trees and dwarf shrubs in forests under oceanic inuence,
and at low elevations; the distribution is insuciently known. – Au: S, O. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lecidella umbrosa (Bagl. ex A. Massal.) Hertel
Syn.: Biatora umbrosa Bagl. ex A. Massal., Lecidea umbrosa (Bagl. ex A. Massal.) Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a species of base-rich siliceous rocks, related to L.
anomaloides, which needs further study. – It: TAA.
Lecidella viridans (Flot.) Körb.
Syn.: Biatora viridans (Flot.) Hepp, Lecidea elaeochromiza (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Lecidea
sabuletorum (Schreb.) Ach. var. viridans Flot., Lecidea viridans (Flot.) Lamy, Lecidella
elaeochromiza (Nyl.) M. Choisy
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 291
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on base-rich or slightly calciferous siliceous rocks,
especially on steeply inclined faces, in dry-warm areas. – Au: T, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw:
?GR. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Lecidella wulfenii (Hepp) Körb.
Syn.: Biatora wulfenii Hepp, Lecidea elaeochroma (Ach.) Ach. var. muscorum . Fr.,
Lecidea glomerulosa (DC.) Steud. var. muscorum (. Fr.) Vain., Lecidea heppii R.A.
Anderson & W.A. Weber, Lecidea muscorum (. Fr.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Lecidea
wulfeniana Grummann, Lecidea wulfenii (Hepp) Arnold non Ach., Lecidella heppii
R.A. Anderson
L – Subs.: deb, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found on
moribund bryophytes and plant remains in exposed habitats near and above treeline. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lecidella xylophila (. Fr.) Knoph & Leuckert
Syn.: Lecidea xylophila . Fr.
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species growing on lignum near treeline, which
needs further study. – Sw: GR. It: TAA.
Lecidoma demissum (Rutstr.) Gotth. Schneid. & Hertel
Syn.: Biatora atrorufa (Dicks.) Fr., Biatora demissa (Rutstr.) Fr., Lecidea atrorufa (Dicks.)
Ach., Lecidea demissa (Rutstr.) Ach., Lepidoma demissum (Rutstr.) M. Choisy, Lichen
demissus Rutstr., Psora atrorufa (Dicks.) Hook., Psora demissa (Rutstr.) Stein
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found
on soil, rarely on siliceous rocks, in clearings of alpine grasslands with a long snow
cover. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA. Sl: SlA.
Leimonis erratica (Körb.) R.C. Harris & Lendemer
Syn.: Lecidea demarginata Nyl., Lecidea dispansa Nyl., Lecidea erratica Körb., Lecidea
expansa Nyl., Lecidea tephrizans Leight., Micarea erratica (Körb.) Hertel, Rambold &
Pietschm.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3, ?5 – Note: a species with an endolithic to verrucose, usually
rimose thallus and black, sessile, lecideoid apothecia with a persistent thin margin and
a dark hypothecium, asci of Byssoloma-type, and small, narrowly ellipsoid ascospores;
on siliceous pebbles in open habitats (ecologically similar to Porpidia crustulata); wide-
spread in the Holarctic region but also recorded from the Southern Hemisphere, with
a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria), but distribution in the Alps likely to be
incompletely documented. – Au: ?V, T, K, St.
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292
Lemmopsis arnoldiana (Hepp) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Physma arnoldianum Hepp, Psorotichia arnoldiana (Hepp) Körb., Pyrenocarpus
arnoldianus (Hepp) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on calcareous pebbles in shaded woodland oors and
crevices in rocky querries, sometimes on mortar; perhaps overlooked in the Alps, but
certainly not common. – Au: St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: ?LU. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lempholemma botryosum (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Arnoldia botryosa A. Massal., Omphalaria botryosa (A. Massal.) Nyl., Physma bo-
tryosum (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Plectopsora botryosa (A. Massal.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of hard calciferous rocks
with some water seepage after rain, often in sites with cyanobacterial colonies. – Au: V,
T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, SZ. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Lempholemma chalazanum (Ach.) B. de Lesd.
Syn.: Collema chalazanum Ach., Lempholemma franconicum (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Phys-
ma chalazanum (Ach.) Arnold, Physma franconicum A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on
soil in open dry grasslands, sometimes overgrowing bryophytes and plant debris, but
also on walls; probably overlooked and perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V,
T, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var. It: Ven, Piem.
Lempholemma cladodes (Tuck.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Collema cladodes Tuck.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with dwarf, fruticose, black thalli forming
cushions, the thallus branches with apical swellings forming hormocystangia, or with
terminal globose pycnoascocarpia; on calcareous rocks in cool situations; widespread
in the Northern Hemisphere (Scandinavia, North America), but not common; rarely
collected in the Alps, being only known from Switzerland. – Sw: SZ.
Lempholemma condensatum (Arnold) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Plectopsora botryosa (A. Massal.) A. Massal. var. condensata Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species close to or perhaps conspecic with L.
intricatum, with thalli forming dense black cushions; on boulders and clis of dolo-
mite and calcareous rocks, ecology otherwise poorly known; reported from scattered
localities in the Eastern Alps, but distribution insuciently documented. – Au: T, O,
N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ. It: TAA.
Lempholemma elveloideum (Ach.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Arnoldia cyathodes A. Massal., Collema cyathodes (A. Massal.) Nyl., Collema elve-
loideum Ach., Omphalaria helveloidea (Ach.) A. Massal. nom.illeg., Physma cyathodes
(A. Massal.) Jatta, Plectopsora cyathodes (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Plectopsora elveloidea
(Ach.) Zanfr.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 293
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on steeply inclined
faces of calcareous rocks, in seepage tracks, often with other cyanobacterial lichens. –
Au: S. Sw: VS. Fr: Var. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Lempholemma intricatum (Arnold) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Leciophysma fennicum Räsänen, Lempholemma fennicum (Räsänen) Degel., Om-
phalaria intricata Arnold, Synalissa intricata (Arnold) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined calcareous or basic siliceous
rocks in seepage tracks, mostly in humid areas; perhaps more widespread in the Alps.
– Au: V, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ, VS. It: Frl.
Lempholemma isidioides (Nyl. ex Arnold) H. Magn.
Syn.: Collema isidiodes Nyl. ex Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a squamulose thallus forming small
rosettes, with cylindrical, isidioid lobes in the centre; on irrigated faces of various types
of rocks; widespread in Northern Europe, further south most frequent in the moun-
tains; known from scattered localities throughout the Alps. – Ge: OB. Sw: SZ, VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa.
Lempholemma muelleri (Hepp ex Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Physma muelleri Hepp ex Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: kol-mon – Note: in the protologue the name is given as “P.
muelleri Hepp in litt.”. As there is no indication that the diagnosis has been provided
by Hepp too, the name has to be attributed to the author of the publication (ICN
Art. 46.5). A species with a habitus somewhat intermediate between those of Latha-
grium cristatum and Scytinium lichenoides: black lobes with lobulate margins, richly
fertile along the margins and on the tips, with punctiform and urceolate apothecia;
on boulders along streams and rivers (at the type locality together with Lichinella
heppii). – Fr: HSav.
Lempholemma polyanthes (Bernh.) Malme
Syn.: Collema chalazanellum Nyl., Collema myriococcum (Ach.) Ach., Lempholemma
chalazanellum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lempholemma chalazanodes (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lempholem-
ma compactum (Wallr.) Körb., Lempholemma fasciculare (Wulfen) Zahlbr., Lempholem-
ma myriococcum (Ach.) . Fr., Lichen polyanthes Bernh., Physma chalazanellum (Nyl.)
Erichsen, Physma chalazanodes (Nyl.) Arnold, Physma compactum (Wallr.) A. Massal.,
Physma myriococcum (Ach.) Körb., Physma polyanthes (Bernh.) Arnold
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry, cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circum-
polar lichen found on terricolous or epilithic bryophytes, over soil or on plant debris,
sometimes on walls; much overlooked or confused with Collema-species, and probably
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
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294
Lempholemma radiatum (Sommerf.) Henssen
Syn.: yrea radiata (Sommerf.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thick thallus forming rosettes, re-
calling a Collema, with strap-like lobes provided with clusters of mostly globose isidia;
on long-time moist, mostly calcareous rocks, often amongst bryophytes; known from
cool to cold parts of the Holarctic region, with a few records from the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: T, S, O.
Lepra albescens (Huds.) Hafellner var. albescens
Syn.: Lichen albescens Huds., Maroraea albescens (Huds.) S.Y. Kondr., Lőkös & Hur,
Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M. Choisy & Werner var. albescens, Pertusaria commu-
nis DC. var. discoidea (Pers.) Garov., Pertusaria communis DC. var. variolosa (Flot.)
Schaer., Pertusaria deschatresii Werner, Pertusaria discoidea (Pers.) Malme, Pertusaria
globulifera (Turner) A. Massal., Pertusaria leprarioides Erichsen non auct., Pertusaria
orbiculata (Schreb.) Zahlbr., Pertusaria scutellata Hue, Variolaria discoidea Pers.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate epiphytic lichen, most
common in deciduous open woodlands of the submediterranean and montane belts;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP,
BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Lepra albescens var. corallina sensu auct. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art.
36.1b)
Syn.: Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M. Choisy & Werner var. corallina auct. non (Zahl-
br.) J.R. Laundon, Pertusaria henrici sensu Erichsen
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a strain with the secondary chemistry of L. albe-
scens but with a dierent morphology, the spreading thallus being widely covered by
isidioid structures, usually lacking conspicuous orbicular soralia; the nomenclature is
unresolved; here and there in Europe including the Alps but older records need chemi-
cal reinvestigation. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau.
Sl: SlA.
Lepra amara (Ach.) Hafellner
Syn.: Maroraea amara (Ach.) S.Y. Kondr., Lőkös & Hur, Pertusaria amara (Ach.)
Nyl., Pertusaria faginea auct., Pertusaria pulvinata Erichsen, Pertusaria slesvicensis Er-
ichsen, Variolaria amara Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen, certainly the
most common epiphytic species of the genus throughout the Alps, with a wide ecologi-
cal range; it often behaves as an aggressive competitor, being able to overgrow other
crustose lichens and sometimes even bryophytes. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge:
OB. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 295
Lepra aspergilla (Ach.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lichen aspergillus Ach., Maroraea aspergilla (Ach.) S.Y. Kondr., Lőkös & Hur,
Pertusaria aspergilla (Ach.) J.R. Laundon, Pertusaria dealbata auct., Pertusaria dealbes-
cens auct., Pertusaria leucosora auct.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks, with
optimum in the montane belt. – Au: ?V, T, S, St. Sw: TI, VS. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lepra borealis (Erichsen) I. Schmitt, Hodkinson & Lumbsch
Syn.: Pertusaria borealis Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a mostly sterile species, morphologically resembling
the globulifera-form of L. albescens, but with a dierent secondary chemistry (fuma-
rprotocetraric and protocetraric acids in medulla and soralia) and therefore reacting
Pd+ orange-red; based on a type from Alaska, but also known from NW Europe on
the bark of deciduous trees, more rarely of conifers; in the Alps there are so far only a
few records from forests under suboceanic climatic conditions. – Au: N. Sw: GR, UW.
Lepra corallina (L.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lichen corallinus L., Maroraea corallina (L.) S.Y. Kondr., Lőkös & Hur, Pertusa-
ria corallina (L.) Arnold, Pertusaria subdubia Nyl., Variolaria corallina (L.) Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane lichen found on
steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks in rainy areas, where it is sometimes very
abundant; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA. Sl: SlA.
Lepra dactylina (Ach.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lichen dactylinus Ach., Ochrolechia dactylina (Ach.) S.Y. Kondr., Lökös & Hur,
Pertusaria dactylina (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with a more or less white thallus and
tall isidia, medulla Pd+ yellow turning to orange-red (fumarprotocertaric acid), ver-
rucae in which the lecanorate ascomata show esh-coloured to dark-brown immersed
discs, 1-spored asci, and huge ascospores (100–250 × 50–110 µm) with an unzoned
wall; mostly on detritus and mosses, rarely directly on soil or siliceous rock in tundra
vegetation; circumpolar in the Arctic, scattered further south in the mountains, e.g.
in Scotland, with a few records from Switzerland and Austria, some of which require
conrmation. – Au: T, ?St. Sw: ?Sw.
Lepra erumpens (Erichsen) Hafellner
Syn.: Pertusaria erumpens Erichsen
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a silicicolous species resembling L. aspergilla, with a grey,
rimose thallus with minute soralia, with fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acid in
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296
medulla and soralia, and therefore reacting Pd+ orange-red; rare in Europe, but per-
haps not always distinguished. – Au: St. It: Lig.
Lepra excludens (Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Maroraea excludens (Nyl.) S.Y. Kondr., Lőkös & Hur, Pertusaria excludens Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly temperate species of sheltered siliceous rocks.
– Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: UR. Fr: AMa, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, VA, Lig.
Lepra leucosora (Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Pertusaria digrediens Nyl., Pertusaria leucosora Nyl. non auct.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on siliceous rocks in upland areas. According to Roux
et al. (2017), Pertusaria digrediens is a synonym of L. leucosora. – Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, Var,
Vau. It: TAA, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lepra melanochlora (DC.) Hafellner
Syn.: Isidium melanochlorum DC., Pertusaria melanochlora (DC.) Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a probably Mediterranean-Atlantic, often misunder-
stood taxon (e.g. confused with L. mammosa), found on compact siliceous rocks; the
record from Switzerland has neither locality nor collector, and the presence of the spe-
cies there is more than dubious. In the study area the species is known with certainty
only from the French Southern Pre-Alps (Haute-Vésubie). – Sw: ?Sw. Fr: AMa.
Lepra monogona (Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Pertusaria ceuthocarpa (Sm.) Sm. var. variolosa Mudd, Pertusaria monogona Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: on steeply inclined to vertical surfaces of more or less
basic siliceous rocks, often near the coast; in the study area so far known only from the
base of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Lepra multipuncta (Turner) Hafellner
Syn.: Pertusaria leptospora Nitschke ex Nyl., Pertusaria multipuncta (Turner) Nyl., Per-
tusaria sorediata C. Knight, Variolaria multipuncta Turner
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on smooth bark of
deciduous trees (especially Carpinus and Fagus) in open, humid deciduous woodlands.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, SG, SZ, TI, VD. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Lepra ophthalmiza (Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Maroraea ophthalmiza (Nyl.) S.Y. Kondr., Lőkös & Hur, Pertusaria multipuncta
auct. non (Turner) Nyl., Pertusaria multipuncta (Turner) Nyl. var. ophthalmiza Nyl.,
Pertusaria ophthalmiza (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to southern boreal lichen with
optimum on the bark of coniferous trees (Abies, Picea), both on boles and twigs in
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 297
humid-cold situations (e.g. in gorges, dolinas), but also occurring on Fagus; certainly
more widespread in the Alps; in the past the species might have been confused with L.
multipuncta, which has a dierent chemistry. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. It: Frl, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Lepra panyrga (Ach.) Hafellner
Syn.: Maroraea panyrga (Ach.) S.Y. Kondr., Lőkös & Hur, Pertusaria panyrga (Ach.)
A. Massal., Urceolaria panyrga Ach.
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 4 – Note: an arctic-alpine species with a grey thallus (all spot
tests negative), with papillate to columnar isidia, occasionally bearing Lecanora-like ap-
othecia with sunken dark discs often covered by a grey pruina, and with single-spored
asci; encrusting plant debris and terricolous bryophytes at high elevations; in the Alps
it is apparently very rare. – Au: T.
Lepra pseudolactea (Erichsen) Hafellner
Syn.: Pertusaria pseudolactea Erichsen
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a sorediate species recalling Varicellaria lactea in habi-
tus, but thallus C-, Pd+ orange-red (fumarprotocetraric and succinprotocetraric acids),
apothecia unknown; on siliceous rocks in the alpine belt; so far only recorded from the
Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Lepra schaereri (Hafellner) Hafellner
Syn.: Pertusaria isidioides (Schaer.) Arnold non (Borrer) Hook. f., Pertusaria schaereri
Hafellner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on base – or mineral-rich rocks in rainy areas near
and above treeline, up to the nival belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: HAl,
HSav. It: Frl, TAA, VA.
Lepra stalactiza (Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Pertusaria stalactiza Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with a whitish-grey thallus reacting Pd+
orange-red (fumarprotocetraric acid), provided with often persistently hemispherical
papillae (which are scarce in fertile forms), Lecanora-like apothecia, and single-spored
asci; on siliceous rocks in the European orobiomes; very rare in the Alps, below the
subalpine belt. – Au: S. Fr: HAl.
Lepra trachythallina (Erichsen) Lendemer & R.C. Harris
Syn.: Pertusaria laevigata (Nyl.) Arnold non (. Fr.) Anzi, Pertusaria trachythallina
Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a cool-temperate, perhaps circumpolar lichen found
on smooth bark of deciduous trees, especially Fagus, in humid montane forests. – Au:
T, S, St, O, N. Sw: U W. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
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Lepra waghornei (Hulting) Lendemer & R.C. Harris
Syn.: Pertusaria waghornei Hulting
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a suboceanic epiphytic lichen of humid montane for-
ests; apparently very rare in the Alps. – Au: T, O. Ge: OB, Schw.
Lepraria alpina (B. de Lesd.) Tretiach & Baruo
Syn.: Crocynia alpina B. de Lesd., Crocynia antarctica Hue, Crocynia caerulescens Hue,
Crocynia candidissima Hue, Crocynia henrici B. de Lesd., Crocynia minima Hue, Cro-
cynia neglecta Hue, Lepraria angardiana Øvstedal, Lepraria cacuminum (“A. Massal.”)
Loht., Lepraria caerulescens (Hue) Botnen & Øvstedal, Leproloma angardianum (Øvs-
tedal) J.R. Laundon, Leproloma cacuminum (“A. Massal.”) J.R. Laundon
L – Subs.: bry-sil, bry-cal, ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on epilithic mosses and soil
in alpine grasslands, both on siliceous and on calcareous substrata, in sites with a long
snow cover, up to the nival belt in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Sw: GR, UR, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lepraria borealis Loht. & Tønsberg
L – Subs.: bry-sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a circumboreal species growing on siliceous
rocks and over epilithic mosses, with optimum in the oroboreal to alpine belts, with
scattered records from the Alps. – Au: St. Sw: VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Frl, Piem, VA.
Lepraria caesioalba (B. de Lesd.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Crocynia caesioalba B. de Lesd., Lepraria zonata Brodo, Leproloma caesioalbum
(B. de Lesd.) M. Choisy
L – Subs.: bry, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on bryophytes, more rarely on siliceous rocks
wetted by rain, especially on basal parts of siliceous boulders with a long snow cover;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Lepraria crassissima (Hue) Lettau
Syn.: Crocynia crassissima Hue
L – Subs.: sil, cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: an often misunderstood species occur-
ring on vertical to underhanging surfaces of siliceous, more rarely calciferous rocks and
on epilithic mosses in mountain areas. – Au: St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, Vau. It: Frl.
Lepraria diusa (J.R. Laundon) Kukwa
Syn.: Leproloma diusum J.R. Laundon
L – Subs.: cal, bry, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: in niches and ssures of calcareous or
dolomitic boulders, but also on soil, mosses and plant debris in dry grasslands. – Au:
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: LU, SZ. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
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Lepraria eburnea J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Lepraria frigida J.R. Laundon
L – Subs.: cor, bry, deb, ter-sil, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on old trunks in underhangs
protected from rain, but also on walls in urban habitats; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lepraria elobata Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly montane species requiring humid
conditions; it prefers acid bark not colonised by bryophytes, especially at the base of
old trunks, but it rarely occurs also on soil, lignum and epiphytic mosses; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: T, St, N. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lepraria nkii (B. de Lesd.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Crocynia aliciae Hue, Crocynia nkii B. de Lesd., Crocynia lobicans auct. non
(Nyl.) Hue, Crocynia mollissima B. de Lesd., Crocynia sciatropha Hue, Lepraria aerugi-
nosa auct. p.p., Lepraria lobicans auct. non Nyl., Leproloma lobicans auct. non (Nyl.)
Boistel
L – Subs.: cor, bry, xyl, sax, ter – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: one of the most common species
of the genus, found in the lower parts of trunks, but also on rocks, lignum, soil and
mosses, also occurring in rather polluted areas and on faces wetted by rain. is species
was mostly called L. lobicans, but the type of that species proved to be identical with
L. santosii; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lepraria granulata Slavíková
L – Subs.: bry-sil, sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species of the L. neglecta-group with a whitish-
grey granular thallus similar to that of L. borealis, both with atranorin but with dif-
ferent fatty acids; overgrowing mosses mostly on siliceous boulders, rarely in shaded
ssures; not common at high elevations in the European orobiomes, with a few records
from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K, St.
Lepraria incana (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Byssus incana L., Crocynia maritima B. de Lesd., Lepra sulphurea (Schltdl.) Ehrh.,
Lepraria aeruginosa auct., Lepraria glaucella (Flörke) Ach., Lepraria sulphurea Schltdl.,
Patellaria incana (L.) Spreng.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, deb, ter-cal, ter-sil, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on acid bark of conifer-
ous and deciduous trees in sites protected from rain, sometimes on siliceous rocks, soil
and lignum; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
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Lepraria isidiata (Llimona) Llimona & A. Crespo
Syn.: Lepraria crassissima (Hue) Lettau var. isidiata Llimona
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: on calciferous soil and on mosses in sheltered situ-
ations, but in sunny and arid habitats, also on gypsum; in the study area so far only
reported from the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa.
Lepraria jackii Tønsberg
Syn.: Lepraria toensbergiana Slav.-Bay. & Kukwa
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on the acid to subneutral bark of conifers and
other trees, especially on basal parts of trunks in woodlands, but also on siliceous rocks
and wood. – Au: V, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Lepraria membranacea (Dicks.) Vain.
Syn.: Amphiloma lanuginosum (Ach.) Nyl., Crocynia lanuginosa (Ach.) Hue, Crocynia
membranacea (Dicks.) Zahlbr., Leproloma lanuginosum (Ach.) Nyl. ex Cromb., Lepro-
loma membranaceum (Dicks.) Vain., Lichen membranaceus Dicks., Pannaria lanuginosa
(Ach.) Körb., Psoroma lanuginosum (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil, bry-sil, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on steeply inclined to weakly un-
derhanging surfaces of siliceous rocks, sometimes on epilithic bryophytes, much more
rarely on bark, often forming monospecic stands; widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.) Erichsen
Syn.: Crocynia neglecta (Nyl.) Hue, Lecidea neglecta Nyl., Lecidella neglecta (Nyl.) Stein
L – Subs.: bry, sil, ter-sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine lichen found
on moss cushions and stony siliceous ground, mostly in snow-beds near or above treeline;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lepraria nivalis J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Crocynia murorum B. de Lesd., Lepraria crassissima auct. non (Hue) Lettau
L – Subs.: cal, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on lime-rich rocks, on mosses, but also on bark,
on steeply inclined or underhanging faces protected from rain; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lepraria nylanderiana Kümmerl. & Leuckert
L – Subs.: sil, cor, ter-sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on base-rich siliceous rocks and soil, in-
cluding brick walls, but also on bark; the species can be considered as a good indicator
of long ecological continuity, since it always occurs in old and well-preserved forests;
in the Alps it is evidently rare. – Au: K. Fr: AMa. It: Piem.
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Lepraria obtusatica Tønsberg
L – Subs.: ter, cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a thallus which is greenish when
young, turning grey-yellowish with age, with minute soredia and containing obtusatic
acid as the major substance; on bark, rarely also on other substrates in shaded situ-
ations under suboceanic climates; not common throughout its distributional range,
with a few records from the Alps. – Sw: GL, LU, UW. Fr: AHP, AMa.
Lepraria rigidula (B. de Lesd.) Tønsberg
Syn.: Crocynia rigidula B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil, xyl, ter – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: an ecologically wide-ranging species,
certainly widespread and locally common, also in the Alps. It seems to prefer acidic
substrata and is mainly epiphytic. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE,
FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lepraria sylvicola Orange
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species which is morphologically similar to L. jackii, with
a bluish white to bluish grey thallus containing atranorin, roccellic and toensbergianic ac-
ids as major substances, with thalline granules of medium size, based on a type from Scot-
land; on the not too acidic bark of deciduous trees, rarely also on other substrates (wood,
basic siliceous rock) in moist forests and woodlands; more common in Western Europe,
especially in oak forests, with a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Lepraria umbricola Tønsberg
L – Subs.: bry, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a warm-temperate species found on sheltered
siliceous rocks and mosses, sometimes on the basal parts of old trunks and on shaded
sandy soil, with a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St, N.
Lepraria vouauxii (Hue) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Crocynia arctica Lynge, Crocynia vouauxii Hue, Lepraria arctica (Lynge) Wet-
more, Leproloma vouauxii (Hue) J.R. Laundon
L – Subs.: cor, ter-sil, sax – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on isolated deciduous trees, in positions
which are seldom wetted by rain, sometimes on brick walls, with a wide ecological and
altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Leprocaulon quisquiliare (Leers) M. Choisy
Syn.: Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.) Gams, Leprocaulon nanum (Ach.) Nyl. ex Lamy,
Lichen microscopicus Vill., Lichen quisquiliaris Leers, Stereocaulon microscopicum (Vill.)
Frey, Stereocaulon nanum (Ach.) Ach., Stereocaulon quisquiliare (Leers) Hom.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, sil, bry-sil, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate to Medi-
terranean lichen found on basic siliceous rocks covered by a thin lm of soil, some-
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times even on subacid bark, exceptionally reaching the montane belt in the Western
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Leptochidium albociliatum (Desm.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Collema albociliatum (Desm.) Nyl., Leptogium albociliatum Desm., Polychidium
albociliatum (Desm.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry-sil, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine lichen
found amongst bryophytes on rocks or on soil in open shrublands and grasslands on
basic siliceous substrata. – Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Leptogium brebissonii Mont.
Syn.: Leptogium chloromelum auct. non (Ach.) Nyl., Leptogium ruginosum (Schaer.)
Nyl., Parmelia membranacea Pers. var. ruginosa Schaer. Synechoblastus ruginosus
(Schaer.) Hepp
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical lichen, most
frequent in open, humid woodlands, especially in old, coastal plantations of Olea at the
base of the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Lig. Sl: Tg.
Leptogium burnetiae C.W. Dodge
Syn.: Leptogium menziesii (Sm.) Mont. f. fuliginosum Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on the often mossy
bark of isolated trees, especially Fraxinus, with scattered records from the Alps. – Au:
T. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var. It: Lomb, Lig.
Leptogium coralloideum (Meyen & Flot.) Vain.
Syn.: Leptogium corrugatomontuosum Couderc, Leptogium diaphanum (Sw.) Mont. var.
coralloideum Meyen & Flot.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic species found on bark of
broad-leaved trees, with a few records from the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa,
Var. It: Lig.
Leptogium corticola (Taylor) Tuck.
Syn.: Collema corticola Taylor, Leptogium cimiciodorum A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical species
found in ancient, humid forests; most of the records are old: presently extinct in large
parts of its former range. – Au: St. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Leptogium cyanescens (Ach.) Körb.
Syn.: Collema cyanescens (Ach.) Rabenh., Collema tremelloides Ach. f. cyanescens Ach.
Leptogium caesium (Ach.) Vain., Leptogium tremelloides auct.
L – Subs.: bry, sil, ter, cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical
lichen found in humid, old, open forests, occasionally on rocks and epilithic mosses;
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most of the records are old. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, GL, GR, TI, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Leptogium furfuraceum (Harm.) Sierk
Syn.: Leptogium hildenbrandii (Garov.) Nyl. f. furfuraceum Harm.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical species of open
woodlands in warm-humid areas; rare in the Alps. – Au: T. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var.
Leptogium hibernicum M.E. Mitch. ex P.M. Jørg.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thallus swelling considerably when
moistened, the broad lobes showing a wrinkled upper surface provided with nodular
isidia and marginal lobules, the lower surface with short hairs, looking almost like a
pruina; on the subneutral bark of deciduous trees, also overgrowing bryophytes; a rare
species in Western Europe, with a few records from the Western Alps (France). – Fr:
AMa, Var.
Leptogium hildenbrandii (Garov.) Nyl.
Syn.: Collema hildenbrandii Garov., Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl. var. compli-
catum Anzi
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on isolated trees with base-rich bark, especially
Juglans, Fraxinus and Populus in humid valleys with a rather continental climate; wide-
spread throughout the Alps, but much more common in the past, presently declining.
– Au: T, K. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Leptogium rivulare (Ach.) Mont.
Syn.: Leptogium crenatellum Tuck., Leptogium sernanderi Du Rietz, Lichen rivularis
Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species resembling a small L. cyanescens, but
lacking isidia, with a blue-grey thallus usually bearing laminal apothecia; on rocks or
roots of deciduous trees along rivers; a rare holarctic species, with a few records from
the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HAl, AMa.
Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl.
Syn.: Collema myochroum (Ehrh. ex Bernh.) Rabenh., Collema saturninum (Dicks.)
DC., Leptogium myochroum (Ehrh. ex Bernh.) Nyl., Lichen saturninus Dicks., Mallo-
tium saturninum (Dicks.) Gray, Mallotium tomentosum (Hom.) Körb.
L – Subs.: cor, bry-cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar lichen found on bark, rarely on mossy rocks, only locally common, especially
in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps, but generally not very common. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
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Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue
Syn.: Chlorea vulpina (L.) Nyl., Evernia vulpina (L.) Ach., Lichen vulpinus L., Parmelia
vulpina (L.) Ach., Rhytidocaulon vulpinum (L.) Elenkin
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a circumboreal-montane lichen growing on the
bark of coniferous trees, mostly on Larix and Pinus cembra, more rarely on lignum,
near treeline; widespread throughout the Alps, but common and locally abundant only
in areas with a continental climate. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: AP, BE,
GR, LU, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lichenomphalia alpina (Britzelm.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys
Syn.: Agaricus alpinus Britzelm., Botrydina luteovitellina (Pilát & Nannf.) Redhead
& Kuyper, Botrydina vulgaris Bréb. p.p., Gerronema luteovitellinum (Pilát & Nannf.)
Singer, Gerronema alpinum (Britzelm.) Bresinsky & Stangl, Omphalia ava (Cooke)
F.H. Møller, Omphalia luteovitellina Pilát & Nannf., Omphalina alpina (Britzelm.)
Bresinsky & Stangl, Omphalina ava (Cooke) M. Lange, Omphalina luteovitellina (Pi-
lát & Nannf.) M. Lange, Phytoconis luteovitellina (Pilát & Nannf.) Redhead & Kuyper
L – Subs.: bry, ter-sil, xyl – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a basidiolichen of acid organic soil, most
common around treeline; perhaps more widespread in the Alps, but regionally over-
looked by lichenologists. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR. Fr: HSav. It: TAA.
Lichenomphalia hudsoniana (H.S. Jenn.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys
Syn.: Coriscium viride (Ach.) Vain., Gerronema hudsonianum (H.S. Jenn.) Singer, Ger-
ronema luteolilacinum (J. Favre) Singer, Hygrophorus hudsoniuanus H.S. Jenn., Norman-
dina laetevirens (Borrer) Nyl., Normandina viridis (Ach.) Nyl., Omphalia hudsoniana
H.S. Jenn., Omphalia luteolilacina J. Favre, Omphalina coriscium Gams, Omphalina
hudsoniana (H.S. Jenn.) H.E. Bigelow, Omphalina luteolilacina (J. Favre) D.M. Hend.,
Phytoconis viridis (Ach.) Redhead & Kuyper, Verrucaria laetevirens Borrer
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane basidiolichen
of wet mosses and peaty soil, more rarely found also on rotting wood in siliceous areas,
with optimum near and above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GL,
GR, SZ. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lichenomphalia umbellifera (L. : Fr.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys
Syn.: Agaricus chrysoleucus Pers., Agaricus pseudoandrosaceus Bull., Agaricus umbelliferus
L. : Fr., Botrydina vulgaris Bréb. p.p., Gerronema ericetorum (Pers.) Singer, Omphalia
umbellifera (L. : Fr.) P. Kumm., Omphalina ericetorum (Pers.) M. Lange, Omphalina
fulvopallens P.D. Orton, Omphalina pseudandrosacea (Bull.) M.M. Moser non auct.,
Omphalina umbellifera (L.) Quél., Phytoconis ericetorum (Pers.) Redhead & Kuyper
L – Subs.: xyl, ter-sil, deb, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on acid organic soil and rotting wood,
ecologically similar to L. hudsoniana, but rarer above treeline; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD. Fr: AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 305
Lichenomphalia velutina (Quél.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys
Syn.: Botrydina velutina (Quél.) Redhead & Kuyper, Botrydina vulgaris Bréb. p.p., Li-
chenomphalia grisella (P. Karst.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys, Omphalia
grisella P. Karst., Omphalia velutina Quél., Omphalina grisella (P. Karst.) M.M. Moser,
Omphalina pseudandrosacea auct. non (Bull.) M.M. Moser, Omphalina velutina (Quél.)
Quél., Phytoconis pararustica (Clémençon) P. Roux & P.-A. Moreau, Phytoconis velutina
(Quél.) Redhead & Kuyper
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on acid soil, often in clearings of Pinus-
stands; known only from Europe (French, Swiss, Austrian and Italian Alps), and North
America. – Au: S, K, St. Sw: GR, UR, VS. Fr: Sav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Lichinella cribellifera (Nyl.) P.P. Moreno & Egea
Syn.: Gonohymenia cribellifera (Nyl.) Henssen, Omphalaria cribellifera Nyl., Rechinge-
ria cribellifera (Nyl.) Servít, yrea cribellifera (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: on steeply inclined faces of siliceous rocks, especially in
seepage tracks, usually below the montane belt; in the study area only reported from
the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa, Var.
Lichinella heppii (Müll. Arg.) P. Clerc & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Gonohymenia heppii (Müll. Arg.) Henssen, Omphalaria heppii Müll. Arg., yrea
heppii (Müll. Arg.) Lettau
L # – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a critical taxon, purported to be most frequent
in humid stands by rivers. e type is from France: “sandstone boulders along the Arve
near Mornex”. – Sw: VS. Fr: HSav.
Lichinella iodopulchra (Couderc ex Croz.) P.P. Moreno & Egea
Syn.: Gonohymenia iodopulchra (Couderc ex Croz.) Henssen, Parmelia stygia Schaer.
var. pulvinata Schaer., Omphalaria iodopulchra Couderc ex Croz., Omphalaria pulvina-
ta auct. non (Schaer.) Nyl., yrea pulvinata (Schaer.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: on steeply inclined to vertical seepage tracks of more or
less calcareous or basic siliceous rocks; most common in the Mediterranean belt, with
a few scattered records from the Southern and Western Alps. – Fr: Var. It: Lomb.
Lichinella octosporella (Lettau) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Gonohymenia octosporella Lettau
L – Subs.: ?cal, int – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with black thin squamules, at apothecia,
8-spored asci, and globose ascospores; so far only reported from the base of the West-
ern Alps (France), and from Bavaria. – Ge: Schw. Fr: AMa.
Lichinella schleicheri (Hepp) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Gonohymenia schleicheri (Hepp) Henssen, Omphalaria pulvinata (Schaer.) Nyl.
var. schleicheri Hepp
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306
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the L. iodopulchra-group with small
foliose black thalli with at, roundish lobes containing thallinocarps; on periodically
wet rock faces, mostly of limestone and calcareous schists; widespread in Europe but
probably undercollected; with only a few records from the Alps. – Au: K. Sw: TI.
Lichinella stipatula Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int, cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a holarctic lichen found on steeply inclined,
sun-exposed seepage tracks of slightly calciferous or basic siliceous rocks, often over-
growing other lichens; certainly more widespread in the Alps, especially in dry-warm
areas. – Au: T, St. Sw: VS. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Lithographa tesserata (DC.) Nyl.
Syn.: Graphis petraea (Ach.) Wallr., Haplographa tumida Anzi, Lithographa petraea
(Ach.) Nyl., Lithographa tesserata (DC.) Nyl. var. petraea (Ach.) Redinger, Lithographa
tumida (Anzi) Ozenda & Clauzade, Opegrapha petraea Ach., Opegrapha tesserata DC.,
Placographa nivalis . Fr., Placographa tesserata (DC.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on sheltered base-rich siliceous rocks in humid
upland areas. – Au: T, S, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: UR. It: TAA, Lomb.
Lithothelium triseptatum (Nyl.) Aptroot
Syn.: Acrocordia conoidea (Fr.) Körb. var. triseptata (Nyl.) Boistel, Acrocordia triseptata
(Nyl.) Vězda, Porina acrocordioides (Zahlbr.) Zahlbr., Porina lilacina Zschacke, Sperma-
todium triseptatum (Nyl.) Trevis., Verrucaria conoidea Fr. var. triseptata Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a subtropical species of sheltered, warm-humid, shaded
surfaces of calcareous rocks, usually not far from the sea; mainly Mediterranean in
Europe, with a few records from the base of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Var, Vau.
Lobaria linita (Ach.) Rabenh.
Syn.: Sticta linita Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine species found
on bryophytes and acid soil rich in humus over siliceous substrata near and above tree-
line; widespread throughout the Alps, but generally rare. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, ?O, N.
Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hom.
Syn.: Lichen pulmonarius L., Lobaria pulmonacea (Ach.) Shirley, Sticta pulmonacea
(Ach.) Ach., Sticta pulmonaria (L.) Biroli
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sax – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate, holarctic species found
on bark, epiphytic and epilithic mosses, in humid forests, presently with optimum in
the montane belt; widespread throughout the Alps, but probably declining. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 307
Lobarina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl. ex Cromb.
Syn.: Lichen scrobiculatus Scop., Lobaria scrobiculata (Scop.) DC., Lobaria verrucosa
(Huds.) Hom., Lobarina verrucosa (Huds.) Gyeln. ex Räsänen, Parmelia scrobiculata
(Scop.) Ach., Sticta scrobiculata (Scop.) Ach., Stictina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, sil, bry, bry-sil, ter – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mild-temperate, suboceanic spe-
cies found on old deciduous trees and on mossy rocks in humid open forests; formerly
more frequent throughout the Alps, and presently extinct in several parts of its former
range. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Lobothallia alphoplaca (Wahlenb.) Hafellner
Syn.: Acarospora polycarpa . Fr., Aspicilia alphoplaca (Wahlenb.) Poelt & Leucker,
Lecanora alphoplaca (Wahlenb.) Ach., Lecanora alphoplaca (Wahlenb.) Ach. var. in-
ata Ach., Lecanora inata (Ach.) Jatta, Lecanora melanaspis (Ach.) Ach. var. al-
phoplaca (Wahlenb.) . Fr., Parmelia alphoplaca Wahlenb., Placodium alphopla-
cum (Wahlenb.) Link, Placodium inatum (Ach.) A. Massal., Squamaria alphoplaca
(Wahlenb.) Duby
L – Subs.: sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread species with an apparently dis-
junct distribution in mountain areas of the Northern Hemisphere, found on compact
siliceous rocks wetted by rain in upland areas. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Lobothallia cernohorskyana (Clauzade & Vězda) A. Nordin, Cl. Roux & Sohrabi
Syn.: Aspicilia cernohorskyana (Clauzade & Vězda) Cl. Roux, Lecanora cernohorskyana
Clauzade & Vězda
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean species growing on soft, porous
calcareous marls in sunny situations, with a few records from the base of the Western
Alps (France). – Fr: Drô, Var, Vau.
Lobothallia chadefaudiana (Cl. Roux) A. Nordin, Cl. Roux & Sohrabi
Syn.: Aspicilia cernohorskyana (Clauzade & Vězda) Cl. Roux var. macedonica Vězda,
Aspicilia chadefaudiana Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: similar to L. cernohorskyana in the greenish-brown
colour of the epihymenium and the minute ascospores, but thalli areolate-squamulose
and thick from the beginning, and apothecia persistently immersed; on various types
of calciferous rocks (limestone, dolomite); in the Alps reported from the lowlands to
the subalpine ecotone. – Au: T, K, St. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, Var.
Lobothallia cheresina (Müll. Arg.) A. Nordin, Cl. Roux & Sohrabi
Syn.: Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Körb. var. microspora Arnold, Aspicilia cheresina (Müll.
Arg.) Hue, Aspicilia cheresina (Müll. Arg.) Hue var. microspora (Arnold) Clauzade &
Cl. Roux, Aspicilia cheresina (Müll. Arg.) Hue var. justii (Servít) Clauzade & Cl. Roux,
Aspicilia microspora (Arnold) Hue, Aspicilia subcaesiocinerea Werner, Lecanora cheresina
Müll. Arg., Lecanora justii Servít
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308
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a Southern European and Mediterranean-mon-
tane, very characteristic but often overlooked species described from Egypt; it is found
on calcareous rocks, starting the life-cycle on Aspicilia calcarea and related species. e
species is chemically variable, which led to the description of several varieties whose
taxonomic value should be re-assessed on the basis of molecular data. – Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Lig.
Lobothallia controversa Cl. Roux & A. Nordin
Syn.: Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Mudd var. farinosa auct. non (Flörke) Hazsl., Aspicilia fari-
nosa auct. non (Flörke) Arnold, Lecanora farinosa (auct. non Flörke) Nyl., Pachyospora
calcarea A. Massal. var. farinosa auct. non (Flörke) A. Massal., Pachyospora farinosa auct.
non (Flörke) A. Massal., Urceolaria calcarea auct. non (L.) Ach. var. farinosa Flörke
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly southern species in Europe, found on
hard rocks (pure limestone or dolomite), with optimum in the submediterranean and
montane belts. e nomenclature has a complicated history, because Flörke used the
epithet “farinosa” for A. calcarea: some old records from the Alps could refer to that
species. – Au: T, St, N. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lobothallia melanaspis (Ach.) Hafellner
Syn.: Aspicilia melanaspis (Ach.) Poelt & Leuckert, Lecanora melanaspis (Ach.) Ach.,
Parmelia melanaspis Ach.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane species found on acid
to slightly calciferous rocks in the inundation zone on shores of lakes, brooks, and
streams, mostly in upland areas; to be looked for throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K,
St. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Lobothallia parasitica (B. de Lesd.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art.
36.1b)
Syn.: Aspicilia parasitica B. de Lesd., Lecanora parasitica (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean lichen found on steeply
inclined, sunny faces of siliceous rocks at relatively low elevations, diering from L. ra-
diosa in the parasitic habit and in the presence of stictic acid; apparently more frequent
in the Southern and Western Alps. – Fr: AMa. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem.
Lobothallia praeradiosa (Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Aspicilia praeradiosa (Nyl.) Poelt & Leukert, Lecanora praeradiosa Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks, especially calciferous
schists; mostly restricted to dry-warm valleys of the Alps. – Au: T, St, N, B. Sw: VS.
Fr: Sav. It: TAA, VA.
Lobothallia radiosa (Hom.) Hafellner
Syn.: Aspicilia radiosa (Hom.) Poelt & Leuckert, Aspicilia subcircinata (Nyl.) Coppins,
Lecanora circinata (Pers.) Ach., Lecanora radiosa (Hom.) Schaer., Lecanora subcircina-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 309
ta Nyl., Lichen radiosus Hom., Placodium circinatum (Pers.) Gray, Placodium radio-
sum (Hom.) DC., Placodium subcircinatum (Nyl.) Arnold, Psoroma circinatum (Pers.)
Flagey, Squamaria circinata (Pers.) Anzi, Squamaria subcircinata (Nyl.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen with a very wide alti-
tudinal and latitudinal range, and with correspondingly broad ecological requirements,
found on a wide variety of substrata, including basic siliceous rocks, limestone, dolo-
mite, more rarely brick, roong tiles and mortar; common throughout the Alps. e
species, in its present circumscription, is chemically variable: the forms with norstictic
acid, corresponding to Aspicilia subcircinata, may represent just a chemotype. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, N, B. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Lobothallia recedens (Taylor) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell
Syn.: Aspicilia bohemica Körb., Aspicilia recedens (Taylor) Arnold, Lecanora bohemica
(Körb.) H. Magn., Lecanora griseola . Fr., Lecanora recedens (Taylor) Nyl., Lecanora
subcinerea Nyl., Lecidea recedens Taylor
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a lichen ranging from the boreal zone to the Mediter-
ranean mountains, found on periodically wetted but rapidly drying siliceous rocks in up-
land areas. It is ecologically similar to Lasallia pustulata, and is probably more widespread
in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: GR. Fr: AMa. It: Ven, TAA, Piem, VA.
Lopadium disciforme (Flot.) Kullh.
Syn.: Heterothecium pezizoideum (Ach.) Stizenb. var. disciforme Flot., Lopadium pezizoi-
deum (Ach.) Körb. var. disciforme (Flot.) Körb., Sporopodium pezizoideum (Ach.) Vain.
var. disciforme (Flot.) Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on bark and epiphytic bryophytes on old Picea and
other conifers, rarely on deciduous trees, especially Quercus, in cold-humid forests;
perhaps overlooked in the Alps, but certainly not common. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: U W. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Lopadium pezizoideum (Ach.) Körb.
Syn.: Lecidea pezizoidea Ach., Lopadium muscicola (Sommerf.) Körb., Lopadium pe-
zizoideum (Ach.) Körb. var. muscicola (Sommerf.) . Fr., Sporopodium pezizoideum
(Ach.) Vain. var. muscicola (Sommerf.) Vain.
L – Subs.: deb, bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane lichen found
on bryophytes and plant debris over siliceous rocks, with optimum above treeline. –
Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Loxospora cismonica (Beltr.) Hafellner
Syn.: Haematomma cismonicum Beltr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a cool-temperate, suboceanic lichen found on mature
trees (mostly Abies) in humid, old forests, mostly in the montane belt. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UW, VD, VS. It: Frl, Ven. Sl: SlA.
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310
Loxospora elatina (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Haematomma elatinum (Ach.) A. Massal., ?Lecanora chloropolia (Erichsen) Almb.,
Lecanora elatina Ach., ?Pertusaria chloropolia Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: an epiphytic species found on Abies and Picea, more
rarely on deciduous trees (e.g. Betula); certainly overlooked in the Alps, being most of-
ten sterile, but never common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL,
GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: Isè. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Maronea constans (Nyl.) Hepp
Syn.: Acarospora constans (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Lecanora constans Nyl., Maronea berica A.
Massal.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on smooth bark,
especially on twigs of deciduous, more rarely coniferous trees; probably more frequent
in the past. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: Ge. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven, Lomb.
Sl: SlA.
Maronella laricina M. Steiner
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an inconspicuous thallus, abundant and
minute, rusty-brown, lecanorine apothecia reacting K+ purple, and polyspored asci
with an amyloid tholus; on eutrophicated bark of solitary trees (e.g. Larix) next to ma-
nured meadows or along roadsides; apparently a rare species, so far only reported from
Austria and Spain, with a few records from the the Eastern Alps. – Au: T.
Massalongia carnosa (Dicks.) Körb.
Syn.: Biatora carnosa (Dicks.) Rabenh., Lecanora muscorum Ach. nom. super., Lichen
carnosus Dicks., Pannaria muscorum Delise ex Duby, Pannularia muscorum Nyl. ex
Lamy nom.illeg.
L – Subs.: bry, sil, ter, bry-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine to boreal-
montane lichen found on bryophytes and soil rich in humus, on steeply inclined or
underhanging faces near the ground, with optimum above or near treeline in areas
with siliceous substrata; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB.
Sw: GR, LU, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig.
Megalaria grossa (Pers. ex Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Biatorina premnea (Fr.) A.L. Sm., Buellia premnea (Fr.) Kickx, Catillaria grossa
(Pers. ex Nyl.) Körb., Catillaria leucoplaca auct., Catillaria premnea (Fr.) Körb., Cati-
naria grossa (Pers. ex Nyl.) Vain., Catinaria leucoplaca auct., Lecidea grossa Pers. ex Nyl.,
Lecidea premnea Fr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical lichen found
on base-rich bark of deciduous trees, especially of Acer and Fraxinus; very rare and
certainly declining in the Alps. – Au: O. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven,
Lomb. Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 311
Megalaria laureri (Hepp ex . Fr.) Hafellner
Syn.: Catillaria intermixta auct. non (Nyl.) Arnold ex Głow., Catillaria laureri Hepp ex
. Fr., Catinaria intermixta auct. non (Nyl.) P. James, Catinaria laureri (Hepp ex .
Fr.) Degel., Gyalecta livida (Mudd) Zahlbr., Phialopsis livida Mudd
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on the bark of
Quercus and Fagus, more rarely Abies in humid forests; very rare and certainly declining
in the Alps. – Au: S, K, St. Fr: AMa, Var. It: Frl, Ven, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Megalaria pulverea (Borrer) Hafellner & E. Schreiner
Syn.: Biatorina pulverea (Borrer) Mudd, Catillaria incana (Delise ex Nyl.) H. Olivier,
Catillaria pulverea (Borrer) Lettau, Catillochroma pulverea (Borrer) Kalb, Catinaria
pulverea (Borrer) Vězda & Poelt, Lecidea pulverea Borrer, Pertusaria miniescens Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a cool-temperate lichen found on bark and mossy
trunks of deciduous trees and Abies in old, humid, montane woodlands. e ascus of
Biatora-type and other anatomical characters do not support the inclusion of this spe-
cies into Megalaria s.str. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, UR,
UW, VD, VS. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Megalospora pachycarpa (Delise ex Duby) H. Olivier
Syn.: Biatora pachycarpa (Delise ex Duby) Fr., Bilimbia pachycarpa (Delise ex Duby)
Boistel, Bombyliospora incana A.L. Sm., Bombyliospora pachycarpa (Delise ex Duby)
A. Massal., Megalospora tuberculosa auct. p.p. non (Fée) Sipman, Patellaria pachycarpa
Delise ex Duby
L # – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: we treat M. tuberculosa as circumscribed by
Sipman, i.e. as an aggregate of taxa, one of which, M. pachycarpa, occurs in Europe and
Macaronesia and has a peculiar combination of characters (thallus thick, sorediate but
without tubercules, soralia often coalescing, containing usnic acid and zeorin, apothe-
cia brown and with an orange-brown epihymenium). It grows on bark of deciduous
trees in humid montane forests under oceanic climatic conditions; in the Alps it is
therefore most frequent in the outer mountain ranges. – Au: V, T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: U W. It: Frl. Sl: Tg.
Melanelia agnata (Nyl.) A. ell
Syn.: Cetraria agnata (Nyl.) Kristinsson, Platysma agnatum Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a rather neglected, arctic-alpine, circumpolar
species growing on acid siliceous rocks near and above treeline. e type, collected by
Arnold, is from the surroundings of Brenner Pass in South Tyrol. – Au: T. Sw: GR,
UR. Fr: AMa. It: TAA.
Melanelia hepatizon (Ach.) A. ell
Syn.: Cetraria hepatizon (Ach.) Vain., Cetraria polyschiza (Nyl.) Jatta, Lichen hepatizon
Ach., Parmelia baumgartneri Zahlbr., Platysma hepatizon (Ach.) Vain., Platysma poly-
schizum Nyl., Tuckermannopsis hepatizon (Ach.) Kurok.
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312
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found on hard
siliceous rocks wetted by rain, with optimum above treeline; somehow less bound
to cold-humid sites than the similar but unrelated Cetrariella commixta; widespread
throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR,
VS. Fr: HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Melanelia stygia (L.) Essl.
Syn.: Cetraria stygia (L.) Schaer., Cornicularia stygia (L.) Nyl., Imbricaria stygia (L.)
DC., Lichen fahlunensis L., Lichen stygius L., Parmelia reagens (Servít) Gyeln., Parmelia
stygia (L.) Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found on siliceous
rocks in open habitats, with optimum near and above treeline; widespread throughout
the Alps, where it reaches the nival belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Melanelixia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.
Hawksw. & Lumbsch
Syn.: Melanelia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Essl., Parmelia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Nyl.
non (Ach.) Schaer., Parmelia glabratula (Lamy) Nyl. subsp. fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) J.R.
Laundon, Parmelia glabratula (Lamy) Nyl. var. fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Grummann,
Parmelia olivacea (L.) Ach. var. fuliginosa Fr. ex Duby
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly silicicolous species; widespread through-
out the Alps. See also note on M. glabratula. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB.
Sw: BE, GR, SG, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Melanelixia glabra (Schaer.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. &
Lumbsch
Syn.: Melanelia glabra (Schaer.) Essl., Parmelia glabra (Schaer.) Nyl., Parmelia olivacea
(L.) Ach. var. corticola . Fr. f. glabra Schaer.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on more or
less isolated, mostly deciduous trees, with optimum in the submediterranean belt, but
common also in the beech belt; ecologically similar to Pleurosticta acetabulum; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE,
FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Melanelixia glabratula (Lamy) Sandler & Arup
Syn.: Melanelia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Essl. subsp. glabratula (Lamy) Coppins, Mela-
nelia glabratula (Lamy) Essl., Parmelia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Nyl. subsp. glabratula
Lamy, Parmelia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Nyl. var. laetevirens (Flot. ex Körb.) Nyl., Par-
melia glabratula (Lamy) Nyl., Parmelia laetevirens (Flot. ex Körb.) F. Rosend.
L – Subs.: cor, sil, int, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, ecologically wide-
ranging species occurring both on wayside trees and in open forests (e.g. on Fagus).
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 313
e greatest majority of the epiphytic records of M. fuliginosa refer to this species;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: AP, BE,
FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Melanelixia subargentifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.
Hawksw. & Lumbsch
Syn.: Melanelia subargentifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia conspurcata (Schaer.) Vain., Parme-
lia sorediomanes (Nyl.) Gyeln., Parmelia subargentifera Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate lichen of areas with a continental
climate found on the bark of isolated deciduous trees; widespread throughout the Alps,
but most common in dry-warm valleys. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: AP,
BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw.
& Lumbsch
Syn.: Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia protaurifera Gyeln., Parmelia subau-
rifera Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, pioneer species of smooth
bark, e.g. on twigs of shrubs and trees, but also on boles of oaks in open woodlands
and parklands; common throughout the Alps, with optimum in the submediterranean
belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ,
TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawk-
sw. & Lumbsch
Syn.: Collema exasperatum Ach., Melanelia elegantula (Zahlbr.) Essl., Melanelia inco-
lorata (Parrique) Essl., Parmelia aspidota (Ach.) Poetsch var. elegantula Zahlbr., Par-
melia elegantula (Zahlbr.) Szatala, Parmelia exasperatula Nyl. var. elegantula (Zahlbr.)
Zahlbr., Parmelia incolorata (Parrique) Lettau
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on old trees (e.g.
oaks, Castanea), more rarely on siliceous rocks, with optimum in the montane belt;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR,
LU, SG, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Melanohalea exasperata (De Not.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.
Hawksw. & Lumbsch
Syn.: Imbricaria aspera (A. Massal.) Körb., Imbricaria aspidota (Ach.) Arnold, Mela-
nelia exasperata (De Not.) Essl., Parmelia aspera A. Massal., Parmelia aspidota (Ach.)
Poetsch, Parmelia aspidota (Ach.) Poetsch var. exasperata (De Not.) Syd., Parmelia exa-
sperata De Not.
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314
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate to Mediterranean early coloniser
of smooth bark, most common on twigs of shrubs and deciduous trees (e.g. Prunus,
Quercus) below the subalpine belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Melanohalea exasperatula (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw.
& Lumbsch
Syn.: Melanelia exasperatula (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia aspidota (Ach.) Röhl. var. exasperatu-
la (Nyl.) Syd., Parmelia exasperatula Nyl., Parmelia papulosa (Anzi) Vain.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circum-
polar lichen found on isolated trees, especially on twigs and sometimes even on conifer
needles, in Xanthorion-communities; especially common on twigs of Larix throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU,
SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Melanohalea infumata sensu auct. medioeur. non (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo,
Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
Syn.: Melanelia infumata auct. non (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia elegantula (Zahlbr.) Szatala
subsp. infumata auct. non (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Parmelia infumata auct. non Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil, xyl – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: M. infumata s.str., a circumarctic-boreal spe-
cies, is likely to be absent from the Alps, where it has been frequently confused with
a saxicolous strain of the M. elegantula-aggregate, which deserves further study. – Au:
?V, T, S, K, N. Sw: GR, VS.
Melanohalea laciniatula (Flagey ex H. Olivier) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar,
Essl., D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
Syn.: Melanelia laciniatula (Flagey ex H. Olivier) Essl., Parmelia exasperatula Nyl. var.
laciniatula Flagey ex H. Olivier, Parmelia laciniatula (Flagey ex H. Olivier) Zahlbr.,
Parmelia laevigatula (Nyl.) Parrique
L – Subs.: cor, sax, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean-montane species
found on the smooth bark of old deciduous trees, especially Fagus, in open, humid,
mostly montane forests; most abundant in the Mediterranean mountains; widespread,
but perhaps declining in the Alps. – Au: V, St, O, N. Sw: GR, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Melanohalea septentrionalis (Lynge) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D.
Hawksw. & Lumbsch
Syn.: Melanelia septentrionalis (Lynge) Essl., Parmelia olivacea (L.) Ach. var. septentri-
onalis Lynge, Parmelia septentrionalis (Lynge) Ahti
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species resembling M. olivacea, but thalli smaller,
with marginal apothecia; on the bark of various trees (mostly Alnus, Salix and Betula),
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 315
usually on the branches; widespread in the Holarctic region, more common in Scan-
dinavia, in Central Europe it occurs in the montane to alpine belts, mostly in raised
bogs, rarely on dwarf shrubs above treeline, with a few records from the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: T, S, K, St.
Melanolecia transitoria (Arnold) Hertel
Syn.: Lecidea henricii Zahlbr., Lecidea subcaerulescens Arnold, Lecidea transitoria Ar-
nold, Lecidea transitoria Arnold var. subcaerulescens (Arnold) Arnold, Tremolecia tran-
sitoria (Arnold) Hertel
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found on inclined
to underhanging surfaces of calcareous rocks above treeline. – Au: ?V, T, K, St, O. Ge:
OB. Sw: GR. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Melaspilea enteroleuca (Ach.) Ertz & Diederich
Syn.: Abrothallus ricasolii A. Massal., Buellia ricasolii (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Catillaria
ricasolii (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Lecidea enteroleuca Ach. non Nyl. nec auct., Lecidea
sparsa Dufour, Melaspilea arthonioides auct. eur. non (A. Massal.) Nyl., Melaspilea urce-
olata auct. eur. non (Fr.) Almb. ex Ertz & Diederich
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on hard bark of decid-
uous trees (Quercus, Morus, etc.); more widespread in the past, presently declining. We
have placed here all records of M. urceolata and M. arthonioides, which are two dierent,
American species. – Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Melaspilea poetarum (De Not. & Bagl.) Nyl.
Syn.: Opegrapha poetarum De Not. & Bagl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on more or less
smooth bark, especially of Fraxinus ornus, with a single record from a very rainy area of
the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: Frl.
Melaspilea tyroliensis Szatala
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: thallus thin, with white maculiform soralia, apothe-
cia lirelliform, sessile, simple to trifurcate, to 1 mm long and 0.1–0.2 mm wide, with an
entire excipulum. a 70–80 µm tall non-inspersed hymenium reacting I+ red, and 1-sep-
tate, rst hyaline, then brownish ascospores clearly constricted in the middle (13–15
× 6–8 µm); known only from the type collection (Mt. Margola), on syenite – It: TAA.
Menegazzia subsimilis (H. Magn.) R. Sant.
Syn.: Menegazzia dissecta (Rass.) Hafellner, Menegazzia pertusa (Schaer.) Stein var. dis-
secta (Rass.) Rass., Menegazzia terebrata (Hom.) A. Massal. var. dissecta (Rass.) Poelt,
Parmelia subsimilis H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on bark in humid beech-r forests, often with M.
terebrata; the material of M. terebrata from the Alps should be checked in search of this
species. – Au: S, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, TI. It: Frl.
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316
Menegazzia terebrata (Hom.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Imbricaria terebrata (Hom.) Körb., Lobaria terebrata Hom., Menegazzia per-
tusa (Schaer.) Stein, Parmelia diatrypa (Ach.) Ach., Parmelia pertusa Schaer., Parmelia
terebrata (Hom.) Mart., Physcia diatrypa (Ach.) Gray
L – Subs.: cor, bry-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on bark in humid beech-r forests, excep-
tionally reaching the submediterranean belt; widespread throughout the Alps, but only
locally common. See also note on M. subsimilis. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Metamelanea umbonata Henssen
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: in seepage tracks on steeply inclined, damp rock
faces. – Au: S, O, N. Sw: SZ, UW.
Micarea adnata Coppins
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on rather decomposed lignum, such as on
old oak stumps and associated decaying bryophyte mats, more rarely on loose bark
of deciduous trees in areas with high rainfall, mostly in woodlands; certainly more
widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, UW, VD.
It: Piem. Sl: SlA.
Micarea anterior (Nyl.) Hedl.
Syn.: Lecidea anterior Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species recalling a discoloured M. misella, with an
endosubstratic (mostly endoxylic) thallus, brown apothecia (rarely present), their pig-
ment not reacting with K or C, oblong to ovoid, usually simple to 1-septate ascospores,
sessile to stalked pycnidia (often present) with a pale to brownish base and a brown
wall, and oblong mesoconidia; on decorticated wood in coniferous forests; widespread
in Europe but rather rare, with a single record from the Western Alps (Switzerland).
– Sw: SZ.
Micarea assimilata (Nyl.) Coppins
Syn.: Lecidea assimilata Nyl., Lecidella assimilata (Nyl.) Arnold
L – Subs.: deb, bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a frequently misidentied species re-
sembling M. incrassata, but with a white to brownish thallus of convex to verrucose
areolae, often with inconspicuous brown cephalodia inbetween the areolae, numerous,
convex, immarginate, black, rather large apothecia (0.3–0.8 mm in diam.) with a green
to olivaceous epihymenium and a purple-brown hypothecium, a reexed exciple of
radiating hyphae, and mainly simple, oblong-ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores (12–16 ×
3–5 µm); on plant debris and bryophytes; distribution mainly arctic to boreal montane
in Europe with a southern outpost in Scotland; all records from the Alps need critical
re-evaluation. – Au: ?V, ?T, ?S, ?K, ?N. Ge: ?OB. Sw: ?GR. Fr: ?HAl.
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Micarea botryoides (Nyl.) Coppins
Syn.: Lecidea apochroeella Nyl. var. botryoides Nyl., Lecidea botryoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: bry, sil, ter-sil, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on a wide variety of substrata includ-
ing soil, bryophytes, moribund plants, siliceous rocks, and conifer bark, mostly on
vertical or underhanging faces; certainly much overlooked, but never common in the
Alps. – Au: ?V, S, K, St. Sw: GL, GR, VS. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Micarea cinerea (Schaer.) Hedl. f. cinerea
Syn.: Bacidia cinerea (Schaer.) Trevis., Biatora delicatula Körb., Bilimbia cinerea (Scha-
er.) Körb., Bilimbia delicatula (Körb.) Körb., Lecidea cinerea Schaer., Lecidea sphaeroi-
des (Dicks.) Röhl. var. albella Schaer.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to probably circumboreal-
montane species found on bark of deciduous and coniferous trees and on epiphytic
bryophytes in humid, montane to subalpine forests, more rarely on lignum of fallen,
decorticated trunks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UW. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
Lig. Sl: SlA.
Micarea cinerea (Schaer.) Hedl. f. tenuispora (D. Hawksw. & Poelt) Fryday
Syn.: Hastifera tenuispora D. Hawksw. & Poelt
L – Subs.: ter-sil-par – Alt.: 5 – Note: this is the anamorph of M. cinerea. – Au: K, St.
Micarea contexta Hedl.
Syn.: Catillaria contexta (Hedl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: mostly on wood in sheltered situations, such as in
montane to subalpine woodlands; perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: Au. Sw:
SZ. It: Frl.
Micarea coppinsii Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species resembling M. peliocarpa, but the areolate
thallus with at to capitate, green soralia, and often somewhat stipitate apothecia; on
bark of various trees and on branches of dwarf shrubs in sites with an oceanic climate,
therefore most common in Western Europe, with a few records from the Eastern and
Central Alps. – Au: T, K, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU, SZ.
Micarea cyanescens Poelt & Döbbeler
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with an inconspicuous thallus and minute
apothecia which are whitish when dry, translucent and gelatinous when moist, reacting
intensely blue with iodine under the dissecting microscope, with narrowly ellipsoid,
one-septate ascospores; on moribund mats of Campylium halleri overgrowing calcare-
ous rocks; rare, but perhaps overlooked; known from a few localities from the montane
to the subalpine belt in the Eastern Alps. – Au: T, St. Ge: OB.
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318
Micarea deminuta Coppins
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling M. contexta, with a thin, euse
whitish to greenish-grey thallus and minute, black, convex to subglobose apothecia
(0.1–0.2 mm in diam.) lacking an exciple, with a brownish epihymenium and a dark
red-brown hypothecium, simple, ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid ascospores (7–11 × 3.5–
5 µm), and inconspicuous pycnidia containing bacilliform conidia; mostly on logs and
rotting stumps; widespread in Europe, but not common, with a few records from the
Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Micarea denigrata (Fr.) Hedl.
Syn.: Biatora aniptiza (Stirt.) Walt. Watson, Biatora denigrata Fr., Biatorina praeviri-
dans (Nyl.) Boistel, Biatorina sinothea auct., Catillaria denigrata (Fr.) Vain., Catillaria
hemipoliella (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell, Catillaria praeviridans (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Catilla-
ria spodiza (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Catillaria synothea auct. non Ach., Lecidea aniptiza Stirt.,
Lecidea denigrata (Fr.) Nyl., Lecidea discretula Nyl., Lecidea hemipoliella Nyl., Lecidea
parissima Nyl., Lecidea praeviridans Nyl., Lecidea spodiza Nyl., Lecidea synothea auct.,
Micarea andesitica Vězda, Micarea hemipoliella (Nyl.) Vězda
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane, very
polymorphic species, most common on wooden poles in the mountains, on fallen trunks
and stumps of coniferous and broad-leaved trees, rarer on the bark of conifers; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Micarea elachista (Körb.) Coppins & R. Sant.
Syn.: Bacidia sororians (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Biatora elachista Körb., Biatorina glomerella
(Nyl.) Arnold, Catillaria elachista (Körb.) Vain., Catillaria glomerella (Nyl.) . Fr.,
Lecidea poliococca Nyl., Lecidea sororians Nyl., Micarea glomerella (Nyl.) Hedl.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane spe-
cies with optimum on lignum, more rarely on acid bark, in Castanea-forests, often with
Chaenotheca ferruginea; certainly more widespread in the Alps, but much overlooked.
– Au: T, S, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SZ. It: TAA, Lomb.
Micarea eximia Hedl.
Syn.: Catillaria malmeana Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with an endoxylic thallus and black, sub-
globose to tuberculate apothecia with a blue-green epihymenium reacting N+ red, and
oblong to ellipsoid, simple to 1-septate ascospores; pycnidia usually present, black,
containing short bacilliform mesoconidia; on decorticated wood in coniferous forests;
widespread in Europe, but altogether rare, and only recorded from the Western Alps
(Switzerland). – Sw: SZ.
Micarea globulosella (Nyl.) Coppins
Syn.: Bacidia globulosella (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecidea globulosella Nyl., Micarea bacidiella
sensu Vězda & V. Wirth
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 319
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to probably circumboreal-montane
species found on bark of conifers and oaks in humid forests, more rarely on lignum;
certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, S. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, SZ. Fr: Var. It:
Frl, Piem.
Micarea hedlundii Coppins
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a rather rare species growing on wood and
rotting roots of conifers in montane to subalpine forests, ranging from the Alps to
Northern Europe. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, SZ, UW. It: Ven, TAA.
Sl: SlA.
Micarea hylocomii Poelt & Döbbeler
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with an inconspicuous thallus, minute,
blackish apothecia, and narrowly ellipsoid to rod-shaped, 1-septate, often slightly
curved ascospores; on bleached leaets of moribund to dead Hylocomium splendens in
montane coniferous forests; overall distribution boreal-montane; in the Alps known
from a few localities only. – Au: T. Sw: GR.
Micarea incrassata Hedl.
L – Subs.: bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a widespread circumboreal species also known
from the Southern Hemisphere, growing on acid soil in mountain heaths; apparently
rare in the Alps, but perhaps overlooked. – Au: T, S, K. Ge: Ge. It: TAA.
Micarea leprosula (. Fr.) Coppins & A. Fletcher
Syn.: Bacidia leprosula (. Fr.) Lettau, Bilimbia leprosula (. Fr.) H. Olivier, Bilimbia
milliaria (Fr.) Körb. var. leprosula . Fr.
L – Subs.: bry, sil, bry-sil, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumboreal species with a thal-
lus as in M. submilliaria, consisting of bluish-grey, convex to subglobose areoles easily
breaking down to form yellowish-green sorediate patches, but reacting C+ and Pd+
red (argopsin, gyrophoric acid), apothecia often lacking, ascospores mostly 3-septate,
less than 30 µm long; on twigs of shrubs; certainly more widespread in the Alps, but
overlooked. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU, SZ.
Micarea lignaria (Ach.) Hedl. var. lignaria
Syn.: Bacidia gomphillacea (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Bacidia granulans sensu H. Magn., Bacidia
lignaria (Ach.) Lettau, Bacidia meizospora (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Bacidia milliaria (Fr.) Sandst.,
Bilimbia lignaria (Ach.) A. Massal., Bilimbia meizospora (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Bilimbia
milliaria (Fr.) . Fr., Lecidea geomaea Taylor, Lecidea lignaria Ach., Lecidea meizospora
Nyl., Lecidea milliaria Fr., Micarea gomphillacea (Nyl.) Vězda
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry, deb – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane species
found on a wide variety of substrata such as plant remains, bark, and lignum, in humid
situations; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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320
Micarea lignaria (Ach.) Hedl. var. endoleuca (Leight.) Coppins
Syn.: Lecidea milliaria Fr. var. endoleuca Leight.
L – Subs.: bry, xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: although sometimes sympatric with the
typical variety, this taxon is restricted to very humid areas at lower altitudes; from the
Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: N. Ge: Schw. Sw: SZ. It: TAA.
Micarea lithinella (Nyl.) Hedl.
Syn.: Lecidea lithinella Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on compact siliceous rocks in rather sheltered situations;
from the Alps there are a few scattered records. – Au: ?V, St, N. Sw: LU, SZ. It: TAA.
Micarea lynceola (. Fr.) Palice
Syn.: Lecidea lynceola . Fr., Micarea excipulata Coppins
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling M. polycarpella in the presence of
a large-celled photobiont and the occurrence of a greenish pigment in apothecia and
pycnidia, but the black apothecia are plane to subconvex, with a distinct exciple, and
the ascospores are simple, ellipsoid to ovoid; usually on loose siliceous pebbles in pio-
neer communities; widespread in Europe but not common, perhaps often overlooked;
in the study area so far only recorded from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Micarea melaena (Nyl.) Hedl.
Syn.: Bacidia melaena (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Biatora stizenbergeri Hepp, Bilimbia melaena
(Nyl.) Arnold, Catillaria constristans sensu H. Magn., Lecidea ilyophora Stirt., Lecidea
melaena Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor, ter-sil, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-
montane species found on decomposed lignum of old stumps, but also on plant debris,
siliceous rocks and soil rich in humus, mostly in upland areas; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS.
Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Micarea melaeniza Hedl.
Syn.: Lecidea melaeniza (Hedl.) H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an indistinct thallus, subglobose to tu-
berculate, blackish apothecia with a dark red-brown hypothecium reacting K+ purple-
black, and simple, mostly ovoid ascospores; on conifers in boreal to temperate-mon-
tane forests; a rare species, in the study area so far only recorded from a single locality
in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: S.
Micarea micrococca (Körb.) Gams ex Coppins
Syn.: Biatora micrococca Körb., Catillaria micrococca (Körb.) . Fr., Lecidea micrococca
(Körb.) Cromb.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a member of the M. prasina-complex, but with a
dierent secondary chemistry and with pale to grey apothecia which are less variable in
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 321
colour; on various substrates (bark, wood, debris) in shaded situations; very common
in forest plantations of Western Europe; from the Alps there are only a few scattered
records; earlier records of M. prasina may partly belong here. – Au: S, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
SZ. It: Ven.
Micarea minima Poelt & Döbbeler
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an indistinct thallus, extremely tiny apo-
thecia which are whitish when dry and translucent when moist, and minute, narrowly
ellipsoid to rod-shaped, simple or 1-septate ascospores; on leaets of moribund to dead
Polytrichum; apparently widespread in Europe from the lowlands to the montane belt,
with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Micarea misella (Nyl.) Hedl.
Syn.: Biatora misella (Nyl.) H.G. Falk, Lecidea anomala Ach. f. misella Nyl., Lecidea
asserculorum Ach. nom. nud., Lecidea globularis (Nyl.) Lamy, Lecidea melanochroza
Leight. ex Cromb., Lecidea misella (Nyl.) Nyl., Micarea globularis (Nyl.) Hedl.
L – Subs.: xyl, bry, cor, deb – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-
montane species found on lignum, more rarely on acid bark; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Micarea nigella Coppins
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an endoxylic thallus, black apothecia,
stalked pycnidia, and a purple-brown pigment reacting K+ green in epihymenium, hy-
pothecium and pycnidial wall; on wood, mostly in boreal-montane coniferous forests;
widespread in Europe, with a single record from the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw:
UW.
Micarea nitschkeana (J. Lahm ex Rabenh.) Harm.
Syn.: Bacidia nitschkeana (J. Lahm ex Rabenh.) Zahlbr., Bacidia spododes (Nyl.) Zahl-
br., Bilimbia nitschkeana J. Lahm ex Rabenh., Bilimbia sophodes (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidea
nitschkeana (J. Lahm ex Rabenh.) Stizenb., Lecidea spododes Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, deb, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on twigs and small branches of conifers and,
more rarely of acid-barked deciduous trees and small shrubs, occasionally also on lig-
num. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, TI, UW. Fr: Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Micarea peliocarpa (Anzi) Coppins & R. Sant.
Syn.: Bacidia albidolivens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Bacidia hemipolioides (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Baci-
dia peliocarpa (Anzi) Lettau, Bacidia trisepta (Nägeli) Zahlbr., Bacidia triseptatuloides
(Harm.) Zahlbr., Bacidia violacea (P. Crouan & H. Crouan ex Nyl.) Arnold, Bilimbia
albicans Arnold, Bilimbia hemipolioides (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Bilimbia peliocarpa Anzi, Bi-
limbia trisepta (Nägeli) Hellb., Bilimbia violacea (P. Crouan & H. Crouan ex Nyl.)
. Fr. non (Arnold) Arnold, Lecidea albidolivens Nyl., Lecidea dufourii Ach. ex Nyl.,
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322
Lecidea fraterculans Nyl., Lecidea hemipolioides Nyl., Lecidea trisepta Nägeli, Lecidea tri-
septatula Nyl., Lecidea triseptatuloides Harm., Lecidea violacea P. Crouan & H. Crouan
ex Nyl. nom.illeg. non A. Massal., Micarea trisepta (Nägeli) Wetmore, Micarea violacea
(P. Crouan & H. Crouan ex Nyl.) Hedl., Toninia hemipolioides (Nyl.) Guillaumot
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry, sax, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane,
ecologically wide-ranging species found on the acid bark of deciduous (especially old
oaks and Fagus) and coniferous trees, lignum, peaty soil, moribund bryophytes, and
small siliceous pebbles; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA. Sl: SlA.
Micarea prasina Fr.
Syn.: Bacidia subviridescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Biatora prasina (Fr.) Trevis., Biatorina prasi-
na (Fr.) Stein, Bilimbia subviridescens (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Catillaria prasina (Fr.) . Fr.,
Catillaria prasiniza (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Catillaria sordidescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecidea
abdita Erichsen, Lecidea declivitatum Erichsen, Lecidea prasinella Müll. Arg., Lecidea
prasiniza Nyl., Lecidea sordidescens Nyl., Lecidea subviridescens Nyl., Micarea polytrichi
Poelt & Döbbeler, Micarea subviridescens (Nyl.) Hedl.
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry, sax, ter – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane,
morphologically and chemically variable species found on basal parts of old, acid-
barked trees in montane forests, and on a wide range of other substrata; in its present
circumscription this is one of the most common species of the genus in the Alps;
however, this taxon represents a complex assemblage of species, yet to be properly
disentangled. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Micarea rhabdogena (Norman) Hedl.
Syn.: Biatora rhabdogena Norman, Lecidea rhabdogena (Norman) . Fr.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling M. elachista, but thallus endoxylic,
with black, hemispherical to tuberculate apothecia, a brown epihymenium not react-
ing with K or N, a pale hypothecium, mostly simple, ellipsoid to oblong ascospores,
and black pycnidia with an olivaceous wall reacting K+ violet, containing micro – or
mesoconidia; on wood of conifers in boreal-temperate-montane/subalpine areas, with
a single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Micarea submilliaria (Nyl.) Coppins
Syn.: Bacidia subleprosula Vězda, Bilimbia submilliaria (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidea granu-
lans Vain., Lecidea submilliaria Nyl., Micarea granulans (Vain.) Timdal, Micarea suble-
prosula (Vězda) Vězda
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thallus as in M. leprosula, of bluish-
grey, convex to subglobose areoles which easily break down to form yellowish-green
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 323
sorediate patches, but reacting C+ red, Pd+ yellow (alectorialic acid), apothecia often
lacking, black with a bluish pruina, ascospores 3 – to 7-septate, more than 35 µm long;
overgrowing mosses and plant remnants on siliceous rocks in alpine heaths; widespread
but rare, perhaps overlooked, being often sterile, with a few records from the Eastern
Alps. – Au: S, K. Ge: OB.
Micarea ternaria (Nyl.) Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia ternaria (Nyl.) Lettau, Lecidea sabuletorum f. ternaria Nyl., Lecidea ter-
naria (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: deb – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: an arctic-alpine species growing on plant remains
and siliceous rocks; from the Alps there are a few scattered records only. – Au: K, St.
Fr: Sav. It: TAA.
Micarea turfosa (A. Massal.) Du Rietz
Syn.: Biatora turfosa A. Massal., Lecidea turfosa (A. Massal.) Jatta, Lecidea verrucula
(Norman) . Fr., Lecidella verrucula (Norman) Stein, Micarea verrucula (Norman)
Hedl., Oedemocarpus turfosus (A. Massal.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane species found on
peaty soil and terricolous bryophytes in upland areas. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw:
LU, SZ, UW. It: Ven, TAA.
Micarea viridileprosa Coppins & van den Boom
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, deb, sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a recently described, mostly sterile
species found on a wide variety of acid substrata in humid lowland areas; in the study
area so far only reported from the base of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Miriquidica aeneovirens (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lecidea aeneovirens Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species resembling M. garovaglii, but with
a thick, densely areolate, olive-brown thallus reacting K-, surrounded by a black
hypothallus, and apothecia with brown-black, plane discs (colour not changing
when moist) and thin, little prominent, somewhat glossy margins, an unpigmented
hypothecium, a brown to olive-brown epihymenium, 8-spored asci, and ovoid to
ellipsoid ascospores (10–14 × 7–8 µm); on siliceous rocks (mica-schist, gneiss) in
the lower alpine belt; only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Swit-
zerland). – Sw: VS.
Miriquidica atrofulva (Sommerf.) A.J. Schwab & Rambold
Syn.: Lecidea atriuscula H. Magn., Lecidea atrofulva Sommerf.
L – Subs.: met, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circum – and bipolar lichen of metal-rich
rocks, with optimum near and above treeline; mostly sterile and therefore perhaps
overlooked in the Alps, but never common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. It: TAA.
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324
Miriquidica complanata (Körb.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Aspicilia complanata (Körb.) Stein, Aspicilia microlepis Körb., Aspicilia superiu-
scula (Nyl.) Hue, Lecanora complanata Körb., Lecanora coracodes Nyl., Lecanora kul-
talensis Vain., Lecanora microlepis (Körb.) Lettau, Lecanora superiuscula Nyl., Lecanora
tenebricans Nyl.; incl. Miriquidica complanata (Körb.) Hertel & Rambold f. sorediata
Owe-Larsson & Rambold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on moist siliceous rocks in upland areas, starting the
life-cycle on yellow Rhizocarpon-species, with optimum above treeline. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St. Fr: HSav. It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Miriquidica deusta (Stenh.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Lecanora deusta (Stenh.) Nyl., Lecidea deusta (Stenh.) Nyl., Lecidea deustata Zahl-
br., Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach. var. deusta Stenh., ?Lecidea secernens H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a much misunderstood and overlooked species (being
mostly sterile), with a probably western and southern distribution in Europe, found on
exposed surfaces of base-rich siliceous rocks, with a wide altitudinal range. Records from
Austria are in need of critical revision. – Au: ?V, ?T, ?S, ?K, ?St. Fr: Vau. It: Frl, TAA.
Miriquidica disjecta (Nyl.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Lecidea disjecta Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a whitish thallus containing miriquidic
acid, and black, sessile apothecia with a biatorine, brownish exciple, and an unpig-
mented hypothecium; on siliceous boulders, ecology and overall distribution poorly
known; in the study area so far only recorded from the Eastern Alps in Italy (type
material, on porphyric rocks near Paneveggio). – It: TAA.
Miriquidica garovaglii (Schaer.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Lecidea aenea (Fr.) Nyl., Lecidea aenea (Fr.) Nyl. var. garovaglii (Schaer.) Jatta,
Lecidea atrobrunnea (DC.) Schaer. var. garovaglii (Schaer.) Jatta, Lecidea garovaglii
Schaer., Lecidea glacialis Lynge, Parmelia aenea Fr., Parmelia garovaglii (Schaer.) Fr.,
Psora garovaglii (Schaer.) Anzi
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine species found on mineral-
rich rocks wetted by rain in wind-exposed situations, such as on peaks and windy
ridges, usually near or above treeline; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Miriquidica instrata (Nyl.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Biatora instrata (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidea instrata Nyl., Lecidea subobscura H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: perhaps this is the primary species to M.
invadens. It has minute areolae which are brown with a paler margin, and bear im-
mersed, brown apothecia; on inclined faces of siliceous rocks, initially a parasite on
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 325
other crustose lichens, such as species of Aspicilia, Lecidea, Lecanora and Rhizocarpon;
widespread in the Holarctic region but rare, including in the Alps, where it occurs from
the montane to the alpine belt. – Au: T, K, St. Sw: VS. Fr: Sav. It: TAA.
Miriquidica intrudens (H. Magn.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Lecanora intrudens H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil-par, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a probably circumpolar, arctic-alpine, silici-
colous species which was largely overlooked in the past, starting the life-cycle on yellow
Rhizocarpon-species, but also on Aspicilia-, Lecanora – and Lecidea-species; certainly
more widespread near and above treeline in the Alps; perhaps confused with Protopar-
melia leproloma, from which it diers in important morphological and chemical char-
acters. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, VS. It: Frl, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Miriquidica invadens Hafellner, Obermayer & Tretiach
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an obligate parasite on Sporastatia polyspora; wide-
spread in the Alps, with optimum above treeline, and also known from the mountains
of the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas. – Au: T, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Miriquidica leucophaea (Rabenh.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Biatora consanguinea Anzi, Biatora leucophaea Rabenh., Lecidea aggregatula Nyl.,
Lecidea confertula Stirt., Lecidea discolorella Nyl., Lecidea karaensis Lynge, Lecidea leu-
cophaea (Rabenh.) Nyl., Lecidea mesotropa Nyl., Lecidea nodulosa (Körb.) H. Olivier,
Lecidea sporotea Stirt., Lecidella nodulosa Körb., Psora confertula (Stirt.) Stirt.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a polymorphic species of metal-rich rocks, start-
ing the life-cycle on yellow Rhizocarpon-species, more hygrophytic than M. griseoatra,
being most frequent in sheltered situations, such as on faces with a late snow cover in
upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, B. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Miriquidica lulensis (Hellb.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Lecidea lulensis Hellb.
L – Subs.: met, sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on horizontally or weakly inclined faces of sili-
ceous and often iron-rich rocks; with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: St.
Sw: GR. Fr: AHP, Vau.
Miriquidica nigroleprosa (Vain.) Hertel & Rambold var. nigroleprosa
Syn.: Lecanora nigroleprosa Vain., Lecidea nigroleprosa (Vain.) H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on hard siliceous rocks (e.g. granite) in exposed situ-
ations such as on windy ridges, starting the life-cycle on yellow Rhizocarpon-species;
most often sterile, and therefore largely overlooked in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N.
Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl.
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326
Miriquidica nigroleprosa (Vain.) Hertel & Rambold var. liljenstroemii (Du Rietz)
Owe – Larss. & Rambold
Syn.: Lecidea liljenstroemii Du Rietz, Miriquidica liljenstroemii (Du Rietz) R. Sant.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: this variety diers from var. nigroleprosa in the whitish
to pale grey, dull thallus composed of thick, contiguous areoles with convex soralia,
and in the secondary chemistry (psoromic additional to miriquidic acid, and therefore
medulla Pd+ yellow); on siliceous rocks, in the Alps often in Rhizocarpon alpicola as-
sociations; widespread in Europe but often not distinguished; in the Alps mainly from
the subalpine to the lower alpine belt. – Au: T, K, St.
Miriquidica obnubila (. Fr. & Hellb.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Lecidea obnubila . Fr. & Hellb.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: an apparently rare species based on a type from north-
ern Scandinavia, with a grey, areolate, spreading thallus containing miriquidic acid, de-
limited by a distinct black hypothallus, sessile, black apothecia with at discs and per-
sistently prominent margins; the more or less hyaline hypothecium and the olivaceous
blue-green to purplish blue epihymenial layer are diagnostic; the only record from the
Alps (Western Alps, Switzerland) is in need of reevaluation. M. obnubila sensu Hertel
& Rambold, with a distinctly pigmented hypothecium, is a dierent species. – Sw: VS.
Miriquidica plumbea (Garov.) Hafellner, Obermayer & Tretiach
Syn.: Lecidea plumbea Garov. in A. Massal., Miriquidica limitata Hertel & Rambold
L – Subs.: sil, met, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an alpine to subnival species, conned to
steeply inclined or overhanging surfaces of hard siliceous rocks, often with a high iron
content. e basionym is often attributed to Massalongo, but he explicitly attributes
the description of the new species to Garovaglio, who also sent him a specimen. – Au:
T, K. Sw: ?GR, ?VS. Fr: AMa. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem.
Miriquidica pulvinatula (Arnold) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Lecidea circumnigrata H. Magn., Lecidea pulvinatula (Arnold) Dalla Torre &
Sarnth., Lecidea wolana Müll. Arg., Lecidella pulvinatula Arnold
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on iron-rich crystalline rocks near and above
treeline; with very few scattered records from the Alps; closely related to M. leucophaea.
– Au: T. Sw: VS. It: TAA.
Miriquidica subplumbea (Anzi) Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecidea inserena Nyl., Lecidea subplumbea Anzi, Lecidella subplumbea (Anzi) Ar-
nold, Miriquidica griseoatra sensu auct. non (Flot.) Hertel & Rambold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a probably circumpolar, arctic-alpine species found
on wind-exposed, acidic siliceous rocks. We have placed here all previous records of
M. griseoatra. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav. It: Frl,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 327
Monerolechia badia (Fr.) Kalb
Syn.: Buellia badia (Fr.) A. Massal., Buellia bayrhoeri (Schaer.) H. Olivier, Buellia co-
nioptiza (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Buellia duebenii (Fr.) Hellb., Buellia pernigrans (Nyl.) Sandst.,
Buellia schisticola H. Magn., Catolechia badia (Fr.) Kremp., Karschia bayrhoeri (Schaer.)
Rehm, Lecidea badia Fr., Lecidea bayrhoeri Schaer., Lecidea conioptiza Nyl., Lecidea per-
nigrans Nyl., Monerolechia bayrhoeri (Schaer.) Trevis., Rhizocarpon badium (Fr.) Sambo
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a holarctic, subtropical to boreal-montane lichen
found on steeply inclined, base-rich siliceous rocks, which starts the life-cycle on other
lichens, later becoming autonomous; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au:
?V, T, S, K, St, O, B. Sw: BE. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Montanelia disjuncta (Erichsen) Divakar, A. Crespo, Wedin & Essl.
Syn.: Melanelia disjuncta (Erichsen) Essl., Parmelia disjuncta Erichsen, Parmelia granu-
losa Lynge nom.illeg., Parmelia granulosula Oxner, Parmelia sorediata (Ach.) Röhl. var.
coralloidea Lynge
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread lichen of dry-cool areas found on steeply
inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks in upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Sw: GR,
LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Montanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Wedin & Essl.
Syn.: Melanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia crusticans Hilitzer, Parmelia pan-
nariiformis (Nyl. ex Lamy) Vain., Parmelia panniformis (Nyl.) Vain., Parmelia prolixa
(Ach.) Röhl. f. panniformis Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly northern species in Europe found on steeply
inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps,
but generally not common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: Sav, HSav.
It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Montanelia sorediata (Ach.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Wedin & Essl.
Syn.: Imbricaria sorediata (Ach.) Arnold, Imbricaria sprengelii (Flörke) Körb., Melane-
lia sorediata (Ach.) Goward & Ahti, Melanelia sorediosa (Almb.) Essl., Parmelia sore-
diata (Ach.) . Fr., Parmelia sorediifera R. Sant., Parmelia sorediosa Almb., Parmelia
sprengelii Flörke, Parmelia stygia (L.) Ach. var. sorediata Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on vertical seepage tracks of siliceous rocks,
mostly in upland areas; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
N. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Montanelia tominii (Oxner) Divakar, A. Crespo, Wedin & Essl.
Syn.: Melanelia substygia (Räsänen) Essl., Melanelia tominii (Oxner) Essl., Parmelia
saximontana R.A. Anderson & W.A. Weber, Parmelia substygia Räsänen, Parmelia
tominii Oxner
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328
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, perhaps circum-
polar lichen of exposed siliceous rocks, with several scattered records from the Alps.
– Au: T, K. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AMa. It: Ven, TAA, VA.
Multiclavula corynoides (Peck) R.H. Petersen
Syn.: Clavaria corynoides Peck, Clavaria mucida Pers. var. rosea Sacc.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a terricolous species with yellowish, straw-coloured
to pinkish carpophores which are often subspathulate or laterally compressed toward
the apex, and 4–6-sterigmate basidia; widespread in the Holarctic region, but most
common in the boreal zone; in the Alps at higher elevations, with a still insuciently
known distribution. – Au: T, St. Ge: Schw. It: TAA.
Multiclavula mucida (Pers.) R.H. Petersen
Syn.: Clavaria mucida Pers., Lentaria mucida (Pers.) Corner; incl. Lentaria mucida
(Pers.) Corner var. hexaspora Geitler
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with white to cream-coloured, later grey
carpophores, and 4–6-sterigmate basidia; on moist rotten logs in mixed forests; re-
garded as subcosmopolitan, in Central Europe up to the montane belt; probably still
overlooked in parts of the Alps, but certainly rare. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: U W. It: Ven.
Multiclavula vernalis (Schwein.) R.H. Petersen
Syn.: Clavaria vernalis Schwein., Clavulinopsis vernalis (Schwein.) Corner
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on humic to sandy, acid soil in humid situations;
perhaps overlooked by lichenologists, but certainly very rare in the Alps. – Au: T, S,
St. Fr: Sav. It: Lomb.
Mycobilimbia carneoalbida (Müll. Arg.) S. Ekman & Printzen
Syn.: Bacidia carneoalbida (Müll. Arg.) Coppins, Bacidia sphaeroides auct. non. (Dicks.)
Zahlbr., Biatora carneoalbida (Müll. Arg.) Coppins, Mycobilimbia sphaeroides D.D.
Awasthi, Patellaria carneoalbida Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on bark, mosses and plant debris, more rarely
directly on rock in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Mycobilimbia epixanthoides (Nyl.) Vitik., Ahti, Kuusinen, Lommi & T. Ulvinen
ex Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Biatora epixanthoides (Nyl.) Diederich, Lecidea epixanthoides Nyl.
L – Subs.: bry, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on mossy trunks of deciduous trees, more rarely
on siliceous rocks; widespread throughout the Alps, but regionally still overlooked. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GL, GR, SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var.
It: Frl, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 329
Mycobilimbia olivacea Aragón, Sarrión & Hafellner
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: on bark, mainly of conifers, at the base of trunks.
e Italian material diers from the description in the paler thallus and in not having
biseriate asci. e species is likely to be related to Lecidea berengeriana. – It: TAA.
Mycobilimbia pilularis (Körb.) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Bacidia sphaeroides (Dicks.) Zahlbr., Biatora pilularis (Körb.) Hepp, Biatorina
pilularis Körb., Catillaria sphaeroides (A. Massal.) Schuler
L – Subs.: cor, bry, deb, ter – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on mosses growing on the bark of old
deciduous trees, especially near the base of trunks in old, humid forests; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, UW, VD. Fr: HAl,
AMa, Isè, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Mycobilimbia tetramera (De Not.) Vitik., Ahti, Kuusinen, Lommi & T. Ulvinen
ex Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Bacidia fusca (A. Massal.) Du Rietz, Bacidia indurata Zahlbr., Bacidia obscurata
(Sommerf.) Zahlbr., Bacidia tetramera (De Not.) Coppins, Biatora tetramera (De Not.)
Coppins, Bilimbia fusca A. Massal., Bilimbia obscurata (Sommerf.) . Fr., Bilimbia tetra-
mera De Not., Bilimbia triplicans (Nyl.) Elenkin, Lecidea triplicans (Nyl.) Nyl., Mycobi-
limbia fusca (A. Massal.) Hafellner & V. Wirth, Mycobilimbia obscurata (Sommerf.) Rehm
L – Subs.: bry, deb, cor, ter – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on mosses and plant debris on calcare-
ous substrata, sometimes on bark, especially on basal parts of old trunks in open for-
ests, and on other lichens (e.g. Peltigera); widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Mycoblastus anis (Schaer.) T. Schauer
Syn.: Lecidea anis Schaer., Mycoblastus alpinus (Fr.) . Fr. ex Hellb., Mycoblastus
melinus (Kremp. ex Nyl.) Hellb., Mycoblastus sanguinarius (L.) Norman var. alpinus
(Fr.) Stein
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sax – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: an incompletely circumboreal-montane
species found on old conifers, especially Abies and Picea, in open, humid, montane to
subalpine woodlands, more rarely on lignum or siliceous rocks; perhaps more wide-
spread in the Alps, but generally not common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Mycoblastus caesius (Coppins & P. James) Tønsberg
Syn.: Haematomma caesium Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a bluish-grey thallus bearing irregular
soralia, containing perlatolic acid, always sterile in Europe, but apothecia known from
Western North American material; on the acidic smooth bark of deciduous trees, rarely
on conifers; widespread in Europe and more common in the West, with only a few
records from the montane belt of the Alps. – Au: T. Sw: BE, UW.
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Mycoblastus melinodes (Vain.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Lecidea sanguinaria (L.) Ach. var. melinodes Vain., Mycoblastus sanguinarius (L.)
Norman var. melinodes (Vain.) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a not generally accepted taxon with a sorediate thal-
lus and apothecia with a pale hypothecium, based on a type from Siberia, where it was
found encrusting bryophytes and plant debris; ecology and distribution are poorly
known, with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: S.
Mycoblastus sanguinarius (L.) Norman
Syn.: Lecidea didymospora Stirt., Lecidea sanguinaria (L.) Ach., Lichen sanguinarius L.,
Megalospora sanguinaria (L.) A. Massal., Oedemocarpus sanguinarius (L.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a circumboreal-montane species found on lig-
num and bark of conifers (especially Larix), mostly in the subalpine belt; widespread
throughout the Alps, but not always common. – Au: S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE,
GL, GR, LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: Isè. It: Ven, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Mycoporum elabens Flot. ex Nyl.
Syn.: Arthothelium otovianum Körb., Dermatina elabens (Flot. ex Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a whitish granular thallus, roundish, black
oligolocular stromata, ssitunicate asci, and muriform ascospores with 1 longitudinal
septum; a rare lichen found on the bark of conifers (Pinus, Abies); in Europe, sterile
material was probably overlooked, and most records are historical; in the study area so
far only recorded from a few localities of the Eastern Alps. – Au: T, S, St, O. Ge: OB.
Mycoporum fuscocinereum (Körb.) Nyl.
Syn.: Dermatina fuscocinerea (Körb.) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a thallus recalling that of Phlyctis
argena, with roundish, black, oligolocular stromata and ssitunicate asci containing
muriform ascospores with several longitudinal septa; taxonomic status and placement
are in need of re-evaluation; there are only few records from Europe, including those
from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K, O.
Myochroidea leprosula (Arnold) Printzen, T. Sprib. & Tønsberg
Syn.: Biatora leprosula Arnold, Lecidea leprosula (Arnold) Harm.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on twigs of subalpine shrubs; certainly more wide-
spread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: VS. It: Frl.
Myochroidea porphyrospoda (Anzi) Printzen, T. Sprib. & Tønsberg
Syn.: Biatora porphyrospoda Anzi, Lecidea porphyrospoda (Anzi) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, probably circumpolar
lichen found especially on basal parts of trunks, on bark, sometimes on lignum, mostly
in upland areas; probably more widespread in the Alps. Earlier records from Switzer-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 331
land (LU, UW) refer to Protoparmelia hypotremella. – Au: V, T, S, St. Ge: OB. Sw: GR,
TI, VS. It: Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Myochroidea rufofusca (Anzi) Printzen, T. Sprib. & Tønsberg
Syn.: Biatora porphyroplaca Hinteregger & Poelt, Biatora rufofusca Anzi, Lecidea rufo-
fusca (Anzi) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, deb, bry – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on terricolous mosses and plant debris
on siliceous substrata, in the Alps regularly also on bark and wood of Rhododendron in
the understory of subalpine coniferous forests, with optimum near treeline, in North-
ern Europe also on other phorophytes (Salix, Betula). – Au: V, T, S, St. Sw:GR, TI,
UR, VS. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Myriolecis agardhiana (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch subsp. agardhiana var.
agardhiana
Syn.: Lecanora agardhiana Ach., Lecanora agardhianoides A. Massal., Lecanora latzelii Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen found on horizontal to
weakly inclined surfaces of hard limestone and dolomite, with a wide altitudinal range,
but with optimum below the subalpine belt; the distinction from other related taxa still
needs further study. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Myriolecis agardhiana (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch subsp. sapaudica (Cl.
Roux) Nimis & Cl. Roux var. sapaudica
Syn.: Lecanora agardhiana Ach. subsp. sapaudica Cl. Roux, Lecanora agardhiana Ach.
subsp. sapaudica Clauzade & Cl. Roux [invalidly published, ICN Art. 40.1 + 8]
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: restricted to areas near or above treeline; certainly
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Sav, Vau. It: Ven, Piem.
Myriolecis agardhiana (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch subsp. sapaudica (Cl.
Roux) Nimis & Cl. Roux var. lecidella (Poelt) ined. (provisionally placed here,
ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Lecanora agardhiana Ach. subsp. sapaudica Cl. Roux var. lecidella (Poelt) Leuck-
ert & Poelt, Lecanora lecidella Poelt
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: similar to var. sapaudica, but with smaller apothecia
which are immersed for a long time. – Au: T, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa,Drô.
Myriolecis albescens (Hom.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora albescens (Hom.) Branth & Rostr., Lecanora galactina Ach., Lecanora
urbana Nyl., Patellaria albescens (Hom.) Trevis., Placodium albescens (Hom.) DC.,
Psora albescens Hom., Squamaria albescens (Hom.) Anzi
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332
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen found on a wide variety of calcifer-
ous or base-rich substrata including mortar, brick, roong tiles, and walls, also in large
urban areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: Tg.
Myriolecis antiqua (J.R. Laundon) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora antiqua J.R. Laundon, Lecanora conferta auct. non (Duby ex Fr.) Grognot
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of basic siliceous
rocks (especially basalt), sometimes on calciferous rocks. e species has been often
recorded as Lecanora conferta, a northern species which seems to be absent in the Alps.
– Au: T, K, B. Sw: SZ, VS. It: TAA, Piem.
Myriolecis behringii (Nyl.) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Lecanora behringii Nyl., Lecanora turbinata Poelt & Leuckert
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 6 – Note: a (circum-) arctic-alpine species with an endosub-
stratic thallus, or with whitish, subsquamulose granules around the apothecia, which
are turbinate to substipitate and have brown, non-pruinose discs, ascospores narrowly-
ellipsoid; on limestone, in the Arctic also on bones, with a single record from the nival
belt in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St, O.
Myriolecis crenulata (Hook.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora caesioalba Körb., Lecanora crenulata Hook., Lecanora exomila Stirt., Le-
canora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. var. crenulata (Hook.) Ach., Patellaria subfusca (L.) Wibel
var. crenulata (Hook.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen found on steeply inclined faces
or in underhangs of hard calciferous rocks, most frequent in upland areas; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Li.
Myriolecis dispersa (Pers.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Flörke, Lecanora subluta Nyl. var. perspersa Nyl., Lecano-
ra umbrina auct. non (Ach.) A. Massal., Lichen dispersus Pers., Patellaria caesioalba (Le
Prévost ex Duby) Trevis. var. dispersa (Pers.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cal, cal-par, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: most frequent in urban areas (e.g.
on monuments, mortar walls, asbestos-cement) up to the montane belt; records from
natural habitats and from upland areas may refer to other species, especially to M. semi-
pallida. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 333
Myriolecis hagenii (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora bormiensis Nyl., Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach., Lecanora hagenii (Ach.)
Ach. f. saxifragae Anzi, Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. var. bormiensis (Nyl.) Dalla Torre
& Sarnth., Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. var. fallax Hepp, Lichen hagenii Ach.
L – Subs.: cal, cor, xyl, bry, deb – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen belonging to a
very dicult complex. It is common on isolated trees with base-rich bark, and on cal-
ciferous substrata, including walls of mortar; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Myriolecis invadens (H. Magn.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora invadens H. Magn., Lecanora meolansii B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on calciferous rocks in upland areas, often start-
ing the life-cycle on other crustose lichens. e species is closely related to M. semipal-
lida. – Au: ?V, St. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven.
Myriolecis juniperina (Śliwa) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora juniperina Śliwa
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an endosubstratic thallus and densely
grouped apothecia with pale discs which are usually covered by a whitish-grey pruina,
the epihymenial granules insoluble in K and N, based on type from SW USA; on
bark and wood (Juniperus, Quercus), with a single record from the montane belt of the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: Sav.
Myriolecis perpruinosa (Fröberg) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora perpruinosa Fröberg
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on calciferous rocks, often starting the life-cycle on
other crustose lichens; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Myriolecis persimilis (. Fr.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. subsp. persimilis . Fr., Lecanora persimilis (. Fr.)
Arnold, Lecanora umbrina sensu auct. medioeurop. non (Ach.) A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean lichen which
is easily overlooked, most frequent on branches of Fraxinus, Populus and Sambucus. Very
closely related to M. hagenii. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL,
GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Myriolecis prominens (Clauzade & Vězda) Cl. Roux & Nimis
Syn.: Lecanora prominens Clauzade & Vězda
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a calcicolous species; probably more widespread, at least
in the Southern Alps – Fr: Var, Vau.
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Myriolecis pruinosa (Chaub.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora adriatica Zahlbr., Lecanora cretacea (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., Lecanora
lagostana Zahlbr., Lecanora pruinifera Nyl., Lecanora pruinosa Chaub., Lecanora sul-
phurascens Nyl., Lecanora teichotea Nyl., Placodium cretaceum Müll. Arg., Placodium
teichoteum (Nyl.) Boistel, Squamaria pruinosa (Chaub.) Duby, Squamaria sulphurascens
(Nyl.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on limestone, do-
lomite, mortar, brick and, more rarely, basic siliceous rocks; apparently more frequent
in the Southern and Western Alps. – Au: St. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, Lig. Sl: Tg.
Myriolecis reuteri (Schaer.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora reuteri Schaer., Patellaria reuteri (Schaer.) Trevis., Placodium reuteri
(Schaer.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: in underhangs or on steeply inclined surfaces of
calcareous rocks in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA.
Myriolecis roridula ined.
Syn.: Lecanora roridula Poelt, Leuckert & Cl. Roux ined.
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a so far undescribed taxon recalling M. dispersa,
but apothecia with reddish-brown discs often partly covered by a coarse pruina; on
schists, volcanic rocks and limestone and similar anthropogenic substrates at low eleva-
tions; so far only known from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St, N.
Myriolecis sambuci (Pers.) Clem.
Syn.: Lecanora sambuci (Pers.) Nyl., Lecanora sambucioides H. Magn., Lichen sambuci
Pers.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate species found on base-rich
bark, especially on Sambucus and Populus; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Myriolecis semipallida (H. Magn.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora otoviana auct. non Spreng., Lecanora semipallida H. Magn., Lecanora
xanthostoma Cl. Roux ex Fröberg, Lecanora xanthostoma Wedd. ex Cl. Roux nom. inval.
L – Subs.: cal, int, par – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a calcicolous species found on the top of ex-
posed boulders, in sites often visited by birds; widespread throughout the Alps, absent
from large settlements and very rare on man-made substrata. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 335
Myriolecis torrida (Vain.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora torrida Vain.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a species intermediate between M. dispersa and M.
albescens, with a dispersed, areolate thallus and scattered apothecia with dark brown,
epruinose discs, the epihymenial granules insoluble in K and N; on more or less calcar-
eous rocks; widespread and known from both Hemispheres, with a few records from
the Eastern Alps (Austria), but probably still overlooked elsewhere. – Au: K, St.
Myriolecis wetmorei (Śliwa) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora wetmorei Śliwa
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species described from Western North America,
recently found also in Iran and the Caucasus, and also reported from the Eastern Alps
(Italy). – It: TAA.
Myriolecis zosterae (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch subsp. palanderi (Vain.)
ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Lecanora coerulescens (Baumg.) Arnold, Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. f. saxifragae
Anzi, Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. var. fallax Hepp, Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. var.
hagenii f. coerulescens (Baumg.) Hazsl., Myriolecis zosterae sensu Nimis, Myriolecis hage-
nii (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch var. fallax (Hepp) Hafellner
L – Subs.: deb, bry – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found on
plant debris and mosses over calciferous substrata, from the Oromediterranean belt to
the Arctic zone. is lichen does not belong to Myriospora hagenii, due to the larger
apothecia which are restricted at the base, but fully corresponds to the description
of Lecanora zosterae var. palanderi, a taxon which is quite dierent from the nominal
variety (see Roux et al. 2017); widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, HAl, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Myriospora rufescens (Turner ex Ach.) Hepp ex Uloth
Syn.: Acarospora rufescens (Turner ex Ach.) Kremp., Acarospora smaragdula (Wahlenb.)
A. Massal. var. rufescens (Turner ex Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecanora rufescens
(Turner ex Ach.) Nyl., Sagedia rufescens Turner ex Ach., Silobia rufescens (Turner ex
Ach.) M. Westb. & Wedin, Trimmatothelopsis rufescens (Turner ex Ach.) Cl. Roux &
Nav.-Ros.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: according to Roux this is a good species, with an At-
lantic distribution in Europe. e records from Austria are most probably erroneous.
– Au: ?St, ?N. Sw: GR, UR, VS.
Myriospora scabrida (Hedl. ex H. Magn.) K. Knudsen & Arcadia
Syn.: Acarospora scabrida Hedl. ex H. Magn., Silobia scabrida (Hedl. ex H. Magn.) M.
Westb., Trimmatothelopsis scabrida (Hedl. ex H. Magn.) Cl. Roux & Nav.-Ros.
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336
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with an epilithic thallus consisting of pale
grey to pale brown squamules, and large apothecia with brown, somewhat raised discs;
usually on acidic schistose rocks; widespread in Europe and also known from both
Americas; so far only recorded from a few localities in the Alps, perhaps still overlooked
elsewhere. – Au: V, T, S, St. Fr: HSav.
Myriospora smaragdula (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Nägeli ex Uloth
Syn.: Acarospora amphibola Wedd., Acarospora avorubens Bagl. & Carestia, Acaros-
pora isotorquensis Alstrup, Acarospora lesdainii Harm. ex A.L. Sm., Acarospora murina
Sandst., Acarospora smaragdula (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) A. Massal., Acarospora smaragdula
(Wahlenb. ex Ach.) A. Massal. subsp. lesdainii (Harm. ex A.L. Sm.) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux, Acarospora undata Clauzade, Cl. Roux & V. Wirth, Silobia smaragdula (Wahl-
enb. ex Ach.) M. Westb. & Wedin, Trimmatothelopsis smaragdula (Wahlenb. ex Ach.)
Cl. Roux & Nav.-Ros.
L – Subs.: sil, int, met – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, perhaps
circumpolar, variable species of steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of base – and
often metal-rich, sometimes weakly calciferous siliceous rocks, mostly in upland areas;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Ven, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Myriospora tangerina (M. Westb. & Wedin) K. Knudsen & Arcadia
Syn.: Silobia tangerina M. Westb. & Wedin
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species characterised by a pale, orange-ochraceous,
subsquamulose thallus and small, punctiform apothecia; described from Sweden, it is
also known from Norway, the Czech Republic and Russia (Novaya Zemlja), and in
Scandinavia it has a distinctly northern distribution, with a single record from the base
of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Naetrocymbe saxicola (A. Massal.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia saxicola A. Massal., Leiophloea saxicola (A. Massal.) Riedl, Nae-
trocymbe massalongiana (Hepp) R.C. Harris, Pyrenocollema saxicola (A. Massal.) Cop-
pins, Sagedia massalongiana Hepp
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: an early coloniser of hard, steeply inclined
surfaces of calcareous rocks, on surfaces which rapidly dry out after rain, often with
Hymenelia coerulea. is species is clearly lichenised, with Trentepohlia. – Au: S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, UW. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Neocatapyrenium radicescens (Nyl.) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium radicescens (Nyl.) Breuss, Dermatocarpon pachylepis (Anzi) Zahlbr.,
Endocarpon pachylepis Anzi, Verrucaria radicescens Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on more or less ssured siliceous rocks near or
above treeline; hitherto known only from Southern France, Italy and Switzerland. –
Sw: GR. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav. It: Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 337
Nephroma bellum (Spreng.) Tuck.
Syn.: Nephroma laevigatum auct. non Ach., Peltigera bella Spreng.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a holarctic Lobarion-species of bark, epi-
phytic bryophytes and mossy rocks in humid forests; widespread throughout the Alps
but not very common, and perhaps declining. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
BE, GL, GR, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Nephroma expallidum (Nyl.) Nyl.
Syn.: Nephromium expallidum Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine species found on soil and
amongst bryophytes over siliceous substrata, near or above treeline; exceptionally reaching
the nival belt in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, St. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, TI, VS. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Nephroma helveticum Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to southern boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar lichen found on bark, exceptionally on siliceous rocks in humid, but some-
how subcontinental upland areas; probably more widespread in the Alps, but never
common, and strongly declining. – Au: V, T. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: Tg.
Nephroma laevigatum Ach.
Syn.: Nephroma lusitanicum Schaer., Nephromium laevigatum (Ach.) Nyl., Nephromi-
um lusitanicum (Schaer.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical lichen found
on bark, epiphytic bryophytes and mossy rocks in humid, open forests; apparently
more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. – Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen parilis Ach., Nephroma laevigatum Ach. f. sorediatum Schaer., Nephromium
laevigatum (Ach.) Nyl. var. parile (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane li-
chen found on bark, epiphytic mosses, basic siliceous rocks and soil in humid and shel-
tered situations, mostly in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen resupinatus L., Nephroma larszkyanum Gyeln., Nephroma papyraceum
(Hom.) De Not., Nephroma rameum (Schaer.) A. Massal., Nephroma tomentosum
(Hom.) Flot., Nephromium resupinatum (L.) Arnold, Nephromium tomentosum
(Hom.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, holarctic lichen found on
mossy trunks, rocks, more rarely on soil, in cool and sheltered habitats, with optimum
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338
in humid beech forests; widespread throughout the Alps, but generally not common. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Nephroma tangeriense (Maheu & A. Gillet) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Nephromium tangeriense Maheu & A. Gillet
L – Subs.: sax, cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic species found on
rocks, more rarely on bark, in exposed situations but in humid areas, usually at low
elevations, with a few records from the Western Alps (France, Italy). – Fr: AHP, AMa,
Var, Vau. It: Piem.
Nephromopsis laureri (Kremp.) Kurok.
Syn.: Cetraria complicata Laurer, Cetraria laureri Kremp., Platysma laureri (Kremp.)
Nyl., Tuckneraria laureri (Kremp.) Randlane & A. ell
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on acid-barked coniferous and deciduous trees
in cold-humid montane woodlands, mostly in mixed Fagus-Abies forests, but also on
Larix in humid subalpine stands; widespread throughout the Alps, but generally rare.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Nevesia sampaiana (Tav.) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman
Syn.: Fuscopannaria sampaiana (Tav.) P.M. Jørg., Pannaria craspedia Körb. var. isidiata
Harm., Pannaria sampaiana Tav.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on bark of ancient
deciduous trees in humid woodlands; certainly very rare and endangered in the Alps.
– Sl: Tg.
Normandina acroglypta (Norman) Aptroot
Syn.: Arthopyrenia chlorococca (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Lauderlindsaya acroglypta (Norman)
R. Sant., Lauderlindsaya chlorococca (Leight.) Diederich & Sérus., Lauderlindsaya erich-
senii (Keissl.) Diederich & Sérus., Normandina erichsenii (Keissl.) Aptroot, Polyblastia
armericola Walt. Watson, Sphaerulina chlorococca (Leight.) R. Sant., elidium acro-
glyptum Norman, elidium chlorococcum (Leight.) Keissl., elidium erichsenii Keissl.,
Verrucaria chlorococca Leight.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, ?par – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen, most often found
on trees with subacid to base-rich bark, often on mosses; the biology of this species is
disputed. – Au: S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, TI, UW. It: Frl, Ven. Sl: SlA.
Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl.
Syn.: Lauderlindsaya borreri (Tul.) J.C. David & D. Hawksw., Lenormandia junger-
manniae Nyl., Lenormandia pulchella (Borrer) A. Massal., Normandina jungermanniae
(Nyl.) Nyl., Sphaeria borreri Tul., Verrucaria pulchella Borrer
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 339
L – Subs.: bry, cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen most often found on
epiphytic Frullania and other liverworts in rather humid areas; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Ocellomma picconianum (Bagl.) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Lecanactis saltelii B. de Lesd., Lecania picconiana Bagl., Schismatomma picconi-
anum (Bagl.) J. Steiner
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic species, most abundant on
evergreen trees in Tyrrhenian Italy, especially on Quercus ilex in humid Mediterranean
woodlands, with a few records from the base of the Western Alps (France, Italy). – Fr:
AMa, Var, Vau. It: Lig.
Ochrolechia alboavescens (Wulfen) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecanora tartarea (L.) Ach. var. alboavescens (Wulfen) Flot., Lichen alboavescens
Wulfen, Ochrolechia papillata (Räsänen) Verseghy, Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) A. Massal.
var. alboavescens (Wulfen) A. Massal., Pertusaria decipiens Erichsen (de Almborn)
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a boreal-montane species found on bark of co-
nifers, more rarely of acid-barked deciduous trees, usually in upland areas; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR,
LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Ochrolechia androgyna (Hom.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora subtartarea Nyl., Lichen androgynus Hom., Ochrolechia subtartarea
(Nyl.) A. Massal., Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) A. Massal. var. arborea (DC.) Körb.
L – Subs.: cor, sil, ter-bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on bark and on steeply inclined faces of
siliceous rocks in humid montane forests, sometimes also on soil and bryophytes; some
records might refer to O. bahusiensis H. Magn. or to O. mahluensis Räsänen. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Ochrolechia arborea (Kreyer) Almb.
Syn.: Ochrolechia sordidogrisea (Erichsen) E. Schreiner & Hafellner, Pertusaria arbo-
rea (Kreyer) Zahlbr., Pertusaria myriosora Erichsen, Pertusaria sordidogrisea Erichsen,
Variolaria lactea Wahlenb. var. arborea Kreyer
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on isolated decidu-
ous trees with mineral-rich bark. e species is more frequent in Fennoscandia and
Central-Eastern Europe, being rare in the western and southern parts of the continent;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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340
Ochrolechia bahusiensis H. Magn.
Syn.: Ochrolechia subviridis (Høeg) Erichsen f. pulverulenta Erichsen, Ochrolechia
subviridis (Høeg) Erichsen var. lignaria (Erichsen) Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species morphologically resembling O. arborea,
but with a dierent secondary chemistry (murolic acid syndrome, gyrophoric acid
syndrome), and therefore soralia UV-; mostly on the bark of deciduous trees in vari-
ous forest types; widespread in Europe, but in Central Europe not consistently distin-
guished, and distribution therefore incompletely documented. – Au: S, St.
Ochrolechia balcanica Verseghy
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this conspicuous lichen probably belongs, together
with such species as Parmelia submontana and Physconia venusta, to an ancient pre-
glacial Mediterranean-montane element; it is common and often abundant in the
Mediterranean mountains, with a few records from the Western Alps. – Fr: Var. It: Lig.
Ochrolechia crozalsiana Clauzade & Vězda
Syn.: Ochrolechia erichsenii Hafellner & Türk, Pertusaria tumidula Erichsen
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a rare Mediterranean species known from France, Italy
and perhaps the Iberian Peninsula; it is related to O. tartarea, but is morphologically
and chemically dierent. – Au: V, ?T, K, St. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: Isè, Var. It: Lig.
Ochrolechia frigida (Sw.) Lynge
Syn.: Lichen frigidus Sw., Ochrolechia elisabethae-kolae Verseghy, Ochrolechia gonatodes
(Ach.) Räsänen, Ochrolechia lapuensis (Vain.) Räsänen, Ochrolechia pterulina (Nyl.)
G.E. Howard, Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) A. Massal. var. telephoroides (. Fr.) Arnold
L – Subs.: deb – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found on moss-
es, plant debris and soil above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: S, K, St.
Ge: OB, Schw. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Ochrolechia inaequatula auct. non (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: bry, sil, deb, ter – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: this name is used here for sorediate
morphs of an Ochrolechia with swollen areoles and a secondary chemistry identical to
that of O. frigida (gyrophoric acid syndrome); O. inaequatula s.str. is based on a type
from western Alaska; encrusting plant debris and bryophytes, mostly over calcareous
to intermediate soils; common in the Alps, but subsumed under O. frigida in some
countries (e.g. in Italy). – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ, VS. Fr: HAl, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Vau.
Ochrolechia mahluensis Räsänen
Syn.: Ochrolechia androgyna (Hom.) Arnold var. pergranulosa Räsänen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species resembling O. androgyna, but with a thin-
ner, sorediate thallus containing the gyrophoric acid syndrome in soralia and apothecia
(thalline cortex therefore C-); usually on the acidic bark of coniferous and decidu-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 341
ous trees in open forests; widespread in Europe, in the Central European mountains
mostly in the montane and subalpine belts, in the Alps not consistently distinguished,
and distribution therefore poorly known. – Au: St.
Ochrolechia microstictoides Räsänen
Syn.: Pertusaria leprarioides auct. p.p. non Erichsen, Pertusaria silvatica H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane lichen
mostly found on conifers in open, humid forests. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw.
Sw: GR, SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, Isè. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Lichen pallescens L., Ochrolechia parella (L.) A. Massal. subsp. pallescens (L.) Clau-
zade & Cl. Roux, Ochrolechia parella (L.) A. Massal. var. tumidula auct. non (Pers.)
Arnold, Parmelia pallescens (L.) Fr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on deciduous trees
in humid areas. e relationships with O. parella remain to be claried: the two spe-
cies are similar, but have a dierent ecology and distribution, and they hardly can be
treated as forms of one and the same species. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Ochrolechia parella (L.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Lecanora parella (L.) Ach., Lichen parellus L., Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Mas-
sal. var. parella (L.) Körb., Ochrolechia parella (L.) A. Massal. var. albissima Zschacke,
Parmelia parella (L.) Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: closely related to O. pallescens, but silicicolous; widespread
in the Alps, with optimum below the montane belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR,
VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Ochrolechia subviridis (Høeg) Erichsen
Syn.: Ochrolechia gallica Verseghy, Ochrolechia yasudae auct. non Vain., Pertusaria sub-
viridis Høeg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on old, isolated de-
ciduous trees in humid areas. – Au: T, ?St. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Ochrolechia szatalaensis Verseghy
Syn.: Ochrolechia pseudotartarea (Vain.) Verseghy, Ochrolechia szatalaensis Verseghy var.
macrospora Verseghy, Ochrolechia tenuissima Verseghy
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane species with
optimum on twigs in humid and cold sites; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, SG, SZ, TI, UR, VD. Fr:
AMa, Isè. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Lecanora tartarea (L.) Ach., Lichen tartareus L., Ochrolechia androgyna (Hom.)
Arnold var. saxorum (Oeder) Verseghy non auct., Parmelia tartarea (L.) Ach., Pertusaria
gyrocheila Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks and on thin soil layers in humid
situations, mostly in upland areas. In the past the species was frequently confused with
other taxa. – Au: V, T, S, ?K, ?St. Sw: BE, GR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It:
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Ochrolechia tiroliensis (Erichsen) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Pertusaria tiroliensis Erichsen
L # – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species encrusting plant debris and bryophytes,
with a sterile thallus containing the gyrophoric acid syndrome; not consistently distin-
guished and distribution therefore poorly known. – Au: V, T, K, St.
Ochrolechia trochophora (Vain.) Oshio
Syn.: Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal. var. krempelhuberi Verseghy, Pertusaria tro-
chophora Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a pustulate thallus containing the gy-
rophoric acid syndrome in the cortex but not in medulla, usually fertile; on bark of
deciduous trees; widespread in the Holarctic region, but rare in Europe, with a single
historical record from the Eastern Alps (Germany). – Ge: OB.
Ochrolechia turneri (Sm.) Hasselrot
Syn.: Lecanora parella (L.) Ach. var. turneri (Sm.) Nyl., Lecanora turneri (Sm.) Ach.,
Lichen turneri Sm., Ochrolechia alboavescens (Wulfen) Zahlbr. var. turneri (Sm.) Ver-
seghy, Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal. var. turneri (Sm.) Körb., Ochrolechia parella
(L.) A. Massal. var. turneri (Sm.) Arnold, Pertusaria henrici Harm. non sensu Erichsen,
Pertusaria leprarioides auct. p.p. non Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on bark of isolated (mostly) deciduous trees in open,
humid, montane to subalpine woodlands; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Ochrolechia upsaliensis (L.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Lecanora parella (L.) Ach. var. upsaliensis (L.) Ach., Lichen upsaliensis L.
L – Subs.: deb, bry, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine species of calciferous soil
and plant debris, with optimum above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA. Li.
Ochrolechia xanthostoma (Sommerf.) K. Schmitz & Lumbsch
Syn.: Aspicilia poriniformis (Nyl.) Arnold, Pertusaria poriniformis (Nyl.) Clauzade &
Cl. Roux, Pertusaria xanthostoma (Sommerf.) Fr., Porina xanthostoma Sommerf.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 343
L – Subs.: cor, deb, sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on bark, but also on plant debris, more rarely
on siliceous rocks in upland areas. e Italian records are rather dubious (see Nimis
2016). – It: Lomb, Piem.
Opegrapha celtidicola (Jatta) Jatta
Syn.: Lecanactis lyncea (Sm.) Fr. var. celtidicola Jatta, Opegrapha betulinoides B. de Lesd.,
Opegrapha thallincola B. de Lesd., Opegrapha xylographoides J. Steiner
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen found on old
trees, near the base of the trunks, at relatively low elevations, with a few records from
the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa. It: Lig.
Opegrapha conferta Anzi
Syn.: Opegrapha conuens (Ach.) Stizenb. non auct.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean lichen of shaded
siliceous rocks. – Au: St. It: Lomb.
Opegrapha corticola Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a western European, mild-temperate species growing on
the trunks of ancient trees, especially Quercus ilex; easy to overlook, being always ster-
ile, but certainly extremely rare; with a few records from the Western Alps. – Fr:AMa,
Var, Vau.
Opegrapha dolomitica (Arnold) Clauzade & Cl. Roux ex Torrente & Egea subsp.
dolomitica
Syn.: Opegrapha rupestris Pers. var. dolomitica Arnold, Opegrapha saxicola auct. non Ach.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on vertical or underhanging surfaces of dolomitic
rocks and (more rarely) of more or less porous limestone, with a wide altitudinal
range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, UR. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
Opegrapha dolomitica (Arnold) Clauzade & Cl. Roux ex Torrente & Egea subsp.
omninocalcicola Cl. Roux
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a taxon characterised by scarcely umbonate, never
gyrose ascomata, whose taxonomic value is in need of evaluation; on compact calcare-
ous rocks, with an ecology resembling that of Naetrocymbe saxicola; so far only known
from the Western Alps at low elevations, but not consistently distinguished elsewhere
in the Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
Opegrapha lithyrga Ach.
Syn.: Opegrapha lithyrgodes Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on vertical to underhanging surfaces of hard siliceous
rocks in deep gorges or in mature forests. Closely related to O. vulgata. – Au: ?V, T, S,
K, St, N, B. Sw: SZ, UR, VD. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
344
Opegrapha multipuncta Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen motly found on fruit-trees in
orchards; certainly more widespread in the Alps, but overlooked, being always sterile.
– Fr: Vau. It: Frl.
Opegrapha niveoatra (Borrer) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Opegrapha amphotera Nyl., Opegrapha dubia auct., Opegrapha subsiderella (Nyl.)
Arnold, Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach. var. subsiderella Nyl., Verrucaria niveoatra Borrer
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on old trees in open
woodlands; closely related to O. vulgata, but diering in the shorter spermogonia;
widespread throughout the Alps, but generally not very common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Opegrapha subparallela Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a lignicolous species recalling a black Xylographa par-
allela, perhaps related to O. ochrocheila, with an endosubstratic thallus, non-pruinose
ascomata, and nally 3-septate ascospores; rare throughout Europe, with a few scat-
tered records from the Alps. – Au: S, B. Fr: HSav.
Opegrapha vermicellifera (Kunze) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Opegrapha fuscella (Fr.) Almb., Opegrapha hapaleoides Nyl., Opegrapha leptospora
Werner & M. Choisy, Opegrapha mehdiensis Werner, Pyrenothea vermicellifera Kunze
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on old trees in humid
areas, especially near large rivers, on faces seldom wetted by rain; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SG, UW, VS.
Fr: AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Hysterina vulgata (Ach.) Gray, Lichen vulgatus Ach., Opegrapha cinerea Chevall.,
Opegrapha devulgata Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a widespread, but not common temperate species
with optimum in humid forests, especially on Abies, but also on broad-leaved trees. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Ophioparma lapponica (Räsänen) Hafellner & R.W. Rogers
Syn.: Haematomma lapponicum Räsänen, Haematomma ventosum (L.) A. Massal. var.
lapponicum (Räsänen) Lynge
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a species with narrowly ellipsoid (not acicular!)
ascospores which are simple to 1-septate at maturity; on siliceous rocks in windy situ-
ations; widespread and often common in the Arctic, very rarely reported from the
orobiomes of the temperate zone, including the Alps; the few Alpine records (France)
urgently need verication. – Fr: HSav.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 345
Ophioparma ventosa (L.) Norman var. ventosa
Syn.: Haematomma ventosum (L.) A. Massal., Lecanora ventosa (L.) Ach., Lepadolemma
ventosum (L.) Trevis., Lichen ventosus L., Zeora ventosa (L.) Flot.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine circumpolar lichen found on steeply
inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks in wind-exposed situations, with optimum above
treeline; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Ge.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
Ophioparma ventosa (L.) Norman var. cuprigena (Poelt) Hafellner & R.W. Rogers
Syn.: Haematomma ventosum (L.) A. Massal. var. cuprigenum Poelt
L – Subs.: met – Alt.: 4 – Note: a variety with a thin thallus lacking thamnolic acid in
the medulla (and therefore reacting K-), and apothecia recalling those of a Caloplaca,
with blood red discs and upper portions of the thalline margin; on copper-rich schists;
rare in Northern and Central Europe, with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Aus-
tria). – Au: S.
Orphniospora moriopsis (A. Massal.) D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Buellia atrata (Sm.) Anzi, Buellia coracina Körb., Buellia moriopsis (A. Massal.)
. Fr., Buellia subtenebrosa Malme, Catolechia moriopsis A. Massal., Lecanora coracina
(Hom.) Hepp, Orphniospora atrata (Sm.) Poelt, Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.) A. Mas-
sal. var. coracina (Hom.) Bagl. & Carestia
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine circumpolar lichen found on inclined
surfaces of hard siliceous rocks in cold habitats near or above treeline. – Au: V, T, S. Ge:
Schw. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Orphniospora mosigii (Körb.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Aspicilia obscurissima (Nyl.) Maheu & A. Gillet, Lecidea mosigii (Körb.) Anzi,
Lecidea obscurissima (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecidella mosigii Körb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of wind-exposed, hard
siliceous rocks in upland areas; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Pachnolepia pruinata (Pers.) Frisch & G. or
Syn.: Arthonia impolita (Hom.) Borrer, Arthonia pruinata (Pers.) A.L. Sm., Arthonia
pruinosa Ach., Pachnolepia impolita (Hom.) A. Massal., Patellaria pruinata Pers.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on isolated, old de-
ciduous trees, especially oaks, in parts of the boles seldom wetted by rain; rare in the Alps,
and restricted to areas with a rather humid climate. – Au: S. Ge: OB. It: Ven, Lomb.
Palicella lamentosa (Stirt.) Rodr. Flakus & Printzen
Syn.: Lecanora lamentosa (Stirt.) Elix & Palice, Lecanora ramulicola (H. Magn.)
Printzen & P.F. May, Lecidea lamentosa Stirt., Lecidea hercynica M. Hauck & Schmull,
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
346
Lecidea ramulicola (H. Magn.) Hillm. non H. Magn. (1952) nec H. Magn. (1953),
Lecidea saepincola Ach. var. ramulicola H. Magn.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an endosubstratic to rimose-areolate
thallus reacting K+ yellow (atranorin), and ochre to blackish-grey apothecia with per-
sisting biatorine margins; mainly on wood, but also on bark in montane coniferous
forests; certainly more widespread in the Alps, but the distribution is poorly known
due to frequent misidentications. – Au: S, St. Ge: OB.
Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory
Syn.: Pannaria caeruleobadia A. Massal. nom.illeg., Pannaria lanuginosa auct., Pannaria
pityrea sensu Degel. non DC., Parmelia conoplea Ach., Trachyderma caeruleobadium
(Mudd) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry-sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a Lobarion-species most common on
mossy bark in open, humid forests, sometimes on mossy siliceous rocks; widespread
throughout the Alps, but generally not common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pannaria hookeri (Borrer ex Sm.) Nyl.
Syn.: Lichen hookeri Borrer ex Sm., Pannaria glacialis Anzi, Pannaria leucolepis
(Wahlenb.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: int, sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on slightly calciferous soil (mostly deriving
from metamorphic rocks) in sites with periodical water seepage, sometimes also direct-
ly on rock, with optimum near treeline; widespread, but generally not common in the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Pannaria rubiginosa (Ach.) Bory
Syn.: Lichen anis Dicks., Lichen rubiginosus Ach., Parmelia rubiginosa (Ach.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: restricted to rainy-humid areas, mostly on old mossy
trunks in forests; strongly declining throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Sw: BE, FR, GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Parabagliettoa cyanea (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Involucrothele limitata (Nyl.) Servít, elidium limitatum (Nyl.) Servít, Verruca-
ria cyanea A. Massal., Verrucaria decussata Garov., Verrucaria dufourii DC. v. limitata
Nyl., Verrucaria limitata Kremp. ex A. Massal. nom.illeg.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of compact limestone and
dolomite in sheltered situations, with optimum in the submediterranean belt; the spe-
cies diers from P. dufourii in the smaller, less prominent perithecia, and in the thalli
typically forming mosaics, with conspecic thalli separated by dark lines; the lines
produced by one thallus typically do not merge completely with that of its neighbour,
so that the lines appear as double. – Au: T, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, ?SZ, UR, UW. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 347
Parabagliettoa disjuncta (Arnold) Krzewicka
Syn.: Verrucaria disjuncta Arnold, Verrucaria tristis (A. Massal.) Kremp. f. depauperata
(A. Massal.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a formerly very poorly understood species growing
on inclined to vertical surfaces of calcareous rocks; probably more widespread in the
Alps. – Au: St, O. Ge: Ge. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Ven.
Parabagliettoa dufourii (DC.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux
Syn.: ?Involucrothele concinna (Borrer) Servít, Involucrothele dufourii (DC.) Servít,
elidium dufourii (DC.) Servít, elidium dufourii (DC.) Servít f. rehmii Servít,
elidium dufourii (DC.) Servít var. alpinum Servít, elidium dufourii (DC.) Servít
var. lilacinofuscum Kremp. ex Servít, elidium dufourii (DC.) Servít var. mojstran-
ense Servít, ?Verrucaria concinna Borrer, Verrucaria dufourii DC., Verrucaria malha-
mensis Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of hard calcareous
rocks, mainly limestone, in rather shaded situations, with a wide altitudinal range,
reaching the eu-Mediterranean belt in particularly humid and shaded stands; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Paracollema italicum (B. de Lesd.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema italicum B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1 – Note: a mild-temperate, Mediterranean-Atlantic species of
humid sites, on trees such as Olea and Quercus ilex, with a few records from the base of
the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var. It: Lig.
Parainoa subconcolor (Anzi) Resl & T. Sprib.
Syn.: Biatora subconcolor Anzi, Lecidea subconcolor (Anzi) Jatta, Trapelia subconcolor
(Anzi) Hertel, Trapeliopsis subconcolor (Anzi) Hertel
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a rarely collected, subtropical species found on basic
siliceous rocks in sheltered situations, mostly in upland areas; in the study area so far
only reported from the Southern Alps (Italy). – It: TAA, Lomb.
Paralecanographa grumulosa (Dufour) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Chiodecton spilocarpon Nyl., Lecanactis doereri Zahlbr., Lecanactis grumulosa
(Dufour) Fr., Lecanactis grumulosa (Dufour) Fr. var. monstrosa (Bagl.) Egea & Torrente,
Lecanactis monstrosa Bagl., Lecanactis nothiza (Nyl.) P. James, Lecanactis pictonica (Nyl.)
H. Olivier, Lecanographa grumulosa (Dufour) Egea & Torrente, Lecidea pictonica Nyl.,
?Opegrapha cavernicola Llimona & Werner, Opegrapha diaphoroides Nyl. non auct.,
Opegrapha dirinaria (Nyl.) Nyl., Opegrapha grumulosa Dufour, Opegrapha grumulosa
Dufour var. platycarpa Nyl., Opegrapha platycarpa (Nyl.) Nyl.; incl. Lecanographa gru-
mulosa (Dufour) Egea & Torrente var. monstrosa (Bagl.) Egea & Torrente
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
348
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of more
or less calcareous clis subject to humid winds in rather shaded situations. – Au: T, K.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven, Lomb, Lig.
Parmelia barrenoae Divakar, M.C. Molina & A. Crespo
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: mostly epiphytic, more rarely on siliceous rocks;
the distribution in the Alps is very poorly known because it was almost never distin-
guished from P. sulcata. – Fr: AHP, HAl.
Parmelia ernstiae Feuerer & A. ell
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this mainly epiphytic species diers from P. saxatilis
in the strongly pruinose thallus and isidia, and in molecular characters; it is likely to
be more widespread in the Alps, but in the past it was often confused with P. saxatilis.
– Au: St, O. Ge: Schw. Sw: SZ. Sl: SlA.
Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. subsp. omphalodes
Syn.: Imbricaria saxatilis (L.) Körb. var. omphalodes (L.) Körb., Lichen omphalodes L.,
Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. var. omphalodes (L.) Fr.
L – Subs.: sil, cor, bry – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found
on rocks, epilithic bryophytes, more rarely on soil, mostly near or above treeline; wide-
spread throughout the Alps; several records could refer to the other subspecies. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. subsp. pinnatida (Kurok.) Skult
Syn.: Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. var. panniformis Ach., Parmelia pinnatida Kurok.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a name applied to morphs with thalli growing in
several layers, with narrow, richly branched, mostly concave lobes, the medulla reacting
K+ red and Pd+ orange (salazinic acid plus an otherwise complex secondary chemis-
try); mostly on siliceous rocks; more common in Northern Europe at high elevations;
in the Alps not consistently distinguished, so that the distribution is poorly known.
– Au: ?V, T, S, K. Fr: Sav, HSav.
Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Imbricaria saxatilis (L.) Körb., Lichen saxatilis L.
L – Subs.: sil, cor, xyl, deb, bry-sil, ter – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a often collected, mainly
saxicolous lichen occurring in large parts of the world, which for centuries has been
regarded as a well-delimited species. Recently, however, it has been found that some
morphologically deviating specimens may be regarded as distinct species, such as P.
ernstiae, P. serrana and P. squarrosa; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 349
Parmelia serrana A. Crespo, M.C. Molina & D. Hawksw.
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: this recently described species, which is morpho-
logically very similar to P. saxatilis, seems to be widespread in Southern Europe, espe-
cially in areas with a subcontinental climate; its distribution in the Alps is poorly known,
as in the past it was not distinguished from P. saxatilis. – Au: T, St. Sw: SZ. It: Frl.
Parmelia squarrosa Hale
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: this species, which is fairly common in North America
and in Japan, also occurs, albeit very rarely, in the Alps. – Au: S. Sw: GR, VS. It:Frl.
Parmelia submontana Hale
Syn.: Parmelia bohemica Nádv. non Gyeln., Parmelia contorta Bory non (Hom.)
Spreng., Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. var. contorta (Bory) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on the trunks of old trees (mainly Fagus and Abies)
in humid montane forests; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Parmelia sulcata Taylor
Syn.: Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. var. sulcata (Taylor) Nyl., Parmelia sulcata Taylor var.
laevis Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil, deb, bry, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on acid or subacid bark, ex-
ceptionally also on wood; this is certainly the most common and wide-ranging Parme-
lia in the Alps, also present near large urban settlements, rare only in the eu-Mediterra-
nean belt. See also note on P. barrenoae. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Parmeliella testacea P.M. Jørg.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on bark of ancient
deciduous trees in mature forests, mostly in old plantations of Castanea; apparently
restricted to the Southern and Western Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var. It: Lomb, Lig.
Parmeliella triptophylla (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Lecanora triptophylla (Ach.) Link, Lecidea microphylla (Lilj.) Ach. var. schraderi Schaer.,
Lecidea triptophylla Ach., Lecothecium corallinoides (Hom.) Körb., Pannaria lasiella Stirt.,
Pannaria triptophylla (Ach.) A. Massal., Parmeliella corallinoides (Hom.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor, sil, bry, ter-bry – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread, cool-temperate to
boreal-montane lichen found on old trees and upon epiphytic bryophytes in humid
forests, sometimes also on mossy siliceous rocks, with a wide altitudinal range; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR,
GL, GR, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
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Parmelina atricha (Nyl.) P. Clerc
Syn.: Parmelia atricha Nyl., Parmelia quercina (Willd.) Vain. var. convoluta (Schaer.)
Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a saxicolous species described from the Eastern
Pyrenees, so far also known from Southern France, Northern Italy and Southern Swit-
zerland, with a mainly submediterranean-montane distribution. It grows on siliceous
rocks in more or less exposed, dry areas, with optimum in the montane belt. – Sw: GR,
VS. Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Lomb.
Parmelina carporrhizans (Taylor) Poelt & Vězda
Syn.: Parmelia carporrhizans Taylor, Parmelia quercina (Willd.) Vain. var. carporrhizans
(Taylor) V. Wirth, Parmelia tiliacea (Hom.) Ach. subsp. carporrhizans (Taylor) Nyl.,
Parmelia tiliacea (Hom.) Ach. var. carporrhizans (Taylor) Flagey
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean lichen found
on isolated, mostly broad-leaved trees, more photo – and thermo-, and less hygro-
phytic than the closely related P. pastillifera and P. tiliacea. e species was not always
distinguished from P. quercina in the old literature. – Au: V. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GL,
GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA,
Piem. Sl: SlA.
Parmelina pastillifera (Harm.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia pastillifera (Harm.) R. Schub. & Klem., Parmelia scortea (Ach.) Ach. var.
pastillifera Harm., Parmelia tiliacea (Hom.) Ach. var. pastillifera (Harm.) Grummann
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate lichen found on deciduous trees
with subacid to subneutral bark, more frequent in rainy upland areas than P. tiliacea;
widespread and locally common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Parmelina quercina (Willd.) Hale
Syn.: Lichen quercinus Willd., Parmelia quercina (Willd.) Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on isolated, mostly
broad-leaved trees. See also note on P. carporrhizans. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
Parmelina tiliacea (Hom.) Hale
Syn.: Imbricaria tiliacea (Hom.) Flot., Lichen tiliaceus Hom., Parmelia scortea (Ach.)
Ach., Parmelia tiliacea (Hom.) Ach., Parmelia tiliacea (Hom.) Ach. var. scortea
(Ach.) Duby
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate lichen
mostly found on broad-leaved trees, sometimes on mossy rocks; widespread and often
common throughout the Alps, rare only in somehow continental areas. – Au: V, T, S,
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 351
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Parmeliopsis ambigua (Hom.) Nyl.
Syn.: Foraminella ambigua (Hom.) S.L.F. Mey., Lichen ambiguus Wulfen nom.illeg.,
Parmelia ambigua (Hom.) Ach., Parmelia diusa auct. non (Hom.) Sandst., Parme-
lia subsoredians Nyl., Parmeliopsis diusa auct., Parmeliopsis subsoredians (Nyl.) Nyl.,
Squamaria ambigua Hom.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sax – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen found on basal parts of trunks, especially of conifers, with a long snow cover;
widespread and common in the Alps, with optimum in the subalpine belt. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Parmeliopsis hyperopta (Ach.) Arnold
Syn.: Foraminella hyperopta (Ach.) S.L.F. Mey., Imbricaria ambigua (Hom.) DC.
var. albescens (Wahlenb.) Flot., Imbricaria hyperopta (Ach.) Körb., Parmelia ambigua
(Hom.) Ach. var. albescens (Wahlenb.) Schaer., Parmelia diusa (Weber) Rebent. var.
albescens (Wahlenb.) Rabenh., Parmelia hyperopta Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen found on basal parts of trunks, especially of conifers, with a long snow cover;
ecology and distribution resemble those of P. ambigua, but this lichen is slightly less
photo – and more hygrophytic; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Parmotrema arnoldii (Du Rietz) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia arnoldii Du Rietz, Parmelia subarnoldii Abbayes
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to tropical lichen restricted to
humid beech forests; it frequently grows in the upper branches of the tree canopy in
forests with frequent fog, and therefore it often goes unnoticed. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW. It: Frl, Ven. Sl: SlA.
Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Parmelia ciliata Nyl., Parmelia crinita Ach., Parmelia excrescens (Arnold) Hav.,
Parmelia excrescens (Arnold) Hav. var. pilosella (Hue) Lynge, Parmelia pilosella Hue,
Parmelia proboscidea Taylor
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a cool-temperate lichen found on bark in open
humid montane forests, rarely on epilithic bryophytes, exceptionally descending to
the submediterranean belt in very humid areas; widespread throughout the Alps, but
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generally not common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR,
LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW. Fr: AMa, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Imbricaria perlata (Huds.) Körb., Lichen chinensis Osbeck, Lichen perlatus Huds.,
Parmelia coniocarpa Laurer, Parmelia perlata Ach. nom.illeg., Parmelia trichotera Hue,
Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti, Parmotrema trichoterum (Hue) M. Choisy
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate lichen found on
bark and mossy siliceous rocks, on isolated trees only in humid areas, otherwise in
light woodlands and restricted to the mossy base of trunks, exceptionally reaching the
dry-continental valleys of the Alps in sheltered situations; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy
Syn.: Parmelia ciliata (DC.) Nyl., Parmelia concors Kremp., Parmelia pseudoreticulata
Tav., Parmelia reticulata Taylor, Parmotrema pseudoreticulatum (Tav.) Hale, Parmotrema
pseudovirens (Gyeln.) Elix, Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & A. Flechter
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic to mild-temperate lichen
found on bark, rarely on mossy siliceous rocks; very rare and declining in the Alps. –
Sw: GR, TI, UR. Fr: AMa, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Parmotrema stuppeum (Taylor) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia claudelii (Harm.) Vain., Parmelia maxima Hue, Parmelia stuppea Taylor,
Parmelia trichotera Hue var. claudelii (Harm.) Du Rietz
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate species found in open
woodlands with frequent fog, mostly on ancient trees, but also on epilithic bryophytes;
rather rare, and certainly declining in the Alps. – Au: S, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
GL, GR, LU, TI, UR, UW. It: Lig.
Paulia glomerata Henssen & Tretiach
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of calcareous rocks in
rainy areas, mostly starting its life-cycle in ssures of the rocks; hitherto known only
from the Eastern Alps, to be looked for elsewhere. – Au: O. It: Frl. Sl: SlA.
Paulia salevensis (Müll. Arg.) M. Schultz
Syn.: Peccania salevensis (Müll. Arg.) Forssell, Synalissa salevensis Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with an irregularly fruticose thallus bearing
cylindrical, pruinose lobes, terminal apothecia lacking a proper exciple, and prototuni-
cate asci containing rather thick-walled ascospores; on steep faces of calcareous rocks;
known with certainty only from the type locality in the Western Alps (France), other
records need conrmation. – Au: K. Fr: HSav.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 353
Peccania cernohorskyi (Servít) Czeika & Guttová
Syn.: Anema cernohorskyi (Servít) Henssen, yrea cernohorskyi Servít
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3 – Note: a fertile species with minute subfruticose to peltate
thalli covered by verrucose outgrowths, hymenia of an orange-brown colour in the up-
per part, and liform conidia; on thin layers of soil or directly on basic siliceous rocks;
rare in Central Europe, additional records from Scandinavia on calcareous rocks could
not be conrmed; the few records from the Western Alps (France) are from calcareous
rocks, and therefore need conrmation. – Fr: AHP, AMa.
Peccania coralloides (A. Massal.) Arnold
Syn.: Corinophorus coralloides A. Massal., Omphalaria coralloides (A. Massal.) Hepp
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on steeply inclined, usually south-exposed seepage
tracks of calciferous rocks, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Pectenia atlantica (Degel.) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman
Syn.: Degelia atlantica (Degel.) P.M. Jørg. & P. James, Parmeliella atlantica Degel.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen, mainly western in Europe,
found in moist-warm stands. e species has been frequently confused with isidiate
forms of P. plumbea (see Roux et al. 2017), and the record from Slovenia needs re-
conrmation. – Sl: ?Tg.
Pectenia plumbea (Lightf.) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman
Syn.: Coccocarpia plumbea (Lightf.) Nyl., Degelia plumbea (Lightf.) P.M. Jørg. & P.
James, Lichen plumbeus Lightf., Pannaria plumbea (Lightf.) Bory, Parmeliella plumbea
(Lightf.) Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen with oceanic anities
found on base-rich, often mossy bark of old trees, more rarely on mossy rocks in
rainy-humid areas, mostly in Lobarion-communities; apparently more frequent in
the Southern and Western Alps. – Sw: ?GR. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.
Syn.: Lichen aphthosus L., Peltidea aphthosa (L.) Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar
acidophytic vicariant of P. leucophlebia, found on terricolous mosses and soil rich in
humus, mostly in forests, but also above treeline; it was not always distinguished from
P. leucophlebia in the older literature; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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354
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.
Syn.: Lichen caninus L., Peltidea canina (L.) Ach., Peltidea leucorrhiza Flörke nom.illeg.,
Peltigera suomensis Gyeln.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic species
found on terricolous mosses and soil in open forests and heathlands, sometimes on bark
in the basal parts of old trees; certainly rarer than P. praetextata, but widespread and lo-
cally common in the Alps, with a wide altitudinal range; it was often confused with P.
membranacea and P. praetextata in the older literature. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrad.
Syn.: Lichen collinus Ach., Peltidea collina (Ach.) Röhl., Peltigera limbata Delise ex
Hepp, Peltigera molesta Delise ex Duby, Peltigera perda Gyeln., Peltigera propagulifera
(Flot. ex Körb.) Stein, Peltigera scutata (Dicks.) Duby, Peltigera sibirica Gyeln., Peltigera
subscutata Gyeln.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a typical Lobarion-species found on
the mossy bark of old deciduous trees in humid, open forests, sometimes on epilithic
mosses, with optimum in the montane belt; widespread throughout the Alps, but gen-
erally not very common, and perhaps declining. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Peltigera degenii Gyeln.
Syn.: Peltigera nitens (Anders) Gyeln., Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf
var. nitens (Anders) Szatala, Peltigera virescens (J. Steiner) Gyeln.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, bry, deb – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal
species found on terricolous bryophytes, on soil rich in humus and on mossy rocks in
forests, sometimes on bark in the basal parts of trunks, with optimum in the montane
belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE,
FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Lichen didactylus With., Lichen spurius Ach., Peltidea erumpens Taylor, Peltigera
erumpens (Taylor) Lange, Peltigera hazslinszky Gyeln., Peltigera leptoderma auct., Pelti-
gera monophylla Opiz, Peltigera pellucida (Weber) Gyeln., Peltigera pusilla (Fr.) Körb.,
Peltigera sorediata (H. Olivier) Fink, Peltigera spuria (Ach.) DC.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, bry-cal, bry-sil – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-
montane, ephemeral lichen of disturbed mineral soil, most common near and above
treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE,
FR, GR, SG, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 355
Peltigera elisabethae Gyeln.
Syn.: Peltigera mauritzii Gyeln., Peltigera microphylla (Anders) Gyeln.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on terricolous bryophytes and soil rich
in humus, with optimum in montane to subalpine forests; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ,
TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Peltigera extenuata (Nyl. ex Vain.) Lojka
Syn.: Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. var. extenuata Nyl. ex Vain., Peltigera didactyla (With.)
J.R. Laundon var. extenuata (Nyl. ex Vain.) Gonet & Hastings
L – Subs.: bry, sil, ter – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this species has more or less the same ecology
as P. didactyla, but seems to be most frequent in the montane belt, and diers in the
richly branched rhizines and the C+ red medulla. – Au: T, O. Sw: GR, SZ, UR. It: VA.
Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.) Baumg.
Syn.: Antilyssa horizontalis (Huds.) M. Choisy, Lichen horizontalis Huds., Peltidea hori-
zontalis (Huds.) Ach., Peltigera zopi Gyeln.
L – Subs.: bry, ter-cal, ter-sil, cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on mosses (also epiphytic and
epilithic) and humus-rich soil in the openings of humid forests, with a wide altitudinal
range, but with optimum in the montane belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Peltigera hymenina (Ach.) Delise
Syn.: Peltidea hymenina Ach., Peltigera lactucifolia auct. non (With.) J.R. Laundon,
Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hom. var. crassoides Gyeln.
L – Subs.: bry, ter-sil, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on mineral soil in open, but never fully
sun-exposed habitats, often associated with mosses, with optimum in the montane
belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, S, K, O. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UR,
VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Peltigera kristinssonii Vitik.
Syn.: Peltigera occidentalis sensu Kristinsson
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a slightly calciphilous species; probably more
widespread in the Alps, with optimum near or above treeline. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge:
OB. Sw: SZ, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav. It: Lomb, Piem, VA.
Peltigera lepidophora (Vain.) Bitter
Syn.: Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. var. lepidophora Vain.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar
pioneer species of base-rich mineral soil, most frequent in upland areas, with optimum
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356
near treeline; widespread throughout the Alps, but only locally common. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SG, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè,
HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln.
Syn.: Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. var. leucophlebia Nyl., Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.
var. variolosa A. Massal., Peltigera variolosa (A. Massal.) Gyeln., Peltigera vrangiana
Gyeln.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: this is the vicariant of P. aphthosa on
more or less calcareous substrata in upland areas, most common in the beech belt;
widespread and rather common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Peltigera malacea (Ach.) Funck
Syn.: Peltidea canina (L.) Ach. var. malacea (Ach.) Wahlenb., Peltidea malacea Ach.,
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. var. malacea (Ach.) Branth & Rostr.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine lichen found in
grasslands and shrublands near and above treeline, often amongst mosses, on siliceous
substrata; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE,
GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Peltidea canina (L.) Ach. var. membranacea Ach., Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. var.
membranacea (Ach.) Körb.
L – Subs.: bry, ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on mossy rocks and at the base of boles
in old woodlands, usually on base-rich substrata, with optimum in the montane belt;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Peltigera monticola Vitik.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a recently-described and still rarely col-
lected taxon related to P. rufescens and P. ponojensis, found on soil and amongst mosses
over calcareous substrata, mostly in upland areas. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Sw: BE, GR,
LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: Sav. It: Frl, Ven. Sl: SlA.
Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Peltigera polydactyloides auct.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, bry, cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on soil and on terricolous,
epiphytic and silicicolous mosses, with a wide altitudinal range, but most frequent in
humid-warm beech forests; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 357
N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyeln.) Gyeln.
Syn.: Peltigera occidentalis (E.Dahl) Kristinsson non sensu Kristinsson, Peltigera polydac-
tylon (Neck.) Hom. var. neopolydactyla Gyeln.
L – Subs.: bry, cor, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a forest oor species occurring amongst
and over mosses, more rarely on rock or on bark, on basal parts of old trees, with op-
timum in the montane belt; widespread throughout the Alps, but not distinguished
from similar species in the older literature. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE,
GR, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA.
Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hom.
Syn.: Lichen caninus L. var. polydactylon (Neck.) Lightf., Lichen polydactylus Neck.,
Peltidea polydactyla (Neck.) Ach., Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. var. polydactyla (Neck.)
Branth. & Rostr., Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. var. polydactyla (Neck.) Torss.
L – Subs.: bry, cor, ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an ecologically wide-ranging
species of both mineral and organic, often base-rich soil, and on basal parts of mossy
trunks and stumps in open forests, with optimum in the montane belt; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU,
SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Peltigera ponojensis Gyeln.
Syn.: Peltigera plittii Gyeln.
L – Subs.: bry, ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on subneutral to slightly basic soil in
grasslands and heathlands, mostly in upland areas; often confused with P. rufescens in
the past, and probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB.
Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem,
VA.
Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf
Syn.: Peltidea ulorrhiza Flörke var. praetextata Flörke ex Sommerf., Peltigera canina (L.)
Willd. subsp. praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Ozenda & Clauzade, Peltigera cani-
na (L.) Willd. var. tectorum Delise, Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. var. praetextata
(Flörke ex Sommerf.) . Fr., Peltigera subcanina Gyeln.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry, bry-cor, deb, ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic, eco-
logically wide-ranging species found both in open woodlands and in grasslands (but
only in humid areas), on mosses, mineral or organic soil, lignum (on stumps) and bark
(on basal parts of old trees); one of the most common species of the genus in the Alps,
with a wide altitudinal range. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE,
FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.
Syn.: Lichen caninus L. var. rufescens Weiss, Lichen rufescens (Weiss) Neck., Peltidea ul-
orrhiza Flörke, Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. var. crispa Kickx, Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.
var. rufescens (Weiss) Mudd
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal, cal – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen, most
common in dry grasslands, especially in upland areas, but also in the Mediterranean
belt, where it is generally rare due to intensive grazing and trampling; widespread and
common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Peltigera scabrosa . Fr.
Syn.: Peltigera genuina Gyeln., Peltigera pulverulenta auct. non (Taylor) Nyl., Peltigera
sancti-stephani Gyeln.
L – Subs.: bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, mainly arctic-alpine lichen
found on mossy soil and rocks near and above treeline; quite rare in the Alps. – Au: T,
S, K, St. Sw: ?TI. Fr: HSav. It: Lomb.
Peltigera venosa (L.) Hom.
Syn.: Lichen venosus L., Peltidea venosa (L.) Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar lichen found on soil rich in humus in cold-humid sites near and above
treeline; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt
Syn.: Endocarpon guepinii Delise, Endocarpon maravignae Tornab., Heppia euploca
(Ach.) Vain., Heppia guepinii (Delise) Nyl., Heppia ruinicola Nyl., Heppia tenebrata
Nyl., Lichen euplocus Ach., ?Omphalaria veronensis A. Massal., Peltula guepinii (Delise)
Gyeln., Peltula laciniata (Bagl. & Carestia) Poelt comb. inval., Peltula ruinicola (Nyl.)
Gyeln., ?yrea veronensis (A. Massal.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a widespread species of warm-dry areas found on
steeply inclined seepage tracks of basic siliceous rocks, with optimum below the mon-
tane belt; in the Alps most frequent in the inner xerothermic valleys. – Au: T, K. Sw:
LU, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AMa, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Peltula obscurans (Nyl.) Gyeln.
Syn.: Acarospora collemacea Wedd., Acarospora subglebosa (Müll. Arg.) Hue, Endocarpis-
con obscurans Nyl., Heppia acarosporoides Müll. Arg., Heppia collemacea (Wedd.) Bois-
tel, Heppia deserticola Zahlbr., Heppia obscurans (Nyl.) Nyl., Peltula subglebosa (Müll.
Arg.) Filson, Solorinaria collemacea (Wedd.) Gyeln.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 359
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on steeply inclined seepage tracks of basic siliceous
rocks in lowland areas; a southern species, often found together with P. euploca, but
much less frequent, with a few records from the Western Alps and the inner xerother-
mic valleys. – Fr: AMa, Var. It: TAA.
Peltula patellata (Bagl.) Swinscow & Krog
Syn.: Acarospora patellata Bagl., Heppia polyspora Tuck., Peltula polyspora (Tuck.) Wetmore.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on soil in dry grasslands over siliceous substrata;
very rare in the dry valleys of the Alps. – Sw: VS. It: Lig.
Peltula placodizans (Zahlbr.) Wetmore
Syn.: Endocarpiscum placodizans (Zahlbr.) Fink, Heppia placodizans Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on steeply inclined seepage tracks of basic siliceous
rocks, both in the Mediterranean belt and in warm-dry alpine valleys of the Alps,
where it is extremely rare. – It: TAA.
Pertusaria alpina Hepp ex Ahles
Syn.: Pertusaria laevigata (. Fr.) Anzi non (Nyl.) Arnold, Pertusaria leioplaca DC. var.
laevigata . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on the smooth
bark of deciduous trees, especially on twigs and branches. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, UR, UW, VS. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Pertusaria amarescens Nyl.
Syn.: Pertusaria anis Erichsen, Pertusaria coudercii Harm., Pertusaria avicans Lamy
var. coudercii (Harm.) Erichsen
L # – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: an often misunderstood species, or confused with
P. avicans or Lepra aspergilla. e species, however, seems to be quite common in the
SW Alps (France). – Au: ?V. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. HAl, AMa. It: Ven, Lig.
Pertusaria bryontha (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Parmelia subfusca (L.) Ach. var. bryontha Ach., Pertusaria inquinans (Ach.) .
Fr., Pertusaria macrospora Hepp
L – Subs.: deb, bry, ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar
lichen found on mosses and plant debris, mostly over calcareous substrata, with op-
timum near and above treeline, up to the nival belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SG, UR, UW, VS. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb.
Pertusaria carneopallida (Nyl.) Nyl
Syn.: Lecanora carneopallida Nyl., Pertusaria leptocarpa Anzi
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane lichen found on
smooth-barked hardwoods in upland areas; apparently not common in the Alps. – Au:
T, K. Ge: OB, Schw. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb.
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Pertusaria chiodectonoides Bagl.
Syn.: Pertusaria inquinata (Ach.) . Fr., Pertusaria nolens Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean species of basic
siliceous rocks, whose total distribution is very poorly known. – Au: T, S, K, St, B. Sw:
GR. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav. It: TAA, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Lichen coccodes Ach., Pertusaria phymatodes (Ach.) Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen, mostly found
on old oaks or beech trees, with optimum in open woodlands, much more rarely on
siliceous rocks; widespread throughout the Alps, but only locally common. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pertusaria constricta Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on smooth bark, especially of Quercus and Fagus;
probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
GL, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VS. Fr: Var. It: Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Pertusaria coronata (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Pertusaria coronata (Ach.) . Fr. var. isidiifera (Erichsen) Almb., Pertusaria co-
ronata (Ach.) . Fr. var. soralifera Erichsen, Pertusaria isidiifera Erichsen, Porina coro-
nata Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on bark of deciduous
trees, mostly below the subalpine belt, easily mistaken for the chemically dierent P.
coccodes; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: AP, BE,
FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pertusaria cyparissi Körb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean epiphytic species related to P.
hymenea, but with longer asci and larger ascospores, with a few records from the base
of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Var.
Pertusaria avicans Lamy
Syn.: Pertusaria avicans Lamy var. schistosa Erichsen
L – Subs.: sil, cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on lime-free but mineral-rich siliceous
rocks, mostly on sheltered, steeply inclined surfaces; chemically variable and in need
of further study; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, B. Ge: Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, TAA,
Lomb, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 361
Pertusaria avida (DC.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Pertusaria lutescens (Hom.) Lamy nom.illeg., Pertusaria sorediana Nyl., Pertusa-
ria wulfenii DC. var. lutescens (Hom.) . Fr., Pertusaria wulfenii DC. var. variolosa
Fr., Variolaria avida DC.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean species with op-
timum in open oak forests, mostly on old trees; widespread but only locally common
in the Alps, below the subalpine belt. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, SG. Fr:
AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pertusaria geminipara (. Fr.) C. Knight ex Brodo
Syn.: Lecanora geminipara . Fr., Ochrolechia geminipara (. Fr.) Vain.
L – Subs.: deb, bry, ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar
lichen found on mosses, plant debris and soil over acid substrata near and above tree-
line. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, UR, VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Pertusaria glomerata (Ach.) Schaer.
Syn.: Porina glomerata Ach.
L – Subs.: deb, bry, ter-cal, xyl – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen found on
more or less calciferous soil rich in humus and on plant debris in sites with a long snow
cover; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem. Sl: SlA.
Pertusaria hymenea (Ach.) Schaer.
Syn.: Lichen hymeneus Ach., Pertusaria lecanorodes Erichsen, Pertusaria sublecanorodes
Werner, Pertusaria wulfenii DC., Porina rugosa Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate lichen with optimum on
old oaks in open stands; apparently more frequent in the Western and Southern Alps.
– Au: T, K, O. Sw: BE, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pertusaria leioplaca DC.
Syn.: Pertusaria creatomma (Norman) Zahlbr., Pertusaria leucostoma auct. sensu A. Mas-
sal., Pertusaria massalongiana Beltr., Pertusaria plena Anzi, Porina leioplaca Ach. nom.
illeg., Porina leucostoma (Bernh.) Ach., Sphaeria leucostoma Bernh.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a holarctic, mainly temperate early coloniser of
smooth bark found on a wide variety of (mostly) broad-leaved trees; most common
in the montane belt; widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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362
Pertusaria octomela (Norman) Erichsen
Syn.: Pertusaria glomerata (Ach.) Schaer. var. octomela Norman
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: similar to P. glomerata and in the typical strain also
with the same secondary chemistry (norstictic acid), but asci 8-spored and ascospores
smaller; a second strain contains stictic acid and xanthones; on soil and plant debris,
more common in the subarctic to boreal-subalpine zone, with a single record from the
montane belt of the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Pertusaria oculata (Dicks.) . Fr.
Syn.: Lecanidium oculatum (Dicks.) A. Massal., Lecanora oculata (Dicks.) Ach., Lichen
oculatus Dicks.
L – Subs.: deb, bry, ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine
lichen found on soil and plant remains on siliceous substrata, mostly above treeline. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: TI, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Pertusaria pertusa (L.) Tuck. var. pertusa
Syn.: Lichen pertusus L., Pertusaria chioneoides Erichsen, Pertusaria colliculosa Körb.,
Pertusaria communis DC., Pertusaria leioterella Erichsen, Variolaria communis (DC.)
Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen with optimum on
smooth bark in the deciduous forest belts and in natural habitats, most abundant in
the montane belt; widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pertusaria pertusa (L.) Tuck. var. rupestris (DC.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
Syn.: Pertusaria communis DC. var. rupestris DC., Pertusaria rupestris (DC.) Schaer.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on base-rich siliceous
rocks near the coast and in humid mountain areas. – Au: T, S, K, St, N, B. Fr: HAl,
AMa, HSav, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Pertusaria pseudocorallina (Lilj.) Arnold
Syn.: Isidium microstictum (Sm.) Turner & Borrer, Lichen pseudocorallinus Lilj., Per-
tusaria ceuthocarpa (Sm.) Turner & Borrer ex Fr., Pertusaria ceuthocarpoides Zahlbr.,
Pertusaria ceuthocarpoides Zahlbr. var. microstictica (Sm.) Zahlbr., Pertusaria concreta
Nyl., Pertusaria microstictica (Sm.) Erichsen, Pertusaria westringii (Ach.) Hepp
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on steeply inclined
surfaces of siliceous rocks wetted by rain. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VD,
VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Pertusaria pulvereosulphurata Harm.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: the type material recalls a yellowish morph of
Loxospora elatina, but the chemistry is dierent (atranorin and unknown substances);
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 363
likely to belong to a genus other than Pertusaria; on bark of deciduous trees in Western
Europe; most records from the Alps are in need of re-investigation. – Sw: ?BE, ?GL,
?GR, ?SZ, ?VD. Fr: Vau.
Pertusaria pupillaris (Nyl.) . Fr.
Syn.: Lecanora pupillaris Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane, per-
haps holarctic lichen found on hard lignum and smooth bark; overlooked, being al-
most always sterile, and perhaps more widespread, albeit never common, in upland
areas. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: Isè. It: TAA.
Sl: SlA.
Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby
Syn.: Lichen melaleucus Turner & Borrer, Pertusaria melaleuca (Turner & Borrer) Duby,
Pertusaria wulfenii DC. var. glabrata Anzi, Porina pustulata Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on deciduous trees
with smooth bark, especially Carpinus and Fagus, more rarely on deciduous oaks in
moist woodlands. – Au: V, St. Sw: BE. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem. Sl: SlA.
Pertusaria rupicola (Fr.) Harm.
Syn.: Pertusaria rupicola (Fr.) Harm. var. coralloidea (Anzi) Croz., Pertusaria sulphurea
A. Massal. non Schaer., Pertusaria wulfenii DC. var. rupicola Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen of siliceous rocks, most fre-
quent near the coast, but also occurring in humid mountain areas. Isidiate and fruit-
ing specimens are often found together, and intermediate specimens are frequent, the
isidiate morphs (those with isidioid papillae bearing pycnidia) are better treated at the
rank of forma. – Sw: GR. Fr: AMa, Var. It: TAA, Piem, Lig
Pertusaria saximontana Wetmore
Syn.: Pertusaria christae Dibben & Poelt
L – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with a grey thallus containing 2’-O-methylper-
latolic acid, lecanorate fruiting bodies with a blackish epihymenium reacting K+ violet,
and 2-spored asci, based on a type from Wyoming; typically on wood and on bark of
conifers in Western North America; the only record from the Alps was terricolous, and
based on the recently established synonym P. christae. – Au: S.
Pertusaria sommerfeltii (Sommerf.) Fr.
Syn.: Endocarpon sommerfeltii Sommerf., Pertusaria angusticollis Anzi, Pertusaria mela-
stoma Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumpolar, subarctic-subalpine to boreal-mon-
tane lichen found on smooth bark of subalpine shrubs. – Au: V, T, S, St, O. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SG, UR, UW. Fr: HAl, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA.
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364
Pertusaria stenhammari Hellb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a very rarely collected, apparently panboreal-mon-
tane species found on the bark of conifers, with optimum in the upper montane and
subalpine belts. Normally fertile, but the var. elatina Erichsen, described from the Alps,
is sorediate. – Au: T. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Pertusaria trochiscea Norman
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling P. glomerata, but with a
dierent secondary chemistry (coronaton), thallus reacting K-, and 4-spored asci; on
bryophytes and plant debris, with scattered records in Northern Europe from the sub-
arctic to the boreal-alpine zone, rarely recorded elsewhere, with a few records from the
Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K, St.
Petractis clausa (Hom.) Kremp.
Syn.: Gyalecta clausa (Hom.) A. Massal., Gyalecta exanthematica (Sm.) Fr., Lecidea
exanthematica (Sm.) Nyl., Lichen clausus Hom., Petractis exanthematica (Sm.) Fr., -
elotrema clausum (Hom.) Schaer., elotrema exanthematicum (Sm.) Ach., Urceolaria
exanthematica (Sm.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a temperate species found on compact calcareous
rocks in humid-shaded situations, such as in gorges and woodlands, with optimum in
the submediterranean belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Graphis dendritica (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha dendritica Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical species found
on smooth bark of deciduous and evergreen trees in very humid, open woodlands;
strongly declining and presently extinct in several regions (e.g. most records from Aus-
tria and Italy are historical). – Au: S. Fr: Isè, Sav. It: Ven, Lomb, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi (Nádv.) Essl.
Syn.: Phaeophyscia strigosa (Poelt & Buschardt) N.S. Golubk., Physcia cernohorskyi
Nádv., Physcia hirsuta Mereschk. var. echinella Poelt, Physcia strigosa Poelt & Buschardt
L – Subs.: cal, sil, bry – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a widespread, often misunderstood species,
chiey epilithic in the northern part of its range, but found on a wide variety of sub-
strata in the southern part, with optimum in dry-warm areas. e relationships with
Ph. hirsuta await further study: the latter species is rather frequent in the submediterra-
nean belt, whereas Ph. cernohorskyi is common and abundant only in dry-warm areas,
such as in the dry valleys of the Alps. – Au: T, K, St, N. Sw: VS. Fr: AMa. It: TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 365
Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hom.) Moberg
Syn.: Lichen ciliatus Hom., Lichen ulothrix Ach, Physcia ciliata (Hom.) Du Rietz,
Physcia concrustans Nyl., Physcia norrlinii Vain., Physcia obscura auct. non (Ehrh. ex
Humb.) Fürnr., Physcia ulothrix (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal lichen, most
frequent on Fraxinus and Juglans in montane valleys, much less common than the
closely related Ph. orbicularis, being absent from heavily disturbed areas and from eu-
Mediterranean vegetation, and with narrower ecological requirements. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Phaeophyscia constipata (Norrl. & Nyl.) Moberg
Syn.: Physcia constipata Norrl. & Nyl., Physcia pulverulenta (Wahlenb.) Fürnrh. var.
tenuis (Körb.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly circumboreal-montane species
found on mosses and plant debris on basic siliceous substrata, sometimes on soil, in
upland areas, with optimum in dry-warm situations; widespread but not common in
the Alps. – Au: T, S, K. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Phaeophyscia endococcina (Körb.) Moberg
Syn.: Parmelia endococcina Körb., Parmelia obscura (Ehrh.) Fr. var. endococcina (Körb.)
Anzi, Physcia endochroidea Nyl., Physcia endococcina (Körb.) . Fr., Physcia lithotodes
Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal-montane lichen
described from Italy, found near creeks and brooks, but also along seepage tracks in
warm-dry valleys of the Alps; specimens without the red pigment in the medulla are
relatively frequent in the Alps, mostly at low elevations. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Ge.
Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Phaeophyscia endophoenicea (Harm.) Moberg
Syn.: Physcia endophoenicea (Harm.) Sántha, Physcia labrata sensu Frey, Physcia obscura
(Ehrh.) Hampe ex Fürnr. var. endophoenicea Harm., Physcia ocellata Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on epiphytic bryo-
phytes and bark in open, humid woodlands; specimens without the red pigment in the
medulla, which are not rare, can be easily confused with other species. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Phaeophyscia hirsuta (Mereschk.) Essl.
Syn.: Physcia hirsuta Mereschk., Physcia labrata Mereschk., Physcia labrata Mereschk.
var. olivacea Mereschk.
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366
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on isolated trees,
more rarely on rock; widespread throughout the Alps, but only locally common. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Essl.
Syn.: Parmelia hispidula Ach., Physcia hispidula (Ach.) Frey, Physcia setosa (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, sil, cor, ter – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a rare, mainly circumboreal-montane
species, mostly found on terricolous or saxicolous bryophytes in upland areas. – Au: T,
St. Sw: GL, GR. Fr: Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Phaeophyscia insignis (Mereschk.) Moberg
Syn.: Physcia insignis Mereschk., Physcia ticinensis (Mereschk.) Frey, Physcia virella
(Ach.) Flagey var. gracilis Mereschk.
L – Subs.: bry, cal, cor, bry-cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on
isolated trees with base-rich, soft bark; certainly more widespread albeit never common
in the Alps, perhaps often confused with stout specimens of Hyperphyscia adglutinata.
– Au: T, K, St. Sw: GR, TI. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem.
Phaeophyscia kairamoi (Vain.) Moberg
Syn.: Phaeophyscia nadvornikii (Frey & Poelt) N.S. Golubk., Physcia cernohorskyi Nádv.
var. erosa Nádv., Physcia kairamoi Vain., Physcia karakorina Poelt, Physcia nadvornikii
Frey & Poelt
L – Subs.: cor, bry, cal, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on base-rich bark, more rarely on calcifer-
ous schistose rocks. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Sw: GR, SG. It: Frl, TAA.
Phaeophyscia nigricans (Flörke) Moberg
Syn.: Lecanora nigricans Flörke, Physcia leptothallina (Vain.) Zahlbr., Physcia nigricans
(Flörke) Stizenb., Physcia nigricans (Flörke) Stizenb. var. sciastrella (Nyl.) Lynge, Phy-
scia nigricans (Flörke) Stizenb. var. tremulicola (Nyl.) Lynge, Physcia sciastrella (Nyl.)
Harm., Physcia tremulicola Nyl., Physcia tribacella Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, perhaps holarctic
lichen found on a wide variety of substrata, not infrequent, but often overlooked, on
isolated trees in lowland areas, reaching however the subalpine belt; the species has
been often misunderstood and confused with dark-coloured specimens of Ph. orbicu-
laris. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg
Syn.: Lichen orbicularis Neck., Parmelia cycloselis Ach. nom.illeg., Parmelia obscura
(Ehrh.) Fr. var. cycloselis Schaer. nom.illeg., Parmelia obscura (Ehrh.) Fr. var. orbicula-
ris (Neck.) Eschw., Parmelia pulverulenta Ach. non auct., Physcia cycloselis (Durieu &
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 367
Mont.) Vain. ex Räsänen, Physcia hueiana (Harm.) Räsänen, Physcia obscura (Ehrh. ex
Humb.) Fürnr. non auct., Physcia obscura (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. var. hueiana (Harm.)
H. Olivier, Physcia obscura (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. var. virella (Ach.) Nyl., Physcia
orbicularis (Neck.) Poetsch, Physcia orbicularis (Neck.) Poetsch var. virella (Ach.) A.L.
Sm., Physcia pulverulenta (Wahlenb.) Fürnrh. non auct., Physcia virella (Ach.) Flagey,
Physcia virella (Ach.) Flagey var. hueiana (Harm.) Sántha
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, cal, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic, very polymorphic, ecologi-
cally wide-ranging and common species also occurring within settlements on a wide
variety of substrata; widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Phaeophyscia poeltii (Frey) Nimis
Syn.: Physcia poeltii Frey
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate species found on isolated deciduous trees
with nutrient-rich bark, especially in montane valleys. – Sw: BE, GR, SG, TI, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl.
Syn.: Physcia pusilla Mereschk., Physcia pusilloides Zahlbr., Physcia suzai Nádv.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species found on isolated deciduous
trees with nutrient-rich bark, especially Juglans and Fraxinus in montane valleys, absent
from urban areas, somehow less frequent in semi-natural stands; often confused, in the
past, with other species. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
TI, VD. Fr: Var. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Moberg
Syn.: Physcia orbicularis (Neck.) Poetsch f. rubropulchra Degel.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate epiphytic species,
known from Eastern North America and West Asia, with a few relict stations in
Europe. – It: Frl.
Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.) Moberg
Syn.: Hagenia obscura (Ehrh.) De Not. var. sciastra (Ach.) Bagl. & Carestia, Parmelia
sciastra Ach., Physcia lithotea auct., Physcia sciastra (Ach.) Du Rietz
L – Subs.: cal, sil, bry, xyl, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen with a wide al-
titudinal and longitudinal range, found on the top of exposed calciferous boulders,
sometimes on siliceous rocks or even on eutrophicated lignum, epilithic mosses, etc.,
with a wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav,
HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
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368
Phaeophyscia stiriaca (Poelt) Clauzade & Cl. Roux ex Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Physcia stiriaca Poelt
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a rare species resembling Ph. endophoenicea in the
presence of red crystals in the lower medulla, but with a pale to tan lower surface and
labriform soralia on ascending lobes, developing coarse soredia; on bark of deciduous
trees in lowland forests, with a few scattered records throughout Central Europe. – Au:
V, St. Ge: OB.
Phaeorrhiza nimbosa (Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Parmelia nimbosa Fr., Rinodina nimbosa (Fr.) Tr.Fr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, deb, bry – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine spe-
cies found on naked earth, dead mosses and plant debris on more or less calciferous
ground, often in wind-exposed situations, with optimum above treeline; common in
the Alps, where it reaches the nival belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It:Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Phaeorrhiza sareptana (Tomin) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt var. sphaerocarpa (. Fr.)
H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Buellia dovrensis H. Magn., Buellia hypoleuca H. Magn., Rinodina nimbosa (Fr.)
. Fr. var. sphaerocarpa . Fr.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, deb – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a rather rare species found on naked earth,
dead mosses and plant debris in dry grasslands near and above treeline. – Au: T.
Fr: AHP, HAl. It: Ven, TAA.
Phlyctis agelaea (Ach.) Flot.
Syn.: Lichen agelaeus Ach., elotrema variolariodes auct. var. agelaeum (Ach.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean lichen found
on acid-barked trees (especially Quercus ilex) in slightly sheltered but not very shaded
situations. – Au: T, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GL, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr:AMa,
Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Phlyctis argena (Spreng.) Flot.
Syn.: Parmelia argena Spreng., Pertusaria reducta Stirt., Phlyctis erythrosora Erichsen,
Urceolaria variolarioides Pers.
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a subtropical to southern boreal-montane, hol-
artic lichen, an aggressive coloniser of smooth bark (e.g. of Carpinus) in sheltered situ-
ations (e.g. in forests), with optimum in the deciduous forest belts; widespread and
common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:AP,
BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 369
Phylliscum demangeonii (Moug. & Mont.) Nyl.
Syn.: Collema demangeonii Moug. & Mont., Phylliscum endocarpoides Nyl., Phylliscum
silesiacum Stein
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, probably cir-
cumpolar lichen found on steeply inclined seepage tracks of siliceous rocks, mostly in
upland areas; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: S. It: TAA, Piem.
Physcia adscendens H. Olivier
Syn.: Parmelia stellaris (L.) Ach. var. adscendens Fr., Physcia ascendens Bitter
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, cal, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen, one of the
most common species of the genus throughout the Alps, mostly on isolated trees, but
also on walls and eutrophicated calciferous rocks. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl:
SlA, Tg. Li.
Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr.
Syn.: Lichen aipolius Ehrh. ex Humb., Parmelia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Ach., Parmelia
stellaris (L.) Ach. var. aipolia (Humb.) Hazsl., Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. var.
acrita (Ach.) Hue, Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. var. anthelina (Ach.) Vain.,
Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. var. cercidia (Ach.) Nyl., Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl.
var. aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) . Fr., Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. var. angustata Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate species, altitudinally inter-
mediate between Ph. biziana and Ph. stellaris, most frequent at low elevations only
in humid areas. Molecular data suggest that the Physcia aipolia-Ph. caesia-complex
includes several entities which, diering also in morphology and/or chemistry, can be
treated as distinct species. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE,
FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Physcia aipolioides (Nádv.) Breuss & Türk
Syn.: Physcia biziana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. var. aipolioides Nádv.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species resembling Ph. biziana, but thalli larger, with
thicker, slightly pruinose lobes, lacking lobules in the centre, and underside with yel-
lowish areas; widespread and fairly common on bark of roadside trees in the eastern
part of Central Europe and in inland localities of the Balkan Peninsula, with a few
records from the eastern foothills of the Eastern Alps. – Au: N, B.
Physcia albinea (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Lichen alboniger Schleich., Parmelia albinea Ach., Physcia albonigra (Schleich.) Dal-
la Torre & Sarnth., Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. subsp. albinea (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
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370
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks, certainly rare and doubt-
fully distinct from Ph. stellaris. – Au: T, S, St. Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, HSav, Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Physcia biziana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. var. biziana
Syn.: Physcia ragusana Zahlbr., Squamaria biziana A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate species found
on isolated trees at low altitudes; most common at low elevations in the Western and
Southern Alps. – Au: S, K, St, N. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Physcia biziana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. var. leptophylla Vězda
Syn.: Physcia rondoniana Clauzade & Vězda
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: an interesting taxon well worth of further study;
in the study area so far known only from the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: Var. It: Lig.
Physcia caesia (Hom.) Fürnr. var. caesia
Syn.: Hagenia caesia (Hom.) Bagl. & Carestia, Lichen caesius Hom., Parmelia caesia
(Hom.) Ach., Physcia caesia (Hom.) Fürnr. var. ventosa (Lynge) Frey, Physcia ventosa
(Lynge) Sántha
L – Subs.: cal, int, sil, xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine,
circumpolar species, common only in upland areas, mostly in natural habitats (e.g. on
the top of calcareous boulders); it exceptionally grows also on bark and lignum im-
pregnated with calcareous dust; widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Physcia caesia (Hom.) Fürnr. var. caesiella (B. de Lesd.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Physcia caesiella (B. de Lesd.) Suza, Physcia subalbinea Nyl., Physcia tribacoides
Nyl. var. caesiella B. de Lesd., Physcia wainioi Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil, cal, bry, deb – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: ecologically similar to the typical variety,
but most common in dry-warm valleys of the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, B. Ge: Schw.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Physcia caesia (Hom.) Fürnr. var. rhaetica Frey
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a morph with an orange medulla, most frequent
in continental Alpine areas, which is worth of further study. – Au: V, T, K. It: Piem.
Physcia clementei (Turner) Lynge
Syn.: Lichen clementei Turner, Physcia astroidea auct.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate, mainly western
species growing on more or less isolated trees; rare throughout the Alps, most frequent
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 371
in areas with a humid-rainy climate. – Sw: TI, UW. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl. var. dimidiata
Syn.: Parmelia albinea Ach. var. dimidiata (Arnold) Jatta, Parmelia pulverulenta Ach.
var. dimidiata Arnold
L – Subs.: sil, cal, cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate, probably
holarctic lichen found on steeply inclined surfaces of basic siliceous rocks and calcifer-
ous sandstone, on old walls, more rarely on the basal parts of old trees, mostly below
the subalpine belt. – Au: T, S, K, St, N, B. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP. It:
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl. var. ornata (Nádv.) Moberg
Syn.: Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl. f. ornata Nádv.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a variety with narrow lobes and crenate tips;
usually on rocks with high content of calcium, often under overhangs; apparently
this is the most common variety in Eastern and Central Europe, but it was not
generally distinguished, so that the distribution in the Alps is insuciently known.
– Au: T, N.
Physcia dubia (Hom.) Lettau
Syn.: Lobaria dubia Hom., Physcia caesia (Hom.) Fürnr. var. dubia (Hom.) . Fr.,
Physcia dubia (Hom.) Lettau var. teretiuscula (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Physcia
intermedia Vain., Physcia lyngei Nádv., Physcia teretiuscula (Ach.) Lynge, Physcia wahl-
enbergii Lynge
L – Subs.: cal, sil, int, cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a widespread holarctic species with
a broad latitudinal and altitudinal range, found on base-rich substrata, both in natural
situations and on walls in villages, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Physcia leptalea (Ach.) DC.
Syn.: Lichen leptaleus Ach., Lichen semipinnatus J.F. Gmel., Physcia semipinnata (J.F.
Gmel.) Moberg, Physcia subteres (Harm.) Lettau
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate lichen, most
common on twigs of shrubs below the montane belt. – Au: V, S, K. Sw: GR, SZ, TI,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Physcia magnussonii Frey
Syn.: Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. var. subincisa (. Fr.) Lynge, Physcia
caesia (Hom.) Fürnr. var. albinea Anzi, Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. var. subincisa . Fr.
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372
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of base-rich siliceous
rocks, often starting its development in ssures of the rock. – Au: T, S, K. Sw: GR, VS.
Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Physcia phaea (Tuck.) J.W. omson
Syn.: Parmelia phaea Tuck., Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. subsp. phaea
(Tuck.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Physcia melops Dufour ex Nyl.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen related to Ph. aipolia, found on siliceous rocks slightly manured by birds, with
optimum above treeline, up to the nival belt in the Alps, where it is generally not com-
mon. – Au: T, S, K. Sw: GL, GR, UR. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: TAA, VA.
Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl.
Syn.: Hagenia stellaris (L.) De Not., Lichen stellaris L., Parmelia stellaris (L.) Ach.,
Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. var. ambigua (Ehrh.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a (cool-) temperate to southern boreal-
montane, circumpolar lichen of isolated trees. Ph. biziana, Ph. aipolia and Ph. stellaris,
although often overlapping in their altitudinal distributions, are altitudinal vicariants
in the Alps, Ph. stellaris has the optimum in and above the beech-belt, and is the most
“continental” of the three species; widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC.
Syn.: Borrera tenella (Scop.) Ach., Hagenia tenella (Scop.) De Not., Lichen tenellus
Scop., Parmelia stellaris (L.) Ach. var. tenella (Scop.) Spreng., Parmelia tenella (Scop.)
Ach., Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier var. tenella (Scop.) H. Olivier, Physcia stellaris
(L.) Nyl. var. tenella (Scop.) Nyl., Physcia subobscura (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate species. Its separation
from Ph. adscendens is not always clear: very characteristic specimens, hardly referrable
to Ph. adscendens, are most common in the submediterranean belt in semi-natural
situations. Some records might be due to confusion with young or poorly developed
specimens of Ph. adscendens. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR,
GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Lecanora tribacia Ach., Physcia erosa (Borrer) Leight.
L – Subs.: int, cal cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a widespread Mediterranean to xeric
subtropical lichen found on basic siliceous rocks in sunny situations, often with Peltula
euploca and ecologically related species, but less bound to periodical seepage of water;
widespread in the Alps, being most common in the dry Alpine valleys. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 373
Physcia vitii Nádv.
L # – Subs.: sil, bry, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: the circumscription of this species is not
clear: it resembles a very stout Ph. adscendens without brils, and seems to be most
common in heavily polluted areas. – Au: T. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, TI. It: Frl,
Ven, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Li.
Physciella chloantha (Ach.) Essl.
Syn.: Parmelia chloantha Ach., Phaeophyscia chloantha (Ach.) Moberg, Physcia luganen-
sis Mereschk., Physcia obscura (Ehrh.) Hampe ex Fürnr. var. chloantha (Ach.) Rabenh.,
Physcia pragensis Nádv.
L – Subs.: cor, cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, typically submediterranean
species occurring on a wide range of substrata (mostly on bark of isolated trees, but also
on limestone in open woodlands), but never common in heavily disturbed habitats.
– Au: V, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, TI, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt
Syn.: Hagenia detersa (Nyl.) Bagl., Parmelia pulverulenta auct. var. detersa Nyl., Physcia
detersa (Nyl.) Nyl., Physcia detersella Nádv.
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on mossy rocks along steep slopes, and on trunks
of deciduous trees in the montane belt. – Au: T, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
VS. Fr: Isè. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Physconia distorta (With.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Lichen distortus With., Physcia pulverulenta auct. non (Wahlenb.) Fürnrh., Physco-
nia distorta (With.) J.R. Laundon f. subvenusta (Nyl.) J.Nowak, Physconia pulverulacea
Moberg, Physconia pulverulenta (Wahlenb.) Poelt
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean to temperate lichen of isolated
trees, rare only in truly Mediterranean vegetation and in polluted areas, most frequent
below the montane belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N,
B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt
Syn.: Physcia enteroxantha Nyl., Physcia enteroxanthella (Harm.) H. Olivier, Physcia
subdetersa Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a Mediterranean to temperate species found on iso-
lated trees, sometimes on mossy rocks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K,
St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GL, GR, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
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374
Physconia grisea (Lam.) Poelt subsp. grisea
Syn.: Hagenia pulverulenta auct. var. pityrea (Ach.) Bagl. & Carestia, Lichen griseus
Lam., Parmelia farrea Ach., Parmelia pityrea (Ach.) Ach., Parmelia pulverulenta auct.
var. grisea (Lam.) Spreng., Physcia farrea (Ach.) Vain., Physcia grisea (Lam.) Zahlbr.,
Physcia grisea (Lam.) Zahlbr. var. pityrea (Ach.) Flagey, Physcia pityrea (Ach.) Nyl.,
Physconia farrea (Ach.) Poelt non sensu Poelt
L – Subs.: cor, sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate, perhaps holarctic
lichen found both on bark (often on basal parts of isolated trees) and on calciferous
rocks (especially calcareous sandstone, e.g. on walls); widespread throughout the Alps,
with optimum below the montane belt, locally common also in urban areas. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Physconia grisea (Lam.) Poelt subsp. lilacina (Arnold) Poelt
Syn.: Parmelia pulverulenta auct. f. lilacina Arnold, Physcia grisea (Lam.) Zahlbr. var.
lilacina (Arnold) Nádv., Physcia lilacina (Arnold) Poelt
L – Subs.: sax, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on rock, more rarely on eutrophicated bark or
lignum; mostly restricted to dry-warm sites in the Mediterranean belt and in dry-warm
valleys of the Alps. – Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, Vau. It: VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Physconia muscigena (Ach.) Poelt var. muscigena
Syn.: Hagenia pulverulenta auct. var. muscigena (Ach.) Bagl. & Carestia, Parmelia mu-
scigena Ach., Physcia muscigena (Ach.) Nyl., Physcia pulverulenta (Wahlenb.) Fürnr. var.
muscigena (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, bry, deb – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar
lichen found on mosses and plant debris in open situations, such as in grasslands and
on mosses growing on isolated calcareous boulders; widespread and common through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Physconia muscigena (Ach.) Poelt var. bayeri (Nádv.) Poelt
Syn.: Physcia bayeri Nádv.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, bry, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a variety diering from typi-
cal Ph. muscigena in the yellowish medulla, the colour intensifying with K; ecology
comparable to that of the type variety, but also found on mossy faces of both calcare-
ous and volcanic rocks, and perhaps more frequent at lower elevations; not generally
distinguished, and therefore distribution in the Alps insuciently known. – Au: T, K,
St. It: VA.
Physconia perisidiosa (Erichsen) Moberg
Syn.: Physcia perisidiosa Erichsen, Physconia farrea auct. et sensu Poelt non (Ach.) Poelt
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 375
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate lichen with a
fragmented holarctic distribution, found both on bark and on epiphytic mosses; most
common in submediterranean areas with a warm-suboceanic climate, but rare in dis-
turbed habitats; widespread throughout the Alps below the subalpine belt. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Physconia petraea (Poelt) Vězda & Poelt
Syn.: Physconia muscigena (Ach.) Poelt var. petraea Poelt
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on base-rich siliceous rocks and epi-
lithic mosses in dry-warm situations, and in need of further study. – Au: T, S, St. Sw:
VS. Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Physconia servitii (Nádv.) Poelt
Syn.: Physcia servitii Nádv.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic to mild-temperate, mainly
western lichen found on old trees in open woodlands; apparently restricted to the
Western and Southern Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lig.
Physconia subpulverulenta (Szatala) Poelt
Syn.: Physcia subpulverulenta Szatala
L – Subs.: cor, bry-cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen of
isolated trees, in the study area so far known from the base of the Western Alps only.
– Fr: Var.
Physconia thorstenii A. Crespo & Divakar
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this recently-described corticolous species grows
on the nutrient-rich or moderately eutrophicated rough bark of a wide range of both
deciduous and evergreen trees. Common in the Central Iberian Peninsula, it is also
known from the southern Euro-Asiatic region (Italy, Austria, France, Greece, Cyprus,
Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tadzhikistan), and from North Africa (Morocco).
It might have been confused with Ph. distorta, and might be more frequent. – It: TAA.
Physconia venusta (Ach.) Poelt
Syn.: Anaptychia subaquila (Nyl.) Kurok., Parmelia venusta Ach., Physcia pulverulen-
ta (Wahlenb.) Fürnr. var. venusta (Ach.) Nyl., Physcia subaquila Nyl., Physcia venusta
(Ach.) Nyl.; incl. Physcia amoena (Zahlbr.) Nádv.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: one of the few lichens whose distribution is centered
on the Mediterranean mountains, and one of the most abundant and typical lichens of
the Central and South Italian humid beech forests, which is rare in the Alps. e forms
called subaquila are worthy of further study: they dier in the black lower surface and
the saxicolous growth, and could represent a good species. – Sw: ?UR, ?VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig. Sl: Tg.
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376
Piccolia ochrophora (Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Biatorella ochrophora (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidea ochrophora Nyl., Strangospora
ochrophora (Nyl.) R.A. Anderson
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on Populus, but also
on Sambucus and other trees with base-rich bark in rather shaded and humid situa-
tions; overlooked, but certainly rare and declining in the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N,
B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, SG, SZ. Fr: Var, Vau. Sl: SlA.
Pilophorus cereolus (Ach.) . Fr
Syn.: Lichen cereolus Ach., Pilophorus robustus . Fr. var. cereolus (Ach.) . Fr., Stereo-
caulon cereolinum Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: an arctic-alpine, probably incompletely circumpolar
lichen found on siliceous rocks in moist-wet situations near treeline; all records from
the Alps are historical. – Au: T. Sw: UR. It: TAA, Piem.
Placidiopsis cinerascens (Nyl.) Breuss
Subs.: ter – Alt.: 1–2
Syn.: Catapyrenium circinatum (Bagl.) Jatta, Dermatocarpon cinerascens (Nyl.) Zahlbr.,
Endocarpon cinerascens Nyl., Endocarpon circinatum (Bagl.) Lojka, Placidiopsis circinata
Bagl., Placidiopsis pisana Bagl., Placidium cinerascens (Nyl.) Arnold, Placocarpus cinera-
scens (Nyl.) Trevis., Verrucaria cinerascens (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on clayey, somewhat calciferous but often super-
cially decalcied soil in grasslands and garrigues below the montane belt; apparently
more common in the Western and Southern Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven,
Piem, VA.
Placidiopsis crassa (Anzi) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2
Syn.: Dermatocarpon crassum (Anzi) Zahlbr., Endocarpon crassum Anzi
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a rare species found on periodically ooded siliceous
rocks below the montane belt. – Fr: Var. It: Lomb.
Placidiopsis custnani (A. Massal.) Körb.
Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3
Syn.: Catapyrenium custnani (A. Massal.) Jatta, Dermatocarpon cartilagineum (Nyl.)
Zahlbr., Dermatocarpon crenulatum (Nyl.) Mig., Endocarpidium custnani (A. Massal.)
Müll. Arg., Endocarpon cinereum Pers. var. cartilagineum Nyl., Endocarpon custnani (A.
Massal.) Hepp, Endopyrenium cartilagineum (Nyl.) P. Syd., Paraplacidiopsis crenulata
(Nyl.) Servít, Placidiopsis cartilaginea (Nyl.) Vain., Placidiopsis crenulata (Nyl.) Zschac-
ke, Placidium custnani A. Massal., Verrucaria cinerascens (Nyl.) Nyl. var. crenulata Nyl.,
Verrucaria crenulata (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: an often overlooked terricolous lichen
found on calciferous soil and calcicolous mosses, which seems to be most common in
the submediterranean belt; apparently more frequent in the Western and Southern
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 377
Alps. – Au: K. Ge: Schw. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Placidiopsis dermatocarpoides Anzi
Syn.: Catapyrenium dermatocarpoides (Anzi) Jatta, Verrucaria dermatocarpoides (Anzi)
Stizenb.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species characterised by a combination of hyaline
rhizohyphae and dark brown pigmented ascomatal walls; known only from the type
collection in Italy, on soil in ssures of serpentine. – It: Lomb.
Placidiopsis oreades Breuss
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species resembling P. cinerascens in habitus and
in the presence of hyaline rhizohyphae, but lacking a distinct epinecral layer, with a
paraplectenchymatic lower cortex becoming brownish with age; on marly soil and in
crevices, with scattered records from the mountains of Central Europe and Inner Asia,
apparently rare in the Alps. – Au: K. Ge: OB. Sw: BE.
Placidiopsis pseudocinerea Breuss
Syn.: Placidiopsis cervina auct. scand. non (Nyl.) Vain.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found on
soil and on moribund bryophytes on siliceous, base-rich or slightly calciferous soil (e.g.
on calcareous schist), with optimum near and above treeline; it can be easily confused
with Catapyrenium cinereum and is certainly much more widespread in the Alps. – Au:
T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Placidiopsis tiroliensis Breuss
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species resembling P. cinerascens, but with
brown rhizohyphae, distinguished from the ecologically similar and much more com-
mon P. pseudocinerea by the broadly ellipsoid to subspherical ascospores; in crevices of
calcareous rocks; so far there are only a few records from the Alps. – Au: V, T, St, K.
Sw: VD. Fr: HSav.
Placidium adami-borosi Szatala
Syn.: Catapyrenium adami-borosi (Szatala) Breuss
L – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 3 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean (-montane) lichen found on
soil derived from metamorphic, base-rich rocks in dry grasslands, morphologically and
anatomically similar to P. lachneum, but with a dierent ecology and distribution; from
the Alps there is a single record (Switzerland). – Sw: TI.
Placidium boccanum (Servít) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium boccanum (Servít) Breuss, Dermatocarpon boccanum Servít
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate lichen
growing on calciferous clayey soil, often also found on walls, including those of mortar;
very rare in the Alps. – Fr: AMa. It: Ven.
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378
Placidium imbecillum (Breuss) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium imbecillum Breuss
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a terricolous species known from the Alps
and from several isolated stations in Southern Europe, with optimum near and above
treeline. – Au: V, T, K, St, O. Sw: GR, TI, UW. Sl: SlA.
Placidium lachneum (Ach.) B. de Lesd. var. lachneum
Syn.: Catapyrenium lachneum (Ach.) R. Sant., Dermatocarpon lachneum (Ach.) A.L.
Sm., Endopyrenium lachneum (Ach.) Hav., Lichen lachneus Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane to arctic-al-
pine, circumpolar lichen found on terricolous bryophytes and on more or less organic
calciferous soil in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Placidium lachneum (Ach.) B. de Lesd. var. oleosum (Breuss) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium lachneum (Ach.) R. Sant. var. oleosum Breuss
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, deb – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a variety without or with a few pyc-
nidia only, and cells of the lower cortex with many oil droplets; on soil over a wide
range of rocks; overall distribution arctic-alpine; widespread in the Alps, mainly from
the alpine to nival belt, but not always distinguished. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB.
Sw: GR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa.
Placidium michelii A. Massal.
Syn.: Catapyrenium michelii (A. Massal.) R. Sant., Dermatocarpon michelii (A. Massal.)
Zwackh, Endocarpon michelii (A. Massal.) Bausch, Endopyrenium michelii (A. Massal.) Körb.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, deb – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate lichen found on min-
eral, especially sandy soil in open grasslands. – Sw: BE, GR, TI. Fr: AMa, Isè. It: Ven,
Lomb, Piem.
Placidium norvegicum (Breuss) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium norvegicum Breuss
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a species with a thallus usually forming ro-
settes with incised-lobate margins, large ascospores, and rod-shaped conidia develop-
ing inside laminal pycnidia; on mossy soil; overall distribution arctic-alpine, with a few
records from the Alps. – Au: T, S, St, N. Sw: GR, VS.
Placidium pilosellum (Breuss) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium bullatescens P.M. McCarthy, Catapyrenium pilosellum Breuss
L – Subs.: bry, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate lichen
found on more or less calciferous soil rich in humus, often growing amongst bryophytes;
widespread throughout the Alps, below the subalpine belt. – Au: T, St, O, N. Sw: BE,
GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 379
Placidium rufescens (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Catapyrenium lachneum (Ach.) R. Sant. subsp. rufescens (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux, Catapyrenium rufescens (Ach.) Breuss, Dermatocarpon rufescens (Ach.) . Fr.,
Dermatocarpon rufopallens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Dermatocarpon terrigenum Tomin, Endocar-
pon rufescens Ach., Endocarpon rufopallens Nyl., Endopyrenium rufescens (Ach.) Körb.,
Endopyrenium rufopallens (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cal, int, sil, ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a Mediterranean to (mainly)
mild-temperate, holarctic lichen found on vertical seepage tracks of calcareous rocks,
almost always with colonies of cyanobacteria, more rarely on plant debris, calciferous
soil, terricolous or epilithic bryophytes; widespread throughout the Alps, reaching the
alpine belt in sunny, warm sites. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Placidium savonicum (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Involucrocarpon savonicum Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a verrucose to squamulose, brown
thallus consisting of areoles and squamules (to 0.5 mm in diam.) with free, slightly
elevated margins, lower cortex not developed, ascomata not protruding, visible only by
the dots of the ostioles (c. 0.1 mm in diam.), a thin, entire involucrellum, and oblong
ascospores (to c. 22 µm long); on calcareous rocks; only known from the type locality
in Italy. – It: Lig.
Placidium squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss, Dermatocarpon trapeziforme auct. p.p. non
Lichen trapeziformis J. König, Endocarpon squamulosum Ach., Endocarpon exiguum Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen found on
calciferous soil, often amongst bryophytes in open dry grasslands, with a rather wide
altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Placidium tenellum (Breuss) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium tenellum Breuss
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a widespread but rare species of dry, very open grass-
lands and garrigues on calcareous substrata, extending eastward to Mongolia, with a
single record from low elevations in the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Vau.
Placidium velebiticum (Zahlbr. ex Zschacke) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium velebiticum (Zahlbr. ex Zschacke) Breuss & Etayo, Dermatocarpon
velebiticum Zahlbr. ex Zschacke
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling P. rufescens in e.g. the marginal
pycnidia, but squamules thinner (hardly exceeding 400 µm) and ascospores narrower;
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
380
overgrowing calcicolous bryophytes in temporarily moist sites; widespread in South-
ern and Central Europe but altogether rare, with a few records from the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: O, N. Sl: SlA.
Placocarpus melanophthalmosus Cl. Roux & Gueidan
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a recently-described species resembling P. schaereri, but
parasitic on Rhizoplaca melanophthalma, with smaller squamules, a thinner medulla,
and smaller ascospores with a thinner halo. – Fr: AHP.
Placocarpus schaereri (Fr.) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium schaereri (Fr.) R. Sant., Dermatocarpon monstrosum (Schaer.) Vain.,
Dermatocarpon saxorum (Chaillet) Trevis., Endocarpon miniatum (L.) P. Gaertn., G.
Mey. & Scherb. var. monstrosum Schaer., Endocarpon monstrosum (Schaer.) A. Massal.,
Endopyrenium monstrosum (Schaer.) Hazsl., Parmelia schaereri Fr., Placidium monstro-
sum (Schaer.) A. Massal., Verrucaria schaereri (Fr.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal-par, cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate lichen
found on exposed calcareous boulders, with optimum in the submediterranean belt;
when young, it is a constant parasite on Protoparmeliopsis versicolor. – Au: K, St, N.
Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig.
Placolecis opaca (Dufour) Hafellner
Syn.: Astroplaca opaca (Dufour) Bagl., Biatora opaca (Dufour) Jatta, Lecidea endochrys-
oides Hue, Lecidea opaca Dufour, Psora opaca (Dufour) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a calcicolous lichen found in the Mediterranean and
(more rarely) submediterranean belts, on both shaded and sunny surfaces of compact
calcareous rocks; its distribution extends widely into Central Asia; apparently most
frequent in the Southern and Western Alps, at low elevations, but generally rare; the
records from Switzerland are dubious. – Sw: ?GR. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Placopsis gelida (L.) Linds.
Syn.: Lecanora gelida (L.) Ach., Lecanora gelida (L.) Ach. f. neglecta Degel., Lichen geli-
dus L., Placodium gelidum (L.) Gray, Squamaria gelida (L.) Hook.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a boreal-montane to arctic-alpine, incompletely cir-
cumpolar lichen found on small siliceous pebbles and on basal parts of large boulders,
mostly in moist situations of the upper montane and subalpine belts; rare in the Alps.
– Au: T, S, St. Fr: HSav. It: Piem.
Placopsis lambii Hertel & V. Wirth
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species resembling juvenile thalli of P. gelida
without cephalodia, usually sorediate, rarely with apothecia and normally poorly de-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 381
veloped; ecologically similar to Lecanora subaurea, found on low outcrops and small
boulders of metal-rich siliceous rocks in sites with an oceanic climate; in the study
area known from a few localities, all below treeline in the Eastern Alps (Austria). –
Au: V, S, O.
Placopyrenium breussii Cl. Roux & Gueidan
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species resembling P. formosum in the grey, areo-
late, non-lobate thallus, but ascospores with a thin perispore; lichenicolous on thalli
of Aspicilia calcitrapa on basic to subneutral siliceous rocks in dry-warm sites; recently
described from the Pyrenees and so far only known from the western Mediterranean
region, with records from the base of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Placopyrenium canellum (Nyl.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria aspiciliae Zehetl. non (J. Lahm) Stizenb. nec Vain., Verrucaria aspicilii-
cola R. Sant., Verrucaria canella Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a very common saxicolous species which starts
the life-cycle on species of the Aspicilia calcarea-complex; certainly more widespread in
the Alps, but formerly misunderstood. – Au: St, N. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, Piem, Lig.
Placopyrenium cinereoatratum (Degel.) Orange
Syn.: Verrucaria cinereoatrata Degel.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu(-par) – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species resembling P. fuscellum, with a
crustose to subsquamulose, irregularly areolate, pruinose thallus; a facultative parasite
of Staurothele ssa on siliceous rocks along streams and lakes; widespread in Western
and Northern Europe but rare, with two isolated records from the Alps, but perhaps
not recognised, and therefore overlooked elsewhere. – Au: T. Fr: AMa.
Placopyrenium formosum Orange
L – Subs.: sil-aqu(-par) – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species resembling P. canellum in the grey,
areolate, non-lobate thallus, but with smaller ascospores; a facultative parasite of Aspi-
cilia aquatica on siliceous rocks along streams; widespread in Western and Northern
Europe but rare, with records only from the Western Alps (France). – Fr:AMa.
Placopyrenium fuscellum (Turner) Gueidan & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lichen fuscellus Turner, Lithocia fuscella (Turner) A. Massal., Verrucaria fuscella
(Turner) Winch, Verrucaria glaucelloides Hepp, Verrucaria glaucina auct. non Ach., Ver -
rucaria glebulosa Nyl., Verrucaria griseoatra (Kremp.) Servít
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on steeply inclined calciferous rocks (mainly
limestone and dolomite), often on Verrucaria nigrescens; a polymorphic taxon in need
of revision. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: AP, BE, GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
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382
Placopyrenium gorzegnoense (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Dermatocarpon gorzegnoense Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a spreading, verrucose-areolate to
squamulose thallus, the squamules (to 1 mm in diam.) subdivided into whitish pruin-
ose verruculae (to 0.2 mm in diam.), with a thick, brown, paraplectenchymatic basal
layer, ascomata 1–3 per squamule only slightly protruding, involucrellum lacking, as-
cospores oblong to ellipsoid (to c. 20 µm long); on a calcareous rock, only known from
the type locality in the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Piem.
Placopyrenium tatrense (Vězda) Breuss
Syn.: Placidiopsis tatrensis Vězda
L – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: widespread but uncommon in the Pyrenees, the
Alps, Carpathians and the Balkan Mountains and Crimea, mainly in the upper mon-
tane to the alpine belt. – Au: S. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AMa.
Placopyrenium trachyticum (Hazsl.) Breuss var. trachyticum
Syn.: Catapyrenium trachyticum (Hazsl.) R. Sant., Dermatocarpon trachyticum (Hazsl.)
Vain., Endopyrenium trachyticum Hazsl., Placidiopsis trachytica (Hazsl.) Servít
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on base-rich siliceous rocks. is species, fre-
quently confused with P. fuscellum, extends more widely in the submediterranean belt
than P. bucekii. – Au: K, N. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Piem, VA.
Placopyrenium trachyticum (Hazsl.) Breuss var. subtrachyticum (B. de Lesd.) Breuss
Syn.: Catapyrenium subtrachyticum B. de Lesd., Dermatocarpon subtrachyticum (B. de
Lesd.) Zahlbr., Dermatocarpon trachyticum (Hazsl.) Vain. var subtrachyticum (B. de
Lesd.) Servít, Placidiopsis subtrachytica (B. de Lesd.) Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 2 – Note: a variety diering from typical P. trachyticum
in the presence of intermixed 1-septate ascospores; on various types of rocks; rare
throughout Europe at low elevations, with a few records from the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: AMa.
Placynthiella dasaea (Stirt.) Tønsberg
Syn.: Lecidea dasaea Stirt.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on acid soil, lignum and bark in upland
areas; probably more widespread in the Alps, but overlooked. – Au: T, O. Sw: GL, GR,
TI, UR, VS. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Placynthiella hyporhoda (. Fr.) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Lecidea hyporhoda . Fr., Lecidea uliginosa (Schrad.) Ach. f. hyporhoda (. Fr.)
Hedl., Saccomorpha hyporhoda (. Fr.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, ter – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on soil rich in heavy metals in upland areas;
probably more widespread in the Alps, but overlooked – It: TAA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 383
Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Biatora fuliginea (Ach.) Fr., Biatora uliginosa (Schrad.) Fr. var. fuliginea (Ach.) Fr.,
Lecanora terricola Ach., Lecidea fuliginea Ach., Lecidea icmalea Ach., Lecidea trachylina
Nyl., Lecidea uliginosa (Schrad.) Ach. var. fuliginea (Ach.) Link, Pannularia perfurfu-
rea Nyl., Parmeliella perfurfurea (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Placynthiella perfurfurea (Nyl.) Gyeln.,
Saccomorpha icmalea (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: xyl, bry, deb, cor, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread, mainly north-
ern holarctic lichen found on disturbed soil, turf, decomposed lignum (common on
stumps), much more rarely on acid bark, and then mostly on basal parts of trunks;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Placynthiella oligotropha (J.R. Laundon) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Lecidea oligotropha J.R. Laundon, Saccomorpha oligotropha (J.R. Laundon) Clau-
zade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-sil, ter-cal, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-
montane, probably circumpolar lichen found on soil and turf, more rarely on weath-
ering siliceous rocks, mostly in clearings of woodlands in upland areas; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Placynthiella uliginosa (Schrad.) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Biatora humosa (Hom.) Arnold, Biatora uliginosa (Schrad.) Fr., Biatora uliginosa
(Schrad.) Fr. var. humosa (Hom.) Fr., Lecidea humosa (Hom.) Leight., Lecidea uligi-
nosa (Schrad.) Ach., Lecidea uliginosa (Schrad.) Ach. var. humosa (Hom.) Ach., Lichen
uliginosus Schrad., Saccomorpha arenicola Elenkin, Saccomorpha uliginosa (Schrad.)
Hafellner
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane,
probably circumpolar lichen, mostly found on acid soil, more rarely on strongly de-
composed lignum; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Placynthium anemoideum (Servít) Gyeln.
Syn.: Placynthium subradiatum (Nyl.) Arnold f. anemoideum Servít
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a blackish crustose thallus
composed of subsquamulose, roundish areoles (not egurate at the margin), with
sessile, black apothecia and one-septate ascospores, based on a type from Croatia;
on calcareous rocks, ecology poorly known but in the protologue contact to run-
ning water is not indicated; the only record from the Alps (France) needs critical
re-evaluation. – Fr: AHP.
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384
Placynthium asperellum (Ach.) Trevis.
Syn.: Catillaria subalpina . Fr., Collema asperellum Ach., Placynthium aspratile (Ach.)
Henssen, Placynthium vrangianum Gyeln., Pterygium asperellum (Ach.) Nyl., Toninia
asperella (Ach.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on moist calciferous and base-rich siliceous
rocks in upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa. It: Lomb.
Placynthium baumgartneri (Zahlbr.) Gyeln.
Syn.: Placynthium coerulescens (Harm.) Gyeln., Pterygium baumgartneri Zahlbr., Pteryg-
ium coerulescens Harm.
L – Subs.: cal, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species with an egurate thallus lacking
a prothallus, the areoles in the centre often falling o and the marginal lobes in dense
radial arrangement, at, brownish with a greyish pruina, sessile black apothecia, and
3-septate ascospores; on steep faces of calcareous rocks; known from Southern and
Central Europe, with several records from Austria and France (paratype of P. coerules-
cens), perhaps overlooked elsewhere, or misidentied as P. subradiatum. – Au: T, S, St,
O. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var.
Placynthium caesium (Fr.) Jatta
Syn.: Bacidia caesitia (Nyl.) Jatta, Collolechia caesia (Fr.) A. Massal., Lecidea caesitia
Nyl., Lecidea contigua (Hom.) Fr. var. caesia Fr., Lecidea triptophylla Ach. var. caesia
Schaer., Pannaria nigra (Huds.) Nyl. var. caesia (Fr.) Malbr., Placynthium caesitium
(Nyl.) Hue, Placynthium garovaglii (A. Massal.) Malme var. subtile G. Czeika, Scolicio-
sporum caesitium (Nyl.) Jatta
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with a partly unusual set of characters (but
generic arrangement recently conrmed by molecular data), with a crustose thallus
lacking a prothallus, black biatorine apothecia, and 3–6-septate, fusiform ascospores;
a mainly southern species in Europe, found on steeply inclined surfaces of calcareous
rocks with some water seepage after rain. In Northern Europe it has been frequently
confused with P. garovaglii, which is a completely dierent species, although material
with poorly developed marginal lobes may be dicult to identify. – Au: T, O, N. Sw:
GR, UW, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Placynthium dolichoterum (Nyl.) Trevis.
Syn.: Lecothecium pluriseptatum Arnold, Pannaria dolichotera Nyl., Parmeliella melan-
tera (Stirt.) A.L. Sm., Placynthium pluriseptatum (Arnold) Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on basic siliceous or slightly calciferous rocks
in humid-sheltered situations near or above treeline. A poorly known species of the P.
nigrum-complex, which badly needs revision. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ,
VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 385
Placynthium liforme (Garov.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Leptogium cornicularioides Bagl., Parmelia liformis Garov., Polychidium cen-
trifugum (Nyl.) Jatta, Pterygium centrifugum Nyl., Pterygium liforme (Garov.) A.L.
Sm., Wilmsia centrifuga (Nyl.) Körb.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a Mediterranean (-montane) to mild-temperate li-
chen found on steeply inclined seepage tracks of calcareous rocks, with a rather wide
altitudinal range. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, SZ, UW. Fr: AHP,
AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Placynthium abellosum (Tuck.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Anziella adglutinata (Anzi) Gyeln., Lecothecium adglutinatum Anzi, Pannaria a-
bellosa Tuck., Placynthium adglutinatum (Anzi) Trevis.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane, perhaps circumpolar
lichen found on moist siliceous rocks (inundation zones along streams, seepage tracks),
often near mountain rivulets. – Au: T, S, St. Fr: HAl, AMa, HSav, Var. It: TAA, Lomb.
Placynthium garovaglii (A. Massal.) Malme
Syn.: Placynthium caesium auct., Racoblenna garovaglii A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on steeply inclined, sunny surfaces of calcareous rocks
with some water seepage. e species name is often spelled garovaglioi, but the latinised
name of Santo Garovaglio (who wrote most of his works in Latin) was Garovaglius,
whose genitive is garovaglii. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
LU, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Placynthium hungaricum Gyeln.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate species found
on steeply inclined, sun-exposed seepage tracks of calcareous rocks, usually below the
subalpine belt. – Au: V, T, St, O, N. Sw: SZ, GR. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Lomb.
Placynthium lismorense (Cromb.) Vain.
Syn.: Pterygium lismorense Cromb.
L – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on more or less calcareous rocks along seepage
tracks at relatively low elevations. – Sw: SZ. Fr: AMa, Var.
Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Gray
Syn.: Collema nigrum (Huds.) Hom., Lecothecium nigrum (Huds.) A. Massal., Lichen
niger Huds., Pannaria nigra (Huds.) Nyl., Pannaria psotina (Nyl.) Leight., Pannularia
nigra (Huds.) Nyl., Placynthium corallinoides Jatta, Placynthium siliceum Gyeln.
L – Subs.: cal, int, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a probably holarctic, subtropical to subarctic
species found on more or less calciferous rocks, often near the ground in sheltered situ-
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386
ations, from the Mediterranean belt (only in shaded-humid situations) to the moun-
tains, also common in small urban settlements (e.g. on north-facing walls); widespread
and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Placynthium pannariellum (Nyl.) H. Magn.
Syn.: Pterygium pannariellum Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species somehow resembling P. abellosum, from
which it might not have been always distinguished, but with a squamulose, olive-brown
thallus on a bluish-black prothallus, narrow, elongated marginal lobes which are only
loosely attached to the substrate, a convex upper surface with longitudinal ne grooves,
the central squamules with isidioid to ligulate outgrowths of variable length; rarely fer-
tile; on temporarily inundated siliceous rocks along streams and lake shores; widespread
in Europe but much more common in the North. – Au: T, K, St. Fr: AHP, AMa.
Placynthium posterulum (Nyl.) Henssen
Syn.: Pterygium posterulum Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species recalling a poorly developed P. subradiatum,
with which it might have been confused, the olive-brown to blackish brown thalli
forming rings with disintegrating centres, but radial growth often less prominent, mar-
ginal lobes more or less round in transverse section and lower surface lacking any blue
to violet pigment, loosely attached to the substrate by bundles of rhizohyphae; on
sunny, steep faces of calcareous rocks; widespread in Central Europe, with a few scat-
tered records from Eastern Alps. – Au: V, T, St. Ge: OB.
Placynthium rosulans (. Fr.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecothecium rosulans . Fr., Placynthium pannariellum (Nyl.) H. Magn. var.
rosulans (. Fr.) Degel.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a northern species found on moist siliceous rocks, e.g.
in inundation zones along brooks, near or above treeline; known from a few localities
in the Alps, but perhaps more widespread. e relationship with P. pannariellum still
needs further study. – Au: T. Ge: OB. It: Piem.
Placynthium subradiatum (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecothecium controversum Anzi, Lecothecium radiosum Anzi, Lecothecium subra-
diatum (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Pannaria subradiata Nyl., Placynthium radiosum
(Anzi) Jatta, Pterygium subradiatum (Nyl.) Nyl., Wilmsia radiosa (Anzi) Körb.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on vertical, sun-exposed seepage tracks of calcareous
rocks, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 387
Placynthium tantaleum (Hepp) Hue
Syn.: Biatora corallinoides (Schaer.) Hepp var. tantalea Hepp, Placynthium diblastum
Gyeln., Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Gray var. tantaleum (Hepp) Arnold, Racoblenna
tantalea (Hepp) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cal, sil, sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks along
mountain streams. Often considered as a synonym of P. nigrum, this species diers in
the smooth areolae, the constantly 2-celled ascospores, and the ecology (hydro – and
orophilous). – Au: T, K, St, O, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Sav. It: Piem.
Placynthium tremniacum (A. Massal.) Jatta
Syn.: Racoblenna tremniaca A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: the 1-septate spores and the pruinose thallus with
somewhat stouter, more or less at, minute squamules, dierent marginal lobes, and
the less developed prothallus distinguish this species from P. nigrum. e taxonomic
value of these characters needs however further study. – Au: T, K, St, N. Sw: VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Drô, Var. It: Ven, Lig.
Platismatia glauca (L.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.
Syn.: Cetraria fallax (Weber) Anders, Cetraria glauca (L.) Ach., Lichen glaucus L., Par-
melia glauca (L.) Hepp, Platysma fallax (Weber) Hom., Platysma glaucum (L.) Frege
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to circumboreal species,
abundant in the montane and subalpine belts, on bark of beech and of conifers, some-
times even on lignum. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR,
LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Pleopsidium chlorophanum (Wahlenb.) Zopf
Syn.: Acarospora chlorophana (Wahlenb.) A. Massal., Gussonea chlorophana (Wahlenb.)
Tornab., Parmelia chlorophana Wahlenb., Pleopsidium avum (Bellardi) Körb. var. ch-
lorophanum (Wahlenb.) Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, bipolar lichen found on vertical
or underhanging surfaces of often metal-rich siliceous rocks in exposed situations with
optimum above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Pleopsidium oxytonum (Ach.) Rabenh.
Syn.: Acarospora ava (Bellardi) Trevis. (1853!), Acarospora oxytona (Ach.) A. Massal.,
Gussonea ava (Bellardi) Anzi, Gussonea oxytona (Ach.) A. Massal., Lecanora oxytona Ach.,
Lichen avus Bellardi (1792) non Schreb. (1771), Pleopsidium avum (Bellardi) Körb.
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: somehow more common than P. chlorophanum
in the Mediterranean mountains, and in areas with a continental climate, as in the
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388
Central Alpine chains. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Pleurosticta acetabulum (Neck.) Elix & Lumbsch
Syn.: Imbricaria acetabulum (Neck.) DC., Lichen acetabulum Neck., Melanelia acetab-
ulum (Neck.) Essl., Parmelia acetabulum (Neck.) Duby, Parmelia corrugata Ach. nom.
illeg., Pleurosticta lichenicola Petr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: an epiphytic species most frequent in somehow con-
tinental areas, below the subalpine belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE,
GL, LU, SG, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Pleurosticta koerae (Clauzade & Poelt) Elix & Lumbsch
Syn.: Melanelia koerae (Clauzade & Poelt) Essl., Parmelia koerae Clauzade & Poelt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with thalli recalling those of a sterile P. acetabulum,
but with a dierent secondary chemistry (major substance: salazinic acid), older parts of
thalli sometimes with isidioid warts; rather loosely attached to siliceous rocks, often with
a low content in calcium, and there also overgrowing mosses and soil layers; widespread
in Eurasia but rare, with two records from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HAl.
Poeltinula cacuminum Cl. Roux
Syn.: Encephalographa cerebrina (DC.) A. Massal. subsp. cacuminum Asta, Clauzade
& Cl. Roux [invalidly published, ICN Art. 40.1 + 8], Poeltinula cacuminum (Asta,
Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Clauzade & Cl. Roux comb. inval.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on hard calciferous and dolomitic rocks in exposed,
but not sunny situations, with optimum above treeline; much overlooked, probably
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: ?T, K, St. Sw: VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl.
Poeltinula cerebrina (DC.) Hafellner subsp. cerebrina
Syn.: Buellia cerebrina (DC.) . Fr., Encephalographa cerebrina (DC.) A. Massal., Leci-
dea cerebrina (DC.) Schaer., Lithographa cerebrina (DC.) Leight., Melanospora cerebri-
na (DC.) Mudd, Opegrapha cerebrina DC., Patellaria cerebrina (DC.) Duby
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined faces of compact calciferous rocks,
especially dolomite, mostly in upland areas. – Au: T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
BE, GL, LU, UR, UW, VD. Fr: HAl, Isè. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Poeltinula cerebrina (DC.) Hafellner subsp. parvocalcicola Cl. Roux
Syn.: Encephalographa cerebrina (DC.) A. Massal. subsp. parvocalcicola Asta & Cl.
Roux [invalidly published, ICN Art. 40.1 + 8], Poeltinula cerebrina (DC.) Hafellner
subsp. parvocalcicola (Asta & Cl. Roux) Clauzade & Cl. Roux comb. inval.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a taxon diering from the nominal subspe-
cies in the more exposed apothecial discs and the greenish epihymenium; on calcare-
ous schists, ecologically similar to Stenhammarella turgida; only known from the Alps,
rarely recorded, but probably not consistently distinguished. – Au: ?T. Fr: Sav.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 389
Polyblastia abscondita (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Verrucaria abscondita Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on calcareous rocks in rather sheltered situations
near and above treeline; closely related to P. albida and not always distinguished from
the latter. – Au: V, T, S, K, O. Ge: Ge. It: TAA.
Polyblastia absconditoides (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art.
36.1b)
Syn.: Amphoroblastia absconditoides Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species of the P. sepulta-group with an endolithic
thallus forming brownish patches up to 2 cm in diam., immersed ascomata (to about
0.3 mm in diam.), ovoid to oblong ascospores with 3, rarely 5 transversal septa and
usually 1 incomplete longitudinal septum (to c. 30 µm long); on calcareous rocks, ecol-
ogy otherwise poorly known; only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps
(Slovenia). – Sl: SlA.
Polyblastia abstrahenda Arnold
Syn.: Polyblastia intercedens auct.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species close to or perhaps identical with P. fus-
coargillacea, with a thin, whitish, rimose thallus and small ascomata with a basally pale
wall and a descending involucrellum, broadly ellipsoid ascospores with 5–7 transversal
septa and 2–3 longitudinal septa; the type is on phyllitic rock, but the species was also
found on calcareous schists; rather common in the Alps at high elevations, but often
confused with other species. – Sw: GR.
Polyblastia albida Arnold
Syn.: Amphoroblastia albida (Arnold) Servít, Polyblastia alpina Metzler
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on hard calciferous rocks and dolomite in sheltered
situations, also within forests. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Polyblastia amethystina Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a calcicolous species resembling P. forana, but the
granulose thallus whitish to brownish-grey with a rose tinge, ascospores larger (25–33
× 12–14 µm), mostly clavate and 3-septate (occasionally with one longitudinal sep-
tum), and ascomata with a basally dark exciple and open involucrellum; widespread
in Central Europe from the lowlands to the subalpine belt, but rarely collected, with a
single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Polyblastia amota Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on calciferous rocks in sheltered situations, mostly
in upland areas; closely related to P. albida, from which it diers in the slightly larger
spores (see Roux et al. 2014: 899); not always distinguished from P. albida. – Au: V, T,
St. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Ven, TAA.
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390
Polyblastia antonii Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species described as an endolithic calcicolous lichen,
but the minute ascomata, said to be similar to those of Halospora deminuta and con-
taining 8-spored asci with muriform brown ascospores, could be those of a lichenicol-
ous fungus (Merismatium?); only known from the locus classicus in the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: N.
Polyblastia ardesiaca (Bagl. & Carestia) Zschacke
Syn.: Polyblastia sprucei (Anzi) Arnold, Sagedia sprucei Anzi, elidium ardesiacum
Bagl. & Carestia
L – Subs.: cal, cal-aqu, sil-aqu, int-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a calcicolous species found
on periodically submerged rocks in mountain creeks, usually near or above treeline. –
Au: T, S, K, N. Sw: BE, TI. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Polyblastia aurantia Breuss
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling P. sepulta in the endolithic
thallus and the immersed perithecia lacking an involucrellum, but the outer part of
the ascomatal wall with an orange-red pigment, and ascospores with more septa; on
calcareous rocks; only known from the locus classicus at low elevation in the Eastern
Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Polyblastia bormiensis Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: ?3–5 – Note: a silicicolous species resembling P. fuscoargillacea,
but with a dierent ecology and with a thin, epilithic, ochraceous, rimose to areolate
thallus forming large patches, the areolae supercially granulose to minutely verrucose,
hemispherically protruding perithecia (to 0.25 mm in diam.) with an adpressed in-
volucrellum reaching down about 1/3 of the perithecium, and subglobose to broadly
obovoid ascospores (to c. 25 µm long) with up to 6 transversal septa and up to 2
incomplete longitudinal septa; only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps
(Italy). – It: Lomb.
Polyblastia bryophila Lönnr.
L – Subs.: deb, cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species resembling P. sendtneri, but with a subs-
quamulose thallus on a black prothallus, only slightly immersed ascomata developing
mainly along the edges of the areolae, larger and more muriform ascospores with 5–7
transversal septa and 3–5 longitudinal septa; overgrowing mosses and plant debris on
calcareous soil; overall distribution Holarctic, most common in Northern Europe; in the
Alps rare, but perhaps not recognised or overlooked in some countries. – Au: N. Sw: SZ.
Polyblastia buerensis Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin thallus and ascomata immersed
in pits in the rock, 8-spored asci, and narrowly ellipsoid, submuriform ascospores re-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 391
sembling those of P. dermatodes but less regularly divided; on clayey limestone; rare
in Central Europe at low elevations; in the Alps known from a few scattered records.
– Au: St, O. Fr: AHP.
Polyblastia cinerea (A. Massal.) Jatta
Syn.: Amphoridium cinereum A. Massal., Verrucaria dictyospora Stizenb.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on sheltered calcareous rocks near or above treeline;
a critical taxon, which deserves further study. – Au: ?T, ?S, O, N. Sw: GR. It: Ven,
Lomb.
Polyblastia clandestina (Arnold) Jatta
Syn.: Sporodictyon clandestinum Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on calcareous rocks in sheltered situations; apparently
restricted to the Alps, where it is probably more widespread. – Au: T, O. Fr: HSav. It:
Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Polyblastia cupularis A. Massal. var. cupularis
Syn.: Polyblastia avicans Müll. Arg., Polyblastia intercedens (Nyl.) Lönnr. non sensu .
Fr., Polyblastia lutosa Zschacke, Polyblastia pallescens Anzi
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumboreal to arctic-alpine species found on
hard rocks, including dolomite and calciferous schist, in rather sheltered and humid
situations. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem. Sl: SlA.
Polyblastia cupularis A. Massal. var. crepaturae (Zschacke) Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal, ?int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a critical taxon distinguished from the typi-
cal variety by the presence of gloeohyphae in and below the algal layer; on calcareous
rocks, ecology otherwise poorly known, with scattered records from Eastern and Cen-
tral Europe; rare in the Alps but probably not always distinguished. – Au: ?V. Fr: Sav.
Polyblastia deplanata Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a calcicolous species, closely related to P. ventosa,
and rarely collected. – Au: ?V, T, K. Sw: GR. Fr: Sav. It: TAA.
Polyblastia dermatodes A. Massal.
Syn.: Amphoroblastia dermatodes (A. Massal.) Servít, Amphoroblastia tyrolensis (Arnold)
Servít, Polyblastia schraderi (Gray) A.L. Sm.; incl. Polyblastia bavarica Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on shaded, inclined surfaces of calciferous rocks
(limestone, dolomite), with optimum near and above treeline, sometimes with Eiglera
homalomorpha. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, UW, VS. Fr:
Isè, Sav. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: Tg.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
392
Polyblastia dominans (Arnold) Zahlbr.
Syn.: elidium dominans Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species resembling P. sepulta (with which it is
sometimes merged), with a thin to entirely endolithic thallus and ascomata immersed
in pits, lacking an involucrellum, but the narrow ellipsoid ascospores larger, with 3
transversal septa and occasionally an incomplete longitudinal septum; on calcareous
rocks; widespread in Europe and most frequent in the Central European mountains;
from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: T, St. Sl: Tg.
Polyblastia epigaea A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: deb, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a terricolous taxon in need of critical re-
evaluation because the ascomata are rather small for a Polyblastia and the muriform
ascospores are given as brown in the protologue and hyaline in consecutive treatments.
If the statements in the protologue (“thallus verrucoso-squamulosus sordide fuscus, …
sporidia…fusca”) are correct, the species could belong to Agonimia, or the description
could refer to a lichenicolous fungus; based on a type from Switzerland, other records
from the Alps are dubious. – Au: ?S. Ge: ?OB, ?Schw. Sw: Sw.
Polyblastia epomphala (Nyl.) Zschacke
Syn.: elidium epomphalum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria epomphala Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thin, whitish thallus and ascomata
immersed in thalline warts, with an apical involucrellum and a pale ascomatal wall,
ascospores submuriform, resembling those of P. sepulta; based on a type from Romania
on temporarily submerged calcareous stones; the only record from the Alps (France),
however, is on siliceous rocks. – Fr: Isè.
Polyblastia evanescens Arnold
L – Subs.: bry, cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on bryophytes (Racomitrium, Distichum,
Encalypta), with optimum above treeline; very rarely collected, but perhaps more wide-
spread in the Alps. – Au: T, St, O. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav, Vau.
It: TAA.
Polyblastia forana (Anzi) Arnold
Syn.: elotrema foranum Anzi, Verrucaria forana (Anzi) Nyl., Verrucaria pallidelutea Garov.
L # – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: this rarely collected lichen of hard limestone and
dolomite is worthy of further study. – Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VD. It: TAA, Lomb.
Polyblastia fuscoargillacea Anzi
Syn.: incl. Polyblastia fuscoargillacea Anzi var. cinerea Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cal, sil, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an early coloniser of calciferous rocks, in-
cluding small pebbles on the ground, with optimum near or above treeline; probably
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, UR,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 393
Polyblastia gneissiaca Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a silicicolous species with a thin, whitish thallus,
semi-immersed ascomata with a pigmented wall and a descending involucrellum, and
hyaline, ovoid ascospores with 6–7 transversal septa and 3–4 longitudinal septa; only
known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
Polyblastia helvetica . Fr.
Syn.: Amphoroblastia helvetica (. Fr.) Servít
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on more or less calciferous soil, often
amongst bryophytes, with optimum near treeline. – Au: V, T. Sw: BE, GR, VD. It:
Frl, Ven, Lomb.
Polyblastia intermedia . Fr.
Syn.: ?Polyblastia kernstockii Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species of calciferous rocks with
optimum above treeline; the Italian record refers to P. kernstockii. – Au: ? V. It: TAA.
Polyblastia latebrosa (Bagl. & Carestia) Jatta
Syn.: Microglaena latebrosa (Bagl. & Carestia) Jatta, Weitenwebera latebrosa Bagl. &
Carestia
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: only known from the type collection, on granite,
this species is likely to be closely related to, or a synonym of Protothelenella sphinctri-
noides, but was forgotten because of the unavailability of the type, which is most prob-
ably in MOD (see Nimis 1993: 559). – It: Piem.
Polyblastia leptospora Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, greenish-white thallus with gloeo-
hyphae, ascomata immersed in pits, with a pigmented wall lacking an involucrellum,
and narrowly ellipsoid ascospores with 5–7 transversal septa and 1 incomplete longi-
tudinal septum; on calcareous rocks in Eastern and Central Europe, with a few records
from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: V, S.
Polyblastia likana Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species related to P. ardesiaca, with a thin whitish
thallus and semi-immersed perithecia with a pigmented wall and an apical involucrel-
lum, but the ovoid ascospores smaller, usually with 3 transversal septa and occasionally
a single, incomplete longitudinal septum; on limestone in Central Europe and in the
mountains of the Mediterranean region; apparently rare in the Alps, being only known
from Austria. – Au: N.
Polyblastia maculata Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species resembling P. clandestina in the endolithic
thallus and the ascomata immersed in pits, but with larger, narrow ascospores with 5–7
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
394
transversal septa and a single, incomplete longitudinal septum; on limestone in Eastern
and Central Europe, with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: V.
Polyblastia microcarpa (Arnold) Lettau
Syn.: Polyblastia cupularis A. Massal. f. microcarpa Arnold, Polyblastia cupularis A. Mas-
sal. var. microcarpa (Arnold) ined.
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: this species diers from P. cupularis only in
the smaller perithecia, but no valid name is available at the varietal rank, which would
perhaps be more appropriate; on base-rich or calcareous rocks in sheltered situations,
with optimum near or above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR.
Fr: AHP, Sav. It: Ven, TAA.
Polyblastia moravica Zschacke
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thin thallus, semi-immersed
ascomata with a pigmented wall and a thick involucrellum in the upper half, and ellip-
soid ascospores with 3 transversal septa and a single, incomplete longitudinal septum;
on long-time moist schists in Central Europe, with a few records from the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: T, St.
Polyblastia murorum B. de Lesd.
Syn.: incl. Polyblastia murorum B. de Lesd. var. denudata B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a whitish-grey, rimose to areolate thallus
with very small areolae, entirely immersed perithecia leaving pits after they have fallen
out, and broadly ellipsoid, muriform ascospores; on calcareous walls at low elevations
in the northern Mediterranean region, with a single record from a wall near Nice
(France). – Fr: AMa.
Polyblastia nidulans (Stenh.) Arnold
Syn.: Verrucaria nidulans Stenh.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on compact limestone and dolomite in sheltered
situations, with optimum above treeline. – Au: ?V, T, S, St. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Vau.
Polyblastia pachydermis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a whitish endolithic thallus, globose
perithecia immersed in pits, and narrowly ovoid, muriform ascospores with 4–7 trans-
versal septa and 3–5 longitudinal septa; on calcareous rocks in Central Europe; so far
only known from the Eastern Alps (Slovenia). – Sl: SlA.
Polyblastia peminosa (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Verrucaria peminosa Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a reddish-grey, rimose to areolate
thallus, immersed perithecia with a descending involucrellum, and ascospores with
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 395
highly variable septation (partly simple, partly with 2–5 transversal septa, and part-
ly with an incomplete longitudinal septum); on periodically inundated siliceous
rocks in the European mountains, with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Aus-
tria). – Au: T.
Polyblastia philaea Zschacke
Syn.: Amphoroblastia philaea (Zschacke) Servít
L # – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a very poorly understood species found on soil,
both on bare ground and amongst bryophytes. – It: TAA.
Polyblastia plicata (A. Massal.) Lönnr.
Syn.: Verrucaria plicata A. Massal.; incl. Polyblastia singularis (Kremp.) Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on compact limestone and dolomite in shaded and
humid situations, mostly in upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Sw: GR, SZ, UR. Fr:
AHP, HAl, Sav. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Polyblastia quartzina Lynge
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with an epilithic, rimose, brownish-green
thallus, rather small, semi-immersed ascomata with a diverging involucrellum in the
lower part, and small, broadly ellipsoid ascospores with 1–3 transversal septa and a
single longitudinal septum, based on a type from Novaya Zemlya on siliceous rocks
(quartzite); widespread in Eurasia but apparently rare; in the so far only known from
the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Polyblastia quinqueseptata (Arnold) Zschacke
Syn.: elotrema quinqueseptatum Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal, ter-cal, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on shaded surfaces of calcareous rocks
in the mountains; closely related to P. sepulta. – Au: St. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Polyblastia rivalis (Arnold) Zschacke
Syn.: elidium rivale Arnold
L – Subs.: cal-aqu, int-aqu, sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a whitish-grey,
partly endolithic thallus, ascomata semi-immersed in pits protruding with the upper
third, a dark exciple and a descending involucrellum, and submuriform, ellipsoid, rela-
tively large ascospores (to 75 µm long) with 3–6 transversal septa and (partly) a single,
incomplete longitudinal septum; on periodically inundated limestone or calcareous
schists; only known from the Eastern Alps (Austria) but likely to occur elsewhere in
the Alps. – Au: T, S.
Polyblastia rouxiana Vězda & Vivant
L – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 2 – Note: on bare soil in clearings of garrigue and maquis vegeta-
tion over calcareous substrata, mainly in the Mediterranean belt, with a few records
from the Western and Southern Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var. It: Ven.
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396
Polyblastia sendtneri Kremp.
Syn.: elotrema sendtneri (Kremp.) Anzi
L – Subs.: deb, ter-cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine species
found on organic soil, mosses and plant debris with optimum above treeline; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE,
GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
Polyblastia sepulta A. Massal.
Syn.: Amphoroblastia calcivora (Nyl.) Servít, Amphoroblastia pertusula (Nyl.) Servít,
Amphoroblastia sepulta (A. Massal.) Servít, Polyblastia calcivora (Nyl.) Croz., Polyblastia
pertusula (Nyl.) Zschacke, elidium calcivorum (Nyl.) Hulting, elidium epipolaeum
Arnold non A. Massal., Verrucaria calcivora Nyl., Verrucaria pertusula Nyl., Verrucaria
sepulta (A. Massal.) Wedd.; incl. Amphoroblastia bavarica (Dalla Torre & Sarnth.) Ser-
vìt, Polyblastia bavarica (Dalla Torre & Sarnh.) Zschacke, elidium bavaricum Dalla
Torre & Sarnth.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species resembling P. dominans, but with smaller,
narrowly ellipsoid ascospores with usually 5 transversal septa and occasionally a single
incomplete longitudinal septum; on hard calciferous rocks in shaded and humid situa-
tions, often on pebbles, most frequent above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps.
e whole complex – see synonyms – is in need of revision. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD. Fr: AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Polyblastia subglacialis Riedl
L # – Subs.: int – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with an indistinct thallus, hemispherical,
protruding perithecia with a basally hyaline wall and a thick involucrellum reaching
the substrate, and ellipsoid, muriform ascospores up to c. 50 µm long; on siliceous
boulders of moraines in the glacier foreland of the high-alpine to subnival belt; only
known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Polyblastia subocellata . Fr.
L # – Subs.: bry, ter-sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species of unclear relationship, perhaps be-
longing to Sporodictyon, with a whitish granulose thallus, and ellipsoid, muriform (to c.
60 µm long) ascospores which are rst hyaline, then brownish; on cushions of mosses
over siliceous substrata; rare, from the boreal-alpine to the temperate-alpine zone, with
a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: S.
Polyblastia tatrana Servít
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species resembling P. sendtneri, but
with a basally closed involucrellum; on soil and plant debris over calcareous rocks in
the European mountains; distribution insuciently documented because the species
was often not distinguished, with a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria), but
probably still overlooked elsewhere. – Au: V, S, K, St, O.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 397
Polyblastia triglavensis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a whitish endolithic thallus,
globose perithecia almost entirely immersed in pits, the ostiolar region surrounded by
a weakly developed thalline annulus, and ellipsoid ascospores not exceeding 30 µm in
length, with usually 3 transversal septa and a single, incomplete longitudinal septum;
in the study area so far only known from the Eastern Alps (Slovenia). – Sl: SlA.
Polyblastia ventosa Arnold nom.illeg. non A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on limestone and dolomite in rather exposed situa-
tions, with optimum above treeline. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, O. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Polyblastia verrucosa (Ach.) Lönnr.
Syn.: Pyrenula verrucosa Ach.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on steeply inclined, sheltered surfaces of calcareous
rocks, with optimum above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, Sav, HSav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, VA.
Polyblastidium subneglectum (Elix) Kalb
Syn.: Heterodermia japonica auct. eur., Heterodermia obscurata auct. eur. p. max. p.,
Heterodermia subneglecta Elix
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: according to Roux et al. (2014) most samples
of Heterodermia obscurata from Europe do actually belong to this species, which dif-
fers in chemical characters and in having a white, yellow-orange-spotted lower surface
(whereas the lower surface of H. obscurata is yellow-orange throughout). – It: Frl.
Polycauliona candelaria (L.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting
Syn.: Lecanora candelaria (L.) Ach., Lichen candelarius L., Massjukiella candelaria (L.)
S.Y. Kondr., Fedorenko, S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, J.-S. Hur & A. ell, Physcia
controversa A. Massal., Physcia lychnea (Ach.) Nyl., Xanthoria candelaria (L.) . Fr.,
Xanthoria controversa (A. Massal.) Rabenh., Xanthoria lychnea (Ach.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: both on bark and on rock, sometimes on
nutrient-enriched lignum, with optimum in upland areas with a subcontinental cli-
mate (e.g. continental valleys of the Alps). – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Polycauliona phlogina (Ach.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting
Syn.: Caloplaca citrina (Hom.) . Fr. f. phlogina (Ach.) D. Hawksw., Caloplaca cit-
rina (Hom.) . Fr. var. phlogina (Ach.) H. Olivier, Caloplaca phlogina (Ach.) Flagey,
Parmelia citrina (Hom.) Ach. var. phlogina Ach., Placodium phloginum (Ach.) A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: for a long time regarded as the mainly corti-
colous ecotype of Caloplaca citrina, but evidently dierent, and according to recent
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398
reconstructions of the Teloschistales phylogeny, a species of the “Xanthoria polycarpa-
candelaria-group”; most epiphytic records of supposed Caloplaca citrina might belong
here; rare, in Central Europe most records are historical. – Sw: FR, SZ, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Sav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Polycauliona polycarpa (Hom.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting
Syn.: Lobaria polycarpa Hom., Massjukiella polycarpa (Hom.) S.Y. Kondr., Fedoren-
ko, S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, J.-S. Hur & A. ell, Xanthoria polycarpa (Hom.)
. Fr. ex Rieber
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar species
found on isolated trees and sun-exposed branches and small twigs, on wooden poles
and fences; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Polycauliona ucrainica (S.Y. Kondr.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting
Syn.: Massjukiella ucrainica (S.Y. Kondr.) S.Y. Kondr., Fedorenko, S. Stenroos, Kärne-
felt, Elix, Hur & A. ell, Xanthoria ucrainica S.Y. Kondr.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species resembling P. candelaria (and perhaps
just an extreme morphotype of the latter), but lobes distinctly foliose, becoming wider
towards the margin, divided into microlobuli forming blastidia (40–60 µm in diam.),
and pycnidia containing ellipsoid rather than bacilliform pycnoconidia; usually on
bark of deciduous trees; widespread in Europe and Asia but rather rare, perhaps not
always distinguished from other Polycauliona species; for the Alps there are only a few
scattered records from Austria and Switzerland. – Au: K. Sw: GR.
Polychidium muscicola (Sw.) Gray
Syn.: Collema muscicola (Sw.) Ach., Homodium muscicola (Sw.) Nyl., Leptogium musci-
cola (Sw.) Fr., Lichen muscicola Sw., Polychidium kalkuense Räsänen
L – Subs.: bry, sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a widespread mild-temperate to southern
boreal lichen found on soil and amongst bryophytes over siliceous substrata, more
rarely on the basal parts of ancient trees, with a rather wide altitudinal range. – Au: V,
T, S, St, N. Sw: GR, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Polysporina cyclocarpa (Anzi) Vězda
Syn.: Acarospora cyclocarpa (Anzi) Jatta, Biatorella cyclocarpa (Anzi) Lindau, Lithographa
cyclocarpa Anzi, Sarcogyne cyclocarpa (Anzi) J. Steiner
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on dolomite and calcareous schists, but especially
on pure limestone, with optimum above treeline; closely related to P. urceolata. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav,
HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 399
Polysporina ferruginea (Lettau) M. Steiner ex Kantvilas
Syn.: Polysporina simplex (Taylor) Vězda f. ferruginea (Lettau) Clauzade & Cl. Roux,
Sarcogyne simplex (Taylor) Nyl. f. ferruginea Lettau
L # – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on basic or slightly calciferous siliceous rocks,
probably lichenicolous on an as yet unidentied host, later forming an autonomous
thallus. Perhaps a synonym of P. subfuscescens, but a well-distinct species according to
Roux. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Frl.
Polysporina limborinella (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner
Syn.: Biatorella limborinella (Müll. Arg.) H. Olivier, Lecidea limborinella Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 6 – Note: a species resembling in habitus to P. urceolata, with a
strongly reduced (endolithic) thallus and rough. brown-black apothecia (to 0.3 mm in
diam) provided with a thick margin with some radial cracks which widely obtects the
punctiform, urceolate disc, and asci containing very numerous, minute ascospores (c.
2 µm long); on\ly known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland), on
siliceous schists. – Sw: VS.
Polysporina pusilla (Anzi) Nimis
Syn.: Biatorella pusilla (Anzi) Zahlbr. ex Beck, Sarcogyne pusilla Anzi
L – Subs.: cal-par, int-par – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a widespread lichenicolous lichen, most
frequent on calcareous rocks in sunny habitats, growing in the apothecia of Protoblas-
tenia-species, mainly P. incrustans. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR,
VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Polysporina simplex (Taylor) Vězda
Syn.: Acarospora simplex (Taylor) Jatta., Biatorella simplex (Taylor) Branth & Rostr., Le-
cidea privigna Ach., Lecidea simplex Taylor, Lichen simplex Davies nom.illeg., Sarcogyne
privigna (Ach.) A. Massal. non auct., Sarcogyne simplex (Taylor) Nyl., ?Sarcogyne simplex
(Taylor) Nyl. var. minor B. de Lesd.; incl. Biatorella hymenogonia Zahlbr., Polysporina
simplex (Taylor) Vězda var. hymenogonia (Zahlbr.) N.S. Golubk.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a holarctic early coloniser of small cracks of siliceous,
sometimes base-rich or slightly calciferous rocks. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Polysporina subfuscescens (Nyl.) K. Knudsen & Kocourk.
Syn.: Acarospora silesiaca (H. Magn.) H. Magn., Acarospora subfuscescens (Nyl.) H.
Magn., Biatorella subfuscescens (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Lecanora subfuscescens Nyl., Polyspo-
rina dubia (H. Magn.) Vězda, Polysporina lapponica auct., Sarcogyne dubia H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil-par, met-par – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a widespread, perhaps non-lichenised
species, often growing on Acarospora. e species is heterogeneous and in need of revi-
sion. – Au: ?V, T, K. Ge: Ge. Sw: VS. Fr: AMa, Var. It: TAA, VA, Lig.
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400
Polysporina urceolata (Anzi) Brodo
Syn.: Acarospora urceolata (Anzi) Jatta, Biatorella urceolata (Anzi) J. Steiner, Sarcogyne
urceolata Anzi, Sarcogyne urceolata Anzi var. herpes Norman
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a calcicolous species with an endolithic thallus,
black apothecia immersed in pits, with prominent, rough margins, diering from the
similar P. pusilla in having a lower hymenium (only c. 60 µm high); widespread in the
Holarctic region, in Europe from the Arctic to the Mediterranean-Alpine zones, with
several scattered records throughout the Alps, mainly in the alpine belt, but probably
more widespread. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Sav. It: Lomb.
Porina ahlesiana (Körb.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Porina globosa (Taylor) A.L. Sm., Porina insiliens (Larbal.) A.L. Sm., Porina sep-
temseptata (Hepp ex Zwackh) Swinscow, Segestrella ahlesiana Körb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a rare species of shaded-humid siliceous rocks, with
a somehow western distribution in Europe and a wide altitudinal range; from the Alps
there are only a few scattered records. – Au: N. Fr: Var. It: Piem.
Porina alpina (Bagl. & Carestia) Lettau
Syn.: Sagedia alpina (Bagl. & Carestia) Jatta, Segestrella alpina Bagl. & Carestia, Ver-
rucaria alpina (Bagl. & Car.) Stizenb.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a long-forgotten species with a subgelatinous-
subleprose thallus, small, brownish-black perithecia, the wall black only in the upper
half, subcylindrical, 6–8-spored asci, sparse, liform paraphyses, and fusiform, acute,
3–7-septate, hyaline ascospores measuring 29–37 × 7–9 µm; only known from the
type collection, on soil in the alpine belt; the type material (probably in MOD) is
worthy of further study. – It: Piem.
Porina arnoldii Poelt & Vězda ex Hafellner & Türk
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a red-brown involucrellum and narrowly
fusiform, 3-septate ascospores; corticolous on branches of Rhododendron, apparently
rare in the Alps, being only known from Austria, but perhaps overlooked elsewhere. –
Au: T, K, St.
Porina calciseda (Bagl. & Carestia) Lettau
Syn.: Sagedia calciseda Bagl. & Carestia, Verrucaria calciseda (Bagl. & Carestia) Stizenb.
non DC.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a long-forgotten species with a rather thick, chalky, dirty
white, continuous to rimose thallus, immersed, black perithecia with a attened ostiolar
region, sparse liform paraphyses, lanceolate 8-spored asci, and elongate-fusiform, straight
to slightly curved, 3–5-septate, hyaline ascospores measuring 29–36 × c. 4 µm; only known
from the type collection, on limestone, which would be worthy of further study. – It: Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 401
Porina constricta (Anzi) Lettau
Syn.: Sagedia constricta Anzi
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: this taxon, which is known only from the type col-
lection on Betula, could be related to Arthopyrenia grisea (see Nimis 1993: 565); it has
an euse, thin, episubstratic, continuous, olive-brown thallus, and minute, numerous,
black, hemispherical and often conuent perithecia, 6 – to 8-spored, ventricose asci,
and fusiform, 3-septate, hyaline ascospores (28–30 × c. 7 µm). – It: Lomb.
Porina hoehneliana (Jaap) R. Sant.
Syn.: Calonectria hoehneliana Jaap
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a humid subtropical to Mediterranean-Atlantic li-
chen found on smooth bark and leaves of evergreen plants (e.g. on leaves of Buxus and
cladodes of Ruscus) in warm-humid woodlands near the coast, with a few records from
the base of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var.
Porina lectissima (Fr.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: ?Sagedia caliginosa Anzi, Sagedia umbonata (Garov.) Jatta, Segestrella lectissima
(Fr.) Anzi, Segestria erysibodes (Taylor) Trevis., Segestria lectissima Fr., Segestria thelosto-
ma (Flot.) A. Massal., Verrucaria erysiboda Taylor, Verrucaria irrigua Taylor, Verrucaria
rubiginosa Taylor, Verrucaria umbonata Garov.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean-Atlantic
species found on steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks in shaded-moist situations,
often in forests, or on periodically submerged rocks near creeks and lakes. – Au: ?V, T,
S, K, St. Sw: BE, TI, UR. Fr: AMa, Var. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Porina leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) A.L. Sm.
Syn.: Bacidia micrococcoides Erichsen, Biatora leptalea Durieu & Mont., Segestria
leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) R.C. Harris
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a humid subtropical to Mediterranean-Atlantic
lichen found on smooth bark of broad-leaved trees in moist forests, sometimes foliicol-
ous on evergreen trees and shrubs (e.g. on Buxus). – Au: V, T, S, St, O, N. Sw: GL, GR,
SZ, UW. Fr: AMa, HSav, Var. Sl: SlA.
Porina leptosperma Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Phylloporina leptosperma (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an obligately foliicolous lichen with tropical-subtrop-
ical anities; in the study area so far known only from the base of the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: AMa, Isè.
Porina mammillosa (. Fr.) Vain.
Syn.: Sagedia declivum Bagl. & Carestia, Sagedia trechalea (Nyl.) Arnold, Segestria
mammillosa . Fr.
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402
L – Subs.: sil, bry, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar spe-
cies found on bryophytes and plant debris over siliceous substrata. – Au: V, T, S, K, St.
It: Frl, Piem.
Porina rosei Sérus.
Syn.: Zamenhoa rosei (Sérus.) P. James
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with orange-brown, fragile isidia, perithecia
partly immersed in the thallus, and ellipsoid, 3-septate ascospores which are up to c.
30 µm long; on bark of deciduous trees in humid forests; widespread and most com-
mon in Western Europe and Macaronesia, with a few records from the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: Drô, Isè, Var.
Porina rubentior (Stirt.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Segestria rubentior (Stirt.) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria rubentior Stirt.
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a foliicolous species with very small thalli, minute,
dark brownish-red perithecia (the colour of the involucrellum), and fusiform to ob-
long, 3-septate ascospores which are up to c. 20 µm long; widespread in the tropics,
with only a few extratropical records including Western Europe, and there usually on
Buxus sempervirens, with a single record from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Isè.
Porina sudetica (Körb.) Lettau
Syn.: Sagedia sudetica (Körb.) Körb., Verrucaria sudetica Körb.
L – Subs.: deb, bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with an euse, granulose thallus,
red-brown perithecia, and fusiform, up to 5-septate ascospores which are to c. 40 µm
long; encrusting saxicolous bryophytes (Andreaea) and plant debris in the subalpine
and alpine belts; rare in the Central European mountains, with a few records from the
Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K, St, O, N.
Porocyphus coccodes Flot. ex Körb.
Syn.: Collema coccodes Flot. ad int., Collema furfurellum Nyl., Porocyphus areolatus Flot.
ex Körb., Porocyphus cataractarum Körb., Porocyphus furfurellus (Nyl.) Forssell, Porocy-
phus vivariensis Couderc, Psorotichia pyrenopsoides (Nyl.) Forssell
L – Subs.: cal, sil, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane,
probably holarctic lichen found in seepage tracks on steeply inclined surfaces of basic
siliceous rocks, e.g. with Peltula, more rarely along creeks and rivers. – Au: T, S, St. Sw:
GR. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav, Var.
Porocyphus rehmicus (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Porocyphus byssoides Hepp, Porocyphus globulosus Couderc, Porocyphus riparius
(Arnold) Körb., Porocyphus rufescens (Hy) Zahlbr., Psorotichia geophila Hy, Psorotichia
rehmica A. Massal., Psorotichia riparia Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on seepage tracks of base-rich or slightly calciferous
rocks, more rarely along creeks and rivers, often found on sandstone walls. – Au: T, S,
N. Ge: Ge. Sw: GR, ?SZ, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 403
Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph
Syn.: Haplocarpon albocaerulescens (Wulfen) M. Choisy, Huilia albocaerulescens
(Wulfen) Hertel, Lecidea albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Ach., Lecidea alboavescens Vain.,
Lecidea nitescens Leight., Lichen albocaerulescens Wulfen
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on siliceous boulders in sheltered, humid situations,
such as in deciduous forests. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, TI. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph
Syn.: Haplocarpon cinereoatrum (Ach.) M. Choisy, Haplocarpon musivum (Körb.)
Vězda, Huilia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel, Huilia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel var. convexa
(Fr.) Hertel, Huilia musiva (Körb.) Vězda, Lecidea cinereoatra Ach., Lecidea convexa
(Fr.) Flagey, Lecidea macrocarpa (DC.) Steud. var. convexa (Fr.) H. Magn., Lecidea
meiospora (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecidea musiva Körb., Porpidia musiva (Körb.) Hertel & Knoph
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks wetted by rain, especially low boul-
ders and large pebbles in rainy-humid areas, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Porpidia contraponenda (Arnold) Knoph & Hertel
Syn.: Lecidea contraponenda Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on siliceous rocks near the ground, e.g. on large peb-
bles, in humid-moist situations, in open forests on track sides and in shrublands, most
frequent in upland areas but generally rare. – Au: V, T, K. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE. It: TAA.
Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph
Syn.: Biatora crustulata (Ach.) Hepp, Haplocarpon crustulatum (Ach.) M. Choisy,
Huilia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel, Lecidea chrysoteichiza Nyl., Lecidea crustulata (Ach.)
Spreng., Lecidea martinatiana A. Massal., Lecidea parasema (Ach.) Ach. var. crustulata
Ach., Lecidea scutellata Walt. Watson, Lecidea umensis H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread, holarctic early coloniser of sili-
ceous pebbles and small stones on the ground, with a wide altitudinal range; common
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Porpidia avicunda (Ach.) Gowan
Syn.: Biatora avocoerulescens (Hornem.) Hepp, Haplocarpon avocaerulescens (Hor-
nem.) V. Wirth ex Hertel, Huilia avicunda (Ach.) Mas. Inoue, Huilia avocaerulescens
(Hornem.) Hertel, Lecidea contigua (Hom.) Fr. var. avicunda (Ach.) Nyl., Lecidea
avicunda Ach., Lecidea avocaerulescens Hornem., Porpidia avocaerulescens (Hor-
nem.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a variable species which can produce both apothecia
and soredia, found on siliceous boulders in humid and wind-protected situations, e.g.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
404
in deep gorges or along mountain creeks in woodlands, reaching beyond treeline in the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Porpidia avocruenta Fryday & Buschbom
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species resembling P. avicunda, but with a usually
yellow-orange thallus lacking lichen substances and larger apothecia recalling those of
P. macrocarpa (but often pruinose), the exciple composed of thick radiating hyphae
with the orange-brown inner part reacting K+ red; on siliceous boulders and low out-
crops; widespread in Europe and also known from Alaska, with a few records from the
Eastern Alps (Austria), mostly near treeline. – Au: S, St.
Porpidia grisea Gowan
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a silicicolous species resembling P. tuberculosa in the
amyloid medulla and the presence of conuentic acid as a major substance, but
esorediate and richly fertile, the apothecia usually with pruinose discs and the as-
cospores only up to 15 µm long; widespread in the Holarctic region from the Arctic
to temperate-alpine zones but rare, with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Aus-
tria). – Au: S.
Porpidia hydrophila (Fr.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab
Syn.: Haplocarpon hydrophilum (Fr.) V. Wirth, Huilia hydrophila (Fr.) Hertel, Lecidea
hydrophila Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the P. albocaerulescens-group with a bright
aeruginose epihymenium and an exciple with a carbonaceous outer layer and a much
paler, brown inner layer with easily visible hyphae; on damp siliceous rocks, often
along streams; rare throughout Europe, most frequent in Western Europe at low eleva-
tions, with a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T, N.
Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & A.J.Schwab
Syn.: Haplocarpon macrocarpum (DC.) M. Choisy, Haplocarpon nigrocruentum (Anzi)
Hertel, Huilia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel, Huilia nigrocruenta (Anzi) Hertel, Lecidea
baderi Müll. Arg., Lecidea contigua auct. non (Hom.) Fr., Lecidea contortula Stirt.,
Lecidea macrocarpa (DC.) Steud., Lecidea nigrocruenta Anzi, Lecidea phylliscina Nyl.,
Lecidea platycarpa Ach., Lecidea steriza (Ach.) Vain., Lecidea tenebrans Nyl., Lecidea
vinorubens Werner, Patellaria macrocarpa DC., L – Porpidia nigrocruenta (Anzi) Die-
derich & Sérus.
L – Subs.: sil, int, cal – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: on siliceous rocks near the ground, sometimes
on metal-rich substrata in humid-sheltered situations, with a wide altitudinal range;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR,
LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 405
Porpidia melinodes (Körb.) Gowan & Ahti
Syn.: Aspicilia melinodes Körb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: on horizontal to moderately inclined surfaces of siliceous
rocks lying on or near the ground in scree elds, mostly in upland areas; for a long
time treated as a sorediate morph of P. avicunda; some records are likely hidden under
those of that species. – Au: ? V, T. It: TAA.
Porpidia ochrolemma (Vain.) Brodo & R. Sant.
Syn.: Aspicilia ochrolemma (Vain.) Hue, Haplocarpon melinodes auct. non (Körb.) V.
Wirth, Huilia melinodes auct. non (Körb.) Hertel, Hymenelia ochrolemma (Vain.) Go-
wan & Ahti, Lecanora ochrolemma (Vain.) Vain., Lecidea melinodes auct. non (Körb.)
H. Magn. ex Lynge, Pertusaria ochrolemma Vain., Porpidia melinodes auct. non (Körb.)
Gowan & Ahti, Porpidia pseudomelinodes A.J. Schwab
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks near watercourses or in humid, but
well-illuminated situations near or above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: SZ, TI. Fr:
HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Porpidia platycarpoides (Bagl.) Hertel
Syn.: Huilia percontigua (Nyl.) Mas. Inoue, Huilia platycarpoides (Bagl.) Hertel, Le-
cidea corollidea Stirt., Lecidea percontigua Nyl., Lecidea platycarpoides Bagl., Lecidea
reagens Zschacke, Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph var. percontigua (Nyl.)
Boissière & Cl. Roux, Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph var. platycarpoides
(Bagl.) Boissière & Cl. Roux, Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab var.
percontigua (Nyl.) Boissière & Cl. Roux, Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & A.J.
Schwab var. platycarpoides (Bagl.) Boissière & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen found on siliceous
rocks in rather sheltered situations, with a single record from the base of the Western
Alps. – Fr: Vau.
Porpidia rugosa (Taylor) Coppins & Fryday
Syn.: Endocarpon rugosum Taylor, Haplocarpon glaucophaeum (Körb.) V. Wirth,
Huilia glaucophaea (Körb.) Hertel, Lecidea albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Ach. var. al-
pina Schaer., Lecidea albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Ach. var. soralifera Vain., Lecidea
albuginosa Nyl., Lecidea glaucophaea Körb., Lecidea phaeenterodes Nyl., Lecidea
soredizodes (Nyl.) Vain. non (Lamy ex Nyl.) Sandst., Porpidia glaucophaea (Körb.)
Hertel & Knoph
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate species found
on siliceous, often metamorphic rocks in sheltered situations, such as in forests and
deep gorges, along rivers and creeks, or on pebbles on moist ground. – Au: ?V, T,
S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb.
Sl: SlA.
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406
Porpidia soredizodes (Lamy ex Nyl.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Haplocarpon soredizodes (Lamy ex Nyl.) V. Wirth, Huilia soredizodes (Lamy ex
Nyl.) Hertel, Lecidea macrocarpa (DC.) Steud. var. soredizodes Lamy ex Nyl., Lecidea
soredizodes (Lamy ex Nyl.) Sandst. non (Nyl.) Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane lichen found on
siliceous rocks in forests, gorges, and on N-exposed faces of large siliceous boulders,
mostly in upland areas but not reaching beyond treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Ge.
Sw: LU, SZ. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: TAA.
Porpidia speirea (Ach.) Kremp. var. speirea
Syn.: Huilia speirea (Ach.) Kremp., Lecidea speirea (Ach.) Ach., Lichen speireus Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: on inclined faces of schist and weakly calciferous
rocks in cold-humid situations, mostly in upland areas; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Porpidia speirea (Ach.) Kremp. var. alpina (Hepp ex Arnold) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux ex Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Lecidea contigua (Hom.) Fr. f. alpina Hepp ex Arnold, Lecidea speirea (Ach.)
Ach. var alpina (Hepp ex Arnold) Hertel
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a well-distinct taxon, not always distinguished
from the other varieties, hence distribution poorly known. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav.
Porpidia speirea (Ach.) Kremp. var. prochsthallina (A. Massal.) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux ex Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Lecidea elata Schaer. var. prochsthallina A. Massal., Lecidea speirea (Ach.) Ach. var
prochsthallina (A. Massal.) Hertel
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a taxon diering from var. speirea in having a
pale yellow thallus; on calcareous schists, widespread in the Holarctic region but rare
throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S. Fr: Sav.
Porpidia superba (Körb.) Hertel & Knoph
Syn.: Huilia superba (Körb.) Hertel, Lecidea incrassata H. Magn., Lecidea macrocarpa
(DC.) Steud. var. superba (Körb.) . Fr., Lecidea superba Körb.; incl. Porpidia superba
(Körb.) Hertel & Knoph f. sorediata Fryday
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine lichen found on weakly
calciferous or basic siliceous rocks in sheltered situations. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: Ge. Sw: VS. SZ. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Piem.
Porpidia trullisata (Kremp.) Körb.
Syn.: Diplotomma trullisatum Kremp., Lecidea euspeirea Nyl., Lecidea speirea (Ach.)
Ach. var. trullisata (Kremp.) Arnold, Lecidea trullisata (Kremp.) Anzi
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 407
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on north-facing, steeply inclined surfaces of
weakly calciferous rocks with optimum above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, O. Ge: Schw.
Sw: BE, LU, TI, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Porpidia tuberculosa (Sm.) Hertel & Knoph
Syn.: Huilia tuberculosa (Sm.) P. James, Lecidea conuens (Weber) Ach. var. tumida (A.
Massal.) A. Massal., ?Lecidea cyclosora Lettau, Lecidea sorediza Nyl., Lecidea tumida A.
Massal., Spiloma tuberculosum Sm.
L – Subs.: sil, int, cor – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks,
or in woodlands, mostly near the ground. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, VS. Fr:
AMa, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Porpidia zeoroides (Anzi) Knoph & Hertel
Syn.: Huilia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel var. trullisata (Arnold) Hertel, Lecidea macro-
carpa (DC.) Steud. var. trullisata (Arnold) Mig., Lecidea platycarpa Ach. var. trullisata
(Arnold) Arnold, Lecidea zeoroides Anzi
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on steeply inclined, often north-exposed faces of
weakly calciferous rocks in upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
LU, SZ, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Porpidinia tumidula (Sm.) Timdal
Syn.: Biatorina mammillaris Jatta nom.illeg., Biatorina tumidula (Sm.) A.L. Sm., Le-
cidea mammillaris Dufour nom.illeg., Lecidea mezenteriformis (Tourr. ex Vill.) Vain.,
Lichen mammillaris Gouan nom.illeg., Lichen tumidulus Sm., alloidima mammillare
A. Massal. nom.illeg., alloidima mezenteriforme (Tourr. ex Vill.) Arnold, alloidima
submammillare Flagey, alloidima tumidulum (Sm.) Szatala, Toninia hercegovinica
Zahlbr., Toninia mezenteriformis (Tourr. ex Vill.) Schuler, Toninia submammillaris
(Flagey) Zahlbr., Toninia tumidula (Sm.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on weathered calciferous rocks, most often in
ne crevices and on steeply inclined surfaces, with optimum in the submediterranean
belt. – Au: T, St, O, N. Sw: VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig.
Protoblastenia aurata Poelt & Vězda
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a rare species, peculiar in the genus due to its yellow-
orange thallus reacting K+ purple; on calciferous siliceous rocks, especially schists. –
Au: S. Ge: Schw. Fr: Sav. It: Lig.
Protoblastenia calva (Dicks.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatora rupestris (Scop.) Fr. var. calva (Dicks.) Arnold, Blastenia rupestris (Scop.)
Zahlbr. var. calva (Dicks.) Lettau, Lichen calvus Dicks., Placodium rupestre (Scop.)
Branth & Rostr. var. calvum (Dicks.) A.L. Sm., Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Stein-
er var. calva (Dicks.) J. Steiner
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408
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined faces of hard limestones and do-
lomite, with a wide altitudinal range but most common in the mountains, descending
to lower altitudes in humid areas; widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Protoblastenia calvella Kainz & Rambold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species resembling P. calva, but with a distinctly
epilithic thallus and smaller apothecia (less than 1 mm in diam.); on shaded calcare-
ous rocks, so far only known from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T, St, O. Ge: Ge.
Protoblastenia cyclospora (Hepp ex Körb.) Poelt
Syn.: Biatora cyclospora Hepp ex Körb., Biatora rubidula (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Lecidea
cyclospora (Hepp ex Körb.) Müll. Arg., Lecidea rubidula Nyl., Protoblastenia globuli-
cans (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of calcareous rocks in
humid-rainy areas below the alpine belt. – Au: T, K, St. Ge: Ge. Sw: U W. Fr: AHP,
Sav. It: Frl, TAA.
Protoblastenia geitleri Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling P. cyclospora in the subglobose
ascospores, but with red-brown apothecia with a red-violet hypothecium; on calcare-
ous rocks (dolomite); so far only known from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: ?V, N.
Protoblastenia incrustans (DC.) J. Steiner var. incrustans
Syn.: Biatora rupestris (Scop.) Fr. var. incrustans (DC.) A. Massal., Blastenia rupestris
(Scop.) Zahlbr. var. incrustans (DC.) Lettau, Caloplaca incrustans (DC.) Flagey, Pa-
tellaria incrustans DC., Placodium incrustans (DC.) A.L. Sm., Protoblastenia rupestris
(Scop.) J. Steiner var. incrustans (DC.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a widespread, temperate to circum-Arctic lichen,
one of the most common species on calcareous rocks in natural habitats throughout
the Alps, with a very wide altitudinal range, reaching the nival belt. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Protoblastenia incrustans (DC.) J. Steiner var. coniasis (A. Massal.) Nimis
Syn.: Biatora coniasis A. Massal., Lecidea coniasis (A. Massal.) Lettau, Protoblastenia
coniasis (A. Massal.) Poelt
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of more or less cal-
ciferous rocks near and above treeline; certainly more widespread throughout the Alps,
but not common; this taxon is well worthy of further study. – Au: V, T, S, K, N. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav. It: TAA, Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 409
Protoblastenia laeta (Poelt) Kainz & Rambold
Syn.: Protoblastenia calva (Dicks.) Zahlbr. var. laeta Poelt
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling P. calva, but with an epilithic, whit-
ish thallus, and yellow to yellow-orange apothecia; on shaded calcareous rocks, usually
on steep, north-exposed rock faces; widespread in Europe but rare, with a few records
from the Eastern Alps (Austria, Germany). – Au: S. Ge: Schw.
Protoblastenia lilacina Poelt & Vězda
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rather poorly understood species of sunny calcareous
rocks below the subalpine belt, reported from several localities in Central Europe. It
is characterised by the weak reaction of the apothecia to K; probably some herbarium
specimens of P. calva will turn out to be P. lilacina. – Au: S, K, O, N. It: Ven.
Protoblastenia pseudoincrustans Kainz & Rambold ined.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species resembling P. incrustans, but with a dis-
tinctly epilithic, whitish to brownish thallus and somewhat larger apothecia (to 1 mm
in diam.); on shaded calcareous rocks, so far only known from the Eastern Alps (Aus-
tria). – Au: S.
Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner var. rupestris
Syn.: Biatora irrubata (Ach.) Kernst., Biatora rupestris (Scop.) Fr., Lecanora irrubata
(Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora rupestris (Scop.) Nyl., Lecidea rupestris (Scop.) Ach., Lichen rupe-
stris Scop., Placodium rupestre (Scop.) Branth. & Rostr., Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J.
Steiner var. irrubata (Ach.) Szatala, Verrucaria rupestris (Scop.) F.H. Wigg. non Schrad.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a common and ecologically wide-ranging species,
most frequent on faces of calciferous rocks wetted by rain and near the ground, an early
coloniser of several substrata, from mortar-cement to basic siliceous pebbles, often
found also in urban areas, most frequent below the subalpine belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner subsp. rhodothecia Cl. Roux
Syn.: Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner var. rhodothecia Asta, Clauzade & Cl.
Roux nom. inval.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a taxon resembling var. rupestris, but apothecia
with a purple-rose hypothecium; on supercially decalcied calcareous rocks (ecol-
ogy similar to that of Stenhammarella turgida) in alpine environments; recorded with
certainty only from France, but perhaps not recognised elsewhere. – Au: ?V. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav.
Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner var. sanguinea (Arnold) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatora rupestris (Scop.) Fr. var. sanguinea Arnold, Protoblastenia calva (Dicks.)
Zahlbr. var. sanguinea (Arnold) Cl. Roux
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410
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a taxon resembling var. rupestris, but with brighter,
distinctly red apothecia and a faintly blood-red hypothecium; on shaded, moist rock
faces of calcareous boulders; widespread in the Alps, but much rarer than the typical
variety. – Au: T, O, N. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau.
Protoblastenia siebenhaariana (Körb.) J. Steiner var. siebenhaariana
Syn.: Biatora siebenhaariana Körb., Blastenia siebenhaariana (Körb.) Lettau, Protoblas-
tenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner subsp. siebenhaariana (Körb.) A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: int, cal, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar
lichen found on base-rich or calciferous siliceous rocks and on dolomite in upland
areas; not frequent in the Alps, but widespread, and locally common. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: Tg.
Protoblastenia siebenhaariana (Körb.) J. Steiner subsp. albida Cl. Roux ined.
Syn.: Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner subsp. albida Asta & Cl. Roux [invalidly
published, ICN Art. 40.1 + 8], Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner subsp. albida
Cl. Roux, Protoblastenia siebenhaariana (Körb.) J. Steiner subsp. albida (Asta & Cl.
Roux) Clauzade & Cl. Roux comb. inval.
L # – Subs.: sil, cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: similar to var. siebenhaariana, but with a
colourless hypothecium and a dierent ecology (mostly associated to Lecanora albula);
the application of the name was often inconsistent, so that the distributional data (out-
side France) are hardly reliable. – Au: ?V, ?T. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa.
Protoblastenia siebenhaariana (Körb.) J. Steiner var. alpina (Arnold) Clauzade &
Cl. Roux
Syn.: Biatora rupestris (Scop.) Fr. var. alpina Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: doubtfully dierent from var. siebenhaariana (the
protologue species characters distinguishing it from P. rupestris, but not from P. sie-
benhaariana!), so that the application of the name was inconsistent and the distribu-
tional data are hardly reliable. – Au: S. Ge: OB. It: TAA.
Protoblastenia szaferi J. Nowak
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: this is the only species in the genus with persistently
at, orange apothecia basally immersed in shallow pits of the calcareous rock; on N-
exposed, steep rock faces, from the treeline ecotone to the alpine belt; only known
from the Tatra mountains and the Alps, and there so far only recorded from the East-
ern Alps (Austria, Germany), but likely to have been overlooked elsewhere. – Au: St,
O. Ge: OB, Schw.
Protoblastenia terricola (Anzi) Lynge
Syn.: Biatora rupestris (Scop.) Fr. var. terricola Anzi, Biatora terricola (Anzi) . Fr.,
Blastenia terricola (Anzi) Lindau, Lecidea terricola (Anzi) . Fr., Protoblastenia sieben-
haariana (Körb.) J. Steiner var. terricola (Anzi) Hafellner & Türk
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 411
L # – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on soil over weakly calcareous or dolomitic
substrata in upland areas; perhaps this is only a terricolous morph of P. siebenhaariana;
most frequent in the southern part of its distributional range. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O.
Sw: GR, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Protomicarea limosa (Ach.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lecidea borealis (Körb.) Anzi, Lecidea ementiens Nyl., Lecidea limosa Ach., Leci-
della borealis Körb.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, deb – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane,
circumpolar lichen found on naked soil in sites with a long snow cover, in clearings of
alpine grasslands, more rarely on moribund bryophytes and plant debris. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
Protopannaria pezizoides (Weber) P.M. Jørg. & S. Ekman
Syn.: Lecanora brunnea (Sw.) Ach., Lecanora pezizoides (Weber) Borrer, Lichen brunneus
Sw., Lichen pezizoides Weber, Pannaria brunnea (Sw.) A. Massal., Pannaria pezizoides
(Weber) Trevis.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-sil, ter-cal, cor – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-
montane, circumpolar lichen found on mosses, plant debris, and organic soil in open
habitats, with optimum near and above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Protoparmelia badia (Hom.) Hafellner var. badia
Syn.: Lecanora badia (Hom.) Ach., Lecanora grandis H. Magn., Lecanora picea
(Dicks.) Nyl. non auct., Parmelia badia (Hom.) Hepp, Protoparmelia picea (Dicks.)
Hafellner non auct., Solenopsora badia (Hom.) M. Choisy & Werner, Verrucaria
badia Hom.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: on siliceous rocks, with a wide altitudinal
range, reaching the nival belt. e species, in its present circumscription, is hetero-
geneous. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Protoparmelia badia (Hom.) Hafellner var. cinereobadia (Harm.) Clauzade &
Cl. Roux ex Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Lecanora badia (Hom.) Ach. var. cinereobadia Harm.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a name used for morphs with an ash-grey thallus,
but the application of the name was probably not consistent with the original concept
(taxon described for grey morphs with a thick, rough thallus, medulla reacting KC+
orange-red, and apothecia mostly smaller than 1 mm in diam.); data on ecology and
distribution are therefore dicult to interpret. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Sav, HSav.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
412
Protoparmelia cupreobadia (Nyl.) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora badia (Hom.) Ach. var. cupreobadia (Nyl.) Boistel, Lecanora cupreo-
badia Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on gneiss and compact porphyric rocks near and espe-
cially above treeline, starting the life-cycle on yellow Rhizocarpon-species, later becom-
ing autonomous; probably more widespread in the Alps. e species does not belong
to Protoparmelia s.str. – Au: V, T, St. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav. It: TAA.
Protoparmelia hypotremella Herk, Spier & V. Wirth
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species only known in the sterile state, re-
sembling Xylopsora caradocensis in the spreading, grey to olive thallus consisting of
granules developing into extremely minute squamules which occasionally bear isidioid
outgrowths; on bark and wood, both in forests and in rural landscapes; widespread in
Europe from the lowlands to subalpine coniferous forests, but easily overlooked; the
distributional gaps in Alps may be therefore articial. – Au: T, S, K, O. Ge: Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS.
Protoparmelia leproloma (R. Sant.) Rambold & Poelt
Syn.: Lecidea leproloma R. Sant.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine silicicolous species which
starts the life-cycle on other crustose lichens, more widespread in Scandinavia than in
the Alps, where it mostly occurs above treeline. e species does not belong to Pro-
toparmelia s.str. – It: Piem.
Protoparmelia loricata Poelt & Vězda
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a pale brown thallus consisting of
glossy, convex areoles and concolorous apothecia with a later excluded thalline margin;
growing as a parasite on Lecanora umbrosa, extremely rare on shaded, steeply inclined
to vertical faces of basic siliceous rocks with a low content in calcium (e.g. amphibo-
lite); only known from the Eastern Alps (Austria) and the Karakorum. – Au: T, St.
Protoparmelia memnonia Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Lecanora picea auct. non (Dicks.) Nyl., Protoparmelia picea auct. non (Dicks.)
Hafellner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on hard siliceous rocks in exposed situations; probably
ranging throughout the siliceous Alps, in rainy-humid areas. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St. Sw:
UR. Fr: AMa. It: Piem, VA.
Protoparmelia montagnei (Fr.) Poelt & Nimis
Syn.: Lecanora montagnei (Fr.) Schaer., Lecanora psarophana Nyl., Lecanora psarophana
Nyl. var. aquilina Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Parmelia montagnei Fr., Protoparmelia psaro-
phana (Nyl.) Sancho & A. Crespo, Solenopsora montagnei (Fr.) M. Choisy & Werner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Macaronesian, chemically variable species
of siliceous rocks, also reported from the limit of the Southern Pre-Alps (France). – Fr: Vau.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 413
Protoparmelia nephaea (Sommerf.) R. Sant.
Syn.: Lecanora atrocincta . Fr., Lecanora nephaea Sommerf.
L – Subs.: met, sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thallus of scattered subumbilicate
areoles developing on a distinct black prothallus, usually sterile, but with dark blue
thalloconidia on the lower side of the free margin of the areoles, containing substances
of the stictic acid syndrome; on vertical to overhanging rock faces of metal-rich sili-
ceous rocks; overall distribution arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, with a few records
from the Eastern Alps, but probably overlooked elsewhere. – Au: S, K, St. Ge: Ge.
Protoparmelia ochrococca (Nyl.) P.M. Jørg., Rambold & Hertel
Syn.: Lecidea ochrococca Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a species with an ochraceous to chestnut brown
thallus consisting of rounded to subglobose areoles, apothecia with red-brown discs,
and minute, oblong to fusiform ascospores (to 10 µm long); a mainly western, epi-
phytic to lignicolous species, in the Alps only reported from South Tyrol. – It: TAA.
Protoparmelia oleagina (Harm.) Coppins
Syn.: ?Lecanora furva H. Magn., Lecanora oleagina Harm.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: mostly on lignum, more rarely on acid bark in
damp deciduous forests. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: TAA,
Lomb.
Protoparmelia olivascens (Nyl.) Llimona
Syn.: Lecanora olivascens Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a silicicolous species resembling P. montagnei, but
with egurate margins, and medulla reacting K+ yellow, then red; apparently more
widespread in SW Europe, with a few records from the Western Alps (France). – Fr:
AMa, Var.
Protoparmelia phaeonesos Poelt
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: parasitic on Aspilidea myrinii, on acid siliceous
rocks near and especially above treeline; probably much more widespread in the Alps.
e species does not belong to Protoparmelia s.str. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. It: Frl, TAA.
Protoparmelia placentiformis (J. Steiner) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora placentiformis J. Steiner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on sunny siliceous rock in dry areas; described from
arid parts of Asia, after the record from Macedonia, the record from the Ligurian Alps
is the second one from Europe. is characteristic lichen probably does not belong to
Protoparmelia s.str. – It: Lig.
Protoparmeliopsis achariana (A.L. Sm.) Moberg & R. Sant.
Syn.: Lecanora achariana A.L. Sm., Lichen cartilagineus sensu Ach., Placolecanora acha-
riana (A.L. Sm.) Kopach.
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414
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on exposed siliceous rocks, usually at the top of large
boulders, sometimes overgrowing bryophytes; in the study area so far known only from
the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav.
Protoparmeliopsis admontensis (Zahlbr.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lecanora admontensis Zahlbr., Lecanora luridescens Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of cal-
ciferous rocks in rather dry upland areas with a rather continental climate. – Au: T, K,
St, N. Sw: LU. Fr: AMa. It: Ven, TAA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Protoparmeliopsis bolcana (Pollini) Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora bolcana (Pollini) Poelt, Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. subsp. bol-
cana (Pollini) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecidea bolcana Pollini
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: ecologically similar to P. muralis, but more restricted
to natural habitats, on less basic substrata, and with optimum in the Mediterranean
belt; apparently more frequent in the Western and Southern Alps. – Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Vau. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii (Körb.) Arup, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora cascadensis H. Magn., Lecanora garovaglii (Körb.) Zahlbr., Lecanora
nevadensis H. Magn., Placodium garovaglii Körb., Placodium peruvianum Müll. Arg.,
Squamaria garovaglii (Körb.) Anzi
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic-alpine to boreal-montane spe-
cies found on basic siliceous rocks, especially in warm-dry valleys at low altitudes. –
Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Protoparmeliopsis graeca (J. Steiner) Sipman & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecanora graeca J. Steiner
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: hitherto known only from the eastern Mediter-
ranean, the Maritime Alps of France, and the Central Apennines, this lichen occurring
on base-rich or slightly calciferous siliceous rocks is worthy of further study. – Fr: AMa.
Protoparmeliopsis laatokkensis (Räsänen) Moberg & R. Sant.
Syn.: Lecanora degener Poelt ex Clauzade & Rondon, Lecanora laatokkensis (Räsänen)
Poelt, Parmularia laatokkensis Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on schist, serpentine, amphibolite, mostly on horizon-
tal faces near the ground, at least when young, parasitic on other crustose lichens. – Au:
?V. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav. It: TAA, Lig.
Protoparmeliopsis macrocyclos (H. Magn.) Moberg & R. Sant.
Syn.: Lecanora macrocyclos (H. Magn.) Degel., Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. sub-
sp. macrocyclos (H. Magn.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh.
var. macrocyclos H. Magn.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 415
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, silicicolous member of the dicult
P. muralis-complex, which needs further study. – It: Ven.
Protoparmeliopsis muralis (Schreb.) M. Choisy var. muralis
Syn.: Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. var. muralis, Lecanora saxicola (Pollich) Ach.,
Lichen muralis Schreb.
L – Subs.: sil, int, cal, bry, xyl, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread, polymorphic,
holarctic lichen found on siliceous and calcareous rocks, roong tiles, brick, also occur-
ring inside large conurbations; widespread throughout the Alps, most common below
treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Protoparmeliopsis muralis (Schreb.) M. Choisy var. diracta (Ach.) M. Choisy ex
Werner
Syn.: Lecanora diracta (Ach.) Ach., Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. var. diracta
(Ach.) Rabenh., Lichen diractus Ach.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a variety diering from typical P. muralis in having
a black hypothallus visible between the areolae, not distinguished from P. bolcana by
some authors, merged with P. muralis by others; on siliceous rocks in open situations,
apparently widespread in Europe but not common; the distribution gaps in the Alps
are probably virtual for the reasons given above. – Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var.
Protoparmeliopsis muralis (Schreb.) M. Choisy var. dubyi (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner
& Türk
Syn.: Lecanora dubyi Müll. Arg., Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. var. dubyi (Müll.
Arg.) Poelt
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on weakly calciferous or basic siliceous rocks in
upland areas, with optimum near and above treeline. – Au: V, T, K. Ge: OB. Fr: HAl,
AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, VA.
Protoparmeliopsis muralis (Schreb.) M. Choisy var. schneebergensis (Zahlbr.) Ha-
fellner & Türk
Syn.: Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh var. schneebergensis Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a variety with short, whitish-grey marginal lobes
which are pruinose when young, and a verruculose-areolate thallus center; on exposed
rock heads and boulders of calcareous rocks; not always distinguished and distribution
therefore poorly known. – Au: St, N.
Protoparmeliopsis muralis (Schreb.) M. Choisy var. subcartilaginea (A. Massal. ex
Poelt) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. var. subcartilaginea A. Massal. ex Poelt
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on horizontal to weakly inclined surfaces of siliceous
rocks in upland areas. – Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, Piem.
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416
Protoparmeliopsis peltata (Ramond) Arup, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lecanora peltata (Ramond) Steud., Lichen peltatus Ramond, Psoroma concinnum
Bagl. & Carestia, Rhizoplaca peltata (Ramond) Leuckert & Poelt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a chemically variable species also known from Africa,
Asia, and North America, found on exposed siliceous rocks; apparently most common
in the Western Alps. – Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Piem, VA.
Protoparmeliopsis versicolor (Pers.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Lecanora albomarginata (Nyl.) Cromb., Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. subsp.
versicolor (Pers.) Cl. Roux, Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. var. albomarginata (Nyl.)
Tomin, Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. var. albopulverulenta (Schaer.) Rabenh., Le-
canora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. var. versicolor (Pers.) Tuck., Lichen versicolor Pers.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: this lichen has been often treated just as a calcicol-
ous morph of P. muralis, and hence it has not been always distinguished in the recent
lichenological literature. However, since it is easily recognisable, and above all because,
contrary to P. muralis, it is parasitised by Placocarpus schaereri, we treat it separately,
using the rank of species only because a combination into Protoparmeliopsis was already
available. Its status could be solved only by a thorough molecular analysis of the whole
complex in Europe. – Au: ?V, ?T. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Protothelenella corrosa (Körb.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Acrorixis corrosa (Körb.) Trevis., Limboria corrosa Körb., Microglaena corrosa
(Körb.) Arnold, Microglaena gibbosula (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell, Microglaena nericien-
sis Hellb., Polyblastia arenaria (Hampe) Jatta, elenella corrosa (Körb.) Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, probably circum-
polar lichen found on slightly calciferous rocks, especially near creeks and lakes, on
boulders and pebbles near the ground; much overlooked and certainly more widespread
in the Alps, with optimum above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR. It: TAA, Piem.
Protothelenella leucothelia (Nyl.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Dactyloblastus leucothelius (Nyl.) Anzi, Microglaena leucothelia (Nyl.) Arnold, Ver-
rucaria leucothelia Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, deb, xyl – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on soil, moribund bryophytes, plant
debris and lichens (Cladonia), sometimes on rotting wood; probably ranging through-
out the Alps, but overlooked. – Au: T, K. Sw: GR, SG, UR. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Protothelenella petri H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with an inconspicuous thallus, minute
perithecia (less than 200 µm in diam.), and ellipsoid muriform ascospores with usually
5 transversal septa and 1–2 longitudinal septa (usually less than 25 µm long); on the
upper side of leaets of Polytrichum, easily overlooked when the moss is dry and the
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 417
leaets enrolled; overall distribution arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, but apparently
rare, with a few scattered records throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, VS.
Protothelenella sphinctrinoidella (Nyl.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Gloeopyrenia reducta (. Fr.) Zschacke, Microglaena coenosa (Vain.) Zahlbr.,
Microglaena geoctona Hellb., Microglaena reducta (. Fr.) Hellb., Microglaena sphin-
ctrinoidella (Nyl.) Norman, Microglaena sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Lönnr. subsp. reducta
. Fr., elenella coenosa Vain., elenella reducta (. Fr.) Vain., Verrucaria sphinctri-
noidella Nyl.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-sil, par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on acid to subneutral soil, moribund
bryophytes and lichens, more rarely on decaying plants in upland areas, often in rather
disturbed habitats, e.g. along mountain track sides; certainly more widespread in the
Alps, but probably overlooked. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
SZ, VS. Fr: HSav. It: TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Protothelenella sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Chromatochlamys sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Trevis., Gloeopyrenia gelatinosa (Zahlbr.)
Zschacke, Microglaena gelatinosa Zahlbr., Microglaena sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Lönnr.,
Polyblastia sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Jatta, elenella sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Vain., Verru-
caria sphinctrinoides Nyl.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar lichen found on moribund bryophytes growing on soil and rock, more rarely
directly on soil, in rather disturbed sites (e.g. on mountain track sides) with a long
snow cover, often in crevices or small depressions of the ground; much undercollected
and probably ranging throughout the Alps, with optimum above treeline. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St. Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Piem.
Protothelenella xylina H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling P. sphinctrinoidella but with an
inconspicuous endoxylic thallus, and broader ascospores (to c. 15 µm wide), often with
2 incomplete longitudinal septa; on wood of coniferous trees (Pinus cembra); rare in
Central Europe, with a few records from the Alps (Switzerland, Austria). – Au: T, St.
Sw: GR.
Pseudephebe minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Brodo & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Alectoria minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Degel., Imbricaria lanata (Neck.) Arnold
var. minuscula Nyl. ex Arnold, Parmelia minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found on hard
siliceous rocks (including pure quartz) in wind-exposed situations near and especial-
ly above treeline; often confused with P. pubescens in the older literature; widespread
throughout the Alps wherever siliceous substrata are present. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge:
Ge. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
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418
Pseudephebe pubescens (L.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Alectoria intricans (Vain.) Motyka, Alectoria lanata (Neck.) Nyl., Alectoria lanea
(Ehrh. ex Hom.) Vain., Alectoria pubescens (L.) R. Howe, Bryopogon pubescens (L.)
M. Choisy, Cornicularia lanata (Neck.) Ach., Cornicularia pubescens (L.) Ach., Ephebe
pubescens (L.) Fr., Lichen pubescens L., Parmelia pubescens (L.) Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to (more rarely) boreal-montane
lichen which is ecologically similar to P. minuscula, but with a somehow broader altitu-
dinal range; widespread throughout the Alps wherever siliceous substrata are present.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf var. furfuracea
Syn.: Borrera furfuracea (L.) Ach., Evernia furfuracea (L.) W. Mann, Lichen furfuraceus
L., Parmelia furfuracea (L.) Ach., Parmelia soralifera (Bitter) Lynge, Physcia furfuracea
(L.) DC., Pseudevernia soralifera (Bitter) Zopf
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, deb, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane
lichen found on acid bark and lignum, occasionally also on siliceous rocks, with op-
timum in the montane and subalpine belts; widespread and common throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf var. ceratea (Ach.) D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Evernia furfuracea (L.) W. Mann var. ceratea (Ach.) Opiz, Evernia olivetorina
Zopf, Parmelia ceratea (Ach.) Sandst., Parmelia furfuracea (L.) Ach. var. ceratea Ach.,
Parmelia furfuracea (L.) Ach. var. olivetorina (Zopf) Zahlbr., Parmelia olivetorina
(Zopf) Sandst., Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf var. olivetorina (Zopf) Zopf, Pseude-
vernia olivetorina (Zopf) Zopf
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: We prefer to maintain as a distinct taxon this
chemical strain characterised by the presence of olivetoric acid, because there is evi-
dence of ecological and even physiological dierences with respect to the typical variety
(e.g. var. ceratea is more frequent in dry-continental areas, see Nimis 2016). – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ, TI. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Pseudoleptogium diractum (Kremp. ex Körb.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Leptogium diractum Kremp. ex Körb., Leptogium placodiellum Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate to Mediterranean species found
on steeply inclined seepage tracks of hard calcareous rocks; apparently most frequent
in the Western and Southern Alps. – Au: S. Ge: Schw. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 419
Pseudosagedia aenea (Körb.) Hafellner & Kalb
Syn.: Porina aenea (Körb.) Zahlbr., Porina carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Zahlbr., Porina ch-
lorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. var. carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Keissl., Pyrenula carpinea (Pers.
ex Ach.) Trevis., Sagedia abietina Körb., Sagedia aenea Körb., Sagedia carpinea (Pers.
ex Ach.) A. Massal., Sagedia chloromelaena A. Massal., Sagedia decipiens A. Massal.,
Sagedia erumpens A. Massal., Spermatodium aeneum (Körb.) Trevis., Spermatodium
carpineum (Pers. ex Ach.) Trevis., Spermatodium chloromelaenum (A. Massal.) Trevis.,
Spermatodium erumpens (A. Massal.) Trevis., Trichothelium aeneum (Körb.) R.C. Har-
ris, Verrucaria aenea Wallr. nom.illeg., Verrucaria carpinea Pers. ex Ach., Verrucaria
erumpens (A. Massal.) Garov.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate to Mediterranean-Atlantic spe-
cies found on smooth bark of broad-leaved deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs,
mostly in woodlands and forests. e species might belong to Trichothelium. – Au:
T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pseudosagedia austriaca (Körb.) Hafellner
Syn.: Porina austriaca (Körb.) Arnold, Sagedia austriaca Körb.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species of shaded and humid surfaces of siliceous
rocks near or above treeline, which needs further study. – Au: S, O, N. Ge: OB. It: TAA.
Pseudosagedia borreri (Trevis.) Hafellner & Kalb
Syn.: Porina borreri (Trevis.) D. Hawksw. & P. James, Porina borreri (Trevis.) D. Hawk-
sw. & P. James var. leptospora (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., Porina leptospora (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.,
Spermatodium borreri Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on bark of deciduous
trees in moist forests; probably more widespread in the Alps, but certainly not com-
mon. – Au: K. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Pseudosagedia byssophila (Körb. ex Hepp) Hafellner & Kalb
Syn.: Porina byssophila (Körb. ex Hepp) Zahlbr., Sagedia byssophila Körb. ex Hepp,
Spermatodium cinereorufescens Trevis.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical species of
calcareous rocks in damp and shaded habitats, e.g. in forests; somehow rarer than the
closely related P. linearis. e species might belong to Trichothelium. – Au: T, K, St, N.
Sw: GR, LU, SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: TAA. Sl: Tg.
Pseudosagedia chlorotica (Ach.) Hafellner & Kalb
Syn.: Porina chlorotella (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Porina chlorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Porina te-
nuifera (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Pyrenula chlorotica (Ach.) Trevis., Sagedia athallina Bagl. &
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420
Carestia, Sagedia chlorotica (Ach.) A. Massal., Trichothelium chloroticum (Ach.) R.C.
Harris, Verrucaria chlorotica Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu, cor, ter – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a temperate to humid subtropi-
cal, probably holarctic species found on siliceous pebbles in humid-shaded situations,
mostly in deciduous forests. e species might belong to Trichothelium. – Au: ?V, T,
S, K, St, O, N, B. Sw: BE, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Pseudosagedia globulans (Vain.) Hafellner
Syn.: Porina globulans Vain.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: resembling P. chlorotica (a lowland species) in the
3-septate ascospores, but with globose perithecia; the value of this silicicolous species,
based on type from Finland, is in need of re-evaluation; there are scattered records
throughout Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Pseudosagedia guentheri (Flot.) Hafellner & Kalb
Syn.: Porina guentheri (Flot.) Zahlbr., Porina koerberi (Flot.) Lettau, Trichothelium
guentheri (Flot.) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria guentheri Flot.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to subarctic lichen found
along mountain creeks in the montane and subalpine belts, on periodically inundated
siliceous rocks, but also on very shaded, not inundated rocks near the ground; prob-
ably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, K, St, N. Fr: AMa. It: Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Pseudosagedia linearis (Leight.) Hafellner & Kalb
Syn.: Porina chlorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. var. linearis (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Porina chloro-
tica (Ach.) Müll. Arg. var. persicina (Körb.) A.L. Sm., Porina linearis (Leight.) Zahlbr.,
Porina persicina (Körb.) Zahlbr., Sagedia harrimannii A. Massal., Sagedia persicina
Körb., Spermatodium lineare (Leight.) Trevis., Trichothelium lineare (Leight.) R.C.
Harris, Verrucaria chlorotica Ach. subsp. leucotica Nyl., Verrucaria gibelliana Garov.,
Verrucaria linearis Leight., Verrucaria ricasolii Garov.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate species found on limestone
in sheltered situations, mostly near the ground, often with Acrocordia conoidea. – Au:
V, K, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Pseudosagedia lucens (Taylor) Hafellner
Syn.: Porina guentheri (Flot.) Zahlbr. var. lucens (Taylor) Swinscow, Porina lucens (Tay -
lor) A.L. Sm., Verrucaria lucens Taylor
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species probably closely related and similar
in habitus to P. guentheri, but ascospores partly (up to 25 %) submuriform with usu-
ally 7 transversal septa and 1 longitudinal septum in one of the central cells; on moist
siliceous rocks near lakes and streams at low elevations; widespread in SW Europe but
rare, being most common on the British Isles; reported also from the base of the West-
ern Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 421
Pseudosagedia obsoleta (Oxner) Hafellner & Kalb
Syn.: Phylloporina obsoleta Oxner, Porina oxneri R. Sant.
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2 – Note: an obligately foliicolous lichen conned to warm-moist
forests, on needles of Abies, leaves of evergreen trees and shrubs (e.g. Buxus), and clad-
odes of Ruscus; in the study area so far known only from the Western Alps. – Fr: AHP,
AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau.
Pseudosagedia oleriana (A. Massal.) Hafellner & Kalb
Syn.: Porina oleriana (A. Massal.) Lettau, Sagedia oleriana A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on shaded surfaces of calcareous rocks, often with
Acrocordia conoidea, but less conned to deep shade; in the study area so far known
from the Western and Southern Alps. – Fr: Var, Vau. It: Ven, Lomb.
Pseudosagedia provincialis (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) ined. (provisionally placed
here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Porina oleriana (A. Massal.) Lettau var. provincialis Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Porina
provincialis (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: on shaded surfaces of calcareous or dolomitic rocks in
lowland areas; in the study area so far known from the Western Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa,
Var, Vau.
Pseudoschismatomma rufescens (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Opegrapha contexta Stirt., Opegrapha herpetica (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha herpetica
(Ach.) Ach. var. subocellata Ach., Opegrapha lilacina A. Massal., Opegrapha rubecula A.
Massal., Opegrapha rubella Pers., Opegrapha rufescens Pers., Opegrapha siderella (Ach.)
Ach., Opegrapha subocellata (Ach.) Hepp
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate, widespread lichen found on
the smooth bark of deciduous trees, especially in woodlands near creeks and rivers in
humid valleys; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB.
Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Pseudothelomma ocellatum (Körb.) M. Prieto & Wedin
Syn.: Acolium ocellatum Körb., Cyphelium caliciforme (Flot.) Zahlbr., Cyphelium ocel-
latum (Körb.) Trevis., elomma ocellatum (Körb.) Tibell
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane species found on hard
rotting wood, e.g. on poles and fences, more rarely on Larix and Pinus cembra in the
subalpine belt; certainly more widespread in the Alps, especially in subcontinental
areas, but overlooked, being mostly sterile. is is one of the few calicioid fungi that
reproduce via lichenised diaspores. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, LU,
SZ, VS. Fr: HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, VA. Sl: SlA.
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422
Psilolechia clavulifera (Nyl.) Coppins
Syn.: Lecidea clavulifera Nyl., Micarea clavulifera (Nyl.) Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on acid siliceous stones and consolidated
soil of dry underhangs, on banks or on the roots of fallen trees; perhaps overlooked and
more widespread in the Alps, but certainly rare. – Au: T.
Psilolechia lucida (Ach.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Biatora lucida (Ach.) Fr., Lecidea lucida (Ach.) Ach., Lichen lucidus Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, xyl, deb – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: in underhangs of siliceous rocks protected
from rain in humid areas, but also on a wide range of substrata (soil, exposed roots,
bases of ancient trees), with a correspondingly wide altitudinal range. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hom.
Syn.: Biatora decipiens (Hedw.) Fr., Lecanora decipiens (Hedw.) Ach., Lecidea decipiens
(Hedw.) Ach., Lichen decipiens Hedw.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a widespread holarctic species with a broad altitu-
dinal and latitudinal range, found on bare calciferous soil, especially in dry grasslands;
rare only in areas with intensive grazing, high trampling, and intense disturbance. e
wide ecological amplitude could be due to the capacity of associating with several dif-
ferent species of Trebouxia and Asterochloris; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Psora globifera (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Lecidea globifera Ach.
L – Subs.: cal, int, ter-cal, ter-sil, ter-int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on slightly calciferous or
base-rich soil and weathered siliceous rocks in upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge:
OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Psora gresinonis B. de Lesd.
Syn.: Lecidea gresinonis (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: ter – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on soil, in ssures of base-rich or slightly calciferous
siliceous rocks, with optimum in dry grasslands; chemically heterogeneous (with and
without norstictic acid); in the study area known only from the base of the Western
Alps. – Fr: Drô, Vau. It: Lig.
Psora rubiformis (Ach.) Hook.
Syn.: Baeomyces rubiformis Ach., Lecidea rubiformis (Ach.) Wahlenb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 423
L – Subs.: cal, int, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species found on loess
and calciferous soil, in ssures of calciferous siliceous rocks (e.g. calciferous schists);
chemically heterogeneous (with and without gyrophoric acid). – Au: T, S, K, N. Fr:
HAl, AMa. It: Lomb, Piem, VA.
Psora sessitana (Bagl. & Carestia) Bagl. & Carestia
Syn.: Biatora sessitana (Bagl. & Carestia) Jatta, Lecidea sessitana Bagl. & Carestia
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a distinctly squamulose thallus, the
squamules thick, densely imbricate, brown above, white beneath, and large, rounded
to lobed apothecia with a at, black, white-pruinose disc, a dark greenish epithecium,
a colourless hypothecium. rather thick, conglutinated paraphyses with a thicker apex,
and small, elliptical-elongate, hyaline ascospores which are c. 2 times as long as wide;
known only from the type collection, on granite. It is not certain that the species be-
longs to Psora s.str. (see Nimis 1993: 583). – It: Piem.
Psora testacea Hom.
Syn.: Biatora testacea (Hom.) W. Mann, Chrysopsora testacea (Hom.) M. Choisy,
Lecanora testacea (Hom.) Ach., Lecidea testacea (Hom.) Ach., Protoblastenia testacea
(Hom.) Clauzade & Rondon
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: optimum in ssures of base-rich or lime-
containing metamorphic rocks, most frequent in dry valleys of the Alps, but rarely
reaching beyond treeline. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, GR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Psora vallesiaca (Schaer.) Timdal
Syn.: Lecidea albilabra auct., Lecidea deceptoria Nyl., Lecidea vallesiaca Schaer., Psora
albilabra auct. non (Dufour) Körb., Psora deceptoria (Nyl.) Flagey, Psora subdecipiens
(Nyl.) Flagey, Squamaria deceptoria (Nyl.) M. Choisy & Werner
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on bare soil and in ssures of rocks, not rare
where suitable habitats are present (subcontinental conditions and base-rich, slightly
calciferous siliceous substrata). – Au: T, St. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven,
Piem, VA, Lig.
Psorinia conglomerata (Ach.) Gotth. Schneid.
Syn.: Lecidea conglomerata Ach., Lecidea glomerans Nyl., Lecidea rugifera Vain., Leci-
dea silenii Vain., Psora conglomerata (Ach.) Flot., alloidima conglomeratum (Ach.) A.
Massal., Toninia conglomerata (Ach.) Boistel, Toninia glomerans (Nyl.) Boistel
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found
on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of acidic to slightly basic siliceous rocks,
often in ssures and cracks; most frequent above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge:
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
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424
Psoroglaena abscondita (Coppins & Vězda) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Leucocarpia abscondita (Coppins & Vězda) Hafellner, Macentina abscondita Cop-
pins & Vězda
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: optimum on the bark of Sambucus in shaded-humid
situations; reported from scattered localities in the Eastern Alps (Austria, Italy). – Au:
St, O, B. It: Ven.
Psoroglaena biatorella (Arnold) Lücking & Sérus.
Syn.: Leucocarpia biatorella (Arnold) Vězda, Microglaena biatorella Arnold
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an inconspicuous lichen found on thin
layers of more or less calciferous, humus-rich ground, or over epilithic mosses, mostly
in upland areas; probably overlooked and more widespread, but never common in the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. It: Frl.
Psoroglaena dictyospora (Orange) H. Harada
Syn.: Leucocarpia dictyospora (Orange) R. Sant., Macentina dictyospora Orange
L – Subs.: deb, xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin granular thallus consisting of
goniocysts, partly immersed perithecioid ascomata, ssitunicate asci, and submuriform
ascospores, usually with 5 transversal septa and an incomplete longitudinal septum;
on soft wood in humid-shaded situations such as in riverine forests and in gorges; rare
throughout temperate Europe and also known from North America, but perhaps with
a broader distribution, being very easily overlooked; in the study area only recorded
from the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: U W.
Psoroglaena stigonemoides (Orange) Henssen
Syn.: Leucocarpia stigonemoides (Orange) Hafellner & Kalb, Macentina stigonemoides
Orange
L – Subs.: cor, fol – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a humid subtropical to Mediterranean-Atlantic
lichen mainly found on Sambucus nigra in humid-shaded situations, and on the leaves
of Buxus in the undergrowth of moist-warm forests; certainly not common in the Alps,
but probably also overlooked. – Au: S, K, St, O, N. Fr: AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl.
Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray
Syn.: Lecanora femsjonensis Fr., Lecanora hypnorum (Vahl) Ach., Lichen hypnorum Vahl,
Pannaria hypnorum (Vahl) Körb., Pannaria porriginosa Vain., Parmelia lepidora Ach.,
Psora deaurata Hom., Psoroma femsjonense (Fr.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, cir-
cumpolar lichen found on soil, often in and amongst bryophytes, mostly over siliceous
substrata in moist habitats; widespread throughout the Alps wherever siliceous sub-
strata are present. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 425
Psoroma paleaceum (Fr.) Timdal & Tønsberg
Syn.: Parmelia paleacea Fr., Psoroma hirsutulum Nyl. ex Cromb., Psoroma hypnorum
(Vahl) Gray var. paleaceum (Fr.) Rostr.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with a granular to minutely squamulose
thallus covered in scattered white hairs as the thalline margin of the cupulate apothecia
(to 2 mm in diam.) (not to be confused with tomentose hairs in the lower part of the
exciple as seen in morphs of P. hypnorum), with non-septate subglobose ascospores
(15–20 × 10–14 µm); on moist soil, encrusting bryophytes and plant debris; overall
distribution bipolar, but rare; from the Alps there is a single, historical record (Ger-
many). – Ge: OB.
Psoroma tenue Henssen var. boreale Henssen
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, ter-int, deb, bry – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circum-
polar lichen weak in competition found on wet, naked soil, near glaciers or late snow-
beds; certainly more widespread in the nival belt of the Alps, but easily confused with
P. hypnorum. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav. It: TAA, Lomb.
Psoronactis dilleniana (Ach.) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Lecanactis dilleniana (Ach.) Körb., Lichen dillenianus Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on hard crystalline rocks beneath underhangs and in
crevices which are seldom wetted by rain, mostly in upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
N. Sw: VS. Fr: Isè. It: TAA, Piem.
Psorotichia allobrogensis Hue
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a poorly understood species of steeply inclined
surfaces of calcareous rocks with some water seepage after rain, mostly at relatively low
elevations. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav.
Psorotichia claudelii Hue
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species in need of re-evaluation, resembling P.
schaereri, but the areolae with a minutely granular surface and with a bluish-grey prui-
na, like the margins of the apothecia (nally exceeding 0.5 mm in diam); on calcare-
ous rocks, ecology and distribution poorly documented, with a few records from the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: AHP, Sav.
Psorotichia diracta (Nyl.) Forssell
Syn.: Collema diractum Nyl., Collemopsis diracta (Nyl.) Nyl. ex Lamy
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on sun-exposed seepage tracks of calcareous rocks;
overlooked, and perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: K. Sw: BE. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Var, Vau.
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426
Psorotichia frustulosa Anzi
Syn.: Collemopsis frustulosa (Anzi) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species characterised by a thin, small-areo-
late thallus, sessile apothecia with a prominent thalline exciple, a conspicuous, thick,
smooth thalline margin, and dark red apothecial discs, the asci are 8-spored; on steeply
inclined, sunny surfaces of calcareous or basic siliceous rocks in upland areas; a rarely
collected species, also known from Korea and North America. – Au: T, S, St. It: Lomb.
Psorotichia fuliginascens (Nyl.) Forssell
Syn.: Collemopsis fuliginascens Nyl., Porocyphus fuliginascens (Nyl.) Couderc, Pyrenopsis
lignyota auct. non (Wahlenb.) . Fr.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species perhaps related to elignya lignyota but with
a black thallus of aggregated squamules which are less than 1 mm wide, and with in-
nate, minute apothecia; the generic placement is in need of re-evaluation; based on a
type from Finland where it was found on mica-schist, ecology and overall distribution
poorly documented, with a record from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
Psorotichia gelatinosa Anzi
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thin, black, gelatinous thallus and
innate apothecia with esh-red discs, known only from the type material (on gra-
nitic outcrops in a deciduous lowland forest); the generic placement is unresolved.
– It: Lomb.
Psorotichia leprosa (Anzi) Forssell
Syn.: Pyrenopsis leprosa Anzi
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thin, black, subleprose thallus of small
granules, very small, globose to urceolate, sessile apothecia with a brown, punctiform
disc and a margin concolour with the thallus, a IKI+ intensely blue hymenium of lax
paraphyses, and ovoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, simple ascospores measuring 10–15 × 6–7
µm. Described from material growing on steeply inclined surfaces of calciferous marl
near Como (Italy); the type material is worthy of further study. – It: Lomb.
Psorotichia lugubris (A. Massal.) Arnold
Syn.: Stenhammara lugubris A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: perhaps related to P. murorum, but with a verrucu-
lose to squamulose thallus and inconspicuous apothecia which are rst immersed, later
prominent, and somewhat wider ascospores; on calcareous rocks; overall distribution
poorly known, with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: V. Sw: BE.
Psorotichia murorum A. Massal.
Syn.: Collemopsis murorum (A. Massal.) Stizenb.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on sunny surfaces of calcareous rocks, mostly below
the montane belt. – Au: V, T, S, O, N. Sw: GR, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: HSav, Var. It: Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 427
Psorotichia pictava (Nyl.) Forssell
Syn.: Collemopsis pictava (Nyl.) Nyl., Pyrenopsis pictava Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thin blackish thallus, reddish brown
apothecia enclosed in thalline nodules, 8-spored asci, and subglobose ascospores (8–10
µm in diam.), found on calcareous rocks and walls in dry habitats; in the study area so
far only recorded from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AHP.
Psorotichia pontresinae B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a very thin, crustose, spreading grey
(in the dry state) thallus, dispersed, red to purple, urceolate apothecia (0.4–0.6 mm in
diam.) with entire, thick margins, a I+ blue hymenial gel, 8-spored asci, and broadly
ellipsoid, hyaline, simple ascospores (16–21 × 9–13 µm); the generic placement is in
need of re-evaluation; on submerged schistose boulders in streams at high elevation;
only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: GR.
Psorotichia schaereri (A. Massal.) Arnold
Syn.: Collemopsis caesia Nyl., Collemopsis schaereri (A. Massal.) Cromb., Pannaria scha-
ereri A. Massal., Psorotichia caesia (Nyl.) Forssell, Pyrenopsis schaereri (A. Massal.) Nyl.,
Synalissa schaereri (A. Massal.) Tuck., Trachyderma schaereri (A. Massal.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on more or less shaded seepage tracks of lime-
stone, dolomite, calcareous sandstone and schists, rarely on walls, with a wide altitu-
dinal range, but not reaching beyond treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
?V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, SZ, UW. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Psorotichia suugiens (Nyl.) Forssell
Syn.: Collemopsis suugiens Nyl., Psorotichia diaphorotheca Harm.
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species whose generic placement is provi-
sional, with an indistinct thallus and minute, blackish, Lecanora-like apothecia with
thalline margins, polysporous asci (16–32) and c. 5 µm long ascospores; on surfaces
of calcareous or basic siliceous rocks subject to short periods of water seepage; overall
distribution poorly known, with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: K. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Var.
Psorotichia tiroliensis Zahlbr.
Syn.: Porocyphus arnoldii (Heu. ex Arnold) Arnold, Psorotichia arnoldii Heu. ex Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal, ?int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: similar to Porocyphus coccodes, but with
16-spored asci; the generic placement is in need of re-evaluation, and the ecology is
poorly documented as well; known from a few localities in the Alps. – Au: T. It: TAA.
Psorotichia vermiculata (Nyl.) Forssell
Syn.: Collemopsis vermiculata Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: similar to P. schaereri, but with a more even and dis-
tinctly areolate thallus, and innate, red-brown apothecia; on calcareous rocks, perhaps
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428
a lowland species in areas with a moderately continental climate; overall distribution
poorly known; in the study area it was recorded only from the Eastern Alps (Austria).
– Au: N.
Psorula rufonigra (Tuck.) Gotth. Schneid.
Syn.: Biatora rufonigra Tuck., Lecidea rufonigra (Tuck.) Nyl., Psora rufonigra (Tuck.)
A. Schneid.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a widespread, mainly southern species of dry areas,
found on sun-exposed, inclined to vertical seepage tracks of base-rich siliceous rocks,
always associated with Spilonema; probably more widespread in the Alps, especially in
dry-continental valleys. – Au: ?V, ?T. It: TAA.
Pterygiopsis anis (A. Massal.) Henssen
Syn.: Enchylium ane A. Massal., Enchylium ageyi Harm., Enchylium rubbianum A.
Massal., Forssellia anis (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Forssellia ageyi (Harm.) Zahlbr., Heppia
purpurascens (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecanora purpurascens Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on periodically wetted surfaces of calcareous or
siliceous rocks, especially along sun-exposed seepage tracks. – Au: S. Fr: AMa, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem.
Pterygiopsis concordatula (Nyl.) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Collemopsis coracodiza Nyl., Psorotichia coracodiza (Nyl.) Forssell, Pterygiopsis
coracodiza (Nyl.) Henssen, Pyrenopsis concordatula Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a blackish-brown, furfuraceous,
areolate thallus and initially immersed but later protruding apothecia with a distinct
thalline margins; on frequently moistened siliceous rocks, e.g. along streams; more
common in NW Europe, with a record from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Sav.
Punctelia borreri (Sm.) Krog
Syn.: Imbricaria borreri (Sm.) Körb., Lichen borreri Sm., Parmelia borreri (Sm.) Turner,
Parmelia pseudoborreri Asahina
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate lichen found on more or
less isolated, mostly deciduous trees. – Au: T, ?S. Sw: BE, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Punctelia jeckeri (Roum.) Kalb
Syn.: Parmelia borreri (Sm.) Turner var. ulophylla (Ach.) Nyl., Parmelia caperata (L.)
Ach. var. ulophylla Ach., Parmelia dubia (Wulfen) Schaer. var. ulophylla (Ach.) Harm.,
Parmelia ulophylla (Ach.) F. Wilson, Punctelia ulophylla (Ach.) van Herk & Aptroot,
Sticta jeckeri Roum.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on bark of isolated deciduous trees, ecologically
intermediate between Xanthorion and Parmelion. European specimens might not be
identical with North American material, and deserve further study. – Au: V, S, K, St,
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 429
O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: Drô, Isè, HSav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Punctelia perreticulata (Räsänen) G. Wilh. & Ladd
Syn.: Parmelia duboscqii Abbayes var. perreticulata Räsänen in Sbarbaro
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 1 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen found on
siliceous rocks and bark, with a few records from the base of the Western Alps near
Spotorno (Italy). – It: Lig.
Punctelia stictica (Duby) Krog
Syn.: Parmelia borreri (Sm.) Turner var. stictica Duby, Parmelia dubia (Wulfen) Schaer.
var. stictica (Duby) Schaer., Parmelia stictica (Duby) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on siliceous rocks in open situations; probably
more widespread in the Alps. – Sw: GR. Fr: Isè, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb.
Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog
Syn.: Parmelia borreri (Sm.) Turner var. subrudecta (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Par-
melia dubia (Wulfen) Schaer., Parmelia helenae B. de Lesd., Parmelia maculatosorediosa
(Gyeln.) Gyeln., Parmelia subrudecta Nyl., Punctelia helenae (B. de Lesd.) Hale ex De
Priest & B.W. Hale
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on bark of isolated
deciduous trees, ecologically intermediate between Xanthorion and Parmelion, most
common below the montane belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl:
SlA, Tg. Li.
Puttea caesia (Fr.) M. Svenss. & T. Sprib.
Syn.: Agyrium caesium Fr., Biatora symmictella (Nyl) Arnold, Lecanora symmictella
(Nyl.) Hafellner non Vain., Lecidea symmictella Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on hard lignum., e.g. on horizontal faces of old
stumps, sometimes on mosses, mostly in upland areas; from the Alps there are several
scattered records. – Au: V, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. Fr: HSav. It: TAA.
Puttea exsequens (Nyl) Printzen & Davydov
Syn.: Lecidea exsequens Nyl., Lecidea gibberosa sensu . Fr. non Ach.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin to endosubstratic, whitish thallus
and ochraceous to red-brown apothecia with concolorous, hardly prominent margins,
the exciple of strongly gelatinised, narrowly radiating hyphae, asci with an amyloid
tube, and ellipsoid, simple ascospores; typically on wood, widespread in Eurasia, but
rarely collected, with a single record from the Eastern Alps of Slovenia (locality errone-
ously assigned to Austria), but likely to be still overlooked elsewhere (perhaps misiden-
tied as a Biatora-species). – Sl: SlA.
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430
Puttea margaritella (Hulting) S. Stenroos & Huhtinen
Syn.: Fellhanera margaritella (Hulting) Hafellner, Lecidea margaritella Hulting
L – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with an inconspicuous thallus, minute,
whitish apothecia with soon excluded margins and exciple composed of gelatinised
radiating hyphae, asci with an amyloid tube structure, and ellipsoid, simple ascospores;
on the leafy hepatic Ptilidium pulcherrimum, rarely spreading to adjacent wood or
bark; widespread in Europe from the boreal to the temperate-montane zone; in the
Alps so far only recorded from Austria and Switzerland, but likely to occur elsewhere
in coniferous forests. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, VD.
Pycnora praestabilis (Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Hypocenomyce praestabilis (Nyl.) Timdal, Hypocenomyce xanthococca auct. medi-
oeur. non (Sommerf.) P. James & Gotth. Schneid., Lecidea praestabilis Nyl., Lecidea
xanthococca auct. non Sommerf.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on wood, more rarely on the bark of conifers
in the mountains. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SZ, VS. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA. Sl: SlA.
Pycnora sorophora (Vain.) Hafellner
Syn.: Hypocenomyce sorophora (Vain.) P. James & Poelt, Lecidea giselae Zahlbr., Lecidea
xanthococca Sommerf. subsp. sorophora Vain.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on wood and on the bark of conifers in upland
areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. It:
Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pycnora xanthococca (Sommerf.) Hafellner
Syn.: Hypocenomyce xanthococca (Sommerf.) P. James & Gotth. Schneid., Lecidea xan-
thococca Sommerf.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species closely related to P. praestabilis, but apo-
thecia usually present, as the pycnidia, which contain subglobose conidia; on wood of
snags; widespread throughout the boreal zone, conned to Pinus (in the Alps P. sylves-
tris), with only a few records from the montane belt of the temperate zone, which need
conrmation. – Au: O. Ge: OB.
Pycnothelia papillaria Dufour
Syn.: Biatora epimarta (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Cenomyce papillaria Ach. nom.illeg., Cla-
donia papillaria Hom.nom.illeg., Lecidea epimarta Nyl., Lichen papillarius Ehrh. nom.
illeg.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to cool-temperate lichen found on
clay soil, often in Calluna-heaths; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, N, B. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 431
Pyrenocarpon montinii (A. Massal.) Trevis.
Syn.: Porocyphus montinii (A. Massal.) Arnold, Psorotichia acrustacea Harm., Psoroti-
chia montinii (A. Massal.) Forssell, elochroa montinii A. Massal.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly southern species found on
steeply inclined, south-exposed seepage tracks of calcareous rocks, sometimes invading
the thalli of endolithic lichens, especially Bagliettoa-species; certainly more widespread
in the Alps. – Au: St. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lig.
Pyrenocarpon thelostomum (Ach. ex Winch & ornhill) Coppins & Aptroot
Syn.: Psorotichia otowiana (Hepp) Müll. Arg., Pyrenocarpon otowianum (Hepp) Tre-
vis., Pyrenopsis otowiana (Hepp) Nyl., elochroa otowiana (Hepp) Körb., rom-
bium thelostomum (Ach. ex Winch & ornhill) A.L. Sm., Verrucaria otowiana Hepp,
Verrucaria thelostoma Ach. ex Winch & ornhill
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on steeply inclined seepage tracks of more or
less calcareous rocks at relatively low elevations; from the Alps there are a few scattered
records only. – Ge: Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: HSav. It: TAA.
Pyrenopsis cleistocarpa (Müll. Arg.) Forssell
Syn.: Psorotichia cleistocarpa Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an euse, minutely granulose, black
thallus turning brown-black to purplish black in the wet state, the highly convex to
verruciform granules (0.05–0.1 mm in diam.) densely packed to dispersed, apothecia
arising singly at the top of the thalline granules, dicult to discern from the outside,
closed, the hymenium only c. 25 µm high, with 8-spored asci, and oblong to ellipsoid,
hyaline, simple ascospores (7–9 × 4–5 µm); on periodically submerged rocks (lime-
stone?); ecological requirements similar to those of Gonohymenia heppii with which it
may occur together; only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzer-
land). – Sw: VS.
Pyrenopsis conferta (Bornet) Nyl.
Syn.: Synalissa conferta Bornet
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with a minute, dark brown thal-
lus consisting of small erect branches up to 1 mm tall, which in part bear terminal,
relatively large apothecia containing 8-spored asci and subspherical ascospores, in part
bear terminal pycnidia with oblong, short pycnospores; on moist rocks, ecology similar
to that of Spilonema paradoxum; overall distribution poorly documented. – Fr: AMa,
HSav, Var.
Pyrenopsis endoxantha Anzi
Syn.: Psorotichia endoxantha (Anzi) Forssell
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a spreading thallus consisting of min-
ute, brownish black, mostly scattered, granulose areoles, the inner part yellowish in
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432
section, and sessile, rst concave and marginate, then at and immarginate, reddish
black apothecia arising between the areoles, with a brownish epi – and hypothecium,
8-spored asci, and simple, hyaline, oblong ascospores measuring 15–20 × 7–8 µm;
described from material collected on siliceous nodules within limestone rocks in the
surroundings of Como (Italy). e type material would be well worthy of further
study. – It: Lomb.
Pyrenopsis fuliginoides Rehm
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of more or less base-rich
siliceous rocks, or of calcareous rocks, with optimum in the montane belt; from the
Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: S. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: TAA.
Pyrenopsis grumulifera Nyl.
Syn.: Pyrenopsis multispora Coppins
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a crustose, blackish-brown, areolate
thallus, immersed apothecia with punctiform discs, and polyspored (up to 64) asci
with ellipsoid ascospores; on moist rocks; widespread in NW Europe; apparently rare
in the Alps but likely to be undercollected. – Au: T, K. Sw: SZ.
Pyrenopsis micrococca (Bornet & Nyl.) Forssell
Syn.: Synalissa micrococca Bornet & Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks in sun-exposed seepage tracks,
mostly in the Mediterranean belt, with a record from the Western Alps (France). –
Fr: AMa.
Pyrenopsis picina (Nyl.) Forssell
Syn.: Synalissa picina Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species close to P. grumulifera from which it is
often not distinguished, but with an euse, thin, black thallus overgrowing mosses;
overall distribution poorly documented, with a few records from the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: AMa, Var.
Pyrenopsis pleiobola Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a thallus consisting of scattered, brown,
hemispherical areoles, often with immersed apothecia, hymenium practically without
paraphyses, and polysporous asci containing subspherical ascospores up to 5 µm in
diam.; on moist siliceous rocks; rare in Europe from the boreal to temperate-montane
zones, with a single record from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
Pyrenopsis sanguinea Anzi
Syn.: Psorotichia sanguinea (Anzi) Jatta
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species of sunny surfaces of basic siliceous rocks
along seepage tracks, which deserves further study. – It: TAA, Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 433
Pyrenopsis subareolata Nyl.
Syn.: Cryptothele rhodosticta auct. non (Taylor) Henssen, Pyrenopsis fuscatula Nyl., Pyr-
enopsis rhodosticta auct. non (Taylor) Müll. Arg., Pyrenopsis rocaltensis Couderc
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on siliceous rocks with prolonged water seepage
after rain; apparently more common in the Western and Southern Alps, but perhaps
overlooked or confused with other species elsewhere. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var. It: TAA,
Lomb, VA.
Pyrenopsis subcooperta Anzi
Syn.: Psorotichia subcooperta (Anzi) Jatta
L # – Subs.: bry, sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on mossy siliceous rocks with a prolonged water
seepage after rain; described from the Italian Alps and also reported from France (out-
side the Alps); the type material, from Mt. Sobretta, was overgrowing epiphytic mosses
on schist, in the alpine belt. – It: Lomb.
Pyrenopsis triptococca Nyl.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks, especially basalt, in sunny
seepage tracks. – Au: T. Fr: Var.
Pyrenula chlorospila Arnold
Syn.: Pyrenula nitidella (Flörke ex Schaer.) Müll. Arg. var. chlorospila (Arnold) Degel.,
Verrucaria chlorospila Nyl. nom.illeg.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean-Atlantic spe-
cies found on smooth bark (especially of Fraxinus and Salix, but also of Corylus and
Quercus) in deciduous open forests, often along rivers, with a few records from the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Pyrenula laevigata (Pers.) Arnold
Syn.: Pyrenula alba A. Massal. var. laevigata (Pers.) Trevis., Pyrenula glabrata (Ach.) A.
Massal., Verrucaria glabrata Ach., Verrucaria laevigata Pers.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species of smooth bark, most frequent
on Carpinus and Fagus in open, humid woodlands; widespread in the Alps, but not
very common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, UW.
Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia nitida (Weigel) H. Olivier, Bunodea nitida (Weigel) Beltr., Sphaeria
nitida Weigel, Verrucaria nitida (Weigel) Schrad.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species with optimum on basal parts of
old trunks of Fagus in slightly open forests, but also on Carpinus and other deciduous
trees (e.g. Quercus); widespread and often rather common throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, SG, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: Drô,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
434
Pyrenula nitidella (Flörke ex Schaer.) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Bunodea nitida (Weigel) Beltr. var. nitidella (Flörke ex Schaer.) Beltr., Pyrenula
nitida (Weigel) Ach. var. dermatodes (Borrer) Trevis., Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach. var.
nitidella (Flörke ex Schaer.) Schaer., Verrucaria nitida (Weigel) Schrad. var. nitidella
Flörke ex Schaer.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean-Atlantic species
found on the bark of deciduous trees in open, humid woodlands. – Au: V, S, K, St, O,
N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR. Fr: HSav. It: Ven, Lomb, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Pyrgidium montellicum (Beltr.) Tibell
Syn.: Acolium montellicum Beltr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mainly tropical species described from the pre-Alpine
hills of NE Italy (the only European record), where it is probably extinct. e hitherto
known distribution includes also India, Colombia, and Costa Rica. – It: Ven.
Pyrrhospora quernea (Dicks.) Körb.
Syn.: Biatora quernea (Dicks.) Fr., Lecidea quernea (Dicks.) Ach., Lichen querneus
Dicks., Protoblastenia quernea (Dicks.) Clauzade
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean-Atlantic species found on
bark, sometimes on lignum; certainly very rare in the Alps, at low elevations. – Au: St,
O, N. Sw: ?BE, LU, ?TI. Fr: AMa, Var. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Racodium rupestre Pers.
Syn.: Cystocoleus rupestris (Pers.) Rabenh., Rhacodiopsis rupestris (Pers.) Donk
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread, temperate to southern boreal-montane,
circumpolar lichen found on shaded, vertical or underhanging surfaces of siliceous
rocks protected from rain, with a rather wide altitudinal range; undercollected, and
certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, SG, VS. It: TAA,
Lomb, VA. Sl: SlA.
Ramalina baltica Lettau
Syn.: Ramalina obtusata auct.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species resembling R. obtusata, with which it was
often confused, but with larger thalli (exceeding 3 cm in length) and wider branches
(more than 2 mm wide) bearing parietal, laminal and apical soralia, the medulla mostly
lled with arachnoid hyphae; on trunks and branches of deciduous trees; widespread
in Europe, with a strain with divaricatic acid most frequent in Western Europe, and
a strain with evernic acid in Central and Eastern Europe, with a few records from the
Eastern Alps, but likely to occur also elsewhere. – Au: T, St, O, N. Sl: SlA.
Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr.
Syn.: Lichen calicaris L., Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. canaliculata Fr., Ramalina cali-
caris (L.) Fr. var. evernioides (Anzi ex Jatta) Motyka, Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. lac-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 435
iniata Harm., Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. subamplicata Nyl., Ramalina fraxinea (L.)
Ach. var. evernioides Anzi ex Jatta, Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach. subsp. canaliculata (Fr.)
B. de Lesd., Ramalina polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach. var. crispa A. Massal. ex Beltr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on deciduous,
more rarely coniferous trees, especially on branches in humid beech forests; widespread
throughout the Alps but strongly declining. – Au: K, St, N. Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Ramalina capitata (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Ramalina capitata (Ach.) Nyl. var. strepsilis (Ach.) Motyka, Ramalina polymorpha
(Lilj.) Ach. var. capitata Ach., Ramalina polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach. subsp. capitata (Ach.)
Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Ramalina strepsilis (Ach.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on the top of exposed siliceous boulders frequently
visited by birds. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. HAl,
AMa, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Ramalina dilacerata (Hom.) Hom.
Syn.: Fistulariella dilacerata (Hom.) Bowler & Riefner, Fistulariella minuscula (Nyl.)
Bowler & Rundel, Lobaria calicaris (L.) Hom. var. dilacerata Hom., Ramalina cali-
caris (L.) Fr. f. minuscula Nyl., Ramalina minuscula (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a rare cool-temperate to boreal-montane, probably
circumpolar lichen found on twigs and branches of acid-barked trees (especially coni-
fers) and more rarely on lignum in very humid situations. – Au: T, St, N. Ge: ?A. Sw:
GR. It: Ven, TAA.
Ramalina elegans (Bagl. & Carestia) Stizenb.
Syn.: Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. subsp. elegans Bagl. & Carestia
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on bark of old deciduous trees, more rarely on coni-
fers, in very humid, open montane forests; a lichen which deserves further study. – Ge:
Schw. It: TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen farinaceus L., Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. farinacea (L.) Rabenh., ?Ra-
malina fallax Motyka, Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. var. hypoprotocetrarica (W.L. Culb.)
D. Hawksw., Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. var. multida Ach., Ramalina farinacea (L.)
Ach. var. pendulina (Ach.) Ach., Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. var. phalerata (Ach.)
Ach., Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. var. reagens B. de Lesd., Ramalina hypoprotocetrarica
W.L. Culb., Ramalina reagens (B. de Lesd.) W.L. Culb., Ramalina subfarinacea (Nyl. ex
Cromb.) Nyl. var. salazinica D. Hawksw.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a widespread, Mediterranean-Atlantic to southern
boreal lichen found on bark in humid situations, from the mountains to the Mediter-
ranean belt; the species is chemically and morphologically very polymorphic; wide-
spread and locally common throughout the Alps, with optimum in the montane belt.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
436
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen fastigiatus Pers., Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. fastigiata (Pers.) Fr., Rama-
lina fenestrata Motyka, Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach. var. fastigiata (Pers.) Fr., Ramalina
populina (Hom.) Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a widespread, mainly temperate lichen found on
broad-leaved, more rarely coniferous trees in open stands; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen fraxineus L., Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. fraxinea (L.) Mont., Ramalina
fraxinea (L.) Ach. var. ampliata Ach., Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach. var. calicariformis
(Nyl.) Hue, Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach. var. taeniata (Ach.) Rebent., Ramalina poly-
morpha (Lilj.) Ach. var. angulosa A. Massal., Ramalina polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach. var. caly-
cula A. Massal., Ramalina polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach. var. fastuosa A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate lichen found on isolated
deciduous trees; widespread throughout the Alps but probably declining. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
Ramalina intermedia (Delise ex Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a usually sterile species with tufted, sti, erect, richly
branched thalli (to 3 cm tall) with attened laciniae (to 2 mm wide) and excavate,
marginal, laminal and apical soralia producing granular soredia, containing lichen
substances of the sekikaic acid syndrome, based on a type from Newfoundland; often
confused with the usually larger R. subfarinacea (3 strains with either salacinic or/and
norstictic acids) and R. pollinaria (with diagnostic evernic acid syndrome); on acidic
rocks; very rare in Europe; the records from the Alps are in need of critical re-examina-
tion. – Au: T, S, St. It: Lig.
Ramalina obtusata (Arnold) Bitter
Syn.: Ramalina minuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. var. obtusata Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to southern boreal species found
on old conifers, more rarely on deciduous trees and shrubs in cold-moist, but open
montane forests. See also note on R. baltica. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 437
Ramalina panizzei De Not.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: on bark in humid montane forests, frequently confused
with R. fastigiata, but diering, among other characters, in the presence of sekikaic and
homosekikaic acids. – Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VD. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, Ven, Lig.
Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen pollinarius Westr., Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. var. bolcana A. Massal.,
Ramalina intermedia auct. non (Delise ex Nyl.) Nyl., Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach.
var. humilis Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, sil, cal, xyl – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread, cool-temperate to subarc-
tic-subalpine, circumpolar lichen found on ancient isolated trees, and on vertical to
underhanging surfaces of base-rich or calciferous rocks; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ,
TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Ramalina polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen calicaris L. var. polymorphus Lilj., Ramalina grappae Sambo, Ramalina
polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach. var. ligulata (Ach.) Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on the top of isolated siliceous boulders manured
by birds, e.g. in grasslands and pastures, common only wherever suitable substrata are
present. – Au: T. Sw: BE, GL, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Ramalina requienii (De Not.) Jatta
Syn.: Ramalina colubariensis Llimona nom. nud., Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. var.
cetrarioides Bagl., Ramalina polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach. var. requienii De Not.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1 – Note: a Mediterranean species found on coastal siliceous rocks
subject to humid maritime winds; exceptionally found also far from the coast, and
then in sheltered, but light-rich situations, with a record from the the limit of the SW
Pre-Alps (France). – Fr: Vau.
Ramalina roesleri (Schaer.) Hue
Syn.: Fistulariella roesleri (Schaer.) Bowler & Rundel, Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach. var.
roesleri Schaer., Ramalina pollinariella (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: both in open humid beech forests and in very humid
Mediterranean maquis vegetation. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR,
GR, SZ, VD, VS. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Ramalina sinensis Jatta
Syn.: Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. f. brillosa . Fr., Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. ner-
vosa Nyl., Ramalina landroensis Zopf, Ramalina nervosa (Nyl.) Räsänen
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
438
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on twigs of trees and shrubs in montane forests, this
species is abundant in Picea obovata stands along rivers in Central Asia, but it is very
rare in the Alps. – Au: T, S, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR. Fr: AMa, Vau. It: TAA.
Ramalina subfarinacea (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Nyl.
Syn.: Ramalina angustissima (Anzi) Vain., Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. var. angustis-
sima Anzi, Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. var. rubescens Räsänen, Ramalina scopulorum
(Ach.) Ach. var. subfarinacea Nyl. ex Cromb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on siliceous and weakly calcareous rocks in humid,
but very open situations, mostly at low elevations. – Fr: Var, Vau. It: Ven, Lig.
Ramalina thrausta (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Alectoria crinalis Ach., Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach. var. crinalis (Ach.) H.
Olivier, Alectoria thrausta Ach., Bryopogon ochroleucus (Hom.) Link var. crinalis (Ach.)
Rabenh., Bryopogon sarmentosum (Ach.) Link var. crinalis (Ach.) Körb., Ramalina cri-
nalis (Ach.) Gyeln.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to southern boreal lichen found on
branches and twigs of conifers and deciduous trees in montane forests with frequent
fog, occasionally lignicolous and saxicolous; widespread but rare and probably declin-
ing throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Ramboldia cinnabarina (Sommerf.) Kalb, Lumbsch & Elix
Syn.: Biatora cinnabarina (Sommerf.) Fr., Blastenia cinnabarina (Sommerf.) Mig., Le-
cidea cinnabarina Sommerf., Protoblastenia cinnabarina (Sommerf.) Räsänen, Pyrrho-
spora cinnabarina (Sommerf.) M. Choisy
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly subarctic-subalpine, circumpolar species
found on the smooth bark of small shrubs, usually near the ground; overlooked, being
often sterile. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: Ven, Piem, Lig.
Ramboldia elabens (Fr.) Kantvilas & Elix
Syn.: Lecidea elabens Fr., Lecidea melancheima Tuck., Pyrrhospora elabens (Fr.) Hafellner
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a subarctic-subalpine to boreal-montane, probably
circumpolar species found on hard wood, often with Calicium tigillare. – Au: T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, VS. Fr: HAl. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Ramboldia insidiosa (. Fr.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lecidea insidiosa . Fr., Nesolechia erichsenii Räsänen
L – Subs.: xyl-par, cor-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: obligately lichenicolous on Lecanora
varia, on hard lignum, more rarely on smooth, hard bark. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge:
OB. Sw: BE, GR. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 439
Ramonia calcicola Canals & Gómez-Bolea
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a rare species growing on sheltered, shaded surfaces of
compact calcareous rocks at relatively low elevations; in the study area so far known
only from the base of the Western Alps. – Fr: HAl, AMa, Vau.
Ramonia chrysophaea (Pers.) Vězda
Syn.: Gyalecta cupularis (Hedw.) Schaer. var. chrysophaea (Pers.) Boistel, Lecidea chrys-
ophaea (Pers.) Nyl., Peziza chrysophaea Pers., Stictis chrysophaea (Pers.) Pers.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic species found on the soft
bark of old trees, especially Ulmus, in humid and shaded situations; inconspicuous and
easily overlooked, but certainly not common in the Alps. – Au: St. It: Frl.
Ramonia luteola Vězda
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on trunks of deciduous trees in humid and shaded
situations; hitherto known from humid areas of Austria, the Balkan Peninsula, the
Carpathians, Finland and Scotland, with a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria).
– Au: V, St.
Ramonia subsphaeroides (Tav.) Vězda
Syn.: Gyalecta subsphaeroides Tav.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic epiphytic species, mostly
found on Quercus in shaded and humid stands, with a few records from the Western
Alps (France). – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau.
Reichlingia leopoldii Diederich & Scheid.
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: originally described as a lichenicolous fungus,
this species is now recognised as a lichenised hyphomycete. It grows on underhanging
surfaces of siliceous rocks, more rarely on the bark of old oaks in sheltered situations,
mostly in the submediterranean belt. – Au: S, O. Sw: BE, GL, LU, UW. It: Lomb.
Reichlingia zwackhii (Sandst.) Frisch & G. or
Syn.: Arthonia zwackhii Sandst.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to tropical species found on smooth
bark, especially of Fraxinus and Carpinus, in humid woodlands, with a few records
from the Western Alps. – Fr: Var, Vau.
Rhizocarpon alpicola (Fr.) Rabenh.
Syn.: Buellia alpicola (Fr.) Anzi, Catocarpus chionophilus (. Fr.) Stein, Catocarpus ore-
ites (Vain.) Eitner, Rhizocarpon chionophilum . Fr., Rhizocarpon conglomeratum (Fr.)
Räsänen nom.illeg., Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. var. alpicola (Fr.) A. Massal.,
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. var. geronticum (Ach.) Räsänen, Rhizocarpon ger-
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
440
onticum (Ach.) H. Magn. comb. inval., Rhizocarpon oreites (Vain.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon
ridniense Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found on hori-
zontal to weakly inclined surfaces of hard siliceous rocks with a long snow cover in cold
situations. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Rhizocarpon amphibium (Fr.) . Fr.
Syn.: Lecidea amphibia Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species somewhat resembling Rh. lavatum, but
thallus brownish to greenish grey, apothecia often in circular arrangement and with
thinner margins, ascospores smaller (mostly less than 40 µm long) and with fewer cells
in optical view (usually 8–12, with only 1 longitudinal septum); on periodically inun-
dated siliceous rocks e.g. along streams; widespread in Europe but much rarer than Rh.
lavatum and mostly in areas with a suboceanic climate; from the Alps there are only a
few isolated records. – Au: T. Fr: HSav.
Rhizocarpon atroavescens Lynge
Syn.: Rhizocarpon atroavescens Lynge subsp. pulverulentum (Schaer.) Runemark,
Rhizocarpon chiastomerum Lettau, Rhizocarpon pulverulentum (Schaer.) Räsänen
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, perhaps cir-
cumpolar species found on steeply inclined surfaces of base-rich, or weakly calciferous
siliceous rocks near or above treeline, often starting the life-cycle on Pertusaria-species;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI,
UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Rhizocarpon atrovirellum (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecidea atrovirella Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species close to Rh. viridiatrum, diering in the
smaller, submuriform ascospores (to 20 µm long) with a single transversal septum; on
siliceous schists in SW Europe, with a few records from the Western Alps (France). –
Fr: AHP, HAl.
Rhizocarpon badioatrum (Flörke ex Spreng.) . Fr.
Syn.: Buellia badioatra (Flörke ex Spreng.) Mudd var. vulgaris Körb., Catocarpus badio-
ater (Flörke ex Spreng.) Arnold, Catocarpus badioater (Flörke ex Spreng.) Arnold var.
vulgaris (Körb.) Arnold, Lecidea badioatra Flörke ex Spreng., Rhizocarpon badioatrum
(Flörke ex Spreng.) . Fr. var. vulgare (Körb.) . Fr., Rhizocarpon rivulare (Flot.)
Körb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic early coloniser of siliceous pebbles and
small boulders near the ground, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 441
Rhizocarpon carpaticum Runemark
Syn.: Rhizocarpon intermediellum Räsänen subsp. carpaticum (Runemark) Clauzade &
Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks in underhangs protected from
rain in cold sites with frequent fog, with optimum near or above treeline. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem.
Rhizocarpon coeruleoalbum (Kremp.) Zahlbr.
L – Syn.: Buellia coeruleoalba (Kremp.) . Fr., Rehmia coeruleoalba Kremp.
Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on weakly calciferous or base-rich siliceous rocks,
especially calcareous schists, with optimum above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ. Fr: HAl, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Rhizocarpon copelandii (Körb.) . Fr.
Syn.: Buellia copelandii Körb., Catocarpus badioater (Flörke ex Spreng.) Arnold f. cope-
landii (Körb.) Eitner, Catocarpus copelandii (Körb.) Arnold, Rhizocarpon cyclodes Hellb.
ex . Fr., Rhizocarpon elevatum H. Magn., Rhizocarpon hyperboreum (Vain.) Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen of siliceous rocks above tree-
line; much more frequent in the Arctic zone than in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K. Sw:
UR. It: TAA.
Rhizocarpon dinothetes Hertel & Leuckert
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks near and above treeline, starting
the life-cycle on the thalli of Protoparmelia badia; in the study area there are records
from the Eastern Alps only (Austria, Slovenia), but the species might be more wide-
spread. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sl: SlA.
Rhizocarpon disporum (Nägeli ex Hepp) Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Lecidea dispora Nägeli ex Hepp, Rhizocarpon confervoides sensu A. Massal., Rhi-
zocarpon disporum (Nägeli ex Hepp) Müll. Arg. var. montagnei (Körb.) Zahlbr., Rhizo-
carpon montagnei Körb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a widespread, probably holarctic lichen of dry-conti-
nental areas, found on exposed surfaces of basic siliceous rocks; most frequent in dry-
continental valleys of the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Rhizocarpon distinctum . Fr.
Syn.: Lecidea distincta (. Fr.) Stizenb., Lecidea illota Sandst., Lecidea porphyrostrota
Vain., Rhizocarpon ambiguum (Schaer.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon atroalbum sensu Arnold
non (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon hyalescens Vain., Rhizocarpon illotum (Sandst.) Lettau,
Rhizocarpon porphyrostrotum (Vain.) Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks, often on brick and roong
tiles, with a wide altitudinal range; sometimes parasitic, when young, on Aspicilia cae-
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
442
siocinerea. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, VA, Lig.
Rhizocarpon drepanodes Feuerer
Syn.: Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Anders subsp. drepanodes (Feuerer) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: similar to Rh. ferax in the thallus with scattered,
convex, roundish to lunulate areoles with laterally attached apothecia, but ascospores
larger (to 50 µm long), and with a higher number of cells in optical view (mean c. 35);
on steep rock faces and under overhangs of siliceous rocks, in upland areas; not easy
to distinguish from Rh. ferax; widespread in Europe, including the Alps. According to
Roux, however, all of the records from the French Alps are either very dubious or refer
to specimens of R. lecanorinum with a medulla reacting P+ yellow. – Au: V, T, S, K, St.
Rhizocarpon eguratum (Anzi) . Fr.
Syn.: Buellia egurata Anzi, Catocarpus anzianus Müll. Arg., Lecidea egurata (Anzi)
Stizenb., Rhizocarpon sphaericum (Schaer.) Mig.; incl. Rhizocarpon italicum Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a weak competitor found under overhanging or
vertical surfaces of siliceous rocks protected from rain in upland areas, on the thalli
of Pleopsidium-species. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Rhizocarpon epispilum (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Buellia epispila (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Lecidea epispila Nyl., Rhizocarpon superstratum
J. Steiner
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on sheltered surfaces of siliceous rocks wetted by
rain, starting the life-cycle on thalli of Pertusaria below the montane belt; in the study
area so far known only from the limit of the SW Pre-Alps (France). – Fr: Vau. It: Lig.
Rhizocarpon eupetraeoides (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell
Syn.: Lecidea eupetraeoides Nyl.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on weakly calciferous rocks near and above treeline;
probably more widespread in the Alps. – It: Piem.
Rhizocarpon eupetraeum (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecidea eupetraea Nyl., Lecidea parapetraea Nyl., Lecidea petraeiza Nyl., Rhizo-
carpon arcticum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon dissentiens Arnold, Rhizocarpon parapetraeum
(Nyl.) Zahlbr.; incl. Rhizocarpon petraeizum (Nyl.) Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on inclined to vertical faces of acidic siliceous rocks,
mostly sandstone, with a wide altitudinal range. – Au: ?V, T, K, St, N. Sw: GR, VS. It:
Ven, TAA, Piem, VA.
Rhizocarpon ferax H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a silicicolous species starting the life-cycle on
other crustose lichens; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, S, K. It: TAA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 443
Rhizocarpon furax Poelt & V. Wirth
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on mineral-rich siliceous rocks near and above
treeline, starting the life-cycle on the thalli of Lecidea lapicida s.lat.; certainly more
widespread in the Alps. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St. It: Frl, TAA.
Rhizocarpon furfurosum H. Magn. & Poelt
L – Subs.: met, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on metal-rich siliceous rocks, mostly on steeply
inclined to underhanging faces in upland areas; easy to overlook, being mostly sterile,
and to be looked for further in the Alps. – Au: S, St. Fr: AMa. It: Piem.
Rhizocarpon geminatum Körb.
Syn.: Biatorina concreta (Ach.) Mudd, Buellia concreta (Ach.) Zwackh, Rhizocar-
pon concretum (Ach.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon disporum auct. non (Nägeli ex Hepp)
Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread lichen of dry-continental areas found on
steeply inclined faces of base-rich or weakly calciferous siliceous rocks, both in natural
and man-made substrata (e.g. on roong tiles, walls); a chemically heterogeneous spe-
cies, probably less thermophilous than the closely related Rh. disporum. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav,
Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. subsp. geographicum
Syn.: Lecidea geographica (L.) Rebent., Lichen geographicus L., Patellaria geographica
(L.) Duby, Rhizocarpon haeyrenii Räsänen, Rhizocarpon semilecanorinum Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil, int, cor, lig – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, cir-
cumpolar, polymorphic lichen of siliceous rocks wetted by rain. Here we also place all
records of Rh. geographicum s.lat.: this taxon badly needs a worldwide revision based on
molecular data. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI,
UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. subsp. arcticum (Runemark) Hertel
Syn.: Rhizocarpon tinei (Tornab.) Runemark subsp. arcticum Runemark
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen found on siliceous, exposed
rocks, most common in the nival belt of the Alps. – Au: ?V, T, K, St. It: VA.
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. subsp. diabasicum (Räsänen) Poelt & Vězda
Syn.: Rhizocarpon amphiboliticum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon diabasicum Räsänen, Rhizo-
carpon havaasii Räsänen, Rhizocarpon tinei (Tornab.) Runemark subsp. diabasicum
(Räsänen) Runemark
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on siliceous, sometimes also on supercially decal-
cied calcareous rocks, where it appears in forms with a whitish thallus, with optimum
near and above treeline. – Au: ?V, T, S, K. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
444
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. subsp. frigidum (Räsänen) Hertel
Syn.: Rhizocarpon frigidum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon tinei (Tornab.) Runemark subsp.
frigidum (Räsänen) Runemark
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen found on exposed, steeply
inclined to underhanging surfaces of siliceous rocks, mostly above treeline. – Au: ?V,
T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, VA.
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. subsp. kittilense (Räsänen) Ahti
Syn.: Rhizocarpon kittilense Räsänen, Rhizocarpon lindsayanum Räsänen subsp. kit-
tilense (Räsänen) Runemark, Rhizocarpon olivetorum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon riparium
Räsänen
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks in
rather sheltered and humid situations in upland areas. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St. Fr: AHP,
AMa. It: Piem, VA.
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. subsp. lindsayanum (Räsänen) Ahti
Syn.: Rhizocarpon lindsayanum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon riparium Räsänen subsp. lind-
sayanum (Räsänen) J.W. omson
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: this subspecies seems to have a circumboreal dis-
tribution. It is found on siliceous, often dust-impregnated rocks, also on walls and
boulders in semi-urban environments. – Au: ?V, ?T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav.
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. subsp. prospectans (Räsänen) D. Hawksw. &
Sowter
Syn.: Rhizocarpon prospectans Räsänen, Rhizocarpon tinei (Tornab.) Runemark subsp.
prospectans (Räsänen) Runemark
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on exposed surfaces of base-rich siliceous rocks. A
western lichen in Europe, which needs further study. – Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: HAl,
AMa, HSav. It: Lomb.
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. subsp. tinei (Tornab.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecidea tinei Tornab., Rhizocarpon tinei (Tornab.) Runemark
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on siliceous rocks; most common in the Mediterra-
nean mountains, but also found in the Alps in dry-warm areas. – Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Rhizocarpon grande (Flörke ex Flot.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecidea petraea (Wulfen) Ach. f. grande Flörke ex Flot., Rhizocarpon endamyleum
. Fr.
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a silicicolous species resembling Rh. eupetraeum
in the faintly amyloid medulla, the 8-spored asci, and the eumuriform spores soon be-
coming green-brown, but medulla K+ yellow or K-, with a dierent secondary chemis-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 445
try, and ascospores larger (to c. 50 µm long); widespread in Europe, including the Alps,
but the known distribution is lacunose, since the species was not always distinguished
from Rh. eupetraeum. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: VS. Fr: HSav.
Rhizocarpon hochstetteri (Körb.) Vain.
Syn.: Buellia chlorospora (Nyl.) Hellb., Buellia colludens (Nyl.) Arnold, Buellia hochstet-
teri (Körb.) Mong., Catillaria colludens (Nyl.) Jatta, Catillaria hochstetteri Körb., Cato-
carpus koerberi Stein, Lecidea applanata (Fr.) Leight., Lecidea colludens Nyl., Rhizocar-
pon applanatum (Fr.) . Fr., Rhizocarpon crenulatum H. Magn., Rhizocarpon koerberi
(Stein) Klem., Rhizocarpon massalongii sensu Malme non (Körb.) Malme
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread, probably northern holarctic lichen
found on mineral-rich siliceous rocks, in seepage tracks and near creeks. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Rhizocarpon inarense (Vain.) Vain.
Syn.: Lecidea inarensis Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a circumboreal to arctic-alpine species of siliceous rocks,
known from a few localities only in the Alps. – Au: T. It: TAA.
Rhizocarpon infernulum (Nyl.) Lynge
Syn.: Lecidea infernula Nyl.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species resembling Rh. hochstetteri, but with a thin-
ner thallus and smaller ascospores (only to 20 µm long); on siliceous rocks or schists
containing a low content of calcium; widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, with a
single record from the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: SZ.
Rhizocarpon intermediellum Räsänen
Syn.: Rhizocarpon wulanum Räsänen
L # – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a species morphologically resembling Rh. nor-
vegicum, but ascospores submuriform, larger (to 20 µm long), with 1–4 transversal
septa and 1 incomplete longitudinal septum; the specic dierence from Rh. furax is in
need of critical re-evaluation; on basic siliceous rocks (e.g. amphibolite) and schists with
low content of calcium in exposed situations, often on pebbles in wind-swept ridges,
parasitic on various crustose lichens (incl. species of Bellemerea, Lecidea, Buellia sect.
Melanaspicilia, Tremolecia) in the early stages of development; widespread in Europe,
arctic to nemoral-alpine; from the Alps there are several scattered records, but appar-
ently the species was overlooked in some regions. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St. Fr: AMa, Sav.
Rhizocarpon intersitum Arnold
Syn.: Rhizocarpon birgittae H. Magn., Rhizocarpon diversisporum Hav.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rather poorly known species found on inclined to
vertical faces of acidic siliceous rocks, often near waterfalls, mostly in upland areas. –
Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: GR. It: TAA.
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Rhizocarpon kakurgon Poelt
L – Subs.: sil-par, int-par – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic to nemoral-alpine (-nival) spe-
cies related to Rh. viridiatrum, but thallus sulphur-yellow and ascospores smaller (less
than 20 µm long) and with fewer cells in optical view; on hard calcareous schists, obli-
gately parasitic on Aspicilia-species (e.g. A. candida, A. mashiginensis); most records are
from the Alps but the species was also reported from Greenland. – Au: V, T. Ge: Schw.
Sw: SG. Fr: AHP, HAl.
Rhizocarpon lavatum (Fr.) Hazsl.
Syn.: Lecidea atroalba auct. var. lavata Fr., Rhizocarpon obscuratum (Ach.) A. Massal.
f. lavatum (Fr.) . Fr., Rhizocarpon orphninum (Vain.) Vain., Rhizocarpon perlutum
(Nyl.) Zahlbr. non auct.
L – Subs.: sil, int, sil-aqu, int-aqu – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-al-
pine, circumpolar lichen found on perennially humid siliceous rocks, e.g. in mountain
rivulets, or on small pebbles on moist ground; related to Rh. obscuratum; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Anders
Syn.: Lecidea geographica (L.) Rebent. var. lecanora (Flörke) Nyl., Rhizocarpon atro-
virens auct., Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. var. lecanorum (Flörke) A. Massal.,
Rhizocarpon lecanora (Flörke) Lynge
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar lichen,
most common on stone walls, dust-impregnated siliceous boulders, roong tiles, but
also found in natural habitats, e.g. with Umbilicaria deusta; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, B. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Rhizocarpon leptolepis Anzi
Syn.: Rhizocarpon phalerosporum (Vain.) Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a boreal-montane to arctic-alpine species growing
on steeply inclined surfaces of hard siliceous rocks in sheltered situations, mostly in
upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Rhizocarpon macrosporum Räsänen
Syn.: Rhizocarpon sphaerosporum Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a chemically heterogeneous species of dust-impreg-
nated, exposed siliceous rocks, including walls in small settlements, most common in
upland areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 447
Rhizocarpon malenconianum (Llimona & Werner) Hafellner & H. Mayrhofer
Syn.: Leciographa malenconiana Llimona & Werner
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 2 – Note: a cryptothalline species with convex apothecia and
3-septate, brown ascospores; obligately parasitic on Diploschistes diacapsis over gypsum
or calcareous soils in arid sites; known from some scattered localities in the Mediter-
ranean Region and from an outpost in Southern Norway, with a few records from low
elevations in the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Drô.
Rhizocarpon mosigiae Poelt & Obermayer
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling the Mediterranean Rh. epispilum,
but thallus grey and ascospores somewhat smaller; obligately parasitic on Rimularia
gibbosa on siliceous boulders at high elevations; only known from the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: T.
Rhizocarpon norvegicum Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a pioneer species of schistose, slightly calciferous
or basic eruptive rocks in upland areas, which often starts the life-cycle on members of
Acarosporaceae. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, UR. It: Frl.
Rhizocarpon oederi (Ach.) Körb.
Syn.: Lecidea oederi Ach., Lichen oederi Weber nom.illeg., Lichen koenigii Retz.
L – Subs.: met, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate species with a wide but
scattered distribution, found on metal-rich siliceous rocks, mostly at low elevations. –
Au: T, S, K. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Rhizocarpon papillatum Vězda & Poelt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with a greenish-yellow thallus, the inner areoles
apically papillate-isidioid and with an amyloid medulla, older areoles apically decorti-
cated and blackish; on siliceous rocks in wind-exposed sites; so far only known from
the high alpine belt in Switzerland. – Sw: GR.
Rhizocarpon parvum Runemark
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an extremely rare and often misidentied silicicol-
ous species resembling Rh. pusillum, but with an amyloid medulla; the type is parasitic
on Tremolecia atrata; known with certainty only from Norway, the only record from
the Alps needs conrmation. – Au: ?St.
Rhizocarpon permodestum Arnold
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a species resembling Rh. postumum, but thallus in-
conspicuous, exciple reacting K+ purple-brown, and ascospores somewhat smaller (to
c. 20 µm long); not consistently distinguished from Rh. postumum and specic dier-
ence in need of re-evaluation; on schistose outcrops in shaded situations above treeline;
only reported from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
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448
Rhizocarpon petraeum (Wulfen) A. Massal.
Syn.: Lecidea petraea (Wulfen) Ach., Lichen petraeus Wulfen, Patellaria petraea (Wul -
fen) DC., Rhizocarpon concentricum auct. non (Davies) Beltr., Rhizocarpon excentricum
(Ach.) Arnold, Rhizocarpon perlutum auct. non (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon richardii
auct. non (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon subconcentricum (Körb.) Körb., Siegertia petraea
(Wulfen) V. Wirth; incl. Rhizocarpon variegatum J. Steiner
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic pioneer species of base-rich siliceous
rocks, often found on old roong tiles and on slightly calciferous sandstone, with a
wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Rhizocarpon polycarpum (Hepp) . Fr.
Syn.: Buellia umensis H. Magn., Lecidea atroalbicans Nyl., Lecidea confervoides auct.
var. polycarpa Hepp, Rhizocarpon confervoides sensu Rabenh., Rhizocarpon cyanescens
(Hellb.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil, int, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a probably holarctic pioneer species found
on siliceous pebbles over moist ground, or on steeply inclined faces near the ground,
present at low altitudes only in humid areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
Rhizocarpon postumum (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecidea postuma Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species recalling Rh. distinctum in the small-sized
apothecia, but medulla not amyloid and with stictic acid, apothecia less than 0.5 mm
in diam. with at, smooth discs, ascospores small (mostly less than 25 µm long) and
submuriform; on siliceous rocks, often close to streams and waterfalls; widespread in
Europe, but rather rare or not always distinguished, with scattered records from the
Alps. – Au: St. Ge: Schw. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav.
Rhizocarpon pusillum Runemark
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen related to Rh.
eguratum, found on exposed surfaces of hard siliceous rocks, starting the life-cycle on
species of Sporastatia. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, HSav.
It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Rhizocarpon rapax V. Wirth & Poelt
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks near and above treeline, starting
the life-cycle on the thalli of dierent crustose lichens; related to Rh. tinei, but diering
in the parasitic growth; probably overlooked and more frequent in the Alps, especially
in rainy areas. – Au: S, K. It: TAA, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 449
Rhizocarpon reductum . Fr.
Syn.: Rhizocarpon obscuratum auct. non (Ach.) A. Massal., Rhizocarpon massalongii
(Körb.) Malme
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a morphologically and chemically variable species
of siliceous rocks, often found on pebbles or on surfaces of boulders near the ground;
the optimum is in upland areas, but the species also occurs within eu-Mediterranean
vegetation, in shaded-humid situations; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Rhizocarpon renneri Poelt
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of
siliceous rocks, starting the life-cycle on the thalli of Dimelaena oreina; probably more
widespread, but never common, in the dry valleys of the Alps. – Au: T, K. Sw: GR. Fr:
Sav. It: TAA.
Rhizocarpon ridescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecidea ridescens Nyl.
L – Subs.: met, sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on iron-rich siliceous rocks, mostly under over-
hangs, with optimum near or above treeline; easily overlooked, being always sterile. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Rhizocarpon saanaense Räsänen
Syn.: Rhizocarpon sublucidum Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar lichen
found on slightly calciferous siliceous rocks with a late snow cover, with optimum
above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. B. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Sav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Rhizocarpon santessonii Timdal
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 5 – Note: an arctic to nemoral-alpine species with a greyish-
yellow thallus (rhizocarpic acid absent!), a non-amyloid medulla, and 1-septate as-
cospores (to 15 µm long); on siliceous boulders, obligately parasitic on Tremolecia
atrata, with records from the Eastern Alps only (Austria). – Au: K.
Rhizocarpon schedomyces Hafellner & Poelt
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a mainly endothalline thallus visible
around the apothecia as a greyish-brownish discoloration and 1-septate, pigmented
ascospores; on weakly calciferous schists or basic siliceous rocks, obligately parasitic on
Pertusaria (e.g. P. pseudocorallina), forming minute insular patches; so far only known
from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T, K, St.
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450
Rhizocarpon simillimum (Anzi) Lettau
Syn.: Buellia simillima Anzi, Catocarpus simillimus (Anzi) Arnold, Rhizocarpon atroal-
bum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon sublestum (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous, base-rich or
slightly calciferous rocks in upland areas. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St. Sw: VS. Fr: HAl, AMa,
HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Rhizocarpon sorediosum Runemark
L – Subs.: met, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: closely related and similar to Rh. ridescens, but
thallus less vivid yellow-green, with mostly at areoles; on heavy metals-bearing siliceous
rocks in upland areas; probably overlooked, being almost always sterile; in the study area
so far reported from the Eastern Alps (Austria, Italy). – Au: ?V, ?T, S, St. It: Lomb.
Rhizocarpon subgeminatum Eitner
Syn.: Rhizocarpon phaeolepis Vain.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with 2-spored asci and large eu-
muriform ascospores (mostly longer than 50 µm), with more than 25 cells visible in
optical view (with at least 3 longitudinal septa); on siliceous rocks, often near brooks
and lakes; for the Alps most records are from the Eastern Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Fr:
AMa. Sl: SlA.
Rhizocarpon sublavatum Fryday
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling Rh. reductum in the small
apothecia and the eumuriform ascospores, but thallus with at areoles, lacking lichen
substances; on damp siliceous rocks, often along streams, occasionally together with
R. lavatum (with larger areoles and apothecia); widespread in Europe, from the boreal
to the nemoral-alpine zones, with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria), but
the species was not recognised in earlier times, and might be more widespread in the
Alps. – Au: K.
Rhizocarpon submodestum (Vain.) Vain.
Syn.: Rhizocarpon subreductum (Vain.) Vain., Rhizocarpon tetramerum (Vain.) Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling Rh. postumum, but with a minutely
verruculose thallus and constantly 3-septate, rst hyaline, later greenish-brownish as-
cospores; widespread in Northern Europe but altogether rare, with a single record from
the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Rhizocarpon subocellatum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Buellia subocellata Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a whitish-grey thallus, innate apothe-
cia with greenish-brown epihymenium, and 1-septate, brown ascospores; the generic
placement is in need of re-evaluation; on outcrops of calcareous sandstone; only re-
corded from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 451
Rhizocarpon subpostumum (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecidea subpostuma Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil, int, cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a silicicolous species resembling Rh. postu-
mum in the small apothecia and the small submuriform ascospores, but thallus paler
and usually containing gyrophoric acid, exciple in section with Atra-red, reacting K+
purple; widespread in Europe, from the boreal to temperate-alpine zones, mainly un-
der oceanic conditions; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records, but prob-
ably the species was not always distinguished. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Ge. Fr: Sav. It:
Piem.
Rhizocarpon superciale (Schaer.) Vain.
Syn.: Lecidea supercialis Schaer., Rhizocarpon crystalligenum Lynge, Rhizocarpon ef-
guratum auct. non (Anzi) . Fr., Rhizocarpon scabridum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon splen-
didum Malme
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine species found on exposed
siliceous rocks with a short snow cover, often very abundant in the nival belt of the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K. Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Rhizocarpon tetrasporum Runemark
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks in the mountains; closely related to
Rh. viridiatrum and Rh. oportense, this taxon is worthy of further study. – It: Piem, VA.
Rhizocarpon trapeliicola M. Brand
L # – Subs.: int-par – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a rarely collected species with a pale brown
thallus of dispersed, subspherical areoles developing on bleached squamules of Trapelia
glebulosa and T. coarctata, with, convex to subspherical, black-brown apothecia (0.3–
0.4 mm in diam.), a dark brown epihymenium and hypothecium, 8-spored asci, and
hyaline, submuriform ascospores (12.5–16 × 5.5–7.5 µm) with 2–4 transverssal septa
and c. 4–7 cells visible in optical section; on various types of schists; rare in Western
and Central Europe; the identication of material from Switzerland is not completely
certain. – Sw: ?SZ.
Rhizocarpon umbilicatum (Ramond) Flagey
Syn.: Diplotomma calcareum (Fr.) Flot., Diplotomma weissii (Schaer.) A. Massal., Lecid-
ea calcarea (Fr.) Hepp nom.illeg., Lecidea umbilicata Ramond, Rhizocarpon calcareum
(Fr.) Anzi, Rhizocarpon calcareum (Fr.) Anzi var. weissii (Schaer.) . Fr., Rhizocarpon
pseudospeireum (. Fr.) Lynge, Rhizocarpon umbilicatum (Ramond) Flagey f. pseudos-
peireum (. Fr.) Szatala, Siegertia calcarea (Fr.) Körb., Siegertia pseudospeirea (. Fr.)
V. Wirth. comb. inval., Siegertia umbilicata (Ramond) V. Wirth
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found
on steeply inclined, often north-facing surfaces of calcareous, more rarely base-rich or
slightly calciferous siliceous rocks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
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452
St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Rhizocarpon viridiatrum (Wulfen) Körb.
Syn.: Buellia viridiatra (Wulfen) H. Olivier, Diplotomma viridiatrum (Wulfen) Jatta, Le-
cidea viridiatra (Wulfen) Ach., Lichen viridiater Wulfen, Rhizocarpon subtile Runemark
L – Subs.: sil, sil-par – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks with optimum in dry-
warm areas, sometimes on roong tiles, starting the life-cycle on other crustose lichens,
with a wide altitudinal range. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, VS. Fr: HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Rhizocarpon vorax Poelt & Hafellner
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a rare boreal-montane to nemoral-alpine species
resembling Rh. schedomyces in the mainly endothalline thallus, but ascospores muri-
form (with 3–5 transversal septa and 1–2 incomplete longitudinal septa, 10–15 cells
visible in optical view); on weakly calciferous schists or basic siliceous rocks, obligately
parasitic on Pertusaria-species, with a few records from the Eastern Alps only (Austria).
– Au: ?V, T, S, K.
Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf
Syn.: Lecanora chrysoleuca (Sm.) Ach., Lecanora rubina (“Vill.”) Ach., Lichen chrysoleu-
cus Sm., Omphalodina rubina (“Vill.”) M. Choisy, Placodium rubinum (“Vill.”) Müll.
Arg., Squamaria chrysoleuca (Sm.) Duby, Squamaria rubina (“Vill.”) Hom.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen found on birds perching
siliceous rocks and boulders, especially in the mountains; most frequent in areas with
a dry-subcontinental climate, e.g. in the Central Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE,
GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert & Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora melanophthalma (DC.) Ramond, Lecanora subpeltata Lynge, Squamaria
melanophthalma DC.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen found on birds perching
over siliceous rocks, especially in the mountains. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Rhizoplaca subdiscrepans (Nyl.) R. Sant.
Syn.: Lecanora subdiscrepans (Nyl.) Stizenb., ?Squamaria chrysoleuca (Sm.) Duby var.
lecanorea Anzi, Squamaria chrysoleuca (Sm.) Duby var. subdiscrepans Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on the top of calciferous or basic siliceous boul-
ders frequently visited by birds, with optimum above treeline. – Au: T, K, St. Fr: Sav.
It: Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 453
Ricasolia amplissima (Scop.) De Not. – chloromorph
Syn.: Lichen amplissimus Scop., Lobaria amplissima (Scop.) Forssell, Lobaria glomu-
lifera (Lightf.) Hom., Lobaria laciniata (Huds.) Vain., Parmelia amplissima (Scop.)
Schaer., Parmelia glomulifera (Ligthf.) Ach., Ricasolia glomulifera (Ligthf.) Nyl., Sticta
amplissima (Scop.) Rabenh., Sticta glomulifera (Lightf.) Delise
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on old, isolated
deciduous trees in humid areas with high rainfall. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô, Sav, Var. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Ricasolia amplissima (Scop.) De Not. – cyanomorph
Syn.: Cornicularia umhausense Auersw., Dendriscocaulon bolacinum (Ach.) Nyl., Den-
driscocaulon umhausense (Auersw.) Degel., Leptogium bolacinum (Ach.) Nyl., Polychi-
dium umhausense (Auersw.) Henssen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on bark of broad-leaved trees and on epiphytic moss-
es in warm-humid areas. is is the cyanobacterial morph of R. amplissima. Besides the
obvious dierences in morphology, it has a rather dierent ecology and distribution.
– Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lig.
Ricasolia virens (With.) H.H. Blom & Tønsberg
Syn.: Lichen herbaceus Huds., Lichen laetevirens Lightf., Lichen virens With., Lobaria
herbacea (Huds.) DC., Lobaria laetevirens (Lightf.) Zahlbr., Lobaria virens (With.) J.R.
Laundon, Ricasolia herbacea De Not. nom.illeg., Sticta herbacea Ach. nom.illeg.
L – Subs.: cor, sax – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to humid subtropical species
found on old deciduous trees, more rarely on mossy rocks in old, natural, warm-humid
forests; very rare, and strongly declining in the Alps. – Sw: BE, GR, UR. Fr: Isè. It:
Ven, Lomb. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Rimularia badioatra (Kremp.) Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Aspicilia badioatra Kremp., Aspicilia corrugatula (Arnold) Hue, Lecanora badio-
atra (Kremp.) Zahlbr., Lecanora contracta (. Fr.) Zahlbr., Lecanora corrugatula (Ar-
nold) Nyl., Lecanora umbriformis (Nyl.) Grummann, Lecidea badioatra (Kremp.) Ar-
nold, Lecidea corrugatula Arnold, Lecidea illita Nyl., Lecidea umbonatula Nyl., Lecidea
umbriformis Nyl., Mosigia illita (Nyl.) R. Sant.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of hard, base-rich
or weakly calciferous siliceous rocks, mostly in upland areas, but rarely also occurring
above treeline. – Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, UR, VS. It: TAA.
Rimularia gibbosa (Ach.) Coppins, Hertel & Rambold
Syn.: Aspicilia bockii (Fr.) Boistel, Lecanora bockii (Fr.) Rabenh., Lecanora grimseleana
A. Massal., Mosigia gibbosa (Ach.) A. Massal., Pyrenula gibbosa Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of mineral-rich to basic
siliceous rocks wetted by rain, often in seepage tracks, usually in upland areas. e spe-
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454
cies often produces both apothecia and soredia. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, B. Sw: BE, GR,
TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HSav. It: TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Rimularia limborina Nyl.
Syn.: Lecidea inconcinna Nyl., Lecidea limborina (Nyl.) Lamy, Lecidea subgyratula Nyl.,
Lecidea trochodes (Taylor ex Leight.) Cromb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thin, whitish to brown thallus and
minute, lecideine apothecia with often umbonate discs, prominent, radially incised
margins, and simple, broadly ellipsoid (to 30 µm long) ascospores turning brown with
age; on siliceous rocks in irrigated places or other damp situations; widespread in the
Holarctic region, in Europe most common in the west and more or less restricted to
the montane belt; from the Alps there is only a single record (Switzerland). – Sw: GR.
Rinodina alba Metzler ex Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora albidorimulosa Harm., Lecanora michaudiana Harm., Rinodina albi-
dorimulosa (Harm.) Zahlbr., Rinodina michaudiana (Harm.) Croz., Rinodina subcanel-
la Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on hard siliceous rocks near the shoreline, but some-
times also found at some distance from the coast; in the study area only known from
the Western Alps (France); an earlier record from Switzerland (VS) has been excluded,
as it is most probably wrong. – Fr: AMa.
Rinodina albana (A. Massal.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Berengeria albana (A. Massal.) Trevis., Hagenia albana A. Massal., Psora horiza
sensu Hepp, Rinodina horiza (Mudd) Müll. Arg. var. albana (A. Massal.) Körb., Rino-
dina sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal. var. albana (A. Massal.) Bagl. & Carestia
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species found on isolated deciduous trees
with more or less smooth bark. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR,
SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina anomala (Zahlbr.) H. Mayrhofer & Giralt
Syn.: Buellia anomala Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mainly western species growing on the branches of
broad-leaved trees (Quercus, Ulmus, etc.), mostly at low elevations, with a single record
from the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Piem.
Rinodina archaea (Ach.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora archaea (Ach.) Harm., Parmelia sophodes (Ach.) Ach. var. archaea Ach.,
Rinodina lecideoides (Nyl.) Kernst.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: typically lignicolous but also rarely on rough
bark and even more rarely on siliceous rocks. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: VS. Fr:
HAl, AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 455
Rinodina aspersa (Borrer) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Buellia aspersa (Borrer) P. James, Lecanora aspersa Borrer, Rinodina atrocinerea
(Hook.) Körb. var. fatiscens (. Fr.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Rinodina exigua (Ach.)
Gray f. fatiscens . Fr., Rinodina fatiscens (. Fr.) Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on hard siliceous rocks near the ground in cold-hu-
mid habitats, sometimes on walls, mostly below the montane belt; in the study area
so far recorded from a single station at the limit of the Southern Pre-Alps (France).
– Fr: Vau.
Rinodina atrocinerea (Hook.) Körb.
Syn.: Lecanora plumbella Nyl., Lecidea atrocinerea Hook., Rinodina aspersa (Borrer)
J.R. Laundon subsp. atrocinerea (Hook.) Cl. Roux, Rinodina plumbella (Nyl.) H. Ol-
ivier, Rinodina tympanelloides Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on steeply inclined to vertical surfaces of hard siliceous
rocks, below the subalpine belt. – Au: S, St. Sw: SZ, VS. Fr: Sav, HSav, Var. It: Ven,
Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Rinodina beccariana Bagl.
Syn.: Lecanora confragosa (Ach.) Röhl. f. dispersa B. de Lesd. ex Harm., Lecanora con-
fragosa (Ach.) Röhl. f. glaucescens Nyl., Lecanora confragosa (Ach.) Röhl. var. fumo-
sa Wedd., Lecanora confragosa (Ach.) Röhl. var. turgida Wedd., Rinodina beccariana
Bagl. var. cinerea Bagl., Rinodina beccariana Bagl. var. tympanelloides Bagl., Rinodina
bimarginata Zahlbr., Rinodina confragosa (Ach.) Körb. f. dispersa (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr.,
Rinodina confragosa (Ach.) Körb. var. fumosa (Wedd.) H. Olivier, Rinodina confragosa
(Ach.) Körb. var. subglaucescens (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Rinodina confragosa (Ach.) Körb. var.
turgida (Wedd.) Boistel, Rinodina subglaucescens (Nyl.) Sheard
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen of siliceous
rocks, with a single record from the base of the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Lig.
Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal.
Syn.: Berengeria bischoi (Hepp) Trevis., Lecanora exigua (Ach.) Fr. subsp. subrubescens
Vain., Psora bischoi Hepp, Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal. f. guttulata Servít
& Nádv., Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal. f. lecideina (Nyl.) Boistel, Rinodina
bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal. f. obscurata J. Steiner, Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Mas-
sal. var. convexula Flagey, Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal. var. protuberans Körb.,
Rinodina colletica sensu Lettau non (Flörke ex Körb.) Arnold, Rinodina nigrella Müll.
Arg., Rinodina orcularia H. Mayrhofer & Poelt, Rinodina subrubescens (Vain.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread early coloniser of calciferous or
rarely basic siliceous rocks, also found on walls, roong tiles etc.; common throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: Tg.
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456
Rinodina calcarea (Hepp ex Arnold) Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora calcarea (Hepp ex Arnold) Harm. var. ampsagana Stizenb., Lecanora con-
fragosa (Ach.) Röhl. var. glebulosa Harm., Rinodina caesiella (Flörke ex Spreng.) Körb.
var. calcarea Hepp ex Arnold, Rinodina calcarea (Hepp ex Arnold) Arnold var. ampsa-
gana (Stizenb.) Zahlbr., Rinodina calcarea (Hepp ex Arnold) Arnold var. melanocarpa J.
Steiner, Rinodina calcarea (Hepp ex Arnold) Arnold var. nummulitica Flagey, Rinodina
confragosa (Ach.) Körb. var. glebulosa (Harm.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on the top of sun-exposed boulders of dolomite,
limestone and calcareous schists, with a rather wide altitudinal range. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: LU. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, VA, Lig.
Rinodina cana (Arnold) Arnold
Syn.: Rinodina arenaria (Hepp) Arnold var. cana Arnold, Rinodina lesdainii Samp.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on steeply inclined, weakly calcareous schists and
basic siliceous rocks in dry-warm areas. – Au: K, St. Sw: GR, TI. It: TAA, Piem.
Rinodina candidogrisea Hafellner, Muggia & Obermayer
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-int, deb, bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a recently-described, ornito-
coprophilous, terricolous species growing on mosses and plant debris over calcareous
substrata near and above treeline; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, K,
St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: GR. It: Frl, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina capensis Hampe
Syn.: Rinodina corticicola (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Rinodina corticola (Arnold)
Arnold, Rinodina teichophila (Nyl.) Arnold var. corticola Arnold
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane pioneer spe-
cies, mostly found on smooth bark, but also on lignum; the species, also known from
the Canary Islands, is widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav,
Var. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Rinodina castanomela (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora castanomela Nyl.
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, perhaps cir-
cumpolar lichen found under overhanging clis of weakly calcareous or basic siliceous
rocks, marl and calciferous schists; perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VD. Fr: HAl, Sav. It: TAA.
Rinodina castanomelodes H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A.Massal. subsp. castanomelodes (H. Mayrhofer & Po-
elt) Cl. Roux, Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal. var. castanomelodes (H. Mayrhofer
& Poelt) Giralt & Llimona
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 457
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on limestone, marl and calcareous schists in
upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Rinodina cinnamomea (. Fr.) Räsänen
Syn.: Rinodina mniaroea (Ach.) Körb. var. chrysopasta (Lettau) Zahlbr., Rinodina mni-
aroea (Ach.) Körb. var. cinnamomea . Fr.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on soil, bryophytes, and plant
debris in tundra-like environments over more or less calciferous substrata; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Sav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina clauzadei H. Mayrhofer & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a rare calcicolous species, in the study area so far re-
ported only from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AHP, HAl.
Rinodina colobina (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Lecanora colobina Ach., Rinodina leprosa A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean lichen found
on dust-impregnated bark of isolated trees, especially Populus, Fraxinus, Juglans and
Ulmus, often on the basal parts of trunks; certainly declining, and presently extinct in
several regions, probably due to the disappearance of unpaved roads during this cen-
tury. – Au: V, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: Tg.
Rinodina conchophylla H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
L – Subs.: int, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on calcareous schists and basic siliceous rocks in
warm-dry areas; only reported from South Tyrol (Italy), but perhaps occurring also in
other dry valleys of the Alps. – It: TAA.
Rinodina confragosa (Ach.) Körb.
Syn.: Lecanora caesiella Flörke ex Spreng., Lecanora confragosa (Ach.) Röhl., Lecanora
confragosa (Ach.) Röhl. var. exterior Nyl., Lecanora confragosa (Ach.) Röhl. var. extrusa
Vain., Parmelia confragosa Ach., Rinodina aggregata Bagl., Rinodina caesiella (Flörke
ex Spreng.) Körb., Rinodina caesiella (Flörke ex Spreng.) Körb. var. aggregata (Bagl.)
Arnold, Rinodina confragosa (Ach.) Körb. var. exterior (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Rinodina con-
fragosa (Ach.) Körb. var. extrusa (Vain.) H. Olivier, Rinodina crassescens (Nyl.) Arnold,
Rinodina rma (Nyl.) Arnold, Rinodina metabolica (Ach.) Anzi var. saxicola Anzi, Ri-
nodina romeana Müll. Arg., Rinodina samothrakiana Szatala
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen found on vertical or underhanging surfaces of hard siliceous rocks protected
from rain, exceptionally reaching beyond treeline in dry-warm areas; the species is
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
458
chemically variable; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Ge.
Sw: BE, GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Rinodina conradii Körb.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry, ter-sil, deb, bry-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread, short-lived
early coloniser of base-rich soil and terricolous bryophytes in open habitats, sometimes
on mosses on basal parts of ancient trees, rarely lignicolous or corticolous. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina dubyana (Hepp) J. Steiner
Syn.: Buellia dubyana (Hepp) Rabenh., Lecanora bischoi (Hepp) Nyl. var. mediter-
ranea Stizenb., Lecanora bischoi (Hepp) Nyl. var. melanops (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., Le-
canora mediterranea (Stizenb.) Harmand, Lecidea dubyana Hepp, Rinodina bischoi
(Hepp) A. Massal. var. mediterranea (Stizenb.) Flagey, Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A.
Massal. var. melanops Müll. Arg., Rinodina mediterranea (Stizenb.) Flagey
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on steeply inclined
to underhanging, sunny surfaces of limestone and dolomite, sometimes also on pebbles
on the ground; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, St, O, N. Sw: BE, UR,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina eorescens Malme
Syn.: Lecanora hueiana Harm., Rinodina hueiana (Harm.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a rare, mild-temperate, suboceanic species found
on twigs and boles of deciduous trees, especially Quercus and Fagus, in open, moist
deciduous woodlands. – Au: T, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. It: Ven. Sl: Tg.
Rinodina epimilvina H. Mayrhofer
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on acidic siliceous rocks wetted by rain in upland
areas, starting the life-cycle on Rinodina milvina; not common, but certainly more
widespread in the Alps than the few records would suggest, with optimum above tree-
line. – Sw: BE. It: TAA.
Rinodina excrescens Vain.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rare species of acid bark, with a primarily Eastern
North American-Eastern Asian distribution and scattered outliers elsewhere, including
the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St, N.
Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray
Syn.: Berengeria exigua (Ach.) Trevis., Lichen exiguus Ach., Psora exigua (Ach.) Nägeli,
Rinodina kornhuberi Zahlbr., Rinodina metabolica auct. p.p. non (Ach.) Anzi, Rinodina
ramulicola Kernst.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 459
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a temperate species found on the smooth bark
of isolated trees, more rarely on rather eutrophicated wood; common throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina cta (Stizenb.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecanora cta Stizenb., Rinodina boleana Giralt & H. Mayrhofer
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on evergreen broad-leaved trees in parklands, way-
sides, and in open maquis or woodlands; also known from South Africa, New Zealand,
North America, the Iberian Peninsula, Greece and Croatia, this species is probably
more widespread in S Europe, especially in the Mediterranean belt; for the Alps there
is a single record from the base of the Eastern Pre-Alps (Italy). – It: Frl.
Rinodina mbriata Körb.
Syn.: Rinodina confragosa (Ach.) Körb. var. inundata (Blomb. ex . Fr.) H. Olivier,
Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray var. inundata Blomb. ex . Fr.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a very rarely collected species found on periodi-
cally inundated siliceous rocks in mountain creeks and rivers; in the study area known
only from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Rinodina freyi H. Magn.
Syn.: Rinodina glauca Ropin, Rinodina ramulicola Kernst. ex Arnold nom.illeg.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on shrubs and trees in open situations, also
on lignum. e species was often treated together with R. glauca as a synonym of R.
septentrionalis. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, VS. It: Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina furfurea H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: known from a few collections, on exposed siliceous
rocks in very dry sites, this interesting species needs further study. – It: TAA.
Rinodina griseosoralifera Coppins
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species found on trunks of broad-leaved trees, often
near the base, sometimes invading epiphytic mosses; easy to overlook, being mostly
sterile, and probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UW, VS. It: Frl, Lig.
Rinodina guzzinii Jatta
Syn.: Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal. var. ochrata J. Steiner, Rinodina controversa
A. Massal. var. terricola Flagey, Rinodina miocenensis Flagey
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: an Irano-Turanian-Mediterranean species found on
more or less horizontal, exposed surfaces of weakly calciferous rocks, most frequent
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
460
in dry-warm areas below treeline, with a few records, mainly from the Southern and
Western Alps. – Sw: VS. Fr: AMa. It: Frl, Piem, Lig.
Rinodina immersa (Körb.) J. Steiner
Syn.: Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal. var. exigua Müll. Arg., Rinodina bischoi
(Hepp) A. Massal. var. immersa Körb., Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal. var. in-
termedia Müll. Arg., Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal. var. ochracea Müll. Arg.,
Rinodina bischoi (Hepp) A. Massal. var. perexigua Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly southern species found on horizontal to
steeply inclined, dry surfaces of limestone and (more rarely) dolomite wetted by rain,
but also on pebbles, exceptionally reaching the alpine belt; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina inata Kalb
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rare sorediate species, only known from the type
locality in the Austrian Alps. – Au: S.
Rinodina intermedia Bagl.
Syn.: Rinodina conimbricensis Samp., Rinodina lusitanica Arnold
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a widespread species reported from Asia,
Central and South America, Europe and Africa, including the Canary Islands and the
Cape Verde Islands, found on soil and mosses over basic siliceous substrata, in open
grasslands and garrigue vegetation, with a few records, mainly from the Southern and
Western Alps. – Sw: TI. It: TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Rinodina isidioides (Borrer) H. Olivier
Syn.: Parmelia isidioides Borrer
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, probably Mediterranean-Atlantic
species found on rough bark, more rarely on epiphytic mosses, in ancient, undisturbed
forests, with a few records from the Central Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: GR, TI.
Rinodina lecanorina (A. Massal.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Berengeria lecanorina (A. Massal.) Trevis., Lecanora controversa (Trevis.) Nyl. var.
numida Stizenb., Lecanora sophodes (Ach.) Ach. var. pictavica Wedd., Lecidea lecanorina
(A. Massal.) Nyl., Mischoblastia lecanorina A. Massal., Rinodina controversa A. Massal.
var. numida (Stizenb.) Zahlbr., Rinodina lecanorina (A. Massal.) A. Massal. var. pictavi-
ca (Wedd.) H. Olivier, Rinodina ocellata (Hom.) Arnold non (Flot.) Branth & Rostr.,
Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal. var. pictavica (Wedd.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria ocellata
Hom.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on the top of isolated boulders of limestone and
dolomitic rocks, usually on nutrient-enriched surfaces such as in birds’ perching sites,
with a wide altitudinal range but usually absent above treeline; widespread throughout
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 461
the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: GR, SZ, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Rinodina luridata (Körb.) H. Mayrhofer, Scheid. & Sheard subsp. luridata
Syn.: Buellia luridata Körb., Rinodina iodes H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
L – Subs.: int, cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on sun-exposed calcareous outcrops in upland
areas. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Fr: HSav, Vau.
Rinodina luridata (Körb.) H. Mayrhofer, Scheid. & Sheard subsp. immersa (H.
Mayrhofer & Cl. Roux) Cl. Roux
Syn.: Rinodina iodes H. Mayrhofer & Poelt var. immersa H. Mayrhofer & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: this taxon diers from the nominal subspecies in the
endolithic thallus and the ecology (on hard, compact limestones, often with Bagliet-
toa marmorea); for the study area there are a few records from the Western Alps only
(France), but the species could have not been distinguished elsewhere. – Fr: AMa, Drô,
Var, Vau.
Rinodina luridescens (Anzi) Arnold
Syn.: Buellia coniopta (Nyl.) Malme, Buellia luridescens Anzi, Buellia sciodes (Nyl.) Boi-
stel, Lecanora coniopta Nyl., Lecanora sciodes Nyl., Lecidea coniopta (Nyl.) Wedd., Rino-
dina coniopta (Nyl.) Hav., Rinodina sciodes (Nyl.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen described from Tus-
cany, found on hard siliceous rocks subject to frequent humid winds, often near the
coast, also reported from the base of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Rinodina malangica (Norman) Arnold
Syn.: Rinodina leprosa A. Massal. var. malangica Norman, Rinodina rhododendri Hepp
ex H. Magn., Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal. var. malangica (Norman) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, deb – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species known from the Central European
mountains, the Pyrenees, Norway and the Canary Islands, found on shrubs (often on
Rhododendron) in the subalpine belt, especially on the basal parts of stems, where it can
be very abundant, sometimes on lignum; probably widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. It: Frl, TAA, Piem.
Rinodina mayrhoferi A. Crespo
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a rare corticolous species; in the study area it was
reported only from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HAl.
Rinodina milvina (Wahlenb.) . Fr.
Syn.: Lecanora milvina (Wahlenb.) Ach., Lecanora sophodes (Ach.) Ach. var. scopulina
Nyl., Lecanora sophodes (Ach.) Ach. var. submilvina Nyl., Lecanora subconfragosa Nyl.,
Lecanora submilvina (Nyl.) Croz., Parmelia milvina Wahlenb., Rinodina arnoldii auct.
non H. Mayrhofer & Poelt, Rinodina milvina (Wahlenb.) . Fr. var. karelica Räsänen,
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462
Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal. f. saxicola Kernst., Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A.
Massal. var. scopulina (Nyl.) Croz., Rinodina subconfragosa (Nyl.) Flagey
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circumpolar
lichen found on boulders of base-rich to weakly calciferous siliceous rocks, usually on
steeply inclined surfaces, often (but not always) parasitic on other crustose lichens,
with optimum near or above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Rinodina mniaroea (Ach.) Körb.
Syn.: Lecanora amniocola Ach., Lecanora mniaroea Ach., Pachysporaria mniaroea (Ach.)
M. Choisy, Rinodina amniocola (Ach.) Körb., Rinodina mniaroea (Ach.) Körb. var.
normalis . Fr., Rinodina turfacea (Wahlenb.) Körb. var. nuda Körb.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar
species found on soil, bryophytes, and plant debris in tundra-like environments; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR,
GR, LU, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina mniaroeiza (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Diploicia muscorum sensu A. Massal. non Lichen muscorum Wulfen, Lecanora
mniaroeiza Nyl., Rinodina mniaroea (Ach.) Körb. var. mniaroeiza (Nyl.) H. Magn.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on mainly calcareous soil, bryophytes,
plant debris, in tundra-like environments; perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, SZ, UW. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb.
Rinodina moziana (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecidea destituta Nyl., Lecanora moziana Nyl., Rinodina atrocinerea (Hook.)
Körb. var. nigrocaerulescens (Wedd.) H. Olivier, Rinodina confragosa (Ach.) Körb. var.
nigrocaerulescens (Wedd.) Boistel, Rinodina destituta (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rinodina vezdae
H. Mayrhofer
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a species known from North America, Central
and Southern Europe, the Canary Islands, Eastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand and
the island Juan Fernandez found on basic siliceous rocks, such as magmatite; closely
related to R. oxydata. – Au: K. Fr: Sav, Var. It: Lig.
Rinodina nivalis H. Mayrhofer
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: this rare species is only known from the Eastern Alps
(Italy), on dolomite. – It: TAA.
Rinodina notabilis (Lynge) Sheard
Syn.: Buellia notabilis Lynge, Buellia parvula (H. Mayrhofer & Poelt) H. Mayrhofer &
Scheid., Rinodina parvula H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 463
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on more or less calciferous rocks in upland areas;
the species is known also from Slovakia, Spain, and North America. – Au: T, S, K, St.
Sw: BE, GR, TI. Fr: AMa. It: TAA.
Rinodina obnascens (Nyl.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Lecanora obnascens Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen found on weakly
inclined to horizontal surfaces of siliceous rocks wetted by rain, starting the life-cycle
especially on Aspicilia intermutans, but sometimes on other lichens, e.g. Rhizocarpon-
species. e records from Austria and Switzerland are highly questionable and need to
be checked. – Au: ?T. Sw: ?GR, ?VS. Fr: AHP, Var, Vau. It: Lig.
Rinodina occulta (Körb.) Sheard
Syn.: Buellia occulta Körb., Lecanora tegulicola Nyl., Rinodina diplocheila Vain. ex H.
Magn., Rinodina tegulicola (Nyl.) J. Steiner, Rinodina verrucarioides H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on vertical to underhanging surfaces of hard siliceous
rocks, with a few scattered records only from the Alps. – Au: K. Fr: AMa. It: VA, Lig.
Sl: SlA.
Rinodina oleae Bagl.
Syn.: Lecanora subexigua Nyl., Rinodina agavicola Erichsen, Rinodina cinerascens J.
Steiner, Rinodina demissa auct., Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray var. glauca H. Magn.,
Rinodina gennarii Bagl., Rinodina pallida H. Magn., Rinodina salina Degel., Rinodina
subexigua (Nyl.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: cal, sil, int, cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: corticolous specimens only occur in
the Mediterranean belt, while saxicolous specimens, usually named R. gennarii, are more
frequent in inland sites, such as in the Alps. – Au: ?V, T, St, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, LU,
SZ, TI, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Rinodina olivaceobrunnea C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker
Syn.: Rinodina archaea (Ach.) Arnold f. minuta Anzi ex Arnold, Rinodina archaeoides
H. Magn., Rinodina soredicola Degel.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species found
on soil, bryophytes and plant debris in tundra-like environments over siliceous sub-
strata; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: GL, GR, SG,
TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Rinodina orculata Poelt & M. Steiner
Syn.: Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray var. corticicola Anzi, Rinodina trevisanii auct. non
(Hepp) Körb.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on the bark of conifers and subalpine shrubs,
especially common on Rhododendron, mostly near treeline; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VS. Fr: HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
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464
Rinodina oxydata (A. Massal.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Buellia discolor Arnold, Buellia discolor Arnold var. candida (Schaer.) Anzi, Buellia
griseonigra (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecanora confragosa (Ach.) Röhl. var. lecideotropa Nyl., Le-
canora contribuens Nyl., Lecanora dissentanea Nyl., Lecanora griseofusca Nyl., Lecanora
intuta Nyl., Lecidea discolor Hepp, Lecidea griseonigra Nyl., Mischoblastia oxydata A.
Massal., Rinodina aequalis (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rinodina biatorina Körb., Rinodina candida
(Schaer.) Arnold, Rinodina contribuens (Nyl.) Boistel, Rinodina discolor (Arnold) Ar-
nold, Rinodina dissimilis Anzi, Rinodina griseofusca (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Rinodina grise-
onigra (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rinodina intuta (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Rinodina lecideotropa (Nyl.)
Zahlbr., Rinodina subarenaria A.L. Sm.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate to tropical, widespread species known
from from southern Africa, Asia, Australia, North and South America, Macaronesia
and Europe, found on seepage tracks of (mostly) base-rich, hard, smooth metamorphic
rocks, often along mountain creeks. – Au: S, K, St, N, B. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SG,
TI. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina papillata H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: this epiphytic species was recently reported as new to
Europe from an oak forest of South Tyrol. – It: TAA.
Rinodina parasitica H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Rinodina milvina (Wahlenb.) . Fr. var. amphibolitica Räsänen
L – Subs.: sil-par, sil, int-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species found on sili-
ceous rocks in upland areas, often growing on the thalli of other crustose lichens; easy
to overlook and certainly more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: Schw.
Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. It: Frl.
Rinodina pityrea Ropin & H. Mayrhofer
L – Subs.: cor, cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species found on asbestos-cement
and mortar, often on walls or on the base of rough barked deciduous trees; probably
more widespread in the Alps, but easy to overlook, being often sterile. – Au: St, N. Ge:
OB. It: Ven.
Rinodina plana H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: an early coloniser of smooth bark, especially of young
twigs. – Au: V, T, K, St. Fr: HAl, Vau. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina poeltiana Giralt & Obermayer
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rather poorly known epiphytic species. e type
material, from Austria, was growing on Salix alba. – Au: St. It: TAA.
Rinodina polyspora . Fr.
Syn.: Berengeria polyspora (. Fr.) Trevis., Buellia polysporella (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecanora
polyspora (. Fr.) Nyl., Lecidea polysporella Nyl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 465
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species found on smooth bark, especially
of Fraxinus, Sorbus and Carpinus in open woodlands; rather widespread in the Alps,
but perhaps declining. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Fr: AHP. Ge: Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, TI.
It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina polysporoides Giralt & H. Mayrhofer
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate species found on smooth bark of trunks
and branches of deciduous, more rarely of evergreen broad-leaved trees, especially Jug-
lans and Fraxinus, but also Quercus; certainly more widespread in the Alps, at relatively
low altitudes. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Sw: GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: Var. It: TAA,
VA. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina pyrina (Ach.) Arnold
Syn.: Berengeria exigua (Ach.) Trevis. var. maculiformis (Hepp) Trevis., Lecanora pyri-
na (Ach.) Röhl., Lichen pyrinus Ach., Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray var. maculiformis
(Hepp) Bagl., Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray var. pyrina (Ach.) . Fr., Rinodina macu-
liformis (Hepp) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a temperate to southern boreal-montane, per-
haps circumpolar early coloniser of the smooth bark of deciduous trees, often found
on twigs and branches, with a broad ecological amplitude; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: GL, GR, LU, SG, TI, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina rinodinoides (Anzi) H. Mayrhofer & Scheid.
Syn.: Buellia rinodinoides Anzi, Lecidea rinodinoides (Anzi) Stizenb., Rinodina melano-
carpa Müll. Arg., Rinodina serpentini H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species described from the Italian Alps
and also known from the Balkan Peninsula and the Karakorum Mountains, found on
usually south-exposed surfaces of very hard, base-rich siliceous rocks and serpentine;
apparently rare in the Alps. – Au: S, K. Sw: VS. Fr: HSav. It: TAA, Lomb.
Rinodina roboris (Dufour ex Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora roboris (Dufour ex Nyl.) Kremp., Lecanora sophodes (Ach.) Ach. var.
roboris Dufour ex Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mainly Atlantic species also known from Macaro-
nesia, found on dry bark of ancient, more or less isolated trees, especially oaks, in rela-
tively undisturbed, open, humid woodlands. – Ge: OB. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: Sav, HSav,
Var. It: Lomb, Piem.
Rinodina roscida (Sommerf.) Arnold
Syn.: Berengeria turfacea (Wahlenb.) Trevis. var. microcarpa (Hepp) Trevis., Lecanora
roscida Sommerf., Rinodina turfacea (Wahlenb.) Körb. var. microcarpa (Hepp) Körb.
L – Subs.: deb, bry, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species
found on soil, bryophytes and plant debris over calcareous substrata in tundra-like
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466
habitats; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE,
GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina sheardii Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rare, sorediate, corticolous species with optimum in
the montane belt. – Au: T, S. Sw: SZ. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Berengeria sophodes (Ach.) Trevis., Dimelaena sophodes (Ach.) Norman, Gaspar-
rinia sophodes (Ach.) Tornab., Lecanora sophodes (Ach.) Ach., Lichen sophodes Ach., Par-
melia sophodes (Ach.) Ach., Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal. var. lusitanica H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a widespread temperate early coloniser of smooth
bark, most common on twigs and branches, with a wide ecological amplitude and a
correspondingly wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Rinodina straussii J. Steiner
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a rare species growing under overhangs of calcareous
rocks; widespread in Central Asia and also reported from a few sites in the Alps. – Au:
K. Sw: BE.
Rinodina subpariata (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecanora subpariata Nyl., Rinodina degeliana Coppins
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: an apparently rare, but also easily overlooked sorediate
lichen with a holarctic distribution, growing on bark in rather shaded and humid situ-
ations, mostly in the deciduous forest belts, with a few records from the Eastern Alps
(Austria, Italy). – Au: T. It: TAA.
Rinodina teichophila (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Lecanora teichophila Nyl., Rinodina arenaria auct. non (Hepp) Arnold, Rinodina
calcarea (Hepp ex Arnold) Arnold var. obscurata Arnold, Rinodina colletica (Flörke)
Arnold, Rinodina metabolica (Ach.) Anzi var. colletica (Flörke) Körb., Rinodina su-
berumpens (Nyl.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate silicicolous lichen, some-
times found in small urban settlements on walls (especially of calciferous sandstone, or
of brick), and on roong tiles; apparently more frequent in the Western and Southern
Alps. – Au: K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Rinodina tephraspis (Tuck.) Herre
Syn.: Lecanora badiella Nyl., Lecanora tephraspis Tuck., Psora atrocinerea (Hook.) Hepp
var. macrospora f. arenaria Hepp, Rinodina arenaria (Hepp) Arnold, Rinodina badiella
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 467
(Nyl.) . Fr., Rinodina caesiella (Flörke ex Spreng.) Körb. var. glebulosa Arnold, Rino-
dina glebulosa (Arnold) Arnold, Rinodina pannarioides Körb. ex Stein
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rare species of siliceous rocks, in moist and often
shaded situations such as near waterfalls, rapids, gorges and lakeshores, often associated
with cyanobacteria (Stigonema). – Au: K. It: TAA.
Rinodina terrestris Tomin
Syn.: Rinodina mucronatula H. Magn.
L – Subs.: xyl, ter, bry, deb, cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on terricolous mosses and plant
debris in open grasslands, over more or less calciferous or otherwise basic to neutral
substrata, in sunny, dry, non-eutrophicated situations; perhaps more widespread in the
Alps, but overlooked, or confused with other species. – Au: T. Sw: GR, VD, UR, VS.
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Sav.
Rinodina trachytica (A. Massal.) Bagl. & Carestia
Syn.: Lecanora confragosa (Ach.) Röhl. var. immersoareolata Harm., Mischoblastia le-
canorina A. Massal. var. lavanea A. Massal., Mischoblastia lecanorina A. Massal. var.
trachytica A. Massal., Rinodina confragosa (Ach.) Körb. var. immersoareolata (Harm.)
Zahlbr., Rinodina iberica H. Mayrhofer, Rinodina lecanorina (A. Massal.) A. Massal.
var. lavanea (A. Massal.) Bagl., Rinodina subtrachytica J. Steiner
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean-Macaronesian to mild-temperate
lichen found on base-rich, mostly volcanic rocks, and on serpentinite; most frequent
in the Western and Southern Alps. – Sw: TI. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Vau. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Rinodina trevisanii (Hepp) Körb.
Syn.: Psora trevisanii Hepp, Rinodina convexula H. Magn., Rinodina lignaria H. Magn.,
Rinodina norrlandica H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a corticolous species rarely occurring on wood,
often confused with R. archaea, but not very common. – Au: S, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw:
GR, VS. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina tunicata H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate lichen found on
compact, pure limestone or dolomite at relatively low elevations, also reported from
the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Rinodina turfacea (Wahlenb.) Körb.
Syn.: Berengeria turfacea (Wahlenb.) Trevis., Lichen turfaceus Wahlenb., Psora turfacea
(Wahlenb.) Hepp, Rinodina orbata (Ach.) Vain., Rinodina turfacea (Wahlenb.) Körb.
var. orbata (Ach.) Jatta
L – Subs.: deb, ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen
found on soil rich in humus and plant remains in tundra-like habitats; widespread
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468
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG,
SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Rinodina venostana Buschardt & H. Mayrhofer
Syn.: Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray var. saxicola Anzi
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species known from the southern part of Central
Europe to the Mediterranean area, extending to Macaronesia, found on slightly cal-
careous schists, with a few records from the Western and the Southern Alps (France,
Italy). – Fr: Sav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Rinodina ventricosa Hinteregger & Giralt
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on Rhododendron ferrugineum and rarely on Rh.
hirsutum, with a rather scattered distribution in the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Sw:
GR. It: TAA.
Rinodina zwackhiana (Kremp.) Körb.
Syn.: Lecanora zwackhiana Kremp., Rinodina murorum B. de Lesd., Rinodina trans-
sylvanica (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Rinodina violascens H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate lichen found on steeply
inclined to slightly underhanging surfaces of calcareous rocks, including walls, some-
times a juvenile parasite on other lichens; probably more widespread, but much over-
looked in the Alps. – Au: S, K. Ge: OB. Sw: GR. Fr: AHP, HAl, Sav. It: Lig.
Rinodinella controversa (A. Massal.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Berengeria controversa (A. Massal.) Trevis., Berengeria fusca (A. Massal.) Trevis.,
Buellia dubyana (Hepp) Rabenh. var. nigrescens Müll. Arg., Catolechia fusca A. Mas-
sal., Lecanora budensis Nyl., Rinodina budensis (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rinodina controversa A.
Massal., Rinodina crustulata (A. Massal.) Arnold, Rinodina fusca (A. Massal.) Bagl.,
Rinodina sublobata (Arnold) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly southern species in Europe, found on the
top of exposed calcareous boulders, with optimum below the montane belt; apparently
most frequent in the Western and the Southern Alps (France, Italy). – Au: N. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Rinodinella dubyanoides (Hepp) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Buellia dubyanoides (Hepp) Müll. Arg., Buellia dubyanoides (Hepp) Müll. Arg.
var. evoluta Zahlbr., Lecanora aequatula Nyl., Lecanora dubyanoides (Hepp) Stizenb.,
Lecidea dubyanoides Hepp, Rinodina aequatula (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Rinodina dubya-
noides (Hepp) Arnold, Rinodina dubyanoides (Hepp) Arnold var. evoluta Zahlbr., Rino-
dina minuta B. de Lesd., Rinodina subgranulata Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean species found on
hard, compact calcareous rocks, mostly on steeply inclined faces wetted by rain; appar-
ently most frequent in the Western and the Southern Alps (France, Italy). – Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 469
Roccella fuciformis (L.) DC.
Syn.: Lichen fuciformis L., Roccella teneriensis Vain.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1 – Note: a supralittoral Mediterranean-Macaronesian species
found on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of a wide variety of rocks (mainly
calcareous) exposed to humid maritime winds, mostly in rather shaded situations;
much rarer and less heliophytic than R. phycopsis, also reported from the base of the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: Var.
Roccella phycopsis (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen fucoides Dicks. nom.illeg., Parmelia phycopsis Ach., Roccella fucoides Vain.,
Roccella pusilla De Not., Roccella pygmaea Durieu & Mont.
L – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 1 – Note: on a very wide variety of rocks, incl. brick walls,
sometimes on littoral shrubs, in rather sheltered situations, and in habitats subject to
frequent, salt-laden maritime winds; in the study area so far known only from the base
of the Western Alps. – Fr: AMa, Var. It: Lig.
Romjularia lurida (Ach.) Timdal
Syn.: Biatora lurida (Ach.) Stenh., Lecidea lurida Ach., Lecidea petri (Tuck.) Zahlbr.,
Mycobilimbia lurida (Ach.) Hafellner & Türk, Psora lurida (Ach.) DC., Psora petri
(Tuck.) Fink
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a calcicolous, ecologically and altitudinally
wide-ranging species, whose development often starts in ssures of the rock subject to
temporary water seepage after rain, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Ropalospora lugubris (Sommerf.) Poelt
Syn.: Bacidia lugubris (Sommerf.) Zahlbr., Bilimbia lugubris (Sommerf.) . Fr., Fus-
cidea lugubris (Sommerf.) P. James & Purvis, Lecidea caudata Nyl., Lecidea funera Som-
merf., Lecidea lugubris Sommerf., Ropalospora cafra A. Massal., Ropalospora caudata
(Nyl.) A. Massal., Schaereria lugubris (Sommerf.) Körb., Toninia caudata (Nyl.) Ar-
nold, Toninia lugubris (Sommerf.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, perhaps circum-
polar lichen found on steeply inclined surfaces of hard siliceous rocks in cold-humid
upland areas. – Sw: BE, VS. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Ropalospora viridis (Tønsberg) Tønsberg
Syn.: Fuscidea viridis Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on smooth bark of deciduous and coniferous trees
in cold-humid, open woodlands; perhaps more widespread in the Alps, but certainly
not very common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, UW, VS.
It: Frl. Sl: SlA.
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Rostania ceranisca (Nyl.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema arcticum Lynge, Collema ceraniscum Nyl., Collema subhumosum Nyl.,
Collema tetragonoides Anzi, Leptogium tetragonoides (Anzi) Lettau
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, deb – Alt.: 5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, perhaps circumpolar
lichen found over frost-disturbed, weakly calcareous soil; to be looked for further in
the Alps, where it is perhaps more widespread. – Au: T, S, St. Sw: GR, VS. It: Lomb.
Rostania multipunctata (Degel.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema multipunctatum Degel.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate, Mediterranean-Atlantic species
found on more or less isolated trees in warm-humid areas, especially on Olea, with a
few records from the base of the Western Alps (France, Italy). – Fr: AMa, Var. It: Lig.
Rostania occultata (Bagl.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema coccophylloides Hepp ex Müll. Arg., Collema occultatum Bagl., Collema
quadratum Zwackh, Leptogium occultatum (Bagl.) Zahlbr., Leptogium quadratum
(Zwackh) Nyl., Rostania quadrata (Zwackh) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate lichen found on smooth, base-rich, but
not very eutrophicated bark of more less isolated broad-leaved trees (Acer, Fraxinus,
Juglans, Populus) in rather humid sites, especially on basal parts of old trunks; easy to
overlook and widespread, but certainly not common in the Alps. – Au: V, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB, Schw. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Piem.
Sagiolechia protuberans (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Bilimbia protuberans (Ach.) A. Massal., Gyalecta cimbrica (A. Massal.) Jatta, Gya-
lecta protuberans (Ach.) Anzi, Gyalecta protuberans (Ach.) Anzi var. mammillata (Hepp)
Anzi, Lecidea protuberans (Ach.) Schaer., Sagedia protuberans Ach., Sagiolechia cimbrica
A. Massal., Sagiolechia leioplacoides (Vain.) Vain., Verrucaria leioplacoides Vain.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on dolomite and hard calciferous rocks in rather hu-
mid situations; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Santessoniella arctophila (. Fr.) Henssen
Syn.: Pannaria arctophila . Fr., Parmeliella arctophila (. Fr.) Malme
L – Subs.: ter, bry – Alt.: 4 – Note: a circum-arctic-alpine species with a brownish
granular thallus becoming gelatinous when wet, brown biatorine apothecia, asci with
an amyloid ring structure, and hyaline, ellipsoid ascospores; the generic placement is
still unsettled; on slightly calcareous soil and plant debris in snow-bed communities;
more common in Northern Europe and with a few records from the Swiss Alps, but
perhaps overlooked elsewhere. – Sw: GR, VS.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 471
Sarcogyne algoviae H. Magn. var. algoviae
Syn.: Biatorella algoviae (H. Magn.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on non – or weakly calciferous, sometimes dolomitic
rocks in sunny situations, with optimum above treeline. – Au: ?V, ?T, S, O. Ge: Schw.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Piem.
Sarcogyne algoviae H. Magn. var. euthallina Asta & Cl. Roux
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: on rocks with a low content in calcium, in communi-
ties with Acarospora badiofusca; only known from high elevations in the Western Alps
(France). is taxon does not belong to S. algoviae, and is probably a Polysporina of the
simplex-complex, perhaps growing parasitically on a crustose lichen with a white thal-
lus (Roux et al. 2014). – Fr: HAl.
Sarcogyne clavus (DC.) Kremp.
Syn.: Biatorella clavus (DC.) . Fr., Lecanora eucarpa (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecidea eucarpa
Nyl., Lichen clavus (DC.) Ramond, Patellaria clavus DC., Sarcogyne eucarpa (Nyl.)
Hellb., Stereopeltis carestiae De Not., Stereopeltis macrocarpa Franzoni & De Not.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of hard,
mineral-rich siliceous rocks, especially granite, mostly in ssures of the rock. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Sarcogyne coronata Jatta
Syn.: Biatorella coronata (Jatta) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a calcicolous species with an euse, epilithic,
white to yellowish, continuous to somewhat rimulose thallus, initially urceolate, nally
sessile apothecia with black discs covered by a bluish-grey pruina, surrounded by a
darker, hardly prominent proper margin and a persistent white thalline rim, in section
with a black-brown hypothecium, polyspored asci, and oblong to ellipsoid, hyaline
ascospores (3–6 × 1.5–2 µm); only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps
(Italy). – It: TAA.
Sarcogyne cretacea Poelt
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a species forming small chalky-white thalli in
which the urceolate apothecia are completely immersed; on exposed clis of marly
limestone and calcareous schists; so far only known from some scattered localities in
the Alps. – Au: T. Ge: Schw. Sw: SZ.
Sarcogyne distinguenda . Fr.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a thin to rimose, greyish-white
thallus, and sessile, black apothecia covered by a bluish-white pruina, with a relatively
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472
high hymenium and broadly ellipsoid to subspherical ascospores; on outcrops of lime-
stone and calcareous sandstone, widespread in Europe but relatively rare, also in the
Alps. – Au: T, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, SZ.
Sarcogyne fallax H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate lichen found on steeply
inclined to underhanging surfaces of base-rich siliceous rocks, more rarely on calcare-
ous rocks, which is worthy of further study. – Au: ?V, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, SZ.
Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav. It: Lig. Sl: SlA.
Sarcogyne hypophaea (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Biatorella hypophaea (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell, Biatorella privigna auct. non (Ach.)
Sandst., Lecanora hypophaea Nyl., Sarcogyne privigna auct. non (Ach.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: sil, cal, int – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circumpolar
species with optimum on steeply inclined faces and in ssures of the rock, mainly on
base-rich siliceous substrata, but frequent also on limestone. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var. It: Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Sarcogyne hypophaeoides Vain. ex H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: this species appears to be fairly common in humid habi-
tats of the boreal region of Fennoscandia, but its distribution is incompletely known;
also reported from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Sarcogyne lapponica (Ach. ex Schaer.) K. Knudsen & Kocourk.
Syn.: Acarospora lapponica (Ach. ex Schaer.) . Fr., Biatorella lapponica (Ach. ex Scha-
er.) Almq., Lecidea lapponica Ach. ex Schaer., Myriospora lapponica (Ach. ex Schaer.)
Hue, Polysporina lapponica (Ach. ex Schaer.) Degel.
L – Subs.: sil-par, met-par – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: this species, whose type material is ligni-
colous, has been for a long time confused with the lichenicolous Polysporina subfusces-
cens. e records from the Alps need conrmation. – Sw: BE. It: ?TAA.
Sarcogyne latericola (J. Steiner) J. Steiner
Syn.: Biatorella latericola J. Steiner
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling S. regularis, but with a grey to
brownish-grey thallus and prominent to sessile apothecia with black-brown discs and
narrow-ellipsoid ascospores; its taxonomic value is in need of re-evaluation; on old roof
tiles, so far only known from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Sarcogyne nivea Kremp.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species forming small, chalky-white, rimose thalli
and black, sessile apothecia with relatively few subspherical ascospores per ascus; on
limestone at low elevations; rare in Europe, but perhaps not recognised or overlooked,
with a few records from the Western Alps only (France). – Fr: AHP.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 473
Sarcogyne regularis Körb. var. regularis
Syn.: Biatorella regularis (Körb.) Lettau, Sarcogyne pruinosa auct. non (Ach.) Mudd
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a very variable, perhaps heterogeneous, holarctic-
subcosmopolitan calcicolous species which needs a revision based on molecular data. It
is common both in urban areas (e.g. on mortar walls) and in natural situations, mostly
in lichen-poor stands, with a very wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
Sarcogyne regularis Körb. var. decipiens (A. Massal.) N.S. Golubk.
Syn.: Sarcogyne privigna (Ach.) A.Massal. var. decipiens A. Massal., Sarcogyne simplex
(Taylor) Nyl. var. decipiens (A. Massal.) Jatta
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a taxon with an endolithic thallus and immersed,
black, epruinose apothecia, described from M. Baldo in Italy; on calcareous rocks, with
optimum in the montane belt; often not distinguished and therefore distributional
data hard to interpret. – Au: ?V, ?T, K, St, O. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Ven.
Sarcogyne regularis Körb. var. intermedia (Körb.) N.S. Golubk.
Syn.: Sarcogyne pruinosa auct. f. intermedia Körb., Sarcogyne pruinosa auct. var. inter-
media (Körb.) H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a calcicolous variety with pruinose apothecial discs
and non-pruinose, black margins; often not distinguished, and therefore distributional
data hard to interpret. – Au: K, St. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
Sarcogyne regularis Körb. var. macroloma (Flörke ex Körb.) N.S. Golubk.
Syn.: Sarcogyne pruinosa auct. f. macroloma Flörke ex Körb., Sarcogyne pruinosa auct.
var. macroloma (Flörke ex Körb.) H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a calcicolous variety with pruinose apothecial discs
and pruinose, thick margins; often not distinguished, and therefore distributional data
hard to interpret. – Au: ?V, T, St. Fr: HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, Vau.
Sarcogyne regularis Körb. var. minuta (A. Massal.) N.S. Golubk.
Syn.: Sarcogyne pruinosa auct. var. minuta A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a calcicolous variety with a white leprose thallus
in which the gyalectoid apothecia (pruinose or not) are immersed; often not distin-
guished, and therefore distributional data therefore incomplete and hard to interpret.
– Au: ?V, ?T, St.
Sarcogyne regularis Körb. var. platycarpoides (Anzi) N.S. Golubk.
Syn.: Biatorella platycarpoides (Anzi) . Fr., Sarcogyne platycarpoides Anzi, Sarcogyne
pruinosa auct. var. platycarpoides (Anzi) H. Magn.
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474
L # – Subs.: int, cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: this is one of the several morphs of S. regularis
s.lat. which are worthy of a molecular study. It is an interesting taxon, most common
on dolomitic pebbles above treeline, and it might be more widespread in the Alps. –
Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Sarcogyne regularis Körb. var. psimmythina (Nyl.) N.S. Golubk.
Syn.: Lecanora psimmythina Nyl.
L # – Subs.: int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a variety with a thin white thallus and black, mar-
ginate apothecia, based on a type from Finland; on micaschists; not consistently distin-
guished, and distributional data therefore incomplete and hard to interpret. – Au: V, T.
Sarcosagium campestre (Fr.) Poetsch & Schied.
Syn.: Biatora campestris Fr., Biatorella campestris (Fr.) . Fr., Biatorella sarcosagium
Anzi, Sarcosagium biatorellum A. Massal.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry, xyl, deb, bry-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an early coloniser of more or
less calciferous soil, moribund bryophytes and plant debris, sometimes also growing on
decaying wood, mostly in disturbed habitats, e.g. at burned sites, in upland areas. – Au:
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb.
Schadonia alpina Körb.
Syn.: Bombyliospora gemella Anzi, Lopadium gemellum (Anzi) Jatta
L – Subs.: deb, ter-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine species found on soil
and moribund bryophytes over siliceous substrata, with a few scattered records from
the Alps. – Au: T, S. It: Lomb.
Schadonia fecunda (. Fr.) Vězda & Poelt
Syn.: Biatora socialis Hepp ex Körb. nom. inval., Diplotomma sociale (Körb.) Jatta, Lo-
padium fecundum . Fr., Lopadium sociale Körb.
L – Subs.: deb, bry, ter – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine species found on
mosses and plant remains over acid siliceous substrata; apparently rather rare in the
Alps. – Au: T, S, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: GR, LU, UR. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Schaereria cinereorufa (Schaer.) . Fr.
Syn.: Lecidea cinereorufa Schaer., Lecidea subfurva Nyl., Psora cinereorufa (Schaer.)
Hellb., Schaereria lugubris (Fr.) Körb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar spe-
cies found on inclined to vertical faces of mineral-rich rocks wetted by rain, often near
the ground, usually associated with species of Pertusaria. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw:
BE, VS. It: Ven, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Schaereria corticola Muhr & Tønsberg
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a greyish to greyish-brown, indistinctly
areolate thallus forming small patches among other lichens, and soralia with exter-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 475
nal soredia becoming brown, containing gyrophoric acid (thallus resembling that of
Rimularia fuscosora, which however contains norstictic acid), apothecia fairly com-
mon, black with concolorous margins and with a green, partly violet epihymenium,
the cylindrical asci containing broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, halonate ascospores;
on bark of deciduous trees in humid lowland sites; widespread in the Holarctic region
including Macaronesia, in Europe most common in the Northwest; reported from the
Eastern Alps only (Austria), but perhaps still overlooked elsewhere. – Au: T.
Schaereria fuscocinerea (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux var. fuscocinerea
Syn.: Aspicilia cambusiana Walt. Watson, Aspicilia complanatoides (A.L. Sm.) Walt.
Watson, Aspicilia tenebrosa (Flot.) Körb., Lecanora cambusiana (Walt. Watson)
Cretz., Lecanora complanatoides A.L. Sm., Lecidea atrocinerea (Schaer.) Vain., Lecidea
endocyanea Stirt., Lecidea epiiodiza Nyl., Lecidea fuscocinerea Nyl., Lecidea griseoatra
auct. non (Flot.) Schaer., Lecidea tenebrosa Flot., Lecidella tenebrosa (Flot.) Stein,
Schaereria endocyanea (Stirt.) Hertel & Gotth. Schneid., Schaereria tenebrosa (Flot.)
Hertel & Poelt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
species found on hard siliceous rocks in exposed situations, with optimum above
treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig.
Schaereria fuscocinerea (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux var. sorediata (Houmeau &
Cl. Roux) Coppins
Syn.: Schaereria tenebrosa (Flot.) Hertel & Poelt var. sorediata Houmeau & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a rare sorediate morph, perhaps overlooked being
mostly sterile; some of the few records from the Alps need conrmation. – Au: ?V, ?T, St.
Schaereria parasemella (Nyl.) Lumbsch
Syn.: Hafellnera parasemella (Nyl.) Houmeau & Cl. Roux, Lecidea parasemella Nyl.
L – Subs.: deb, bry – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic to nemoral-alpine species with a
thin greyish thallus, blackish-brown, sessile apothecia with a thalline margin and a
a cupulate proper exciple, a green epihymenium, cylindrical asci ,and broadly ellip-
soid to subglobose, halonate ascospores; on plant debris overgrown by crustose lichens
(mainly Biatora vernalis) over acid substrata; rare, with very few scattered records from
the Alps. – Au: T. Fr: HAl.
Schismatomma niveum D. Hawksw. & P. James
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a western species, never found fertile, growing on the
dry sides of trunks of old deciduous oaks in sheltered situations, which most probably
does not belong to Schismatomma s.str.; in the study area so far known only from the
base of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
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476
Schismatomma pericleum (Ach.) Branth & Rostr.
Syn.: Lecanactis periclea (Ach.) M. Choisy, Lecanora periclea (Ach.) Ach., Lichen pe-
ricleus Ach., Platygrapha dolosa (Ach.) Anzi, Platygrapha periclea (Ach.) Nyl., Schis-
matomma abietinum (Humb.) Almq. non (Ach.) A. Massal., Schismatomma dolosum
(Ach.) Flot. & Körb. ex A. Massal., Schismatomma farinosum (Stenh.) Almq., Schis-
matomma pericleum (Ach.) Branth & Rostr. var. farinosum (Stenh.) Lettau, Verrucaria
abietina Humb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a temperate, mainly western species with optimum
in humid beech forests, mostly on conifers (Abies, Picea), much more rarely on oaks;
widespread throughout the Alps, but generally not common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, Var,
Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Schismatomma ricasolii (A. Massal.) Egea & Torrente
Syn.: Chiodecton graphidioides Leight., Chiodecton italicum (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr., En-
terographa graphidioides (Leight.) Almb., Enterographa italica B. de Lesd., Enterographa
pseudorufescens (B. de Lesd.) Redinger, Enterographa rimata (Flot ex Nyl.) Zwackh,
Lecanactis ricasolii A. Massal., Opegrapha pseudorufescens B. de Lesd., Opegrapha ric-
asolii (A. Massal.) Jatta, Platygrapha rimata Flot. ex Nyl., Schismatomma graphidioides
(Leight.) Zahlbr., Schismatomma rimatum (Flot ex Nyl.) Almq.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a cool-temperate, mainly western species with opti-
mum in humid Abies-Fagus forests of the Mediterranean mountains; rare in the Alps.
– Sw: GR. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Lomb.
Schismatomma umbrinum (Coppins & P. James) P.M. Jørg. & Tønsberg
Syn.: Lecanactis umbrina Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mostly sterile species with a brownish, smooth to
tuberculate thallus delimited by a distinct prothalline margin, the tubercles often with
apical, concolorous soralia which later coalesce hiding most of the thalline surface, a
trentepohlioid photobiont, and containing schizopeltic acid; usually on acidic rocks
under overhangs, often with Enterographa zonata; most of the records are from the
Eastern Alps, but the species might have been overlooked elsewhere. – Au: ?V, T, S, K,
St. Sw: SZ. Sl: SlA.
Sclerophora pallida (Pers.) Y.J. Yao & Spooner
Syn.: Calicium pallidum Pers., Coniocybe curta H. Magn., Coniocybe nivea (Hom.) Ar-
nold non Tuck. & Mont., Coniocybe nivea (Hom.) Arnold var. pallida (Pers.) Arnold,
Coniocybe pallida (Pers.) Fr., Coniocybe pallida (Pers.) Fr. var. nivea (Hom.) Arnold,
Coniocybe subpallida Nyl., Sclerophora nivea (Hom.) Tibell, Trichia nivea Hom.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species found on old trees, such as Acer,
Ulmus and Fraxinus in dry crevices of the bark; widespread throughout the Alps, but
certainly declining. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AMa, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 477
Sclerophora peronella (Ach.) Tibell
Syn.: Coniocybe hyalinella Nyl., Coniocybe peronella (Ach.) Tibell, Lichen peronellus
Ach., Roesleria hyalinella (Nyl.) Sacc.; incl. Roesleria norrlinii Vain., Sclerophora per-
onella (Ach.) Tibell var. norrlinii (Vain.) Lettau
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on bark and lignum of mature broad-leaved
trees, often forming monospecic stands; in the Alps it is rare and probably declining.
– Au: B. Sw: GR, VD. Sl: SlA.
Scoliciosporum chlorococcum (Graewe ex Stenh.) Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia chlorococca (Graewe ex Stenh.) Lettau, Bacidia interspersula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.,
Biatora hypnophila (Turner ex Ach.) Zahlbr. var. chlorococca Graewe ex Stenh., Bilimbia
chlorococca (Graewe ex Stenh.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a widespread holarctic, ecologically wide-
ranging species found on bark (especially of Fagus), lignum, and more rarely siliceous
rocks, tolerant to air pollution; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Scoliciosporum curvatum Sérus.
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a thin greenish thallus composed
of small granules, extremely minute, hemispherical apothecia, 8–16-spored asci, and
1-septate ascospores with acute ends or lunulate; foliicolous in the understory of hu-
mid forests; in Central Europe mostly on needles of Abies and Picea, otherwise on
leaves and green twigs of Buxus in very humid situations; widespread in Europe, but
most common in its western parts. – Au: K, St. Sw: LU, VS. Fr: AMa, Drô, Vau.
Scoliciosporum gallurae Vězda & Poelt
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on twigs and branches, more rarely on trunks of co-
niferous and broad-leaved trees at relatively low elevations; quite common in Southern
Europe, being often sterile it has been frequently overlooked, and is probably more
widespread in the Alps. – Sw: LU, UW. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau.
Scoliciosporum intrusum (. Fr.) Hafellner
Syn.: Carbonea intrusa (. Fr.) Rambold & Triebel, Catillaria intrusa (. Fr.) . Fr.,
Conida intrusa (. Fr.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Lecidea aphanoides Nyl., Lecidea contrusa
Vain. nom.illeg., Lecidea intrusa . Fr., Lecidea melaphana Nyl., Lecideopsis intrusa
(. Fr.) Zopf, Micarea intrusa (. Fr.) Coppins & H. Kilias
L – Subs.: sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species forming insular, small, granulose thalli
on and inbetween other crustose lichens, with black, glossy apothecia, early with con-
vex discs and excluded margins, and only slightly curved, unusually mostly simple or
1-septate ascospores; on siliceous rocks in Umbilicaria cylindrica-communities; wide-
spread in Europe from the Arctic to the boreal-montane zone, in the Alps mostly from
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478
the treeline ecotone to the lower alpine belt. e species does not belong to Scolicio-
sporum s.str. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: TI. Fr: AHP. It: Frl, TAA.
Scoliciosporum perpusillum J. Lahm ex Körb.
Syn.: Bacidia perpusilla (J. Lahm ex Körb.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mild-temperate, probably western species, gen-
erally found on acid bark, especially of conifers, but also on needles of Abies in damp
montane forests; from the Alps there are so far a few scattered records only. – Au: V, T,
St, N. Sw: UR. It: Piem.
Scoliciosporum sarothamni (Vain.) Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia sarothamni Vain.
L – Subs.: cor, fol, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate, mostly sterile early
coloniser of smooth bark, rarely occurring also on siliceous rocks and on leaves of
Buxus and Abies. – Au: K, St, N. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven. Sl: SlA.
Scoliciosporum schadeanum (Erichsen) Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia schadeana Erichsen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species resembling S. pruinosum in the whitish,
minute apothecia, but epihymenium lacking crystals and ascospores somewhat thick-
er; on bark of deciduous trees in humid forests along creeks; widespread in Europe but
rarely collected, with a few records from the Eastern Alps only (Austria), but easy to
overlook and perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: K, St.
Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold var. umbrinum
Syn.: Bacidia compacta (Körb.) Jatta, Bacidia holomelaena (Flörke) Anzi, Bacidia turgi-
da (Körb.) Hellb., Bacidia umbrina (Ach.) Bausch, Bacidia umbrina (Ach.) Bausch var.
compacta (Körb.) . Fr., Bacidia umbrina (Ach.) Bausch var. turgida (Körb.) . Fr.,
Lecidea holomelaena Flörke, Lecidea umbrina Ach., Scoliciosporum compactum Körb.,
Scoliciosporum holomelaenum (Flörke) A. Massal., Scoliciosporum turgidum Körb., Sco-
liciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold var. compactum (Körb.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil, int, xyl, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: an ecologically wide-ranging, probably
holarctic species, also present in urban environments; sometimes parasitic on other
lichens (especially when on siliceous rocks); widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold var. corticicolum (Anzi) Bagl. & Carestia
(“corticolum” ex errore)
Syn.: Bacidia corticicola (Anzi) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Bacidia holomelaena (Flörke)
Anzi var. [“c”] corticicola Anzi, Bacidia umbrina (Ach.) Bausch var. corticicola (Anzi)
Bausch (“corticola” ex errore), Scoliciosporum corticicola (Anzi) Arnold (“corticolum”)
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 479
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a name applied to corticolous populations of a
Scoliciosporum with the hymenial characters of S. umbrinum, namely the fasciculate,
twisted ascospores; the taxonomic value is uncertain; mostly on branches of various
trees including conifers (Larix), in the Alps from the lowlands to the subalpine belt. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, Var. It: Lomb.
Scytinium aquale (Arnold) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Leptogium aquale (Arnold) P.M. Jørg., Leptogium pusillum Nyl. var. aquale Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 4 – Note: a minute species, somewhat resembling S. bia-
torinum, with a blackish-brown, mainly crustose-granular thallus, the granules para-
plectenchymatous throughout, apothecia frequent (to 0.5 mm in diam.), sessile, with
concave to at, pale brown discs, and occasionally with a crenulate thalline collar,
in section with a proper exciple, with submuriform to muriform, relatively large as-
cospores (30–45 × 10–14 µm); on calcareous pebbles in a stream, so far only known
from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Scytinium aragonii (Otálora) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Leptogium aragonii Otálora
L – Subs.: cor-bry – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a recently-described species, widespread through-
out Europe in old forests, from 200 m in northern regions to 1,800 m in the South, on
pleurocarpous mosses close to the base of trunks, over mossy walls or calcareous rocks
within forests, or on mosses in rock ssures within dry subalpine grasslands. – Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Piem.
Scytinium biatorinum (Nyl.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema biatorinum Nyl., Leptogium biatorinum (Nyl.) Leight., Leptogium pusil-
lum Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a temperate ephemeral lichen of disturbed habi-
tats, most frequent on concrete walls, but also found on calciferous soil; perhaps more
widespread in the Alps but overlooked, or confused with other species. – Ge: OB. Sw:
SZ. Fr: HAl, Sav. It: Lomb.
Scytinium callopismum (A. Massal.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema callopismum A. Massal., Leptogium callopismum (A. Massal.) Harm.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly western European, temperate lichen of more
or less calciferous rocks, often on seepage tracks. – Au: V, ?T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: VS. Fr: HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: Tg.
Scytinium cretaceum (Sm.) ined. comb. ad int.
Syn.: Leptogium cretaceum (Sm.) Nyl., Lichen cretaceus Sm., Polychidium cretaceum
(Sm.) Trevis.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: closely related to S. biatorinum, but thallus more
granular; the status of this taxon is still poorly understood; over calcareous rocks in
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480
rather dry situations; from the Alps there are a few records only, all in need of critical
evaluation. – Au: N. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Lomb.
Scytinium fragile (Taylor) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema fragile Taylor, Leptogium fragile (Taylor) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a southwestern species in Europe, found on steeply
inclined seepage tracks of calcareous rocks; much overlooked and perhaps more wide-
spread, but certainly not common in the Alps. – Au: ?V, O. It: Piem, Lig.
Scytinium fragrans (Sm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema capniochroum A. Massal., Collema fragrans (Sm.) Ach., Collema micro-
phyllum Ach. nom.illeg., Collema terrulentum Nyl., Collemodium microphyllum (Gray)
Nyl. ex Lamy, Enchylium microphyllum Gray, Leptogium fragrans (Sm.) Leight., Lepto-
gium microphyllum (Gray) Leight., Lichen fragrans Sm.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on bark in open but
mature, humid, broad-leaved woodlands; widespread, but presently rare in the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, TI. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Scytinium gelatinosum (With.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema scotinum (Ach.) Ach., Leptogium gelatinosum (With.) J.R. Laundon, Lep-
togium scotinum (Ach.) Fr., Leptogium scotinum (Ach.) Fr. var. sinuatum (Huds.) Torss.,
Leptogium sinuatum (Huds.) A. Massal., Lichen gelatinosus With.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, bry, cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen,
most common on base-rich siliceous substrata, especially in open grasslands, well dis-
tinguished from the more calcicolous S. lichenoides; widespread throughout the Alps.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl:
SlA, Tg.
Scytinium imbricatum (P.M. Jørg.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Leptogium imbricatum P.M. Jørg.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on more or less calciferous ground in
alpine grasslands; perhaps more widespread in the Alps, but formerly led under pulvi-
nate forms of S. gelatinosum and S. lichenoides. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, FR,
GR, SG, SZ, VD, VS. It: Piem.
Scytinium intermedium (Arnold) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Leptogium intermedium (Arnold) Arnold, Leptogium minutissimum auct. non
(Flörke) Fr., Leptogium minutissimum (Flörke) Fr. var. intermedium Arnold
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, cal, sil, bry, cor-bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly temperate
species found on soil, occasionally on the mossy bases of ancient trunks, more rarely
on calcareous rocks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 481
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VS. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem.
Scytinium leptogioides (Anzi) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema leptogioides Anzi, Leptogium diractum sensu Arnold non Kremp. ex Kör-
ber, Leptogium marcii Harm.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean species found on steeply
inclined surfaces of calcareous rocks, often on cyanobacterial colonies, sometimes also
on walls, with a few records from the Western Alps. – Sw: ?BE. Fr: AMa. It:Lig.
Scytinium lichenoides (L.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema atrocaeruleum (Schaer.) Rabenh., Collema lacerum (Retz.) DC., Lepto-
gium atrocaeruleum (Schaer.) A. Massal., Leptogium lacerum (Retz.) Gray, Leptogium
lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr., Leptogium lophaeum (Ach.) Cromb., Lichen tremelloides Weiss,
Tremella lichenoides L.
L – Subs.: cal, bry, bry-cal, deb, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread holarctic li-
chen mostly found on soil and amongst mosses in dry grasslands, more rarely on basal
parts of trunks. Many records could refer to S. pulvinatum; widespread and common
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR,
GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Scytinium magnussonii (Degel. & P.M. Jørg.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Leptogium magnussonii Degel. & P.M. Jørg.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: described from Scandinavia, and also known from
Western Europe, this species is found in seepage tracks of granitic rocks, gneiss and
weakly calcareous rocks below the subalpine belt, with a few records from the Southern
and Central Alps. – Sw: VS. It: Lomb.
Scytinium massiliense (Nyl.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Leptogium massiliense Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3(-?4) – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean species
found on steeply inclined surfaces of calcareous rocks with periodical seepage of water;
very rare in the Alps. – Au: ?V. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl.
Scytinium palmatum (Huds.) Gray
Syn.: Collema corniculatum Hom., Collema palmatum (Huds.) Ach., Leptogium cor-
niculatum (Hom.) Minks, Leptogium palmatum (Huds.) Mont., Lichen palmatus
Huds.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found amongst terricol-
ous or epilithic mosses in areas with siliceous substrata, sometimes on soil; apparently
most frequent in the Western and Southern Alps. – Au: N. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Var,
Vau. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: Tg.
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482
Scytinium parvum (Degel.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema parvum Degel.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined seepage tracks of calcareous rocks
with colonies of cyanobacteria, most frequent in upland areas; certainly overlooked
or confused with other species in parts of its range. – Au: V, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, UW, VD. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Frl, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Scytinium plicatile (Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema hydrocharum (Ach.) Ach., Collema plicatile (Ach.) Nyl., ?Collema subpli-
catile Nyl., Collemodium plicatile (Ach.) Nyl., Leptogium cataclystum (Körb.) Harm.,
Leptogium cataclystum (Körb.) Harm. var. uctuans (Kremp.) Zahlbr., Leptogium hydro-
charum (Ach.) Zahlbr., Leptogium plicatile (Ach.) Leight., Lichen plicatilis Ach.
L – Subs.: cal, bry, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate to Mediter-
ranean lichen found on steeply inclined, but not fully sun-exposed seepage tracks of
more or less calcareous rocks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Scytinium pulvinatum (Hom.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema pulvinatum Hom., Leptogium lacerum (Retz.) Gray var. pulvinatum
(Hom.) Zahlbr., Leptogium lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr. var. pulvinatum (Hom.) Zahlbr.,
Leptogium pulvinatum (Hom.) Cromb.
L – Subs.: cal, sil, bry, ter – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this species occurs among mosses at the
base of trees or occasionally directly over bark, but also on walls, rocks or soil in open
habitats over acrocarpous mosses, from the coast to the mountains. ough there is
molecular evidence that this should be accepted as a species, it is hard to distinguish
from extreme forms of S. lichenoides. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE,
GR, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig.
Scytinium rivale (Tuck.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Leptogium rivale Tuck.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a grey to green thallus consisting of
at lobes which are c. 1 mm wide, attached by hairs to the substrate and paraplect-
enchymatic throughout, frequent apothecia, and submuriform ascospores; on acidic
rocks or overgrowing mosses in or near streams; based on type from the U.S., it is
widespread in the Holarctic region, including Western North America and Japan, and
rarely occurs also in the Central European mountains, with a single record from the
Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Scytinium schraderi (Bernh.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema bacillare (Wallr.) Schaer., Collemodium schraderi (Bernh.) Nyl., Lepto-
gium schraderi (Bernh.) Nyl., Lichen schraderi Bernh.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 483
L – Subs.: ter-sil, sil, ter-cal, bry-cal, cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on more or less calciferous
rocks and soil, often on other lichens (e.g. Romjularia lurida), sometimes on terricol-
ous mosses; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR,
VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: Tg.
Scytinium subaridum (P.M. Jørg. & Goward) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Leptogium subaridum P.M. Jørg. & Goward
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate lichen also
known from North America, found on the base of old trees, more rarely on schists,
with a single record from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Scytinium subtile (Schrad.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema minutissimum Flörke non auct., Collema subtile (Schrad.) Hom., Ho-
modium subtile (Schrad.) Boistel, Leptogium minutissimum (Flörke) Fr. non auct., Lep-
togium subtile (Schrad.) Torss., Lichen subtilis Schrad.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, xyl, deb, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen
found on the basal parts of old trees with a base-rich bark, especially Juglans, Populus
and Salix, sometimes on wood, more rarely on soil. – Au: K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
BE, GR, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig.
Scytinium subtorulosum (Nyl. ex Stizenb.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema subtorulosum Nyl. ex Stizenb., Leptogium subtorulosum (Nyl. ex Stizenb.)
Degel.
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species described from Switzerland,
with a radiating brownish thallus and attened marginal branchlets, found on long-
time moist siliceous rocks along creeks and rivers, sometimes even submerged; wide-
spread in Europe (including Macaronesia) but rarely collected; from the Alps there are
only a few scattered, historical records. – Ge: Ge. Fr: HSav.
Scytinium tenuissimum (Dicks.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema tenuissimum (Dicks.) Hom., Leptogium humosum Nyl., Leptogium spon-
giosum (Sm.) Nyl., Leptogium tenuissimum (Dicks.) Körb., Lichen tenuissimus Dicks.,
Polychidium tenuissimum (Dicks.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: bry, ter-cal, ter-bry, cor – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on base-rich soil, but also on
bark, in the basal parts of old trunks, rarely on base-rich rocks; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR,
UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Scytinium teretiusculum (Wallr.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Garovaglina microscopica (Nyl.) Trevis., Homodium microscopicum (Nyl.) Boistel,
Leptogium microscopicum Nyl., Leptogium teretiusculum (Wallr.) Arnold, Parmelia ter-
etiuscula Wallr.
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484
L – Subs.: bry, cor, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate, perhaps holarctic
lichen found on basal parts of old trees, sometimes also directly on soil or on weathered
rocks. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GL, SZ, TI. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau.
It: Lig. Sl: SlA.
Scytinium turgidum (Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Collema turgidum Ach., Collemodium turgidum (Ach.) Nyl., Leptogium turgidum
(Ach.) Cromb.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on surfaces of calcareous rocks with some water
seepage after rain; apparently most frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. is
species could prove to be just a growth form of S. schraderi, one where the fruticose
part is poorly developed. – Fr: Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Seirophora contortuplicata (Ach.) Frödén
Syn.: Caloplaca elegans (Link) . Fr. var. caespitosa (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Parmelia
contortuplicata Ach., Teloschistes contortuplicatus (Ach.) Clauzade & Rondon, Xanthoria
contortuplicata (Ach.) Boistel
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on south-facing surfaces protected from rain
(e.g. under overhangs) of calciferous rocks. – Au: V, T, St. Sw: GR, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Sav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Solenopsora candicans (Dicks.) J. Steiner
Syn.: Caloplaca candicans (Dicks.) Flagey, Diphratora candicans (Dicks.) Jatta, Leca-
nia candicans (Dicks.) Stizenb., Lecanora candicans (Dicks.) Schaer., Lichen candicans
Dicks., Placodium candicans (Dicks.) Duby, Placolecania candicans (Dicks.) Zahlbr.,
Ricasolia candicans (Dicks.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate species found on
calcareous boulders, most often on horizontal surfaces; apparently most frequent in the
Southern and Western Alps. – Sw: ?VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Solenopsora cesatii (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Berengeria cesatii (A. Massal.) Trevis., Diphratora cesatii (A. Massal.) Jatta, Lecania
cesatii (A. Massal.) Bagl., Placolecania cesatii (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Ricasolia cesatii A.
Massal., Solenopsora carpathica Pisut & Vězda
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a southern lichen found in ssures of calcareous
boulders in rather sheltered situations; this and S. grisea may be dicult to distinguish,
intermediate forms being frequent; most common in the Southern and Western Alps.
– Au: K, St. Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Solenopsora grisea (Bagl.) Kotlov
Syn.: Ricasolia cesatii var. grisea Bagl., Solenopsora bagliettoana Tav. ined.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – – Note: on calcareous rocks in open to sheltered situ-
ations, closely related to, and perhaps just a form of S. cesatii. – It: Ven, Lomb, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 485
Solenopsora holophaea (Mont.) Samp.
Syn.: Candelariella holophaea (Mont.) Zahlbr., Lecania holophaea (Mont.) A.L. Sm.,
Lecania requienii (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Lecanora holophaea (Mont.) Nyl., Massalongia
requienii (A. Massal.) Jatta, Pannaria holophaea (Mont.) B. de Lesd., Parmelia holo-
phaea Mont., Psoroma holophaeum (Mont.) Pitard & Harm., Solenopsora requienii A.
Massal., Squamaria holophaea (Mont.) H. Olivier, alloidima holophaeum (Mont.)
Arnold
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 1 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen found in shel-
tered crevices of basic siliceous rocks and on soil, especially along the coast, also re-
ported from the base of the Western Alps (France). Probably not closely related to
other species of Solenopsora, but the synonym S. requienii is the type species of the
genus! – Fr: AMa.
Solenopsora liparina (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Lecanora liparina Nyl., Solenopsora cesatii (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. f. liparina (Nyl.)
Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: on inclined surfaces of ultrabasic siliceous rocks (e.g.
serpentine and basalt), often in ssures, in shaded situations also on vertical faces; in
the study area only reported from a few localities at the base of the Western Alps. – Fr:
AMa. It: Lig.
Solenopsora olivacea (Fr.) H. Kilias subsp. olivacea
Syn.: Biatora olivacea Fr., Biatorina olivacea (Fr.) Anzi, Catillaria olivacea (Fr.) Zahlbr.,
Lecanora olivacea (Fr.) Nyl., Placodiella olivacea (Fr.) Szatala, Ricasolia olivacea (Fr.)
Bagl., Toninia olivacea (Fr.) Clauzade
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic species found on large
boulders of basic siliceous rocks, usually on surfaces near the ground or in seepage
tracks, with a few records from the base of the Western Alps (France, Italy). – Fr: AHP.
It: Lig.
Solenopsora olivacea (Fr.) H. Kilias subsp. olbiensis (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: ?Catillaria olivacea (Fr.) Zahlbr. var. soredifera Zahlbr., Lecanora olbiensis Nyl.,
Toninia olivacea (Fr.) Clauzade var. olbiensis (Nyl.) Clauzade
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks, often associated with the typi-
cal subspecies, but rarer, and bound to more humid and shaded situations. A varietal
rank would perhaps be more appropriate. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Vau.
Solenopsora vulturiensis A. Massal.
Syn.: Candelariella holophaea (Mont.) Zahlbr. var. glaucospora (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cande-
lariella leucospeirea (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecania holophaea (Mont.) A.L. Sm. var. glaucospora
(Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Lecania leucospeirea (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Lecanora holophaea (Mont.) Nyl.
var. glaucospora Nyl., Lecanora leucospeirea Nyl., Solenopsora leucospeirea (Nyl.) Zahlbr.,
alloidima leucospeireum (Nyl.) Arnold
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L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen found on basic sili-
ceous substrata, including brick walls, in open to most often sheltered situations, also
reported from the limit of the Southern Pre-Alps (France). – Fr: Vau.
Solorina bispora Nyl. subsp. bispora
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found
on humid soil rich in humus with a long snow cover, with optimum above treeline;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
Solorina bispora Nyl. subsp. macrospora (Harm.) Burgaz & I. Martínez
L – Syn.: Solorina bispora Nyl. var. macrospora (Harm.) H. Olivier, Solorina macrospora
Harm.
Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: distinguished by the larger spores, this subspecies is
probably more widespread in the Alps, as it was not always distinguished. – Au: V, T,
K, St, O. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, UR. It: Frl, TAA, Piem.
Solorina bispora Nyl. var. subspongiosa (Zschacke) Frey
Syn.: Solorina bispora Nyl. f. subspongiosa Zschacke
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: the morph with a dominant cyanobacterial
photobiont in the S. bispora-aggregate (comparable to S. spongiosa in the S. saccata-
aggregate); on basic to subneutral soil at high elevations; not always distinguished, and
probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, K, St. Sw: GR. Fr: AHP, HAl, Sav.
Solorina crocea (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen croceus L., Peltidea crocea (L.) Ach., Peltigera crocea (L.) Hom.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found on acid
mineral soil with a long snow cover, mostly above treeline; widespread throughout the
Alps wherever siliceous substrata are present. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Solorina monospora Gyeln.
Syn.: Solorina bispora Nyl. var. monospora (Gyeln.) Frey
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a taxon of the S. bispora-group with 1-spored asci
and very large (c. 120 µm long), usually 2-septate ascospores; on basic soil over shaded
limestone or calcareous schists in alpine environments; scattered in the European and
Asian mountains, but not consistently distinguished, and perhaps more widespread in
the Alps. – Au: ?V, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SZ. Fr: Sav.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 487
Solorina octospora (Arnold) Arnold
Syn.: Solorina saccata (L.) Ach. var. octospora Arnold
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry-ter – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, prob-
ably circumpolar lichen found on soil rich in humus and on terricolous mosses, often
in rock ssures. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Solorina saccata (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen saccatus L.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal, bry-ter – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine,
circumpolar lichen found on calciferous soil rich in humus and terricolous mosses,
often in cracks of the rock; widespread and often common throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA,
Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi
Syn.: Collema spongiosum Ach., Solorina saccata (L.) Ach. var. limbata (Sommerf.)
Torss., Solorina saccata (L.) Ach. var. spongiosa (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found
on moist calciferous soil; this is the morph with a dominant cyanobiont in the S.
saccata-complex. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Sparria endlicheri (Garov.) Ertz & Tehler
Syn.: Arthonia decussata Flot., Arthonia endlicheri (Garov.) Oxner, Arthonia lobata
(Flörke) A. Massal., Lecanactis lobata Flörke, Opegrapha endlicheri Garov., Pachnolepia
decussata (Flot.) Körb., Pachnolepia endlicheri (Garov.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on vertical to underhanging faces seldom wetted
by rain of compact, basic siliceous rocks, much more rarely on weakly calcareous rocks
or, exceptionally, on rain-protected bases of ancient trees; rare and perhaps declining
in the Alps. – Au: K, St. Sw: UR. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Sphaerophorus fragilis (L.) Pers.
Syn.: Lichen fragilis L.
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpo-
lar lichen of siliceous rocks and mineral soil in very rainy areas, with optimum near or
above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, Sav, HSav. It:
Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Sphaerophorus globosus (Huds.) Vain.
Syn.: Lichen globosus Huds., Sphaerophorus coralloides Pers., Sphaerophorus globiferus
(L.) DC.
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L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil, cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: restricted to cold-humid areas, mostly on
rocks, very rarely at the base of old boles in natural forests; widespread throughout the
Alps but very rare and strongly declining, probably extinct in several regions. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: Sav,
HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Spilonema paradoxum Bornet
Syn.: Spilonema pannosum Hy, Spilonema tenellum Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a widespread lichen found on sun-exposed, inclined
to vertical seepage tracks of basic siliceous rocks; perhaps overlooked but certainly not
common in the Alps. – Au: ? V, T. Sw: ?BE. Fr: AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: TAA.
Spilonema revertens Nyl.
Syn.: Asirosiphon densatulum Nyl., Ephebe kerneri Zukal
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species with thalli forming dense, blackish cush-
ions which are several mm across and to c. 5 mm thick, composed of erect laments,
basally with blue-green rhizohyphae, and Stigonema-photobionts; on damp siliceous
rocks along streams, near waterfalls or along seepage tracks; widespread in the Holarc-
tic region, generally not common, but perhaps undercollected and more widespread in
the Alps. – Au: T. Sw: GR, TI. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var.
Sporastatia polyspora (Nyl.) Grummann
Syn.: Biatorella cinerea (Schaer.) . Fr., Gyrothecium polysporum Nyl., Lecidea morio
(Duby) Fr. var. cinerea Schaer., Lecidea nigrocinerea Nyl., Sporastatia cinerea (Schaer.)
Körb., Sporastatia morio (Duby) Körb. var. cinerea (Schaer.) Körb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found on steeply
inclined to underhanging, surfaces of hard siliceous rocks, with optimum above tree-
line; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw:
BE, GR, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Acarospora testudinea (Ach.) A. Massal., Biatorella morio auct. non (Duby) Flagey,
Biatorella testudinea (Ach.) A. Massal., Lecidea cechumena Ach. var. testudinea Ach.,
Lecidea morio auct. non (Duby) Fr., Sporastatia morio auct. non (Duby) Körb., Spora-
statia testudinea (Ach.) A. Massal. var. coracina auct. p.p. . Fr. non (Hom.) Bagl. &
Carestia, Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.) A. Massal. var. pallens (Fr.) Stein
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar li-
chen found on hard siliceous rocks, including pure quartz in wind-exposed sites near
or above treeline; widespread and common throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 489
Sporodictyon bosniacum (Zahlbr.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Polyblastia bosniaca Zahlbr., Polyblastia lojkana Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species said to resemble Polyblastia turicensis, a
heterotypic synonym of S. terrestre, but ascospores much smaller; on calcareous rocks,
ecology otherwise poorly known; reported from the mountains of the Balkan Penin-
sula and Central Europe; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records at high
elevations. – Au: T. Sw: BE, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, Sav.
Sporodictyon cruentum (Körb.) Körb.
Syn.: Polyblastia cruenta (Körb.) P. James & Swinscow, Polyblastia henscheliana (Körb.)
Lönnr., Segestrella cruenta Körb., Sphaeromphale henscheliana Körb., Sporodyction hen-
schelianum (Körb.) Körb., Verrucaria subumbrina Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a silicicolous species, periodically submerged in
montane to Alpine creeks; rarely collected and perhaps more widespread in the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, St. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: Sav. It: TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Sporodictyon schaererianum A. Massal.
Syn.: Polyblastia schaereriana (A. Massal.) Müll. Arg., Polyblastia subpyrenophora
(Leight.) Zschacke, Verrucaria subpyrenophora Leight.
L – Subs.: cal, int, sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a mainly circum-arctic to boreal-montane
lichen found on hard calciferous rocks, often on dolomite, but also on calcareous sand-
stone and schist in cold-humid situations, with optimum above treeline. – Au: V, S,
K. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, VD. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Sporodictyon terrestre (. Fr.) Savić & Tibell
Syn.: Polyblastia fartilis (Nyl.) Boistel, Polyblastia inumbrata (Nyl) Arnold, Polyblas-
tia sommerfeltii Lynge, Polyblastia subviridicans (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Polyblastia tarvesedis
(Anzi) Bagl. & Carestia, Polyblastia terrestris . Fr
L – Subs.: cal, sil, ter-cal, ter-sil, deb – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, polymorphic
species found on calciferous to neutral or slightly acidic siliceous rocks by streams, of-
ten in the splash zone, more rarely on base-rich soil (but spreading from small pebbles),
sometimes also amongst bryophytes, usually near or above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
O, N. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Squamarina cartilaginea (With.) P. James s.lat.
Syn.: Lecanora benacensis (A. Massal.) Jatta, Lecanora cartilaginea (With.) Ach., Le-
canora crassa (Huds.) Ach., Lecanora crassa (Huds.) Ach. var. caespitosa (Vill.) Rabenh.,
Lichen cartilagineus With., Parmularia crassa (Huds.) Croz., Placodium crassum (Huds.)
Link, Placolecanora crassa (Huds.) B. de Lesd., Psoroma benacense A. Massal., Psoroma
crassum (Huds.) Gray, Squamarina cartilaginea (With.) P. James f. pseudocrassa Mat-
tick, Squamarina cartilaginea (With.) P. James var. pseudocrassa (Mattick) D. Hawksw.,
Squamaria crassa (Huds.) DC., Squamarina crassa (Huds.) Poelt, Squamarina crassa
(Huds.) Poelt f. pseudocrassa (Mattick) Poelt
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490
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a mainly southern, chemically variable species
found on calcareous rocks and soil, mostly in dry grasslands; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl:
SlA, Tg.
Squamarina concrescens (Müll. Arg.) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora concrescens (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Lecanora sublentigera Jatta, Placodium
concrescens Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: an often misunderstood species with a south-
ern distribution centered in dry areas, found on base-rich clay soil in clearings of grass-
lands and garrigues, but also on weathered or ssured rocks; in the Alps it mainly oc-
curs in xerothermic stations. – Au: ?Au. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Lig.
Squamarina gypsacea (Sm.) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora fragilis Zahlbr., Lecanora gypsacea (Sm.) Nyl., Lecanora smithii Ach.,
Lichen gypsaceus Sm., Placodium gypsaceum (Sm.) Trevis., Psoroma gypsaceum (Sm.) A.
Massal., Squamaria gypsacea (Sm.) Nyl., Squamaria smithii (Ach.) DC., Squamarina
gypsacea (Sm.) Poelt var. subcetrarioides (Zahlbr.) Pišút
L – Subs.: cal, int, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: in ssures of calcareous boulders, with op-
tima both in the Mediterranean-submediterranean belts and in dry-continental parts
of the Alps, often growing on the thalli of Romjularia lurida. e var. subcetrarioides,
found in upland areas and not uncommon in the Alps, is worthy of further study. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Squamarina lamarckii (DC.) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora lagascae Ach., Lecanora lamarckii (DC.) Rabenh., Parmelia lagascae
(Ach.) Spreng., Placodium lamarckii (DC.) Müll. Arg., Psoroma lagascae (Ach.) Körb.,
Squamaria lagascae (Ach.) Balb., Urceolaria lamarckii DC.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of calcareous rocks
with short periods of water seepage after rain, mostly near and above treeline; wide-
spread throughout the Alps, but only locally common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Squamarina lentigera (Weber) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora lentigera (Weber) Ach., Lichen lentigerus Weber, Placodium lentigerum
(Weber) Gray, Psoroma lentigerum (Weber) A. Massal., Squamaria lentigera (Weber)
DC.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a species of dry-continental areas, only
locally common, especially on gypsaceous or clayey soil in dry grasslands, also present
in dry-warm valleys of the Alps. – Au: T, N, B. Sw: GR, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 491
Squamarina nivalis Frey & Poelt
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, int – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: on wind-exposed outcrops of calcare-
ous schists above treeline, reaching the nival belt in the Alps, where it is probably more
widespread, but certainly not common. – Au: V, T, S, K. Sw: ?Sw. It: TAA, VA.
Squamarina oleosa (Zahlbr.) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora oleosa Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a typically submediterranean lichen found in ssures
of calcareous rocks; never common, but perhaps more widespread in the Southern
Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: VA.
Squamarina pachylepidea (Hellb.) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora crassa (Huds.) Ach. subsp. pachylepidea (Hellb.) . Fr., Placodium saxi-
cola (Pollich) Frege var. pachylepideum Hellb.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species forming small (c. 1 cm in diam.) thalli
which are areolate-squamulose in the centre and with marginal lobes (c. 2–3 mm long),
the apothecia with ochre discs and persistently prominent margins; based on a type
from Sweden where it was found on siliceous rocks; the few, calcicolous records from
the Alps need conrmation. – Au: S. Sw: GR.
Squamarina periculosa (Dufour ex Schaer.) Poelt
Syn.: Lecanora crassa (Huds.) Ach. var. periculosa Dufour ex Schaer., Placolecanora cras-
sa (Huds.) B. de Lesd. var. tricolor B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: in ssures of steeply inclined surfaces of calciferous
rocks, with optimum in upland areas. – Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Var. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig.
Squamarina provincialis Clauzade & Poelt
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species peculiar in having a rather large, whitish-
pruinose thallus with very narrow, deeply incised, convex lobes, and sessile apothecia
with brown, non-pruinose discs; on schists with various contents in calcium; so far
only known from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Vau.
Squamarina stella-petraea Poelt
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean species with outposts
in dry-warm areas of the submediterranean belt, found on calcareous rocks or on thin
soil layers in dry grasslands; apparently restricted to the Western Alps (France, Italy), at
low elevations. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Piem, Lig.
Staurolemma omphalarioides (Anzi) P.M. Jørg. & Henssen
Syn.: Collema omphalarioides Anzi, Lempholemma hispanicum (Samp.) Zahlbr., Lem-
pholemma omphalarioides (Anzi) Zahlbr., Physma hispanicum Samp., Physma omphalar-
ioides (Anzi) Arnold, Staurolemma dalmaticum Körb.
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492
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate, Mediterranean-Atlantic epiphytic
lichen with several records from the base of the Western Alps (France, Italy). – Fr:
AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Lig.
Staurothele alpina Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species of the S. clopima-group with an areolate
thallus surrounded by a paler prothallus, narrowly oblong, often 1-septate hymenial
algae, and 2-spored asci; on dolomite in the high alpine belt; only recorded from the
Swiss Alps. – Sw: GR.
Staurothele ambrosiana (A. Massal.) Zschacke
Syn.: Dermatocarpon ambrosianum (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Paraphysorma ambrosianum
A. Massal., Staurothele catalepta auct. medioeur. p.p. non (Ach.) Blomb. & Forssell
L # – Subs.: cal, int, sil, cal-aqu, sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on sheltered surfaces of
calcareous rocks in humid situations. Related to S. frustulenta and S. areolata, and
perhaps a synonym of one of these two species. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Fr: AHP,
HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, VA.
Staurothele areolata (Ach.) Lettau
Syn.: Pyrenula areolata Ach., Staurothele clopima auct. non (Wahlenb.) . Fr., ?Stau-
rothele turgidella Vain.
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
species found on calcareous to basic siliceous rocks wetted by rain in open habitats (e.g.
on boulders in alpine and subalpine grasslands); very common throughout the Alps.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Staurothele bacilligera (Arnold) Arnold
Syn.: Polyblastia bacilligera Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on calcareous rocks near or above treeline; a taxon
which needs further study. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, SZ, UR, UW,
VS. Fr: Sav. It: Ven, TAA.
Staurothele caesia (Arnold) Arnold
Syn.: Polyblastia caesia Arnold; incl. Staurothele ebborensis Walt. Watson, Staurothele
saprophila Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on limestone and dolomite in exposed situations,
mostly in upland areas, usually not reaching the alpine belt. – Au: T, S, O. Sw: BE,
UR, UW, VD. Fr: AHP, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA.
Staurothele clopima (Wahlenb.) . Fr.
Syn.: ?Staurothele drummondii (Tuck.) Tuck., Staurothele fuscocuprea (Nyl.) Zschacke,
Staurothele perradiata Lynge, Staurothele septentrionalis Lynge, Verrucaria clopima
Wahlenb., Verrucaria cuprea Eschw. var. fuscocuprea Nyl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 493
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks, amphibious in montane to
alpine creeks. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb.
Staurothele clopimoides (Bagl. & Carestia) J. Steiner
Syn.: Sphaeromphale clopimoides (Bagl. & Carestia) Arnold, Stigmatomma ssum (Ta y-
lor) Bagl. & Carestia var. clopimoides Bagl. & Carestia
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a probably circumboreal-montane freshwater spe-
cies found on siliceous rocks in creeks. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Staurothele ssa (Taylor) Zwackh
Syn.: Polyblastia umbrina (Schaer.) Rostr., Pyrenula umbrina Schaer., Sphaeromphale
ssa (Taylor) Körb., Sphaeromphale silesiaca A. Massal., Staurothele hazslinszkyi (Körb.)
Blomb. & Forssell, Staurothele inconversa (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell, Staurothele lithi-
na sensu Zahlbr., Staurothele oenipontana Beschel, Staurothele silesiaca (A. Massal.)
Zschacke, Staurothele umbrina (Schaer.) Tuck., Staurothele viridis Zschacke, elotrema
ssum (Taylor) Hepp, Verrucaria ssa Taylor
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a probably circumpolar lichen growing am-
phibious in montane to alpine creeks, or on moist siliceous rocks, with a wide altitudi-
nal range. – Au: V, T, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Staurothele frustulenta Vain.
Syn.: Polyblastia spadicea (Wallr.) Jatta, Staurothele catalepta auct. p.p. non (Ach.)
Blomb. & Forssell, ?Staurothele elegans (Wallr.) Zwackh
L – Subs.: sil, int, cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on calcareous or basic siliceous rocks in open
habitats, mostly below the subalpine belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR,
LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav, Vau. It: VA, Lig.
Staurothele geoica Zschacke
L # – Subs.: ter, bry, deb – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on soil amongst bryophytes and on plant
debris on more or less calcareous substrata, apparently with a wide altitudinal range.
is taxon deserves further study; in the study area only recorded from a single station
in the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: Frl.
Staurothele guestphalica (J. Lahm ex Körb.) Arnold
Syn.: Polyblastia guestphalica J. Lahm ex Körb., Porphyriospora guestphalica (J. Lahm ex
Körb.) Arnold, Staurothele orbicularis auct. non (A. Massal.) . Fr.; incl. Staurothele
dalmatica Servít
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on calcareous walls and boulders, and on large
pebbles in dry grasslands; related to S. orbicularis, and in need of further study. – Au:
T, S, O. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, UW. Fr: AMa, Isè, Vau. It: Lig.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
494
Staurothele hymenogonia (Nyl.) . Fr.
Syn.: Polyblastia hymenogonia (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Polyblastia spurcella (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.,
Polyblastia ventosa A. Massal. non Arnold, Staurothele arenarum B. de Lesd., ?Stau-
rothele extabescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Staurothele mediterranea B. de Lesd., Staurothele ven-
tosa (A. Massal.) P. Syd., Verrucaria hymenogonia Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on soft calciferous rocks, including calcareous sand-
stone and dolomite, sometimes also on concrete, with a wide altitudinal range. – Au:
T, K, St. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Piem,
VA. Sl: SlA.
Staurothele immersa (Bagl. ex A. Massal.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
Syn.: Porphyriospora immersa Bagl. ex A. Massal.; incl. Staurothele isarina Riehm.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on limestone and dolomite, usually on steeply in-
clined surfaces; this is one of the few species of the genus with optimum below the
montane belt; apparently most frequent in the Western and Southern Alps. – Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: TAA.
Staurothele nantiana (B. de Lesd.) Zschacke
Syn.: Polyblastia nantiana B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: cal, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species recalling Verrucaria hochstet-
teri, with a whitish-grey, epilithic thallus, perithecia immersed in hemispherical thal-
line warts, spherical hymenial algae, and 8-spored asci; on occasionally submerged
limestone rocks; all known records are from SW Europe, including the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: Sav.
Staurothele oenipontana Beschel
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling S. ssa in the verruculose-
areolate, grey-brown thallus and the ellipsoid hymenial algae, but asci 8-spored, and
ascospores constantly only 3-septate and soon dark-brown (22–24 × 9–11 µm); on
dolomitic boulders along river banks, only recorded from the Eastern Alps (Aus-
tria). – Au: T.
Staurothele orbicularis (A. Massal.) . Fr.
Syn.: Porphyriospora orbicularis A. Massal., Staurothele nigella (Kremp.) Dalla Torre &
Sarnth.; incl. Staurothele viperae Servít
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: related to S. guestphalica, but with 2-spored asci; on
more or less calciferous rocks in upland areas; apparently more frequent in the Western
and Southern Alps. – Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA.
Staurothele pulvinata (. Fr.) Heiðmarsson
Syn.: Endocarpon pulvinatum . Fr., Dermatocarpon pulvinatum (. Fr.) Körb., Poly-
blastia pulvinata (. Fr.) Jatta
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar, peculiar spe-
cies with subfruticose thalli consisting of several mm long, narrow, more or less erect
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 495
squamules recalling those of Endocarpon-species with cushion-like thalli (the genus in
which the species was traditionally classied); on calciferous soil, sometimes on calcar-
eous rocks; most records from the Alps need re-conrmation. – Sw: GR, TI, VS. It:
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Staurothele rufa (A. Massal.) Zschacke
Syn.: Polyblastia rufa A. Massal., Polyblastia scabrida (Anzi) Jatta, Staurothele scabrida
(Anzi) B. de Lesd., elotrema scabridum Anzi
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species with a thin, brownish thallus, black,
hemispherically protruding perithecia of variable size (not immersed in thalline warts),
and spherical hymenial algae; on limestone and various types of calciferous schists;
widespread in Central Europe, but rarely collected, most records being from the mon-
tane belt of the Alps. – Au: T, S, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè. It: TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Staurothele rugulosa (A. Massal.) Arnold
Syn.: Polyblastia amphiboloides (Nyl.) Trevis., Polyblastia rugulosa A. Massal., Staurothele
amphiboloides (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Staurothele innata Walt. Watson, elidium hammoniense
Erichsen, Verrucaria amphiboloides Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on limestone, dolomite, calcareous sandstone, often
on walls, roong tiles etc., usually in upland areas; probably more widespread in the
Alps. – Au: O. Ge: Schw. Fr: Sav, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig.
Staurothele rupifraga (A. Massal.) Arnold
Syn.: Polyblastia calcarea (Nyl.) Parrique, Polyblastia rupifraga A. Massal., Polyblastia
umbrina (Schaer.) Rostr. var. calcarea (Nyl.) Boistel
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a probably arctic-alpine species found on hard lime-
stones and dolomite, with optimum near and above treeline; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA. Sl: Tg.
Staurothele sapaudica Cl. Roux
Syn.: Staurothele sapaudica Asta, Clauzade & Cl. Roux [invalidly published, ICN Art.
40.1 + 8]
L – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species resembling S. ventosa, but thallus brown
and continuous, ascomata with poorly developed involucrellum, hymenial algae nar-
rowly oblong, and ascospores persistently pale; together with S. solvens on periodically
moist calcareous rocks, e.g. along streams at high elevations; only known from the
Alps, with certainty only from the Western Alps (France). – Au: ? V. Fr: Sav.
Staurothele solvens (Anzi) Zschacke var. solvens
Syn.: Polyblastia solvens Anzi, ?Staurothele meylanii B. de Lesd., Staurothele meylanii B.
de Lesd. f. geographica O. Behr ex Servít, Staurothele meylanii B. de Lesd. f. papularis
Servít, Staurothele meylanii B. de Lesd. f. superba Servít
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
496
L – Subs.: cal, cal-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a dark brown exciple, a con-
colorous, shield-like involucrellum, subspherical hymenial algae, 4-spored asci, and
persistently subhyaline ascospores; on limestone and dolomite, often along creeks in
the alpine belt; only known from the South European mountains (Alps, Pyrenees). –
Au: ?V, T, S, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, Sav. It: TAA, Lomb.
Staurothele solvens (Anzi) Zschacke var. fusca Cl. Roux
Syn.: Staurothele solvens (Anzi) Zschacke var. fusca Asta, Clauzade & Cl. Roux [inval-
idly published, ICN Art. 40.1 + 8]
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: diering from the type variety in the dark brown
thallus and the 8-spored asci; on periodically inundated, compact calcareous rocks
at mid – to moderately high elevations; so far only known from the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: AHP, Sav.
Staurothele solvens (Anzi) Zschacke var. intermedia Cl. Roux & Vivant
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a taxon with a pale brownish-grey thallus as the type
variety, but asci 8-spored; on compact calciferous, schistose rocks at mid – to mod-
erately high elevations in the mountains of SW Europe, including the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa.
Staurothele succedens (Rehm ex Arnold) Arnold
Syn.: Polyblastia succedens Rehm ex Arnold
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu, cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on basic siliceous to calcareous rocks
with frequent seepage of water, often near creeks, in gorges etc., mostly in upland areas.
– Au: V, T, S, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, Sav. It: TAA, Piem, Lig.
Steinia geophana (Nyl.) Stein
Syn.: Biatora geophana (Nyl.) . Fr., Biatorella geophana (Nyl.) Rehm, Lecidea boreella
Nyl., Lecidea geophana Nyl., ? Lecidea insita Stirt., Lecidea trichogena Norman, ?Neso-
lechia insita (Stirt.) Vouaux, Pleolecis geophana (Nyl.) Clem., Sarcogyne geophana (Nyl.)
Boistel, Steinia luridescens Körb.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, xyl, par, deb – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: an ephemeral, facultatively
lichenised species of moist, slightly calciferous soil, rotten wood, small pebbles, ter-
ricolous Peltigera – and Solorina-species and plant debris, often found in rather dis-
turbed habitats such as on earth banks along white roads and on track sides; perhaps
overlooked, but certainly never common in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, Isè, Vau. It: TAA.
Stenhammarella turgida (Ach.) Hertel
Syn.: Biatora turgida Ach., Lecidea turgida (Ach.) A. Dietr., Porpidia turgida (Ach.) Cl.
Roux & P. Clerc, Stenhammara turgida (Ach.) Körb.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a specialist of rocks with a low percentage
of calcium carbonate, mostly on steeply inclined, north-exposed and rather humid
faces; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 497
BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Stereocaulon alpinum Laurer
Syn.: Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hom. var. alpinum (Laurer) Du Rietz, Stereocaulon
tomentosum . Fr. var. alpinum (Laurer) . Fr.; incl. Stereocaulon alpinum Laurer var.
erectum Frey
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar early coloniser of
mineral soil, especially gravel and sand in the vicinity of glaciers. – Au: V, T, S, K, St,
N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Stereocaulon botryosum Ach.
Syn.: Stereocaulon alpinum Laurer var. botryosum (Ach.) Laurer, Stereocaulon evolutum
Graewe var. fastigiatum (Anzi) . Fr., Stereocaulon fastigiatum Anzi
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar lichen found
on steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks in humid-shaded situations, with opti-
mum above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, Isè,
Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Stereocaulon capitellatum H. Magn.
Syn.: Stereocaulon farinaceum H. Magn.
L – Subs.: ter, sax – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a rare arctic-alpine, sorediate species with deli-
cate pseudopodetia, cephalodia containing nostociform cyanobacteria, and granular
phyllocladia soon transformed into globose soralia, containing atranorin and usually
perlatolic and anziaic acids; on stones and acidic soil; in the Alps only recorded from
Switzerland. – Sw: BE, GR, VS.
Stereocaulon condensatum Hom.
Syn.: Stereocaulon acaulon Nyl., Stereocaulon condensatum Hom. var. acaulon (Nyl.)
H. Olivier
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen found on sandy to gravelly, often disturbed soil in open situations, often associ-
ated with Pycnothelia papillaria. – Au: T, S, K, N. Sw: UR, VS. Fr: HAl, Sav, HSav. It:
Ven, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Stereocaulon coniophyllum I.M. Lamb
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar li-
chen found on siliceous rocks near and above treeline. – Au: T, S. It: TAA.
Stereocaulon dactylophyllum Flörke
Syn.: Stereocaulon coralloides Fr., Stereocaulon coralloides Fr. var. dactylophyllum (Flörke)
. Fr., Stereocaulon dactylophyllum Flörke var. occidentale (H. Magn.) Grummann,
Stereocaulon spissum Nyl. ex Hue
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
498
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar li-
chen found on siliceous rocks, especially on large boulders. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: Ge.
Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: Sav, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Stereocaulon evolutum Graewe
Syn.: Stereocaulon spissum Nyl. ex Hue var. laxum Frey
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species of the S. paschale-group resembling S. saxa-
tile, but pseudopodetia more rigid and completely glabrous, with digitate-squamulose
bluish-grey phyllocladia, containing atranorin and lobaric acid, rarely fertile and then
with diagnostic short-ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); widespread in Europe,
but most common in the west, surprisingly with a few records from the Eastern Alps
only (Austria). – Au: S, K.
Stereocaulon glareosum (Savicz) H. Magn. var. glareosum
Syn.: Stereocaulon tomentosum . Fr. f. glareosum Savicz
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, probably cir-
cumpolar lichen found on sandy or gravelly ground, such as on banks of streams and in
snow-beds, forming low, compact mats; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au:
T, S, K. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: Sav. It: Ven.
Stereocaulon glareosum (Savicz) H. Magn. var. brachyphylloides I.M. Lamb
L # – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a terricolous taxon diering from the type
variety in the granular, verrucose to lobate-verrucose phyllocladia, with atranorin and
lobaric acid as in the type variety, based on a type from arctic Alaska; the few records
from the Eastern Alps need verication. – Au: T, K.
Stereocaulon grande (H. Magn.) H. Magn.
Syn.: Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hom. var. grande H. Magn.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species of alluvial soils with characters inter-
mediate between S. paschale and S. alpinum: podetia crenate-squamulose to digitate-
squamulose (larger than in S. paschale, more delicate and divided than in S. alpinum),
secondary chemistry with atranorin and lobaric acid; widespread in Europe from the
boreal-montane to the subarctic-subalpine zone, but not common; from the Alps there
are only some scattered records, but perhaps the species was not always distinguished.
– Au: T, St. Sw: BE. Fr: HSav.
Stereocaulon incrustatum Flörke
Syn.: Stereocaulon abduanum Anzi, Stereocaulon incrustatum Flörke var. abduanum
(Anzi) Frey
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen found on mineral, nutrient-poor soil, in Pinus-woodlands, in the vicinity of
glaciers and by rivers, with optimum near treeline. – Au: T, K, St. Sw: GR, TI, UR,
VS. Fr: HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 499
Stereocaulon nanodes Tuck.
Syn.: Stereocaulon alpinum Laurer var. tyroliense (Nyl.) Arnold, Stereocaulon carinthia-
cum Frey, Stereocaulon hypopetraeum Vain. ex Räsänen, Stereocaulon nanodes Tuck. f.
carinthiacum (Frey) I.M. Lamb ex Frey, Stereocaulon nanodes Tuck. f. tyroliense (Nyl.)
I.M. Lamb, Stereocaulon ostrobothniae H. Magn., Stereocaulon tyroliense (Nyl.) Lettau
L – Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen found on mineral-rich rocks, also under overhanging faces, on pebbles and large
boulders, often on metal-rich substrata and in rather disturbed habitats. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Stereocaulon pileatum Ach.
Syn.: Stereocaulon saxonicum Bachm.
SL – ubstr.: sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circumpolar
early coloniser of mineral-rich siliceous rocks, including roong tiles, in upland areas,
but mostly below the alpine belt. – Au: S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, TI. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Stereocaulon plicatile (Leight.) Fryday & Coppins
Syn.: Lecidea plicatilis Leight., Rhizocarpon plicatile (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Rhizocarpon
rubescens . Fr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks and pebbles in damp habitats with
a late snow cover, either on vertical surfaces of north-facing rocks or on stones and peb-
bles near snow beds; in the study area only recorded from the Eastern Alps (Austria,
Italy). – Au: ?V, T, K, St. It: TAA.
Stereocaulon rivulorum H. Magn.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane lichen found
on gravel and sand in snow-beds or on banks of streams near glaciers, sometimes on
weakly calciferous schists. – Au: T, S, K. Sw: BE, GR, SG, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl. It:
Frl, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Stereocaulon symphycheilum I.M. Lamb
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a circum-arctic-alpine, sorediate, silicicolous species
resembling S. vesuvianum in the phyllocladia with darker centers and paler margins,
but pseudopodetia prostrate-decumbent and dorsiventral, with conuent phyllocladia,
containing atranorin and lobaric acid, with a few records from the Eastern Alps only
(Austria), but perhaps more widespread, and hidden behind some of the Alpine re-
cords of S. vesuvianum. – Au: T, K, St.
Stereocaulon tomentosum Fr.
Syn.: Stereocaulon botryocarpum H. Magn., Stereocaulon tomentosum Fr. var. alpestre
Flot., Stereocaulon tomentosum Fr. var. campestre Körb.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar lichen
found on mineral soil in open habitats, such as in clearings of Pinus-stands; several
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
500
records from the Alps need re-conrmation; see also note on S. symphycheilum. – Au:
T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: VS. Fr: HAl, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA. Sl: SlA.
Stereocaulon tornense (H. Magn.) P. James & Purvis
Syn.: Bilimbia tornensis H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a crustose thallus, and therefore
dicult to recognise as a Stereocaulon, resembling S. leucophaeopsis, but areoles smaller,
ascospores shorter (to 30 µm long), and secondary chemistry with atranorin and stictic
acid; on acidic pebbles in humid situations; widespread in Europe but rare in the study
area, being known only from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. var. vesuvianum
L – Subs.: sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on (mostly) acid volcanic rocks; several records
from the Alps need re-conrmation. – Au: V, T, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, UW. Fr:
HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. var. nodulosum (Wallr.) I.M. Lamb
Syn.: Stereocaulon denudatum Flörke, Stereocaulon denudatum Flörke var. depressum
H. Magn., Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. var. denudatum (Flörke) I.M. Lamb ex Poelt
comb. inval., Stereocaulon vesuvianum Pers. f. depressum (H. Magn.) I.M. Lamb, Ste-
reocaulon vesuvianum Pers. var. depressum (H. Magn.) I.M. Lamb (non Stereocaulon
depressum (Frey) I.M. Lamb!)
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a name used for morphs with glabrous podetia and
partly conuent phyllocladia forming plate-like squamules, sorediate or not; reported
from both Hemispheres, including Europe, but not always distinguished; probably
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T.
Sticta fuliginosa (Hom.) Ach.
Syn.: Lobaria fuliginosa Hom., Sticta sylvatica (Huds.) Ach. var. fuliginosa (Hom.)
Hepp, Stictina fuliginosa (Hom.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a western species in Europe, found
on bark, more rarely on mossy rocks in semi-natural forests; most records date back
to the previous century. Material from the Alps should be compared with the recently
described Sticta fuliginoides Magain & Sérus., whose occurrence in the Alps is possible.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS.
Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen limbatus Sm., Stictina limbata (Sm.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, sax – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a humid subtropical to Mediterranean-Atlantic
species found on bark, often associated with bryophytes, on mossy rocks and soil in
very humid situations; very rare and declining in the Alps. – Au: S, K. Sw: GR, VS.
Fr: Isè, Var. It: Frl, Ven.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 501
Sticta sylvatica (Huds.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen sylvaticus Huds., Stictina fuliginosa (Hom.) Nyl. var. sylvatica (Huds.)
Flagey, Stictina sylvatica (Huds.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, bry, sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a western species in Europe, found
on mossy trunks and on epilithic bryophytes in natural forests; widespread throughout
the Alps, but presently very rare and declining, several records being old. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Strangospora deplanata (Almq.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Biatorella deplanata Almq.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on Fraxinus, Salix, Populus, and other trees with
base-rich bark in rather shaded situations; from the Alps there are only a few scattered
records. – Fr: AHP. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Strangospora moriformis (Ach.) Stein
Syn.: Arthonia moriformis Ach., ?Biatorella improvisa (Nyl.) Almq., Biatorella mori-
formis (Ach.) . Fr., Biatorella nitens . Fr.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on hard lignum (e.g. on poles), and on the bark
of conifers, rarely of deciduous trees, mostly on the basal parts of old trunks; wide-
spread throughout the Alps, but generally not very common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Strangospora pinicola (A. Massal.) Körb.
Syn.: Biatorella pinicola (A. Massal.) Anzi, Sarcogyne pinicola A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on hard lignum (e.g. on poles) and on acid bark,
especially of conifers; perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: S, K, St, O, N, B.
Sw: U W. Fr: Var. It: Frl, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Strigula anis (A. Massal.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia anis (A. Massal.) Boistel, Porina anis (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Sage-
dia anis A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on the smooth
bark of deciduous trees, e.g. Fraxinus, Juglans, Tilia. – Au: St, O, N. Sw: BE, LU, SZ,
UR. Fr: AMa, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Strigula alpestris (Vězda) Hafellner
Syn.: Arthopyrenia faginea (Schaer.) Swinscow var. alpestris (Vězda) Swinscow, Porina
faginea (Schaer.) Arnold var. alpestris Vězda, Strigula stigmatella (Ach.) R.C. Harris var.
alpestris (Vězda) Coppins
L # – Subs.: ter-cal, deb, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a critical taxon, often subsumed under
S. stigmatella, from which it diers in the slightly larger ascospores; on plant debris and
encrusting bryophytes, with a boreal-montane to – alpine distribution, reported from
Scotland and the Central European mountains; from the Alps there are only scattered
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502
records (Austria), but the species might have been not recognised and/or undercolle-
cted elsewhere. – Au: V, T, S, K, St.
Strigula angustata Cl. Roux & Sérus.
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species diering from S. minor in the longer macro-
conidia; foliicolous and on the uppermost twigs of Buxus in the understory of broad-
leaved forests in humid, shaded situations; known from SW Europe and Macaronesia,
with a few records from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa, Drô, Var, Vau.
Strigula brevis Bricaud & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species resembling S. taylorii, from which it diers
only in the shorter macroconidia (to c. 12 µm long), which however are not always
present; on bark of broad-leaved trees in closed forests; known from the lowlands of
Western Europe and the laurel-forest belt in Macaronesia, with a few records from the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: Drô, Vau.
Strigula buxi Chodat
Syn.: Strigula elegans auct. eur. non (Fée) Müll. Arg., Strigula smaragdula auct. eur. non Fr.
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an Atlantic-Macaronesian, easily overlooked species,
also known from the Pyrenees and Western France, found on leaves and on the upper-
most twigs of Buxus in the understorey of broad-leaved forests in humid, shaded situ-
ations, with a few records from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav.
Strigula calcarea Bricaud & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a recently-described species found on limestone in decid-
uous woodlands, mostly in rather shaded situations; in the study area hitherto known
only from the Western Alps, but perhaps more widespread. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Vau.
Strigula cavicola Cl. Roux & Bricaud
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species diering from the similar S. calcarea in the
shorter macroconidia (to c. 15 µm long), while the ascomata are so far unknown;
on limestone in the entry areas of caves and in overhangs in gorges, hence in sites
with a very stable microclimate; known from SW Europe, including the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: Vau.
Strigula endolithea Cl. Roux & Bricaud
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a recently-described species, hitherto known from
Southern France at the foot of the Alps, and the Park of the Miramare Castle near
Trieste (Italy), on shaded calcareous rocks near the coast. – Fr: AMa, Vau.
Strigula glabra (A. Massal.) V. Wirth
Syn.: Porina glabra (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Porina lactea (Körb.) Mig., Pyrenula netrospora
Nägeli, Sagedia candida Anzi, Sagedia garovaglii A. Massal., Sagedia glabra A. Massal.,
Sagedia phillyreae Jatta, Spermatodium glabrum (A. Massal.) Trevis.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 503
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on smooth bark
of deciduous trees (e.g. Carpinus, Fagus, Fraxinus), especially in humid deciduous
woodlands along rivers and creeks. – Au: V, S, O, N. Sw: BE, GL, GR, UR. It:
Ven, Lomb.
Strigula jamesii (Swinscow) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Geisleria jamesii Swinscow
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species diering from the similar S. anis in
the smaller perithecia (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.) and macroconidia, found on bark of
broad-leaved trees, more rarely on mosses over calciferous substrata, in humid-shaded
situations; widespread in Europe, but most common in the West, and also reported
from North America. – Au: O. Sw: BE, LU, SZ. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Strigula minor (Vězda) Cl. Roux & Sérus.
Syn.: Raciborskiella minor Vězda
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean-Atlantic foliicolous
species with subtropical anities, described from Georgia and also known from the
Pyrenees, with a few records from the base of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa,
Isè, Vau.
Strigula muscicola F. Berger, Coppins, Cl. Roux & Sérus.
L – Subs.: bry-cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a boreal-montane species of the S. anis-group
with almost sessile, usually aggregated perithecia, encrusting bryophytes in terricolous
lichen communities; there are only a few records from Scandinavia, the British Isles
and Central Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: O.
Strigula phaea (Ach.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia virella (G. Merr.) Zahlbr. nom nud., Porina cineriseda Müll. Arg.,
Verrucaria cineriseda Nyl. nom. nud., Verrucaria phaea Ach.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a greenish grey, thin, episubstratic thal-
lus, strongly protruding ascomata (0.2–0.35 mm in diam.) at least partly covered by
a thin thalline layer, 8-spored, subcylindrical, ssitunicate asci, 1-septate, fusiform
ascospores (c. 9–13 × 2.5–4 µm) provided with a thin perispore, protruding macro-
pycnidia (to c. 15 mm in diam.) with the cavity lined by narrow long conidiogenous
cells (to 25 µm long and c. 2.5 µm wide) containing 1-septate, oblong macroconidia
(7–9 × 2–3 µm) with terminal perisporal appendages; usually corticolous on decidu-
ous trees in shaded-humid sites; widespread but rare in SW Europe and Macaronesia,
most common in the Tropics; very rare at low elevations in the Western Alps; the
record from Switzerland needs conrmation. – Sw: ?BE. Fr: AMa.
Strigula porinoides Canals, Boqueras & Gómez-Bolea
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: on calcareous rocks, rarely also on smooth bark, mostly
in Mediterranean forests; the species is hitherto known only from the island of Maret-
timo, from Catalonia in Spain, and from the Carnic Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
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504
Strigula stigmatella (Ach.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia faginea (Schaer.) Swinscow, Arthopyrenia stigmatella (Ach.) A. Mas-
sal., Arthopyrenia thuretii (Hepp) H. Olivier, Lichen stigmatellus Ach., Opegrapha
thuretii Hepp, Porina cinerea (Pers.) Zahlbr., Porina faginea (Schaer.) Arnold, Porina
illinita Nyl., Porina muscorum A. Massal., Porina tenebricosa A. Massal., Porina thure-
tii (Hepp) Lettau, Sagedia illinita (Nyl.) Hav., Sagedia tenebricosa (A. Massal.) Jatta,
Segestrella illinita (Nyl.) Körb., Segestria muscorum (A. Massal.) Trevis., Verrucaria stig-
matella (Ach.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate species found on bark and on epi-
phytic mosses on basal parts of trunks of deciduous trees, especially Fagus; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, SG,
SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: Drô, Isè, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl:
SlA, Tg.
Strigula taylori (Carroll ex Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Porina meliospila (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Porina taylorii (Carroll ex Nyl.) Swinscow, Ver -
rucaria meliospila Nyl., Verrucaria taylorii Carroll ex Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor, cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with 1-septate, easily fragmenting as-
cospores, diering from S. brevis only in the longer (to c. 18 µm long) macroconidia;
on bark of broad-leaved deciduous trees (especially Quercus, Alnus, Fraxinus, Juglans)
in humid-shaded situations, occasionally also on limestone; widespread in Mediter-
ranean and especially Atlantic Europe, and also known from Macaronesia; probably
more widespread in the Alps, but largely overlooked. – Au: O. Fr: HAl, AMa, Drô,
Isè, Var, Vau.
Strigula ziziphi (A. Massal.) Cl. Roux & Sérus.
Syn.: Porina schizospora Vain., Porina ziziphi (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Sagedia ziziphi A.
Massal., Strigula mediterranea Etayo
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen
found on bark of deciduous trees in open woodlands (e.g. on Quercus, Castanea); ap-
parently more frequent in the Western and Southern Alps. – Sw: TI. Fr: AHP, AMa,
Drô, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb.
Synalissa ramulosa (Hom. ex Bernh.) Fr.
Syn.: Collema ramulosum Hom. ex Bernh., Collema synalyssum (Ach.) Ach., Lichen
symphoreus Ach., Synalissa symphorea auct. non (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly southern species in Europe, found on
steeply inclined faces of calcareous rocks with periodical water seepage, often over-
growing the thalli of Romjularia lurida, with a wide altitudinal range, but with opti-
mum at relatively low elevations; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 505
Synalissa violacea Geitler
L – Subs.: cal, cal-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a dwarf-fruticose to coralloid,
nearly black thallus becoming gelatinous when moist, the outer envelopes of the pho-
tobiont colonies (Gloeocapsa-like) violet; only known in the sterile state and generic
placement therefore uncertain; on moist limestone rocks in gorges and similar sites
with high air humidity; so far only recorded from the Eastern (Austria) and the West-
ern Alps (France). – Au: K, St, O, N. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô.
Teloschistes chrysophthalmos (L.) . Fr.
Syn.: Borrera chrysophthalmos (L.) Ach., Lichen chrysophthalmos L., Niorma chrysoph-
thalmos (L.) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. ell, N.H. Jeong & Hur, Physcia chrys-
ophtalmos (L.) De Not., Tornabenia chrysophthalmos (L.) A. Massal., Xanthoanaptychia
chrysophthalmos (L.) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, Xanthoria chrysophthalmos (L.) Stizenb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: based on a type from the Cape Province and there
saxicolous (!), and typical of situations with a dry climate with frequent spells of fog,
this species growing on twigs of shrubs and isolated trees in open habitats was much
more common in the past, and is presently extinct in many regions; in the study area
most of the records are from the Southern and the Western Alps, at low elevations. –
Sw: GR, TI. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner var. atra
Syn.: Lecanora atra (Huds.) Ach., Lecidea atroides Walt. Watson, Lichen ater Huds.
L – Subs.: sil, cor, xyl, int – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a widespread, holarctic, polymorphic
and ecologically wide-ranging species; in the eu-Mediterranean belt it is restricted to
sheltered situations, but elsewhere it occurs in sun-exposed habitats; albeit rarely, it can
also occur on bark; widespread and locally common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, N, B. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner var. calcarea (Jatta) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecanora atra (Huds.) Ach. var. calcarea Jatta, Lecanora cypria Körb., Tephromela
cypria (Körb.) Hafellner
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: on calciferous rocks wetted by rain, mostly in upland
areas; much more frequent in the Mediterranean mountains than in the Alps, where
there are only a few records from France. – Fr: AHP, Var, Vau.
Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner var. torulosa (Flot.) Hafellner
Syn.: Lecanora atra (Huds.) Ach. var. corticola (Hepp) Egeling, Lecanora atra (Huds.)
Ach. var. torulosa Flot., Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner var. corticola (Hepp) Hafell-
ner & Hierzer (lapsus “Jerzer”) nom. inval.
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate lichen found on the bark of deciduous
and evergreen broad-leaved trees. is taxon deserves further study: corticolous forms
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506
of typical T. atra are not rare, but the most common morph diers in several respects
from epiphytic samples of T. atra s.str., and there is molecular evidence that two taxa
are involved; probably more widespread in the Alps, since not always distinguished
from the typical variety. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Var. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Tephromela grumosa (Pers.) Hafellner & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecanora atra (Huds.) Ach. var. grumosa (Pers.) Ach., Lecanora grumosa (Pers.) Du
Rietz, Lichen grumosus Pers.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate lichen found on steeply
inclined surfaces of acidic siliceous rocks; perhaps somehow more widespread in the
Alps, being often sterile and hence easy to overlook. – Au: ?V, T, S. Fr: AMa, Isè, HSav,
Vau. It: TAA, VA.
Tephromela pertusarioides (Degel.) Hafellner & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Lecanora massalongiana Gyeln. non Zahlbr., Lecanora pertusarioides Degel.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: this may be a sorediate form of T. atra with an
areolate thallus often devoid of apothecia, and with the same secondary chemistry; on
siliceous rocks e.g. on clis in rather open forests; widespread in Europe but apparently
rare; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: ?V, T. Sw: GR, TI.
Tetramelas chloroleucus (Körb.) A. Nordin
Syn.: Buellia chloroleuca Körb., Buellia parasema De Not. var. saprophila (Ach.) Körb.,
Buellia poeltii T. Schauer, Buellia punctata (Hom.) A. Massal. var. saprophila (Ach.)
Anzi, Buellia zahlbruckneri sensu T. Schauer, Tetramelas poeltii (T. Schauer) Kalb
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane species found on lig-
num, more rarely on bark, especially of conifers, with optimum in the upper montane
belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: LU, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, HSav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Tetramelas concinnus (. Fr.) Giralt
Syn.: Buellia concinna . Fr., Buellia nodulosa (Lynge) H. Magn., Buellia subconcinna
(Vain.) Zahlbr., Buellia subviridescens (Nyl. ex . Fr.) Vain., Lecidea perlutescens Nyl.
ex . Fr., Lecidea subconcinna Vain.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar
species found on steeply inclined surfaces of hard siliceous rocks, starting the life-cycle
on other crustose lichens; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au:
T, St. Sw: BE, SG. Fr: HAl.
Tetramelas geophilus (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Norman
Syn.: Buellia geophila (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Lynge, Buellia insignis Körb. var. geophila
(Flörke ex Sommerf.) . Fr., Buellia subnivea (Nyl.) Jatta, Buellia trifracta J. Steiner,
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 507
Buellia triphragmia (Nyl.) Arnold non auct., Diplotomma geophilum (Flörke ex Som-
merf.) D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh nom. inval., Lecidea geophila Flörke ex Sommerf.,
Lecidea subnivea Nyl., Lecidea triphragmia Nyl. non auct.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil, deb – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane to arctic-
alpine, circumpolar lichen overgrowing terricolous and epilithic mosses on more or less
calciferous substrata. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: FR, GR, VD, VS.
Fr: HAl, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Piem, VA.
Tetramelas insignis (Körb.) Kalb
Syn.: Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd var. insignis (Körb.) Flagey, Buellia insignis Körb.,
Buellia insignis Körb. var. muscorum (Schaer.) Körb., Buellia parasema De Not. var.
albocincta . Fr., Buellia parasema De Not. var. muscorum (Schaer.) . Fr., Lecidea
insignis Nägeli ex Hepp nom. nud.
L – Subs.: ter, bry, deb, xyl – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a species of the high European moun-
tains found on terricolous mosses and plant debris, rarely on rock, lignum and bark,
especially on basal parts of trunks. – Au: V, T, S, K. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, UR,
VS. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Tetramelas papillatus (Sommerf.) Kalb
Syn.: Buellia papillata (Sommerf.) Tuck., Buellia parasema De Not. var. papillata (Som-
merf.) . Fr., Lecidea papillata Sommerf.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry, deb – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichen found on terricol-
ous bryophytes, mostly above treeline; it is related to T. insignis. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: Sav. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Tetramelas pulverulentus (Anzi) A. Nordin & Tibell
Syn.: Abrothallus pulverulentus Anzi, Buellia convexa . Fr., Buellia pulverulenta (Anzi)
Jatta, Diplotomma pulverulentum (Anzi) D. Hawksw., Karschia pulverulenta (Anzi)
Körb., Leciographa muscigenae (Anzi) Rehm
L – Subs.: bry-par, deb, sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a holarctic endoparasitical lichen
(it grows inside the thalli of Physciaceae, but with its own photobiont); certainly more
widespread in the Alps, but much overlooked in the past; most frequent above treeline,
but descending below the oroboreal belt in dry-continental regions. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St. Sw: VS. Fr: HAl. It: TAA, Lomb, VA.
Tetramelas thiopolizus (Nyl.) Giralt & P. Clerc
Syn.: Buellia hypophana (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Buellia thiopoliza (Nyl.) Boistel, Lecidea hy-
pophana Nyl., Lecidea thiopoliza Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, deb, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on Grimmia spp. and other mosses over-
growing siliceous rocks with optimum above treeline; probably more widespread in the
Alps. – Au: T, K. Sw: VS. Fr: HSav. It: TAA, VA.
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508
Tetramelas triphragmioides (Anzi) A. Nordin & Tibell
Syn.: Buellia triphragmia (Nyl.) Arnold var. rugulosa Bagl. & Carestia, Buellia triphrag-
mioides Anzi, Diplotomma triphragmioides (Anzi) Szatala
L – Subs.: xyl, deb – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on the smooth bark of Alnus, Populus tremula,
Salix, etc., more rarely of conifers; this species is characterised by the yellowish thal-
lus, and the C+ reaction of the medulla. – Au: T, N. Ge: Ge. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
allinocarpon nigritellum (Lettau) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Gonohymenia nigritella (Lettau) Henssen, Lichinella nigritella (Lettau) P.P. More-
no & Egea, yrea nigritella Lettau
L – Subs.: cal, int, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a lobed to squamulose thallus
forming cushions of c. 2 cm in diam., the lobes black or partly grey-pruinose and with
mostly globose isidia, usually sterile; on steeply inclined surfaces of calcareous or base-
rich siliceous rocks in shaded situations or on surfaces with water seepage after rain;
widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, probably undercollected in the Alps. – Au:
T, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Piem, Lig.
amnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer. var. vermicularis
Syn.: Cenomyce taurica (Wulfen) Röhl., Cenomyce vermicularis (Sw.) Röhl., Cladonia
taurica (Wulfen) Hom., Cladonia vermicularis (Sw.) DC., Lichen vermicularis Sw.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, ter-sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circum – and bipolar li-
chen found on wind-exposed alpine tundras, both on calcareous and siliceous substra-
ta; molecular sequence data suggest that the two chemotypes, which are provisionally
still accepted here, do not form well-supported, monophyletic lineages. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
amnolia vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer. var. subuliformis (Ehrh.) Schaer.
Syn.: Lichen subuliformis Ehrh., amnolia subuliformis (Ehrh.) W.L. Culb., amnolia
subvermicularis Asahina
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found
in open, wind-exposed alpine tundras; certainly widespread throughout the Alps, but
not always distinguished from the typical variety. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
elenella justii (Servít) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Syn.: Microglaena justii Servít
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mild-temperate, mainly western lichen found on the
rough bark of broad-leaved trees and shrubs in sheltered situations, with optimum
in the submediterranean belt, with a few records from the base of the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: AHP, Vau.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 509
elenella modesta (Nyl.) Nyl.
Syn.: Dactyloblastus wallrothianus (Körb.) A. Massal., Luykenia modesta (Nyl.) Trevis.,
Microglaena modesta (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Microglaena wallrothiana Körb., Microglaena
wallrothiana Körb. var. septentrionalis . Fr., Phlyctis norvegica Norman, Polyblastia
modesta (Nyl.) H. Olivier, elenella wallrothiana (Körb.) Syd., Verrucaria modesta Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly mild-temperate, western lichen found on
bark of broad-leaved trees and shrubs in rather sheltered and humid situations; appar-
ently more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps, but generally not common.
– Au: S. Sw: TI, UR. Fr: AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
elenella muscorum (Fr.) Vain. var. muscorum
Syn.: Chromatochlamys muscicola (Ach. ex Nyl.) Trevis., Chromatochlamys muscorum
(Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt, Microglaena lesdainii (Harm.) Tav., Microglaena leucothe-
lioides (Vain.) Zahlbr., Microglaena macrospora B. de Lesd., Microglaena muscorum (Fr.)
. Fr., Polyblastia muscorum (Fr.) Jatta, Verrucaria muscicola Ach. ex Nyl., Verrucaria
muscorum Fr. nom.illeg., Weitenwebera muscorum (Fr.) Körb.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, cor – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a holarctic lichen found on moribund
pleurocarpous mosses on rocks and soil, more rarely on the basal parts of old trunks,
with optimum in the montane belt, whose generic placement is uncertain; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: Tg.
elenella muscorum (Fr.) Vain. var. octospora (Nyl.) Coppins & Fryday
Syn.: Chromatochlamys muscorum (Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt var. octospora (Nyl.) H.
Mayrhofer & Poelt, Verrucaria muscicola Ach. ex Nyl. var. octospora Nyl.
L – Subs.: bry, deb – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly western lichen in Europe, found on
moribund mosses on rocks and soil, mostly in upland areas; from the Alps there are
only a few scattered records. – Au: K. Fr: HAl, Vau. It: Piem.
elenella pertusariella (Nyl.) Vain.
Syn.: Microglaena pertusariella (Nyl.) Norman, Phlyctis submuriformis H. Magn., Ver -
rucaria pertusariella Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on the smooth bark of small shrubs in the mountains
(Daphne, Rhododendron, Salix, Sorbus); from the Alps there are only a few scattered
records. – Au: V, T. Sw: BE, VS.
elenella vezdae (H. Mayrhofer & Poelt) Coppins & Fryday
Syn.: Chromatochlamys vezdae H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
L – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: an easily overlooked species characterised by
minute perithecia with a hyaline wall and submuriform ascospores, whose generic
placement is uncertain; on soft decaying wood, occasionally spreading to lignicol-
ous bryophytes in various forest types, with optimum at low to mid-elevations; so
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510
far known from Central Europe only, most records being from the Alps, where it was
reported from a few scattered localities. – Au: K, St. Fr: AHP.
elenidia monosporella Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species resembling elenella modesta but
smaller, with a very unusual set of characters: delicate interascal laments, oblong hy-
menial algae, and 1-spored asci with large, simple ascospores; on calcareous soil, ecol-
ogy otherwise poorly known; apparently rare, but easy to overlook; the type is from
Switzerland (Canton Zürich), near the northern edge of the Alps. – Fr: Sav.
elidium absconditum (Hepp) Rabenh.
Syn.: Sagedia nigella (Kremp.) Hepp var. abscondita Hepp, elidium rodellense Lettau
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on limestone, dolomite, calciferous schists in up-
land areas; probably more widespread in the Alps. e relationship with . decipiens
remains to be claried. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
elidium abstractum Lettau
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species of the . pyrenophorum-group with a thin,
yellowish-grey, rimose epilithic thallus and smaller protruding ascomata (0.2–0.4 mm
in diam.); on calcareous schists at high elevations; so far recorded from a few localities
in the Alps. – Au: V. Sw: BE.
elidium acrotellum Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on more or less calciferous rocks in upland areas;
the species is not easy to distinguish from . minutulum, but has a colourless excipu-
lum and a thin involucrellum; so far recorded from a few localities in the Alps. – Au:
V, T, St, O. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: TAA.
elidium aethioboloides Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an amphibious, but usually not permanently
submerged species of calciferous rocks in shaded situations, with optimum in the up-
per montane belt; perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw:
GR. Fr: Sav. It: Ven, TAA.
elidium amylaceum A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 (?5) – Note: a species sometimes synonymised with .
decipiens, characterised by a farinose, whitish thallus with a violet to lilac tinge, and
minute, bottle-shaped, entirely immersed ascomata which are only visible by the um-
bilicate ostioles. e type material urgently needs further study, because this is the type
species of the genus. – Sw: VS. It: Ven.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 511
elidium anisosporum (Müll. Arg.) Zschacke
Syn.: Sagedia anisospora Müll. Arg., Verrucaria anisosopora (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a thin, rusty red thallus, immersed
perithecia with a black ostiolar region, and narrowly ellipsoid, 1-septate ascospores
which are less than 20 µm long; on gneiss in the subalpine to lower alpine belts; only
recorded from the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
elidium antonellianum Bagl. & Carestia
Syn.: Involucrothele antonelliana (Bagl. & Carestia) Servít
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a species found on crystalline, weakly calciferous
schists above treeline; the type material, from the Italian Alps, was collected at 4,500
m; in the study area only recorded from the Southern and the Western Alps. – Sw: VS.
Fr: AHP, AMa. It: TAA, Piem.
elidium aphanes J. Lahm
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species of the . incavatum-group with an en-
dolithic, whitish thallus, entirely immersed perithecia with punctiform ostioles, and
3-septate, less than 40 µm long ascospores; on pebbles of limestone, with scattered
records in Central Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: O.
elidium arnoldii Zschacke
Syn.: elidium bubulcae sensu Arnold non A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species of the . incavatum-group with some-
what wider, ellipsoid, 1 – to 3-septate ascospores; on limestone, most common at low
elevations; the available distributional data are dicult to interpret, because this taxon
was not generally accepted. – Au: ?V, T, St, O, N.
elidium auruntii (A. Massal.) Kremp.
Syn.: Involucrothele auruntii (A. Massal.) Servít, Verrucaria auruntii A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: diering from . pyrenophorum in the well-
developed, brown thallus and the smaller spores, this species, also known from Scandi-
navia, grows on limestone, dolomite and calciferous schists in upland areas. – Au: ?V,
S, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA.
elidium austriacum Zschacke
Syn.: Polyblastia austriaca (Zschacke) Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species of the . incavatum-group with smaller as-
cospores (less than 25 µm long); on limestone, only recorded from the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: N.
elidium britzelmayrii (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Involucrothele britzelmayrii Servít 1953 (“britzelmayeri”)
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512
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: ? – Note: a species with an epilithic, rimose to areolate, whit-
ish thallus, semi-immersed perithecia in the centre of areoles, with an involucrellum
spreading in the upper third, and 1-septate, oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 30
µm long); on siliceous rocks, only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps
(Germany). – Ge: Schw.
elidium bubulcae (A. Massal.) Arnold
Syn.: Lithocia bubulcae A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 (?5) – Note: often considered as a synonym of . zwackhii,
this calcicolous species was accepted by Roux et al. (2014); a record from Austria (V) is
considered as very dubious by Hafellner and Türk (2016). – Au: ? V. It: Ven.
elidium circumspersellum (Nyl.) Zschacke
Syn.: Verrucaria circumspersella Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a calcicolous, aquatic species; hitherto only
known from the type locality in Hungary and a single locality in Upper Austria. – Au: O.
elidium dactyloideum Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: ?3 – Note: a species with a thin, brownish thallus, minute
perithecia protruding only with the ostiolar region, a carbonaceus ascomatal wall, and
nger-like, 1 – to 3-septate ascospores turning brown with age; on limestone in the
montane belt; only known from the Eastern Alps (Slovenia). – Sl: Tg.
elidium decipiens (Hepp ex Nyl.) Kremp.
Syn.: Amphoridium uberinum A. Massal., elidium amylaceum auct. non A. Massal.,
elidium cinerascens (Anzi) Servít, elidium coerulescens Jatta, elidium decipiens
(Hepp ex Nyl.) Kremp. var. scrobiculare (Garov.) Arnold, elidium hymenelioides
Körb., elidium immersum (Leight.) Mudd, elidium leightonii M. Choisy, elid-
ium pachysporum Zschacke, elidium scrobiculare (Garov.) Arnold, elidium thur-
ingiacum Zschacke, elidium umbrosum sensu Arnold, Verrucaria immersa Leight.,
Verrucaria pyrenophora Ach. var. decipiens Hepp ex Nyl., Verrucaria scrobicularis Garov.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circumpolar spe-
cies of calcareous rocks, including large pebbles, in rather sheltered situations, mostly
in upland areas, with optimum above treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
elidium decussatum (Kremp.) Zschacke
Syn.: Acrocordia decussata Kremp., Involucrothele decussata (Kremp.) Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of the . pyrenophorum-group with
a thin, greyish thallus surrounded and crossed by black lines, somewhat protruding
ascomata (less than 0.5 mm in diam.) with an involucrellum reaching down c. half
the perithecium, and 1-septate ascospores (less than 30 µm long); on sandstone or
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 513
calcareous rocks, ecology otherwise poorly known; rare in Central Europe, including
the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
elidium dionantense (Hue) Zschacke
Syn.: Verrucaria dionantensis Hue
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of calciferous rocks in
upland areas; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: V, T. Sw: VS.
Fr: AHP, AMa.
elidium exile Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on more or less calciferous rocks in upland areas. e
species was frequently considered as a synonym of . minutulum, but according to
Roux et al. (2014) it diers in having half-protruding perithecia; from the Alps there
are only a few scattered records. – Au: St. Fr: Sav. It: TAA.
elidium fontigenum A. Massal.
Syn.: Involucrothele cataractarum (Hepp) Servít, Sagedia cataractarum Hepp, elidium
cataractarum (Hepp) Lönnr.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on limestone, dolomite, calcareous sand-
stone, near creeks and waterfalls in upland areas, but usually below treeline. – Au: T, S,
K, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE. Fr: Sav. It: Ven, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
elidium fumidum (Nyl.) Hazsl.
Syn.: Verrucaria fumida Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a blackish brown, epilithic
thallus, a blackish medullary layer, perithecia immersed in thalline warts, with involu-
crellum reaching down to the base, and 1-septate ascospores (mostly less than 25 µm
long); rare throughout Eastern and Central Europe, with a few scattered records from
the Alps. – Au: St, N. Fr: Vau.
elidium gisleri (Müll. Arg) Zschacke
Syn.: Sagedia gisleri Müll. Arg., Verrucaria gisleri (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the . papulare-group with a very thin,
whitish-grey thallus, semi-immersed ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.) with an involu-
crellum reaching down about half the perithecium, and 3-septate, narrowly ellipsoid
ascospores (less than 40 µm long); on calcareous rocks at high elevations; known from
a few localities in the Alps. – Au: St. Sw: UR.
elidium globiferum Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a minutely granulose,
whitish-greyish thallus, immersed perithecia (to 0.6 mm in diam.), and simple to
1-septate, broadly ellipsoid ascospores; only known from the Eastern Alps (Slovenia).
– Sl:SlA.
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514
elidium grummannii Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a calcicolous species with a mainly endolithic, grey-
ish thallus with brown dots, semi-immersed perithecia (to c. 0.3 mm in diam.) with a
thin thalline annulus, without involucrellum (?), and 1-septate, oblong ascospores (to
c. 30 µm long); only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland).
– Sw: BE.
elidium helveticum (Servít) Hafellner
Syn.: Involucrothele helvetica Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling . methorium, with an epi-
lithic, whitish, spreading, rimose to areolate thallus, hemispherically protruding, often
crowded to laterally fusing perithecia (to 0.5 mm in diam.), an involucrellum which is
loosely attached to the perithecial wall almost down to the base, and 1-septate, broadly
ellipsoid ascospores (mostly to c. 25 µm long); on siliceous schists, only known from
the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: BE.
elidium impressulum Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species of the . pyrenophorum-group forming
small, endolithic, whitish thalli and semi-immersed, small perithecia (to c. 0.2 mm
in diam.) with involucrellum reaching down to the base, and ellipsoid, 1-septate, ha-
lonate ascospores (to 15 µm long); on calcareous rocks (dolomite at type locality) at
mid-to high elevations; not rare in the Alps but probably regionally still undercolle-
cted. – Au: St. Ge: OB. Sw: GR. Fr: AHP, Drô, Sav, Vau.
elidium impressum (Müll. Arg.) Zschacke
Syn.: Sagedia impressa Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species of the . pyrenophorum-group resembling
Verrucaria dufourii, but perithecia smaller (to 0.3 mm in diam.) with involucrellum
reaching down about half of the perithecium, and with ellipsoid, 1-septate ascospores
(to 12 µm long); on inclined surfaces of compact calcareous rocks in upland areas. –
Au: ?V, K, St, O, N. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, Drô, HSav, Vau.
elidium incavatum Nyl. ex Mudd
Syn.: Amphoridium umbrosum A. Massal., Amphoroblastia incavata (Nyl. ex Mudd)
Servít, Polyblastia incavata (Nyl. ex Mudd) Croz., elidium umbrosum (A. Massal.)
Arnold, Verrucaria umbrosa (A. Massal.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on small calcareous pebbles close to the ground,
usually in upland areas; probably more widespread, but overlooked. . umbrosum is
perhaps an independent species. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, UR, UW. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 515
elidium inundatum Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: an endolithic amphibious lichen found in periodi-
cally submerged situations, mostly on calcareous substrata in upland areas, but usually
below the alpine belt; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: O.
Fr: AHP. It: Ven, TAA.
elidium klementii Servít
L # – Subs.: int-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, whitish, subareolate thallus,
semi-immersed perithecia (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.), ellipsoid, 1-septate ascospores with
some non-septate intermixed (to c. 30 µm long); on temporarily submerged calcareous
schists; only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Germany). – Ge: Schw.
elidium krempelhuberi (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Involucrothele krempelhuberi Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, whitish thallus
and hemispherically protruding ascomata (to 0.25 mm in diam.), a tightly adpressed
involucrellum reaching down about half of the perithecium, ellipsoid, non-septate
ascospores with c. 20% 1-septate ascospores intermingled (to c. 20 µm long); only
known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Germany). – Ge: Schw.
elidium methorium (Nyl.) Hellb.
Syn.: Involucrothele aeneovinosa (Anzi) Servít, Involucrothele kutakii (Servít) Servít, Po-
lyblastia kutakii Servít, Sagedia aeneovinosa Anzi, elidium aeneovinosum (Anzi) Ar-
nold, elidium aeneovinosum (Anzi) Arnold var. kutakii Servít, elidium diaboli A.
Massal., elidium kutakii (Servít) Servít, Verrucaria methoria Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu, cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane,
probably circumpolar lichen found on periodically submerged siliceous rocks in alpine
to montane creeks; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw:
SZ. BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
elidium microbolum (Tuck.) Hasse
Syn.: Verrucaria microbola Tuck.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thallus consisting of olivaceous-grey
granules and 3-septate ascospores (to 30 µm long), based on a calcicolous type from
Canada (Ontario); the identity of the single European record from the Austrian Alps
(on temporarily inundated schists in the subalpine belt!) needs conrmation. – Au: S.
elidium minimum (A. Massal. ex Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Involucrothele minima (A. Massal. ex Nyl.) Servít, Verrucaria minima A. Massal.
ex Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on calcareous pebbles, or on rock surfaces close to
the ground in upland areas. – Au: ?V, T, S, St, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VD. Fr:
AHP. It: TAA.
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516
elidium minutulum Körb.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia mesotropa (Nyl.) Arnold, Involucrothele margacea (Leight.) Servít,
elidium aethioboloides (Nyl.) Vain. non Zschacke, elidium eitneri Zahlbr., elidi-
um hospitum Arnold, elidium margaceum (Leight.) Zschacke, elidium mesotropum
(Nyl.) A.L. Sm., elidium terrestre Walt. Watson
L – Subs.: cal, int, sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread, cool-temperate to arctic-
alpine, circumpolar, pioneer lichen found on calcareous pebbles close to the ground,
on roong tiles and on brick walls, occasionally also in the splash water zone of creeks;
probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR,
SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Vau. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
elidium montanum (Hepp) Körb.
Syn.: Paraphysothele montana (Körb.) Zschacke, elidium nylanderi (Hepp) Lönnr.
var. montanum Hepp in Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: this taxon was described by Körber (Parerga: 351,
1863) as a new species, and not as a new combination of an already existing taxon. His
description constitutes the protologue. Körber (l.c.) cited . nylanderi (Hepp) Lönnr.
β montanum Hepp as a synonym. is infraspecic taxon was published by Arnold
(Flora 41: 554 [misprinted “254”], 1858), who attributed both name and description
to Hepp. e two taxa are based on the same type. e species has a greyish, farinose
thallus and hemispherical, subsessile perithecia with involucrellum reaching down to
the base, partly persisting interascal laments (de Zschacke), and 1-septate, narrowly
ellipsoid ascospores with a somewhat wider upper cell (to c. 25 µm long); the ge-
neric placement is in need of verication; on calcareous rocks at rather low elevations,
known from a few localities in the Eastern Alps and the northern foreland. – Au: S, O.
elidium nigricans Zschacke
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: this species is known only from two
widely separated collections from Romania and Switzerland (a record from Bavaria is
dubious), but was perhaps overlooked elsewhere. It is very similar to . aethioboloides
and molecular data are needed in order to clarify whether they are two genetically dis-
tinct species. – Ge: ?Schw. Sw: BE.
elidium obscurum (Garov.) Zschacke
Syn.: Involucrothele obscura (Garov.) Servít, Verrucaria olivacea Fr. var. obscura Garov.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with a blackish thallus, entirely immersed
perithecia, and 1-septate ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); on sheltered calcareous rocks,
with a few records only from the Western and Southern Alps. – Fr: HAl, Var. It: Lomb.
elidium olivaceum (Fr.) Körb. [nom.illeg.]
Syn.: Arthopyrenia olivacea (Fr.) A. Massal., Arthopyrenia pseudolivacea (Nyl.) H. Ol-
ivier, Involucrothele olivacea (Fr.) Servít, Verrucaria olivacea Fr. (1831) non Pers. (1794)
nec Hom. (1796) nec Wallr. (1831), Verrucaria pseudolivacea Nyl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 517
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a circumboreal-montane species of calcareous rocks.
e combination is based on an illegitimate basionym. – Au: T, S, St, O. Sw: GR, LU,
SZ, VD, VS. Fr: Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
elidium papulare (Fr.) Arnold
Syn.: Arthopyrenia sprucei (Bab.) H. Olivier, Polyblastia papularis (Fr.) Servít, Sagedia
lariana (A. Massal.) Anzi, elidium jurassicum Zschacke, elidium larianum A. Mas-
sal., elidium pyrenophorum sensu A. Massal., elidium rubellum A. Massal., elidi-
um sprucei (Bab.) Lönnr., elidium subpapulare Zschacke, elidium umbilicatum .
Fr., ?elidium variabile B. de Lesd., Verrucaria cryptarum Garov., Verrucaria leonina
Anzi, Verrucaria papularis Fr., Verrucaria sprucei Bab.; incl. elidium papulare (Fr.)
Arnold f. fuscum Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
species of calcareous rocks, with optimum on limestone and dolomite, but also found
on calciferous schist and sandstone in upland areas, sometimes growing in temporarily
submerged sites along creeks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O,
N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
elidium paneveggiensis (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Involucrothele paneveggiensis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thin, epilithic, brownish thallus
and subsessile, globose ascomata (to c. 0.15 mm in diam.), a tightly adpressed invo-
lucrellum reaching down to the base of the perithecium, and ellipsoid, non-septate
ascospores with c. 5% 1-septate ascospores intermingled (to c. 20 µm long); on calcif-
erous siliceous rocks along a stream, only known from the type locality in the Eastern
Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
elidium parvulum Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, greenish thallus, protrud-
ing, black, hemispherical perithecia lacking an involucrellum, and 1 – to 3-septate as-
cospores (to c. 25 µm long); on sandstone and limestone at low elevations; widespread
in extra-Alpine Central Europe, with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria).
– Au: N.
elidium perexiguum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Sagedia perexigua Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species resembling Staurothele rupifraga, with a very
thin, lead-grey to bluish grey thallus, minute, entirely immersed ascomata, and 3-sep-
tate obovoid ascospores (to 35 µm long); on limestone at low elevations; only known
from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
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518
elidium pertusatii (Garov.) Jatta
Syn.: Verrucaria pertusatii Garov.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: amphibious on frequently wetted siliceous rocks
in alpine rivers and irrigated rocks. Type material on granite, near a creek. – Au: S, K.
Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Piem, VA.
elidium pluvium Orange
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this species grows in the splash zone of small riv-
ers and creeks on siliceous rocks and pebbles, usually in shaded situations; in the study
area it was only reported from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
elidium pyrenophorellum (Servít) Hafellner
Syn.: Involucrothele pyrenophorella Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a very thin, epilithic, whitish-
greyish thallus with darker dots, black, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to c. 0.25
mm in diam.), an involucrellum reaching down about half of the perithecium, ad-
pressed above and slightly spreading further down, and 1-septate, more or less oblong
ascospores, the upper cell somewhat wider and the lower cell slightly attenuated (to c.
32 µm long); only known from the type locality the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: O.
elidium pyrenophorum (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Involucrothele pyrenophora (Ach.) Servít, Paraphysothele viridis (Deakin) Zschak-
ke, Sagedia pyrenophora (Ach.) Hepp, elidium borreri (Leight.) Mudd, elidium ex-
plicatum (Stirt.) Wheldon & A.Wilson, elidium mortensis Walt. Watson, elidium
nylanderi (Hepp) Lönnr., elidium viride (Deakin) Zahlbr., Verrucaria pyrenophora
Ach.; incl. elidium pyrenophorum (Ach.) A. Massal. f. intermedium Asta, Clauzade
& Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread lichen with optimum on limestone
and dolomite, but also found on calciferous sandstone; common throughout the Alps.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
elidium rehmii Zschacke
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a thin, greenish thallus, black,
hemispherically protruding perithecia (to c. 0.3 mm in diam.) lacking an involucrel-
lum, and 1-septate, ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); on sandstone and siliceous
schists in humid situations, at low elevations; rare throughout Central Europe; from
the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: T, S, St, O. Sw: SZ.
elidium rivulicola (Nyl.) Mig.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia rivulicola (Nyl.) Arnold, Verrucaria rivulicola Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a whitish, subfarinose thallus,
hemispherically protruding perithecia (to c. 0.25 mm in diam.), and 1-septate, oblong
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 519
ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); on periodically submerged calcareous stones, rare in
Western and Central Europe, including the Alps (Germany). – Ge: OB.
elidium schibleri Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a blackish-brown, thin thal-
lus, semi-immersed ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.) with involucrellum reaching down
about half of the perithecium, and 1-septate, broadly ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 45 µm
long); only known from the type locality. – Sw: GR.
elidium scopolianum Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, grey thallus with a violet tinge,
hemispherically protruding ascomata (to c. 0.5 mm in diam.), and 3-septate, oblong
ascospores (to c. 55 µm long); on dolomite in humid forested valleys; only known from
the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Slovenia). – Sl: SlA.
elidium subabsconditum Eitner
Syn.: incl. elidium circumvallatum Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species resembling . absconditum in the entirely
immersed perithecia (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.) lacking an involucrellum, but with a very
thin, bluish grey thallus, and smaller, 1-septate ascospores (less than 25 µm long); in
the Alps it is common on inclined surfaces of compact calciferous rocks in rather shad-
ed, non-eutrophicated situations, but it was not always distinguished, and the distribu-
tion appears incomplete. – Au: ?V, ?T, St. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
elidium submethorium (Vain.) Zschacke
Syn.: Verrucaria submethoria Vain.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a rare species of siliceous substrata in clean creeks
and rivers of high mountain ranges, with optimum above treeline; in the Alps there are
only a few scattered records – Au: T, S. Fr: AHP. It: TAA.
elidium subrimulatum (Nyl.) Zschacke
Syn.: Verrucaria subrimulata Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: this species, described from the Pyrenees, has been
collected from very few localities in upland areas of Southern Europe, on limestone
and calcareous schists; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: V, ?T,
St, O. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav. It: Frl.
elidium subsimplex Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a calcicolous species of the . pyrenophorum-group
with a rather thick, whitish thallus, nally hemispherically protruding ascomata (to c. 0.3
mm in diam.) with involucrellum reaching down about two thirds the perithecium, and
most ascospores unicellular, with some 1-septate ones intermingled (to c. 20 µm long);
known from a few scattered localities in the Alps. – Au: ?V, T, S, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: U W.
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520
elidium tiroliense Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a calcicolous species of the . pyrenophorum-group
with a thin thallus in various shades of brown, subsessile ascomata with involucrellum
reaching down to the base of the perithecium (or even closed), and 1-septate, ellipsoid
ascospores (to c. 20 µm long); known from a few localities in the Eastern Alps (Aus-
tria). – Au: T, St.
elidium ungeri Flot. ex Körb.
Syn.: Verrucaria ungeri Flot. ex Körb. nom.illeg.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on inclined surfaces of calciferous rocks in upland
areas. Closely related to . pyrenophorum, from which it diers in the thick, verrucose
thallus; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
elidium verrucosum Zschacke
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a calcicolous species of the . papulare-group with
an endolithic thallus, ascomata immersed in up to 1 mm broad, concolorous warts, a
spreading involucrellum, and 3-septate ascospores (to c. 35 µm long); rare throughout
Central Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St, N.
elidium zahlbruckneri Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thin, brown to greyish-brown thallus,
hemispherically protruding perithecia (to c. 0.15 mm in diam.) lacking an involucrel-
lum, and 1-septate, ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 15 µm long); on pebbles of calcareous
sandstone; only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
elidium zwackhii (Hepp) A. Massal.
Syn.: Sagedia zwackhii Hepp, elidium fueistingii auct. non Körb., elidium mi-
crocarpum (Davies ex Leight.) A.L. Sm., elidium montinii Beltr., elidium subge-
latinosum Zschacke, elidium velutinum auct. p.p. non (Bernh.) Körb., elidium
xylospilum (Nyl.) Zschacke, Verrucaria microcarpa Davies ex Leight., Verrucaria xy-
lospila Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly temperate, ecologically broad-
ranging, pioneer species found both on calcareous and on siliceous rocks, and on thin
layers of soil, e.g. on walls, pebbles, etc., occasionally also in periodically submerged
sites; one of the few species of the genus which occur at low altitudes. – Au: V, S, ?St,
O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: GR, SZ. Fr: HAl. It: Frl, Ven. Sl: SlA.
elignya lignyota (Wahlenb.) P.M. Jørg. & Henssen
Syn.: Arctoheppia scholanderi Lynge, Porocyphus dispersus E. Dahl, Porocyphus ocellatus
(. Fr.) Henssen, Psorotichia fuliginea (Ach.) Körb., Psorotichia lignyota (Wahlenb.)
Forssell, Psorotichia ocellata (. Fr.) Forssell, Pyrenopsis lignyota (Wahlenb.) . Fr.,
Pyrenopsis ocellata . Fr., Verrucaria fuliginea Ach., Verrucaria lignyota Wahlenb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 521
L – Subs.: int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a more or less arctic-alpine species found on base –
or lime-rich siliceous substrata, periodically submerged in cold creeks, or in seepage
tracks; so far only recorded from a few scattered localities in the Alps. – Au: T, S, St.
Sw: VS. Fr: AMa.
elocarpella gordensis Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Trimmatothelopsis gordensis (Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux) K. Knudsen & Lendemer
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a peculiar, extremely rare species with an endo-
lithic thallus, immersed perithecioid ascomata with persistent interascal laments,
polyspored asci, and simple, oblong ascospores (to 6 µm long). e species has a basal
position in the Trimmatothelopsis-clade, and perhaps belongs there. It grows on steeply
inclined surfaces of calciferous rocks in well-lit situations, being only known from
Central Europe and the western Mediterranean region; there are a few disjunct lowland
records from the Alps; the Austrian one needs conrmation. – Au: ?N. Fr: Drô, Vau.
elocarpon citrum (Wallr.) Rossman
Syn.: Sphaeria citrum Wallr., elocarpon arenicola Vain., elocarpon herteri J. Lahm,
elocarpon vicinellum Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: an ephemeral species of disturbed habitats, with op-
timum near treeline; so far only reported from the Eastern Alps (Austria, Italy). – Au:
N. It: TAA.
elocarpon coccosporum Lettau
L – Subs.: deb – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with pale yellow ascomata, peculiar in lacking
paraphyses and in the globose ascospores; on stones and plant debris; rare in Central
Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
elocarpon epibolum Nyl.
Syn.: elocarpon conoidellum Nyl., elocarpon epibolum Nyl. var. epithallinum
(Leight. ex Nyl.) G. Salisb., elocarpon epithallinum Leight. ex Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl, bry, ter-sil, par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an ephemeral, facultatively lichenised
species found on foliose lichens, rotting wood, decaying bryophytes, peaty soil, mostly
in upland areas; overlooked, and certainly more widespread in the Alps. In the .
epibolum-group, two taxa are commonly distinguished: the typical variety, and var. epi-
thallinum, lichenicolous on Baeomyces rufus and purported to have longer ascospores.
On the other hand, T. epibolum itself was described as lichenicolous on Solorina crocea,
and in our opinion var. epithallinum is not clearly distinguishable, its spores lying in
the variation range of those of var. epibolum. Kocourková maintains that the two taxa
can can be distinguished by the thickness of the interascal laments and the host se-
lection, assuming that they are specialised in dierent photobionts, adding a further
undescribed taxon with long spores, specialised in the Peltigera aphthosa-group. Since
we have found many asci with both shorter and longer spores, we merge the two taxa.
– Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
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522
elocarpon impressellum Nyl.
Syn.: Ahlesia impressella (Nyl.) G. Salisb.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal, cal, sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a doubtfully lichenised species
found on humus-rich soil, mosses, rotten wood and other lichens in upland areas. e
only Italian record, growing on Squamarina cartilaginea, is dubious. – Au: T, S, K, St,
O, N. Ge: Ge. Fr: HAl, HSav. It: ?TAA.
elocarpon intermediellum Nyl.
Syn.: elocarpon intermixtulum Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a rarely-collected but apparently widespread
ephemeral species of siliceous rocks and, occasionally, rotten wood, mostly in up-
land areas; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: K, N. Fr:
Vau. It: TAA.
elocarpon laureri (Flot.) Nyl.
Syn.: Sphaeropsis laureri Flot., elocarpon epilithellum Nyl., elocarpon interceptum
Nyl., elocarpon prasinellum Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, sil, xyl, bry – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: an ephemeral early coloniser of dier-
ent substrata, including roong tiles, rotten wood, and soil; perhaps more widespread
in the Alps, but very much overlooked. – Au: V, T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: LU, SZ,
VS. It: TAA.
elocarpon lichenicola (Fuckel) Poelt & Hafellner
Syn.: Ahlesia lichenicola Fuckel, elocarpon ahlesii Fuckel, elocarpon applanatum H.
Magn.
L – Subs.: sil-par, ter-sil-par, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on clay soil in disturbed sites, often
in Calluna-heaths, mostly on Baeomyces rufus; doubtfully lichenised, to be searched for
further in the Alps. – Au: St, N. It: TAA.
elocarpon olivaceum B. de Lesd.
Syn.: elocarpon intermixtulum Nyl. var. olivaceum (B. de Lesd.) H. Magn.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with hemispherical, variably pruinose asco-
mata, externally with a thalline sheath, poorly developed to lacking paraphyses, and
nally subglobose ascospores; rare throughout Europe, with a single record from the
Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
elocarpon saxicola (Zahlbr.) H. Magn.
Syn.: elocarpon epibolum Nyl. var. saxicola Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with globose ascomata lacking paraphyses,
and ellipsoid ascospores (to 7 µm long); on sandstone and similar rocks in the montane
belt; only known from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 523
elocarpon sphaerosporum H. Magn.
Syn.: Ahlesia sphaerospora (H. Magn.) G. Salisb.
L – Subs.: ter-par, bry – Alt.: 3 – Note: an ephemeral early coloniser of dierent sub-
strata, including the thalli of other lichens, mostly in upland areas; from the Alps there
are only a few scattered records. – Au: T, K, O. Fr: Sav. It: TAA.
elocarpon superellum Nyl.
Syn.: elocarpon conoideum Höhn.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, cor, xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with relatively conspicuous, conical to
globose ascomata, unbranched paraphyses, and oblong, often pseudoseptate ascospores
(to 13 µm long); on soil, rotting wood or stones; widespread in the Holarctic region,
from the boreal to the temperate zone, but rare; from the Alps there are a few scattered
records, but perhaps the species was largely overlooked. – Au: T, N. Sw: SZ, UW.
elopsis aveola Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on bark of ancient
deciduous trees, but also, in the subalpine belt, on bases of old Rhododendron shrubs;
to be looked for further in the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, SZ. It: Lomb.
elopsis lojkana (Poetsch ex Arnold) Nyl.
Syn.: Sagedia lojkana Poetsch ex Arnold, elopsis tholoides Lettau
L – Subs.: cal, int, cal-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with smooth ascomata which are
blackish brown in the upper half, immersed at rst and later protruding, and 3-septate,
halonate ascospores (to 25 µm long), found on vertical to overhanging faces of lime-
stone in the shade of montane forests; rare in the Central European mountains, with a
few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: S, St, O. Sw: BE. Sl: SlA.
elopsis melathelia Nyl.
Syn.: Sagedia melathelia (Nyl.) Jatta, Sagedia rugosa Anzi, elopsis rugosa (Anzi) Jatta,
elopsis umbratula Nyl.
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-cal, bry-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar
species found on moribund bryophytes, humic soil and plant remains over more or less
calcareous substrata; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SG, SZ. Fr: HAl. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
elopsis rubella Nyl.
Syn.: Pyrenula bayrhoeri (Körb.) Hepp, Sagedia rubella (Nyl.) Jatta
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on old deciduous
trees (e.g. Fagus, Quercus), especially near the base of the boles, in areas with high rain-
fall; widespread, but generally rare in the Alps. – Au: St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, SG, SZ,
TI, VS. Fr: Var, Vau. It: Frl, Lomb.
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524
elotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach.
Syn.: Lichen lepadinus Ach., Volvaria lepadina (Ach.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate lichen found on the bark of Fagus
and Abies, more rarely of other broad-leaved trees in humid montane forests with fre-
quent fog or near rivers; widespread throughout the Alps, but generally not common,
and perhaps declining. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU,
SG, SZ, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
elotrema suecicum (H. Magn.) P. James
Syn.: Ocellularia suecica H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rarely collected species found on bark in humid for-
ests; in the study area so far recorded from the Eastern Alps only (Austria, Italy). – Au:
St, O, N. It: Frl.
ermutis velutina (Ach.) Flot.
Syn.: Collema pannosum Hom., Collema velutinum (Ach.) Ach., Collema velutinum
(Ach.) Ach. var. pannosum (Hom.) Rabenh., Gonionema velutinum (Ach.) Nyl., Li-
chen velutinus Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on base-or mineral-rich siliceous rock, in sun-
exposed seepage tracks with colonies of cyanobacteria, mostly in upland areas but usu-
ally below treeline. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SG, SZ, TI,
VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
olurna dissimilis (Norman) Norman
Syn.: Podocratera dissimilis Norman
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a peculiar species with brownish grey, cushion-like,
dense, radially arranged podetia arising from a crustose basal thallus, apical ascomata
with a black, epruinose mazaedium, and 1-septate ascospores with a helicoid perispore;
on the top of not too tall spruce trees often visited by birds; widespread in the Holarc-
tic region, with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: S.
rombium aoristum (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Verrucaria aorista Nyl.
L # – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: this name is used for a lichen diering from typi-
cal . epigaeum in the hyaline ascomatal wall (except the blackish ostiolar region),
and perhaps designates only a morphotype; on acidic soil, mainly in Western Europe,
including the limit of the Southern Pre-Alps (France). – Fr: Vau.
rombium epigaeum (Pers.) Wallr.
Syn.: Sphaeria epigaea Pers., rombium aoristoides I.M. Lamb, Verrucaria epigaea
(Pers.) Ach.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an ephemeral, probably holarctic coloniser
of calciferous, clayey soil in rather disturbed habitats, such as track sides and openings
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 525
in grasslands; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw.
Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Sl: SlA.
yrea confusa Henssen
Syn.: Omphalaria pulvinata auct. non (Schaer.) Nyl., yrea pulvinata auct. non (Scha-
er.) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on steeply inclined, sunny faces of calcareous rocks
with short periods of water seepage after rain; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig.
yrea girardii (Durieu & Mont.) Bagl. & Carestia
Syn.: Collema girardii Durieu & Mont.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean to mild-temperate species found on
calcareous rocks; ecology and distribution resemble those of . confusa; several records
from the Alps need conrmation. – Sw: ?GR, ?VS. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb,
Piem.
yrea pachyphylla (Müll. Arg.) Henssen
Syn.: ?Omphalaria pulvinata (Schaer.) Nyl. var. laxa Müll. Arg., Omphalaria pulvinata
(Schaer.) Nyl. var. pachyphylla Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species resembling . girardii, but with a polyphyl-
lous thallus, found on humid calcareous rocks at low elevations; only known from the
type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
yrea plectopsora A. Massal.
Syn.: Omphalaria phylliscoides Nyl., ?yrea nummularioides (Nyl.) A. Massal., yrea
phylliscoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on steeply inclined seepage tracks of calcareous
rocks; apparently more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. – Sw: ?TI. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven, Lig.
Timdalia intricata (H. Magn.) Hafellner
Syn.: Acarospora intricata H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, met, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on base-rich siliceous rocks in sunny, exposed
sites, with optimum above treeline; rarely collected, but perhaps more widespread in
the Alps. – Au: T, S, St. It: TAA, Lomb.
Toensbergia leucococca (R. Sant.) Bendiksby & Timdal
Syn.: Hypocenomyce leucococca R. Sant., Pycnora leucococca (R. Sant.) R. Sant.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a peculiar, obligately sterile species with a thallus
consisting of scattered, whitish, adnate areolae and usually marginal soralia, containing
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
526
alectorialic acid; on bark of deciduous trees in various forest types; widespread in the
Holarctic region from the boreal to the nemoral-montane zone, including the Alps,
but still overlooked in some regions. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: SZ, UW.
Toninia albilabra (Dufour) H. Olivier
Syn.: Biatora albilabra Dufour, Lecidea albilabra (Dufour) Dufour, Psora albilabra
(Dufour) Körb. non auct., Toninia albomarginata B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean species found on more
or less calciferous ground and in ssures of rocks and walls, often on cyanobacteria or
cyanobacterial lichens when young; common only in dry areas, including the Alpine
valleys with a continental climate. – Au: T. Sw: VS. Fr: Var. It: TAA, VA, Lig.
Toninia alutacea (Anzi) Jatta
Syn.: Biatorina alutacea (Anzi) Jatta, alloidima alutaceum Anzi, alloidima inter-
medium A. Massal. ex Arnold, Toninia intermedia (A. Massal. ex Arnold) H. Olivier,
?Toninia subcandida B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar species with southern
outposts in steppic-continental regions, found in ssures of calciferous rocks; when
young it often overgrows cyanobacterial colonies and cyanobacterial lichens; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ,
TI, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Toninia aromatica (Sm.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Bacidia sardoa (Körb.) Zahlbr., Bilimbia acervulata (Nyl.) Jatta, Bilimbia aroma-
tica (Sm.) Jatta, Bilimbia sanguinaria (Bagl.) Jatta, Bilimbia sardoa Körb., Lecidea acer-
vulata Nyl., Lecidea aromatica (Sm.) Turner, Lecidea austerula Nyl., Lecidea fusispora
(Hepp ex Körb.) Stizenb., Lecidea geoleuca Nyl., Lecidea heterophora Nyl., Lecidea hyp-
sophila Nyl., Lecidea subaromatica Nyl., Lecidea turneri Leight., Lichen aromaticus Sm.,
Raphiospora fusispora Hepp ex Körb., alloidima fusisporum (Hepp ex Körb.) Müll.
Arg., Toninia acervulata (Nyl.) Kremp., Toninia anis Vězda, Toninia fusispora (Hepp
ex Körb.) . Fr., Toninia geoleuca (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Toninia heterophora (Nyl.) Arnold,
Toninia hypsophila (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Toninia meridionalis B. de Lesd., Toninia pelophila
Poelt & Vězda, Toninia sanguinaria Bagl., Toninia sinensis Zahlbr., Toninia squamulosa
Deakin, Toninia turneri (Leight.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: cal, int, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic species with a wide latitudinal
range, found on horizontal to weakly inclined surfaces of calcareous to basic siliceous
substrata, including bricks and roong tiles in urban areas, often starting the life-cycle
on other crustose lichens; the species has a wide altitudinal range, but seems to be most
common at relatively low elevations; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 527
Toninia athallina (Hepp) Timdal
Syn.: Biatora athallina Hepp, Catillaria acrustacea Arnold, Catillaria athallina (Hepp)
Hellb., Catillaria dvorakii Servít, Catinaria acrustacea (Arnold) Vain., Catinaria athal-
lina (Hepp) Lynge, Kiliasia athallina (Hepp) Hafellner
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a temperate to arctic species of calcareous rocks,
mostly on steeply inclined or underhanging faces in open, dry situations, some-
times invading the thalli of endolithic lichens, with a wide altitudinal range; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Sl: SlA.
Toninia candida (Weber) . Fr.
Syn.: Biatorina candida (Weber) Jatta, Lecidea candida (Weber) Ach., Lichen candidus
Weber, Psora candida (Weber) Hom., alloidima candidum (Weber) A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal, cal-par, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly southern, incompletely
holarctic species found on steeply inclined surfaces and in ssures of calciferous rocks,
chiey limestone and dolomite, often on cyanobacteria or cyanobacterial lichens when
young, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Toninia cinereovirens (Schaer.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Bilimbia cinereovirens (Schaer.) Jatta, Bilimbia fallasca (A. Massal.) Jatta, Bilimbia
nigrescens (Anzi) Jatta, Lecidea cinereovirens Schaer., Toninia fallasca A. Massal., Toninia
nigrescens Anzi, Toninia olivaceoatra H. Magn., Toninia potieri Maheu & Werner, To -
ninia sbarbaronis B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: sil, cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly southern, perhaps incompletely
holarctic species found on steeply inclined, somehow weathered faces of calciferous
and basic siliceous rocks with some seepage of water after rain, often in rock ssures
and on colonies of cyanobacteria; widespread throughout the Alps, but only locally
common. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, Var,
Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Toninia coelestina (Anzi) Vězda
Syn.: Bacidia atrosanguinea (Hepp) Anzi subsp. oribata (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Bacidia co-
elestina Anzi, Lecidea oribata Nyl., Lecidea subincompta Nyl. subsp. oribata (Nyl.)
Cromb., Toninia aggregata Vězda, Toninia oribata (Nyl.) P. James
L – Subs.: ter-sil, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a rare species found on cyanobacterial lichens
or cyanobacterial colonies developing on weathered calciferous schists in upland areas;
from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Au: K, St. Sw: VD. Fr: AHP.
It: Lomb.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
528
Toninia diracta (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatorina diracta (A. Massal.) Jatta, alloidima diractum (A. Massal.) A. Mas-
sal., alloidima vesiculare (Hom.) A. Massal. var. diractum A. Massal., Toninia can-
dida (Weber) . Fr. subsp. diracta (A. Massal.) Hild. Baumgärtner
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly southern eurasiatic species found
in small ssures of steeply inclined faces of calcareous rocks, often on cyanobacteria or
cyanobacterial lichens when young, sometimes on soil, with optimum at low altitudes,
but exceptionally reaching the alpine belt; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem, VA, Lig.
Toninia lutosa (Ach.) Timdal
Syn.: Biatorina verrucosa (A. Massal.) Jatta, Lecidea lutosa Ach., alloidima verrucosum
A. Massal., Toninia verrucosa (A. Massal.) Flagey, Toninia violacea B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a probably incompletely holarctic species of
continental areas found on soil and weathered calciferous rocks, often in association
with cyanobacteria or cyanobacterial lichens when young, mostly at relatively low el-
evations, with a few records from the Southern and Western Alps (France, Italy). – Fr:
AHP. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Toninia nordlandica . Fr.
Syn.: Lecidea subrimulosa Nyl., Toninia steineri Poelt & Vězda, Toninia subrimulosa
(Nyl.) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal, cal-par, sil, sil-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine species found on
steeply inclined to slightly underhanging seepage tracks of calciferous or basic siliceous
rocks, almost always on cyanobacterial colonies, or on thalli of Placynthium, at least
when young, mostly in upland areas. – Au: T, K. Sw: GR, SG, VD. It: TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Toninia opuntioides (Vill.) Timdal
Syn.: Lichen opuntioides Vill., ?alloidima bormuelleri Stein, ?Toninia bornmuelleri
(Stein) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an arctic to temperate, circumpolar lichen
found often amongst bryophytes, always associated to cyanobacterial colonies or cy-
anobacterial lichens when young; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, St,
N. Ge: Ge. Sw: GR, SG, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Toninia pennina (Schaer.) Gyeln.
Syn.: Biatora pennina (Schaer.) Hepp, Catillaria scotina (Körb.) Hertel & H. Kilias, Le-
cidea aeneiformis (Anzi) Jatta, Lecidea pennina Schaer., Lecidea scotina (Körb.) Arnold,
Lecidella scotina Körb., Psora aeneiformis Anzi
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 529
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a rarely collected lichen of continental-dry areas
found on steeply inclined seepage tracks of dolomite, rarely of compact limestone, al-
most always growing on cyanobacterial colonies when young. – Au: T, N. Sw: TI, VS.
Fr: HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Toninia philippea (Mont.) Timdal
Syn.: Catillaria arctica Lynge, Catillaria areolata H. Magn., Catillaria cirtensis (Sti-
zenb.) Flagey, Catillaria holtedahlii Lynge, Catillaria ligustica B. de Lesd., Catillaria lu-
tosa A. Massal., Catillaria philippea (Mont.) A. Massal., Catillaria riparia (Müll. Arg.)
Zahlbr., Catillaria subgrisea (Nyl.) Flagey, Kiliasia philippea (Mont.) Hafellner, Kiliasia
riparia (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner, Lecidea capitata Anzi, Lecidea cirtensis Stizenb., Lecidea
lutosa Mont. ex Schaer. nom.illeg., Lecidea philippea Mont., Lecidea subgrisea Nyl., Pa-
tellaria riparia Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: an incompletely holarctic lichen of dry areas found
on limestone, dolomite, calciferous sandstone and schists in open situations, most com-
mon in dry grasslands, with a wide altitudinal range. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB.
Sw: GR, LU, SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Toninia physaroides (Opiz) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Bacillina antipolitana Nyl., Biatorina lurida (Bagl. ex Arnold) Jatta, Lecidea
physaroides Opiz, alloidima luridum Bagl. ex Arnold, Toninia alluviicola M. Choisy,
Toninia lurida (Bagl. ex Arnold) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal, int – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly temperate species, most com-
mon on soil developing from calciferous sandstone, often amongst mosses and associ-
ated to cyanobacterial lichens when young, rare in limestone areas. – Au: V, K, N. Sw:
BE, GR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, Vau. It: Ven, Lig.
Toninia rosulata (Anzi) H. Olivier
Syn.: Biatorina rosulata (Anzi) Jatta, alloidima rosulatum Anzi, Toninia melanocar-
pizans Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, mainly European species
found on soil and in ssures and crevices of calciferous rocks, often on cyanobacteria or
cyanobacterial lichens when young, with optimum above treeline; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, SZ, TI, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Toninia sedifolia (Scop.) Timdal
Syn.: Biatorina vesicularis (Hom.) Jatta, Lecidea glebosa Ach., Lecidea subtabacina
Nyl., Lecidea vesicularis (Hom.) Ach., Lichen sedifolius Scop., Patellaria vesicularis
Hom., Psora paradoxa (Ehrh.) Hom., Psora vesicularis (Hom.) Hom., alloidi-
ma caeruleonigricans auct. non (Lightf.) Poetsch, alloidima vesiculosum M. Choisy,
Toninia caeruleonigricans auct. non (Lightf.) . Fr., Toninia carolitana (Arnold) Nimis
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
530
& Poelt, Toninia muricola B. de Lesd., Toninia subtabacina (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Toninia
vesicularis (Hom.) Boistel, Verrucaria grisea Willd.
L – Subs.: ter-cal, cal – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a widespread holarctic lichen with a broad
altitudinal and latitudinal range found on soil and weathered calciferous, more rarely
basic siliceous rocks, often overgrowing mosses and associated with cyanobacteria or
cyanobacterial lichens when young; common in dry, open grasslands throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Toninia squalescens (Nyl.) . Fr.
Syn.: Lecidea squalescens Nyl., alloidima rimulosum . Fr.
L # – Subs.: bry-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on silicicolous mosses, mostly on Andreaea near
or above treeline; on the whole, a rather poorly known species which certainly does not
belong to Toninia. – Au: V, T, S. Sw: VS. It: Lomb.
Toninia squalida (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Bacidia acervulans (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Bilimbia caulescens (Anzi) Jatta, Bilimbia
multiseptata (Anzi) Jatta, Bilimbia squalida (Ach.) Jatta, Lecidea acervulans Nyl., Leci-
dea caulescens (Anzi) Tuck., Lecidea norvegica Sommerf., Lecidea squalida Ach., Toninia
acervulans (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Toninia catalaunica V. Wirth & Llimona, Toninia caule-
scens Anzi, Toninia cinereovirens (Schaer.) A. Massal. var. verruculosa . Fr., Toninia
havaasii H. Magn., Toninia multiseptata Anzi, Toninia squarrosa (Ach.) . Fr., Toninia
verruculosa (. Fr.) Vain.
L – Subs.: sil, int, cal, bry-sil, bry-cal, ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an incom-
pletely holarctic lichen with a very broad latitudinal range, found on soil, more rarely
on weathered base-rich or weakly calciferous siliceous rocks in dry-warm upland areas,
often associated to cyanobacteria or cyanobacterial lichen when young. – Au: T, S, K,
St. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Toninia subnitida (Hellb.) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Catillaria subnitida Hellb., Catillaria tristis (Müll. Arg.) Arnold, Kiliasia tristis
(Müll. Arg.) Hafellner non Toninia tristis (. Fr.) . Fr., Lecidea platycarpiza Nyl.,
Patellaria tristis Müll. Arg.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on calcareous substrata; the generic position is still
an open problem. – Au: V, T, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, SZ, UR, UW. Fr: HAl,
Sav. It: TAA, Piem.
Toninia taurica (Szatala) Oxner
Syn.: alloidima tauricum Szatala, Toninia clemens H. Baumgärtner, Toninia scha-
feevii Tomin
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly southern species with an Eurasiatic
distribution found on calciferous soil and in ne crevices of the rocks, often associated
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 531
with cyanobacterial lichens when young, with a wide altitudinal range. – Au: V, T, K,
St, O, N. Sw: BE, GR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Toninia toniniana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Biatorina toniniana (A. Massal.) Jatta, Lecidea caesiocandida Nyl., alloidima
caesiocandidum (Nyl.) Arnold, alloidima mammillare (Gouan) A. Massal. var. toni-
nianum A. Massal., alloidima toninianum (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Toninia caesiocan-
dida (Nyl.) . Fr.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean to submediterranean
species found on steeply inclined to slightly underhanging seepage tracks of calcareous
rocks, always in association with cyanobacterial colonies. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw:
GR, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Toninia tristis (. Fr.) . Fr. subsp. tristis
Syn.: Psora tabacina DC. var. tristis . Fr., Toninia tabacina auct. non (DC.) Flagey
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: in ne crevices of calciferous rocks, with opti-
mum near and above treeline. Here we have placed also all records of T. tristis without
specication of the subspecies. – Au: V, T, S, St, N. Sw: GR, TI, VS. Fr: HAl, Vau. It:
Lomb, VA. Li.
Toninia tristis (. Fr.) . Fr. subsp. asiae-centralis (H. Magn.) Timdal
Syn.: Lecidea asiae-centralis H. Magn.
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on calciferous rocks and soil; despite the
name, this subspecies is widespread also in Southern and Central Europe, with scat-
tered outposts north to Greenland. – Au: T. Sw: GR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Toninia tristis (. Fr.) . Fr. subsp. pseudotabacina Timdal
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean-Macaronesian taxon
found on soil over calcareous substrata. – Au: T. Sw: TI, UR. Fr: AMa, Vau. It: Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Toninia tristis (. Fr.) . Fr. subsp. scholanderi (Lynge) Timdal
Syn.: Lecidea scholanderi Lynge
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a variety with squamules as in subsp. tristis, but with
a brown epithecium, a hypothecium lacking orange pigments, and simple ascospores;
on soil in seasonally dry open situations; widespread in the Northern Hemisphere,
with a single record from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Toninia tristis (. Fr.) . Fr. subsp. thalloedaemiformis (Szatala) Timdal
Syn.: Lecidea thalloedaemiformis Szatala
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a variety with contiguous squamules which are larger
than in subsp. tristis, a bright green epithecium, and simple ascospores; more or less con-
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
532
ned to steep faces of calciferous rocks; widespread in the eastern Mediterranean region,
the terricolous record from the Western Alps (France) needs conrmation. – Fr: AMa.
Toninia verrucarioides (Nyl.) Timdal
Syn.: Bilimbia carbonacea (Anzi) Jatta, Lecidea aromatica var. verrucarioides Nyl., Le-
cidea subimbricata Nyl., Lecidea verrucarioides (Nyl.) Nyl., alloidima boissieri Müll.
Arg., alloidima carbonacea Anzi, Toninia aromatica (Sm.) A. Massal. var. cervina
(Lönnr.) . Fr., Toninia boissieri (Müll. Arg.) Arnold, Toninia carbonacea Anzi, Toni-
nia cervina Lönnr., Toninia conjungens . Fr., Toninia kolax Poelt, Toninia subimbri-
cata (Nyl.) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: cal-par, cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to cool-temperate lichen
found in ssures and ne crevices of calcareous rocks in upland areas, often growing
on species of Placynthium when young. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: LU, TI.
Fr: Drô, HSav, Vau. It: Lomb, Lig.
Toniniopsis obscura Frey
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a peculiar, inconspicuous lichen somewhat recall-
ing a Placynthiella-species, with a blackish-brown, minutely granulose thallus, small,
brownish-black apothecia, and bacilliform, nally 3-septate ascospores (to c. 25 µm
long); on plant debris and decaying bryophytes over dolomite and calcareous rocks,
from the subalpine to the lower alpine belt; known from a few localities in the Alps,
but easily overlooked, and perhaps more widespread. – Au: T, S, K, O. Sw: GR.
Topelia heterospora (Zahlbr.) P.M. Jørg. & Vězda
Syn.: Clathroporina heterospora Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a humid subtropical to Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen
found on hard, compact calcareous rocks in sheltered situations, also reported from the
base of the SW Pre-Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Trapelia coarctata (Sm.) M. Choisy
Syn.: Biatora arridens (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Biatora coarctata (Sm.) . Fr., Biatora co-
arctata (Sm.) . Fr. var. elachista (Ach.) . Fr., ?Biatora comensis Anzi, Lecanactis ar-
ridens Nyl., Lecanora coarctata (Sm.) Ach., Lecanora coarctata (Sm.) Ach. var. elachista
(Ach.) Schaer., Lecidea arridens Nyl., Lecidea coarctata (Sm.) Nyl., Lecidea coarctata
(Sm.) Nyl. var. elachista (Ach.) . Fr., Lichen coarctatus Sm., Zeora coarctata (Sm.) Flot.
L – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a holarctic early coloniser of siliceous pebbles
near the soil surface, sometimes also found on bare clayey soil, with a wide altitudinal
and altitudinal range; it is most frequent in upland areas, becoming rare in the eu-
Mediterranean belt. e species is genetically heterogeneous; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR,
VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 533
Trapelia corticola Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on the spongy, loose bark of deciduous trees,
sometimes on moribund epiphytic bryophytes in sheltered, humid woodlands at low
elevations; from the Alps there are only a few scattered records. – Sw: GL, SZ, UW.
It: Lomb.
Trapelia glebulosa (Sm.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Biatora coarctata (Sm.) . Fr. var. glebulosa (Sm.) Arnold, Biatora coarctata (Sm.)
. Fr. var. ornata (Sommerf.) . Fr., Lecanora coarctata (Sm.) Ach. var. involuta (Ta y-
lor) Mudd., Lecanora coarctata (Sm.) Ach. var. ornata Sommerf., Lecanora involuta
Taylor, Lecidea coarctata (Sm.) Nyl. var. glebulosa (Sm.) Mudd, Lecidea coarctata (Sm.)
Nyl. var. ornata (Sommerf.) Malbr., Lecidea glebulosa (Sm.) Jatta, Lecidea ornata (Som-
merf.) Hue, Lichen glebulosus Sm., Trapelia involuta (Taylor) Hertel, Trapelia ornata
(Sommerf.) Hertel
L – Subs.: sil, xyl – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a species with a minutely squamulose thallus, not
easy to distinguish from some forms of T. coarctata; on basic siliceous rocks and vari-
ous types of schists, roong tiles, brick walls, mostly close to the ground, often together
with T. coarctata; widespread in the Holarctic region, but not in the extreme north;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: LU,
SZ, TI. Fr: AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Trapelia obtegens (. Fr.) Hertel
Syn.: Biatora coarctata (Sm.) . Fr. subsp. obtegens . Fr., Biatora coarctata (Sm.) .
Fr. var. obtegens (. Fr.) . Fr., Lecidea coarctata (Sm.) Nyl. var. obtegens (. Fr.) .
Fr., Lecidea obtegens (. Fr.) Vain.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on siliceous pebbles near the ground, sometimes on
roong tiles and over thin soil layers, with scattered records from the Eastern Alps only.
– Au: S, K, St, N. It: Frl. Sl: SlA.
Trapelia placodioides Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on base-rich or slightly calciferous siliceous substrata,
sometimes also on walls, in humid areas, with optimum below the montane belt; prob-
ably more widespread in the Alps, but never common. – Au: V, T, S, St, O, N, B. Sw:
GR, LU, SZ, VS. It: TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Trapeliopsis aeneofusca (Flörke ex Flot.) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Biatora aeneofusca (Flörke ex Flot.) Arnold, Lecidea aeneofusca Flörke ex Flot.,
Lecidea prasinorufa Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: very similar to T. gelatinosa, but apothecia in
various shades of brown (instead of blackish green), sterile specimens therefore indis-
tinguishable; on soil, rare throughout Europe and North America, with a few scattered
records from the Alps. – Au: T, O, N. Sw: LU. Fr: HAl.
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534
Trapeliopsis exuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Biatora exuosa Fr., Lecidea aeruginosa Borrer, Lecidea exuosa (Fr.) Nyl., Lecidea
granulosa (Hom.) Ach. subsp. exuosa (Fr.) . Fr., Lecidea sapinea (Fr.) Zahlbr. non
sensu Vain., Lecidea sporodiza Stirt.
L – Subs.: xyl, cor, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane, circum-
polar lichen found on lignum (often on wooden fences) and acid bark, especially of
Pinus and Castanea; widespread and often common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr:
AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Trapeliopsis gelatinosa (Flörke) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Biatora gelatinosa (Flörke) Flot., Biatora viridescens (Schrad.) W. Mann var. gelati-
nosa (Flörke) Fr., Lecidea gelatinosa Flörke, Micarea gelatinosa (Flörke) Brodo
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a boreal-montane to cool-temperate early
coloniser of mineral acid soil, sometimes overgrowing bryophytes and plant debris,
mostly in upland areas; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: HAl, HSav. It: Frl, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Trapeliopsis glaucolepidea (Nyl.) Gotth. Schneid.
Syn.: Lecidea glaucolepidea Nyl., Lecidea percrenata Nyl., Trapelia percrenata (Nyl.) V.
Wirth, Trapeliopsis percrenata (Nyl.) Gotth. Schneid.
L – Subs.: deb, ter-sil, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a thallus resembling the
primary thallus of a Cladonia, the grey to greenish squamules with usually lip-shaped
soralia, mostly sterile; on plant debris and rotting wood; widespread worldwide, in
Central Europe in montane forests, in the Alps still overlooked in some regions. – Au:
T, S, K, St, N. Sw: LU.
Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hom.) Lumbsch
Syn.: Biatora decolorans auct., Biatora granulosa (Hom.) Flot., Lecidea decolorans auct.,
Lecidea granulosa (Hom.) Ach., Lecidea quadricolor (Dicks.) Borrer, Trapelia granulosa
(Hom.) V. Wirth, Verrucaria granulosa Hom.
L – Subs.: xyl, deb, bry, ter-sil, bry-sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to cool-
temperate, circumpolar lichen mostly found on rotting wood, more rarely on soil rich
in humus, bryophytes and peat, mostly in clearings of grasslands and shrublands, with
optimum near treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav,
HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this lichens is most frequent in humid
Castanea woodlands, on mosses on basal parts of trunks, decaying lignum and acid
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 535
organic soil, especially in areas with siliceous substrata; certainly more widespread in
the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, SG, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: HAl,
AMa. Sl: Tg.
Trapeliopsis viridescens (Schrad.) Coppins & P. James
Syn.: Biatora viridescens (Schrad.) W. Mann, Lecidea viridescens (Schrad.) Ach., Lichen
viridescens Schrad., Micarea viridescens (Schrad.) Brodo, Trapelia viridescens (Schrad.)
V. Wirth
L – Subs.: bry, deb, ter-sil, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane lichen
found on rotting, soft lignum, sometimes overgrowing mosses, mostly in coniferous
forests or in Castanea-stands. – Au: V, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, VD. It:
TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Trapeliopsis wallrothii (Flörke ex Spreng.) Hertel & Gotth. Schneid.
Syn.: Biatora glebulosa Fr., Biatora wallrothii (Flörke ex Spreng.) Körb., Lecidea wall-
rothii Flörke ex Spreng., Trapelia wallrothii (Flörke ex Spreng.) V. Wirth
L – Subs.: ter-sil, bry, bry-sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on base-rich, non – or weakly calcif-
erous soil, sometimes overgrowing mosses, mostly in open situations, with optimum
below the montane belt, with several scattered records from the Alps. – Au: T, S. Sw:
LU, UW, VD. Fr: HSav, Var. It: Lomb, Piem.
Tremolecia atrata (Ach.) Hertel
Syn.: Aspicilia melanophaea (Fr.) Körb., Gyalecta atrata Ach., Lecidea atrata (Ach.)
Wahlenb., Lecidea atroferrata Branth & Grønlund, Lecidea circumcisa H. Magn., Le-
cidea dicksonii auct. non (J.F. Gmel.) Ach., Lecidea melanophaea Fr., Lecidea sincerula
Nyl. ex Cromb.
L – Subs.: met, sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a species of cool to cold areas of both Hemi-
spheres, found on hard magmatic and metamorphic rocks often rich in iron, mostly
on small boulders in upland areas; widespread and locally common in the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Trimmatothele perquisita (Norman) Norman ex Zahlbr.
Syn.: Coniothele perquisita Norman, Verrucaria perquisita (Norman) Ertz & Diederich
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a calcicolous species with an endolithic to thin, vari-
ably coloured thallus, hemispherically protruding ascomata with involucrellum sur-
rounding the perithecium, moderately polyspored asci, and oblong to ellipsoid, simple
ascospores (to c. 10 µm long). e genus is not generally accepted, and the species was
treated in Verrucaria by some authors; widespread in Europe, from the boreal to the
nemoral-subalpine zone; from the Alps there are a few scattered records only. – Au: T,
St. Fr: Sav.
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Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale
Syn.: Cetraria chlorophylla (Willd.) Vain., Cetraria scutata auct. non (Wulfen) Poetsch,
Cetraria ulophylla (Ach.) Rebent., Lichen chlorophyllus Willd., Nephromopsis chlorophyl-
la (Willd.) Divakar, A. Crespo & Lumbsch, Platysma chlorophyllum (Willd.) Vain.,
Platysma ulophyllum (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on isolated conifers (e.g. Larix in the subalpine
belt), more rarely on old acid-barked deciduous trees in montane forests; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU,
SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Umbilicaria aprina Nyl.
Syn.: Gyrophora aprina (Nyl.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine species of hard siliceous rocks above
treeline; the only record from the Alps is from Mt. Blanc. – Fr: HSav.
Umbilicaria cinerascens (Arnold) Frey
Syn.: Gyrophora cinerascens Arnold
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on steeply inclined, often north-facing surfaces of
siliceous rocks, mostly in small colonies, with optimum above treeline; several records
from Switzerland need conrmation. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SG, UR,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria cinereorufescens (Schaer.) Frey
Syn.: Gyrophora cinereorufescens (Schaer.) Schol., Gyrophora mammulata Ach., Umbili-
caria vellea (L.) Ach. f. cinereorufescens Schaer.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a holarctic species also known from the mountains of
Africa found on wind-exposed, vertical or slightly underhanging surfaces of hard sili-
ceous rocks in humid upland areas (frequent fog and high rainfall), but in apparently
dry situations. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Sav,
HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria corsica Frey (not validly published, ICN Art. 36.1(b))
Syn.: Gyrophora corsica (Frey) Schol. nom. inval., Omphalodiscus corsicus (Frey) Llano
nom. inval.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a silicicolous species resembling U. virginis, with small
(to 3 cm in diam.), monophyllous thalli which are whitish grey above and pale and
hirsute below, apothecia plane at rst nally with plicate discs, ascospores small, non-
septate, hyaline; only known from Corsica and the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HAl.
Umbilicaria crustulosa (Ach.) Lamy var. crustulosa
Syn.: Gyrophora crustulosa Ach., Gyrophora depressa (Ach.) Röhl., Gyrophora depressa
(Ach.) Röhl. var. crustulosa (Ach.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Omphalodiscus crustulosus
(Ach.) Schol., Umbilicaria spadochroa auct. medioeur. p.p. non Ehrh. ex Hom.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 537
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a cool-temperate to arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen
found on exposed, often steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks with some water
seepage in upland areas; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St.
Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria crustulosa (Ach.) Lamy var. badiofusca Frey
Syn.: Gyrophora hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Ach. var. meizospora (Harm.) H. Olivier, Gy-
rophoropsis meizospora (Harm.) M. Choisy, Umbilicaria hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Hom.
var. meizospora Harm.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a taxon of the mountains of Southern Europe, wor-
thy of further study. – Fr: Isè, Sav. It: Lomb, Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise s.lat.
Syn.: Gyrophora cylindrica (L.) Ach., Gyrophora cylindrica (L.) Ach. var. delisei (Nyl.)
Syd., Gyrophora cylindrica (L.) Ach. var. nudiuscula (Schaer.) Zahlbr, Gyrophora poly-
morpha Schrad. var. cylindrica Schaer. f. nudiuscula Schaer., Gyrophora tornata Ach.,
Lichen cylindricus L., Umbilicaria canescens (Dombr.) Dombr., Umbilicaria crinita
Hom., Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise, Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise var. cor-
rugatoides Frey, Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise var. delisei Despr. ex Nyl. nom.illeg.,
Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise var. mbriata (Ach.) Nyl., Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.)
Delise var. mesenteriformis (Wulfen) Ozenda & Clauzade, Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.)
Delise var. nudiuscula (Schaer.) Ozenda & Clauzade, Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise
var. tornata (Ach.) Nyl., Umbilicaria delisei Despr. ex Nyl. nom.illeg.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an ecologically wide-ranging, cool-temperate to
arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found on wind-exposed boulders with a short snow-
covering period, often on or near the top, with optimum above treeline. e species is
highly polymorphic, with several infraspecic taxa; widespread throughout the siliceous
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Umbilicaria decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Gyrophora decussata (Vill.) Zahbr., Gyrophora discolor . Fr., Gyrophora ptychopho-
ra (Nyl.) Nyl., Lichen decussatus Vill., Omphalodiscus decussatus (Vill.) Schol., Umbili-
caria ptychophora Nyl., Umbilicaria reticulata (Schaer.) Carestia ex Bagl. & Carestia
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen found on steeply inclined to slightly underhanging surfaces of wind-exposed
siliceous rocks; widespread throughout the siliceous Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE,
GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria dendrophora (Poelt) Hestmark
Syn.: Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Ach. var. dendrophora Poelt
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species resembling U. vellea, but with dierent thal-
loconidia plus other anatomical dierences (algal layer discontinuous and medulla
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538
sharply separated from lower cortex), lacking lichen substances; on steeply inclined
faces of siliceous clis and large boulders; widespread in Europe but rather rare, from
the subarctic zone to the alpine belt; in the study area only known from the Eastern
Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Umbilicaria deusta (L.) Baumg.
Syn.: Gyrophora aenea Schaer. var. occulosa (Wulfen) Schaer., Gyrophora deusta (L.)
Ach., Gyrophora occulosa (Wulfen) Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora polyphylla (L.) Funck
var. deusta (L.) Rabenh., Lichen deustus L., Umbilicaria occulosa (Wulfen) Hom.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar li-
chen found on rocks wetted by rain near the ground, in sites with a long snow cover;
one of the most common Umbilicaria throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge:
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Umbilicaria freyi Codogno, Poelt & Puntillo
Syn.: Umbilicaria grisea Hom. f. subpapyria Frey, Umbilicaria hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.)
Hom. var. pyrenaica Frey
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of sili-
ceous rocks, ecologically intermediate between U. grisea and U. deusta; perhaps more
widespread in the Alps. – Fr: AMa. It: VA.
Umbilicaria grisea Hom.
Syn.: Gyrophora grisea (Hom.) Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.)
Ach. var. grisea (Hom.) . Fr., Gyrophora murina (Ach.) Ach., Umbilicaria murina
(Ach.) DC.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of sili-
ceous rocks only slightly wetted after rain, usually below the alpine belt; several records
from the Alps require conrmation. – Au: ?T. Sw: ?GR, ?TI, ?VS. Fr: HAl, Var, Vau.
It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Hom.
Syn.: Gyrophora hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Ach., Gyrophora vellea (L.) Ach. var. hirsuta (Sw.
ex Westr.) Rabenh., Lichen hirsutus Sw. ex Westr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine to boreal-montane, circumpolar
lichen found on steeply inclined to slightly underhanging surfaces of siliceous rocks,
often in somehow dusty situations; widespread and common throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Umbilicaria hyperborea (Ach.) Hom.
Syn.: Gyrophora aenea Schaer. var. hyperborea (Ach.) Schaer., Gyrophora hyperborea
(Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora ustulata (Vain.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Lichen hyperboreus Ach.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 539
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar lichen found
on siliceous boulders wetted by rain, usually near the ground, with optimum near
treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria laevis (Schaer.) Frey
Syn.: Agyrophora laevis (Schaer.) Llano, Gyrophora atropruinosa (Schaer.) L. Mangin
var. laevis Schaer., Gyrophora laevis (Schaer.) Du Rietz
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on inclined, sun-exposed surfaces of siliceous rocks,
generally in dry situations, with optimum above treeline. – Au: T, K, St. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria leiocarpa DC.
Syn.: Agyrophora leiocarpa (DC.) Gyeln., Agyrophora lyngei (Schol.) Llano, Gyrophora
leiocarpa (DC.) Du Rietz, Umbilicaria atropruinosa Schaer., Umbilicaria lyngei Schol.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar lichen
found on vertical, wind – and sun-exposed surfaces of large siliceous boulders wetted
by rain with a short snow cover period, with optimum above treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria maculata Krzewicka, M.P. Martín & M.A. García
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species of the U. cylindrica-group with monophyl-
lous thalli tightly adhering to the rock, the grey to grey-brown upper surface with
whitish maculae, a whitish to creamy rhizinate lower surface, and sessile, omphalodisc
apothecia; on vertical rock faces of boulders and clis in shaded, windy situations at
high elevations; rare in the Tatra Mountains, with a single record from the Western
Alps (France), but perhaps not recognised elsewhere. – Fr: AHP.
Umbilicaria microphylla (Laurer) A. Massal.
Syn.: Agyrophora microphylla (Laurer) Llano, Gyrophora microphylla (Laurer) Arnold,
Umbilicaria atropruinosa Schaer. var. microphylla Laurer
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–6 – Note: on steeply inclined, wind-exposed surfaces of hard
siliceous rocks, often forming monospecic stands, with optimum above treeline. –
Au: ?V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria nylanderiana (Zahlbr.) H. Magn.
Syn.: Gyrophora corrugata (Ach.) Lamy nom.illeg., Gyrophora nylanderiana Zahlbr.,
Umbilicaria corrugata (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar lichen found
on the top of isolated siliceous boulders, most frequent above treeline. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
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540
Umbilicaria pallens Poelt
Syn.: Gyrophora cinerascens Arnold var. pallens (Nyl.) Lamy, Umbilicaria atropruinosa
Schaer. var. pallens Nyl., Umbilicaria subglabra (Nyl.) Harm. var. pallens (Nyl.) Frey
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a silicicolous species resembling U. subglabra, but
lacking thalloconidia and lower surface therefore pale greyish, regularly bearing apo-
thecia with smooth discs; widespread in the mountains of SW Europe, with several
scattered records from the Alps. – Au: T. Sw: VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè.
Umbilicaria polyphylla (L.) Baumg.
Syn.: Gyrophora aenea Schaer. var. glabra (Ach.) Schaer., Gyrophora anthracina (Wulfen)
Körb., Gyrophora glabra (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora polyphylla (L.) Funck, Lichen polyphyl-
lus L., Umbilicaria anthracina (Wulfen) Hom., Umbilicaria glabra Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a variable and ecologically wide-ranging species of
rainy areas, with optimum on inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks wetted by rain; wide-
spread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, UR, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Umbilicaria polyrrhiza (L.) Fr.
Syn.: Actynogyra polyrrhiza (L.) Schol., Gyrophora pellita (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora polyr-
rhiza (L.) Körb., Lichen polyrrhizos L., Umbilicaria pellita (Ach.) Ach.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of siliceous rocks wetted
by rain in humid-rainy areas, with optimum near and above treeline; several records
from the Alps require conrmation. – Au: T, S, ?N. Sw: ?GR, ?VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav.
It: Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria proboscidea (L.) Schrad.
Syn.: Gyrophora polymorpha Schrad. var. proboscidea (L.) Schaer., Gyrophora proboscidea
(L.) Ach., Lichen proboscideus L.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen found on
siliceous rocks, often on small boulders, ecologically similar to U. cylindrica, but with
a narrower range, with optimum in colder and less continental areas, mostly above
treeline. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: Isè, HSav. It: TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria ruebeliana (Du Rietz & Frey) Frey
Syn.: Gyrophora ruebeliana Du Rietz & Frey, Omphalodiscus ruebelianus (Du Rietz &
Frey) Schol.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on steeply inclined to underhanging, often south – or
west-facing surfaces of siliceous rocks above treeline. – Au: T, S. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria subglabra (Nyl.) Harm.
Syn.: Agyrophora subglabra (Nyl.) M. Choisy, Gyrophora subglabra Nyl.; incl. Umbili-
caria subglabra (Nyl.) Harm. var. schmidtii Frey
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 541
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on steeply inclined to horizontal, exposed surfaces
of siliceous rocks, often at the top of large boulders; widespread throughout the Alps.
– Au: ?V, T, S, K, St. Sw: GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè. It: Frl, TAA,
Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria torrefacta (Lightf.) Schrad.
Syn.: Gyrophora erosa (Weber) Ach., Gyrophora erosa (Weber) Ach. var. torrefacta
(Lightf.) . Fr., Gyrophora torrefacta (Lightf.) Cromb., Gyrophora torrida (Ach.)
Röhl., Lichen torrefactus Lightf., Umbilicaria erosa (Weber) Hom., Umbilicaria tor-
rida (Ach.) Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine, circumpolar lichen of siliceous rocks,
most frequent above treeline; widespread, but only locally common, in the Alps. – Au:
T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VD, VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA.
Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Ach.
Syn.: Gyrophora vellea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora vellerea Nyl., Lichen velleus L.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar lichen found
on steeply inclined, exposed surfaces of siliceous rocks with some water seepage, espe-
cially along ssures, with optimum above treeline; widespread throughout the siliceous
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Umbilicaria virginis Schaer.
Syn.: Gyrophora stipitata (Nyl.) Branth, Gyrophora virginis (Schaer.) Frey, Omphalodis-
cus virginis (Schaer.) Schol., Umbilicaria rugifera Nyl., Umbilicaria stipitata Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 6 – Note: an arctic-alpine, probably circumpolar lichen found
on wind-exposed siliceous clis, often in small niches and under overhangs; strictly
limited to the nival belt in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, HSav. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA.
Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg.
Syn.: Lichen barbatus L., Usnea alpina Motyka, Usnea catenulata Motyka, Usnea cau-
casica Vain., Usnea cembricola Motyka, Usnea esthonica Räsänen, Usnea freyi Motyka,
Usnea graciosa Motyka, Usnea maxima Motyka, Usnea pendulina Motyka, Usnea plicata
(L.) F.H. Wigg., Usnea plicata (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. pendulina (Motyka) Clauzade &
Cl. Roux, Usnea plicata (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. prostrata (Vain. ex Räsänen) Clauzade &
Cl. Roux, Usnea rugulosa Vain., Usnea scabrata Nyl., Usnea scabrata Nyl. var. rugulosa
(Vain.) Keissl., Usnea scrobiculata Motyka, Usnea tenax Motyka, Usnea tortuosa De Not.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a boreal-montane species found in oroboreal-
montane forests with high rainfall and frequent fog, especially on branches and twigs
of Picea. is is one of the most frequent and morphologically most variable species of
the genus; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
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542
AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Usnea cavernosa Tuck.
Syn.: Usnea arnoldiana Zahlbr., Usnea lacunosa Willd., Usnea microcarpa Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: this species seems to be more frequent in Central and
Southern Europe; it is restricted to damp montane to subalpine forests, on branches of
coniferous and deciduous trees; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav.
It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Usnea ceratina Ach.
Syn.: Usnea ceratina Ach. f. incurvescens (Arnold) H. Olivier
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane lichen also
known from the Southern Hemisphere found on branches of trees in damp forests
with frequent fog; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, ?VS. Fr: Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Usnea cornuta Körb.
Syn.: Usnea constrictula Stirt., Usnea inata (Duby) Motyka, Usnea inata (Duby)
Motyka var. cornuta (Körb.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Usnea intexta Stirt., Usnea intexta
Stirt. var. constrictula (Stirt.) D. Hawksw. & D. Chapm., Usnea subpectinata Stirt.
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a chemically and morphologically variable epi-
phytic species also rarely occurring on siliceous rocks, restricted to damp sites with
frequent fog, mostly in the montane belt. – Sw: BE, LU, UR, UW. Fr: HAl, Var. It:
Frl, TAA, Lig.
Usnea dasaea Stirt.
Syn.: Usnea dolosa Motyka
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly southern species in Europe found on twigs
in moist woodlands, exceptionally on rocks, at relatively low elevations, with a few
records from the Southern Alps. – It: Ven, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Usnea dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl.
Syn.: Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. dasopoga (Ach.) Fr., Usnea bicolor (Motyka)
Bystrek, Usnea capillaris Motyka, Usnea dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl., Usnea dasopoga (Ach.)
Nyl. subsp. bicolor Motyka, Usnea dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl. subsp. melanopoga Motyka, Us-
nea dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl. subsp. stramineola Motyka, Usnea dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl. subsp.
tuberculata Motyka, Usnea diplotypus Vain., Usnea brillosa Motyka, Usnea lipendula
Stirt., Usnea lipendula Stirt. var. capillaris (Motyka) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Usnea ag-
ellata Motyka, Usnea hirtella (Arnold) Motyka, Usnea implexa Motyka nom.illeg. non
Hom., Usnea melanopoga (Motyka) Bystrek, Usnea meylanii Motyka, Usnea muricata
Motyka, Usnea plicata (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. dasopoga Ach., Usnea saxicola Anders, Usnea
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 543
spuria (Motyka) Bystrek, Usnea stramineola (Motyka) Bystrek, Usnea sublaxa Vain.,
Usnea subscabrata (Vain.) Motyka, Usnea tuberculata (Motyka) Bystrek
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a variable species, most common in humid
montane deciduous forests with frequent fog, both on branches and on boles; U. diplo-
typus s.str. corresponds to short morphotypes of U. dasopoga; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Usnea orida (L.) F.H. Wigg.
Syn.: Lichen oridus L., Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. orida (L.) Fr., Usnea orida
(L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. arbuscula Motyka, Usnea orida (L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. fagola
Motyka, Usnea orida (L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. pseudostrigosa Motyka, Usnea tominii
Räsänen
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a boreal-montane to cool-temperate lichen
found in forests with frequent fog, on twigs and branches, with optimum in the upper
montane and subalpine belts; often confused with U. intermedia; see also note on U.
suboridana; widespread throughout the Alps, but presently extremely rare and declin-
ing. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, ?GR, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VD,
?VS. Fr: AHP, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Usnea glabrata (Ach.) Vain.
Syn.: Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. sorediifera Arnold, Usnea orida (L.) F.H.
Wigg. var. sorediifera (Arnold) Hue, Usnea kujalae Räsänen, Usnea plicata (L.) F.H.
Wigg. var. glabrata Ach., Usnea sorediifera (Arnold) Lynge non auct.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on bark, sometimes on lignum, in cold-hu-
mid, but open situations, mostly in the upper montane and subalpine belts; declining
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, LU, TI, VD, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA. Sl: SlA.
Usnea glabrescens (Nyl. ex Vain.) Vain. var. glabrescens
Syn.: Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. glabrescens Nyl. ex Vain., Usnea compacta Mo-
tyka, Usnea distincta Motyka, Usnea extensa Vain., Usnea glabrella (Motyka) Räsänen,
Usnea laricina Vain. ex Räsänen non auct.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on bark and lignum in cold-humid but open
situations in montane to subalpine forests; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, SZ, UR, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav,
Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Usnea glabrescens (Nyl. ex Vain.) Vain. var. fulvoreagens Räsänen
Syn.: Usnea fulvoreagens (Räsänen) Räsänen
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on twigs and branches of conifers, more rarely of
deciduous trees in cold-humid, open woodlands with frequent fog; chemically hetero-
geneous. – Au: T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: UW, ?VS. Fr: Var. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb. Sl: A.
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544
Usnea hirta (L.) F.H. Wigg.
Syn.: Lichen hirtus L., Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. hirta (L.) Fr., Usnea orida
(L.) F.H. Wigg. var. hirta (L.) Ach., Usnea foveata Vain., Usnea glaucescens Vain., Usnea
hirta (L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. helvetica Motyka, Usnea hirta (L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. larici-
cola Motyka, Usnea hirta (L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. villosa (Ach.) Motyka, Usnea plicata
(L.) F.H. Wigg. var. foveata (Vain.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Usnea pulvinata Motyka ex
Räsänen, Usnea variolosa Motyka
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: most common in climatically continental, but
humid areas, on bark (branches and boles) of isolated trees and on lignum (e.g. wooden
fences and poles); widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Usnea intermedia (A. Massal.) Jatta
Syn.: Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. intermedia A. Massal., Usnea carpatica Moty-
ka, Usnea faginea Motyka, Usnea orida (L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. stulosa Motyka,
Usnea orida (L.) F.H. Wigg. subsp. oridula Motyka, Usnea orida (L.) F.H. Wigg.
subsp. rubrireagens Vězda, Usnea orida (L.) F.H. Wigg. var. rigida Ach., Usnea glauca
Motyka, Usnea glauca Motyka var. pseudoorida (Motyka) Motyka, Usnea hapalotera
(Harm.) Motyka, Usnea harmandii Motyka, Usnea leiopoga Motyka, Usnea montana
Motyka, Usnea neglecta Motyka, Usnea protea Motyka, Usnea rigida Motyka nom.illeg.
non Vain., Usnea rigida Motyka var. faginea (Motyka) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Usnea
rigida Motyka var. hapalotera (Harm.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Usnea rigida Motyka var.
neglecta (Motyka) Keissl., Usnea rigida Motyka var. protea (Motyka) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux, Usnea smaragdina Motyka
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a polymorphic and not clearly understood taxon,
most common on conifers in humid montane forests, which is treated here in a very
broad sense; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw:
BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var,
Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Usnea longissima Ach.
Syn.: Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) Articus
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly cool-temperate to boreal-montane species
found on branches of old (mostly coniferous) trees in closed, semi-natural forests in
areas with high rainfall and frequent fog; most records are historical, presently the spe-
cies is restricted to a few localities and very much declining. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VD, ?VS. Fr: Isè. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Usnea perplexans Stirt.
Syn.: Usnea arnoldii Motyka, Usnea fulvoreagens auct. non (Räsänen) Räsänen, Usnea
lapponica Vain., Usnea laricina auct. non Vain. ex Räsänen
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 545
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on branches of conifers in montane, cold-humid
forests with frequent fog; frequent throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Ge: Ge.
Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau.
It: Ven, TAA, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Usnea rubicunda Stirt.
Syn.: Usnea protensa Stirt., Usnea rubiginea auct. non (Michx.) A. Massal., Usnea su-
blurida Stirt.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mild-temperate, chiey Mediterranean-Atlantic
species found on ancient specimens of Quercus cerris, Q. suber, and other acid-barked
broad-leaved trees in open, but semi-natural, warm-humid forests below the montane
belt; most records from the Alps are historical and/or dubious. – Au: S, St. Sw: ?GR.
Fr: Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lig.
Usnea silesiaca Motyka
Syn.: Usnea madeirensis Motyka
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling U. suboridana in the rigid,
shrubby to rarely (in the Alps) pendant thallus with black base and many annulations,
with more or less even, orbicular soralia and a thin medulla, containing salazinic acid;
on acid bark, mostly on branches; widespread in the Holarctic region, in Europe most
common in the West; from the Alps there are only some scattered records. – Au: T.
Sw: LU, UR, UW.
Usnea suboridana Stirt.
Syn.: Usnea comosa (L.) Vain. non Pers., Usnea comosa (L.) Vain. subsp. similis Motyka,
Usnea similis (Motyka) Räsänen
L # – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on branches of trees in relatively closed
forests (but then in the upper parts of the crowns), and on isolated trees, one of
the few species of Usnea which, albeit with stunted specimens, is also found at low
altitudes and in relatively disturbed habitats. e results of a recent molecular study
show that the separation between this species and U. orida cannot be maintained.
– Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Usnea subscabrosa Nyl. ex Motyka
L – Subs.: cor, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a well-dened, mainly southwestern species in
Europe, found both on basic siliceous rocks and on bark in humid situations, mostly
in the upper montane and subalpine belts, also reported from the base of the Western
Alps (France). – Fr: Isè.
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546
Usnea substerilis Motyka
Syn.: Usnea sorediifera sensu Motyka non (Arnold) Lynge, Usnea stuppea (Räsänen) Motyka
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a subcontinental species, often confused in the
past with the related U. perplexans; probably one of the most frequent Usnea of the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, VA. Sl: SlA.
Usnea wasmuthii Räsänen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a species resembling U. suboridana in the shrubby
thallus with black base, with large, longitudinally streched soralia, containing salazinic
and/or barbatic acid; ecologically similar to U. orida, but more frequent at lower
altitudes in warm-humid areas. – Au: K. Ge: Schw. Sw: LU, SZ, VS. Fr: Vau. It: Lig.
Usnocetraria oakesiana (Tuck.) M.J. Lai & J.C. Wei
Syn.: Allocetraria oakesiana (Tuck.) Randlane & A. ell, Cetraria bavarica Kremp.,
Cetraria oakesiana Tuck., Cetraria ochrocarpa (Eggerth) Lettau, Platysma oakesianum
(Tuck.) Nyl., Tuckermannopsis oakesiana (Tuck.) Hale
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, incom-
pletely circumpolar species found on basal parts of conifers in humid-cold montane
forests, more rarely on lignum (e.g. on stumps); widespread throughout the Alps, but
generally not common, and probably declining. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW. It: Frl, Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Vahliella leucophaea (Vahl) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Fuscopannaria leucophaea (Vahl) P.M. Jørg., Lecidea microphylla (Lilj.) Ach., Li-
chen leucophaeus Vahl, Massalongia cheilea Mudd, Pannaria austriaca Zahlbr., Pannaria
cheilea (Mudd) Leight., Pannaria leucophaea (Vahl) P.M. Jørg., Pannaria microphylla
(Lilj.) Delise ex Bory, Pannularia microphylla (Lilj.) Stizenb., Parmeliella microphylla
(Lilj.) Müll. Arg., Parmeliella pseudocraspedia (Hazsl.) Gyeln.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on basic siliceous rocks in sheltered and humid
situations, such as in seepage tracks; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N, B. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, HSav, Var.
It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Vahliella saubinetii (Mont.) P.M. Jørg.
Syn.: Fuscopannaria saubinetii (Mont.) P.M. Jørg., Massalongia rabenhorstiana Gyeln.,
Pannaria saubinetii (Mont.) Nyl., Parmelia rubiginosa (Ach.) Ach. var. pulveraceogranu-
losa Grognot, Parmelia saubinetii Mont., Parmeliella saubinetii (Mont.) Zahlbr., Parme-
liella saubinetii (Mont.) Zahlbr. f. grisea Gyeln., Trachyderma saubinetii (Mont.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on trunks of mature
deciduous trees in rather shaded and humid situations; apparently most frequent in the
Western Alps. – Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 547
Varicellaria hemisphaerica (Flörke) I. Schmitt & Lumbsch
Syn.: Pertusaria hemisphaerica (Flörke) Erichsen, Pertusaria speciosa Høeg, Variolaria
hemisphaerica Flörke
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on old deciduous
trees, especially oaks, in open, mostly deciduous forests; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VD. Fr: AHP,
Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Varicellaria lactea (L.) I. Schmitt & Lumbsch
Syn.: Lichen lacteus L., Ochrolechia lactea (L.) Matzer & Hafellner, Pertusaria lactea (L.)
Arnold, Variolaria lactea (L.) Pers.; incl. Pertusaria lactea (L.) Arnold f. faginea Erichsen
L – Subs.: sil, int, cor – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: optimum on steeply inclined, lime-free,
rather shaded surfaces of siliceous rocks in humid areas, rarely corticolous; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, LU, VD, VS. Fr:
HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Varicellaria rhodocarpa (Körb.) . Fr.
Syn.: Pertusaria rhodocarpa Körb., Varicellaria kemensis Räsänen, Varicellaria microstic-
ta Nyl.
L – Subs.: deb, cor, xyl, ter-sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine species found
on acid soil and plant remains, more rarely on lignum or on rocks in tundra-like envi-
ronments. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, UW, VS. Fr: HAl,
Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria aberrans Garov.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a thin, spreading, dark olive to brown,
continuous to rimulose thallus, hemispherically protruding perithecia (to 0.25 mm
in diam.), an involucrellum adpressed in the apical region, and oblong to ellipsoid
ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); on siliceous rocks (porphyr, granite) in the shade of
deciduous forests; known from a few localities in the Italian Alps. – It: Lomb.
Verrucaria acrotella Ach.
Syn.: Verrucaria aethiobola Wahlenb. var. acrotella (Ach.) H. Olivier
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species found on siliceous rocks, mostly close to
the ground, which needs further study. – Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: TAA, Lig.
Verrucaria adelminienii Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a calcicolous species resembling V. muralis, with a thin,
greenish-white thallus, slightly protruding ascomata (to c. 0.5 mm in diam.) with a closed,
black exciple, and ascospores to c. 25 µm long; in the Central European mountains it is
most common in the montane belt; there are scattered records from the Alps, but several
recent ones are uncertain. – Au: S, N. Sw: LU, SZ. Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
548
Verrucaria aethiobola Wahlenb.
Syn.: Lithocia aethiobola (Wahlenb.) Stein, Lithocia chlorotica (Hepp) Stein, Pyrenula
aethiobola (Wahlenb.) Ach., Verrucaria aquilella Nyl., Verrucaria catalepta sensu Schaer.
non (Ach.) Spreng., Verrucaria chlorotica Hepp non Ach., Verrucaria fuscocinerascens
Nyl., Verrucaria hydrela Ach. var. aethiobola (Wahlenb.) A. Massal., ?Verrucaria hiber-
nica Zschacke, Verrucaria laevata Ach. non auct. nec sensu Körb., ?Verrucaria rimosella
Nyl., Verrucaria viridicana Erichsen
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a widespread species, both in Northern
Europe and in the Alps, periodically submerged on hard, mostly siliceous rocks along
creeks. See also note to V. csernaensis. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, SZ, UR, VS.
Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Verrucaria algovica Servít
Syn.: Amphoridium algovicum (Servít) Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: ?5 – Note: a calcicolous species with a mainly endolithic, whit-
ish thallus which is partly emerging as a thin continuous crust with black prothallus
lines, entirely immersed perithecia (to 0.7 mm in diam.) without involucrellum, and
ellipsoid ascospores (to 30 µm long); only known from the type locality in the Eastern
Alps (Germany). – Ge: Schw.
Verrucaria aljazevi Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with an endolithic, whitish
thallus, black, protruding perithecia (to 0.3 mm in diam.), and narrowly ellipsoid as-
cospores (to c. 30 µm long); only known from the type locality in the montane belt of
the Eastern Alps (Slovenia). – Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria alpicola Zschacke
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species of the V. elaeomelaena-group
with a thin, continuous, epilithic, dark brown to nearly black thallus which is rimose
only around the ascomata, in section view the upper cortex with a dark brown to
black pigment and partly with a black basal layer, ascomata protruding from the thal-
lus and covered by thin thalline layer, with a brown exciple and a laterally spreading
involucrellum reaching the base of the perithecia, and with narrowly ellipsoid as-
cospores (to c. 35 µm long); a typically sub-aquatic species which often occurs in the
splash water zone in streams, but also at temporarily inundated sites in springs, both
on calcareous and on siliceous rocks, in sunny to moderately shaded sites, mostly in
upland areas; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: K. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR.
It: Ven, TAA, VA.
Verrucaria alpigena Breuss
L – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on calciferous rocks in upland areas; closely
related to V. muralis, but with larger spores, it has been reported only from the Eastern
Alps (Austria, Italy) and the Carpathian Mts. – Au: T, St, O, N. It: TAA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 549
Verrucaria ampezzana Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on inclined surfaces of calciferous schists near or
above treeline; a species described from South Tyrol and also reported from the French
Alps (Roux et al. 2014). According to Breuss (see Nimis 2016) it is closely related to
Parabagliettoa dufourii, diering in the larger spores, and should be included in Para-
bagliettoa. – Fr: HAl. It: Ven.
Verrucaria anceps Kremp.
Syn.: Polyblastia anceps (Kremp.) Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on limestone and dolomite in humid-shaded situa-
tions below treeline; reported from several localities in the mountains of Central Eu-
rope and the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, TI. Fr: AMa, Vau. It: Ven,
TAA, Piem, VA.
Verrucaria andesiatica Servít
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, int-aqu – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a very thin, epilithic, olive-
brown thallus, ascomata (to 0.5 mm in diam.) in convex to conical warts, with a super-
cially spreading, carbonised involucrellum, and oblong to ovoid ascospores (to c. 30
µm long); on moist siliceous rocks from the lowlands (type!) to treeline; widespread in
Europe but very rarely collected. – Sw: SZ. Fr: AMa.
Verrucaria anulata Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling in habitus V. cincta Hepp, but asco-
mata larger and ascospores smaller, with a whitish-grey, thin, continuous, wrinkled thal-
lus, black, sessile ascomata (to 1 mm in diam.) with a depressed ostiolar region, surround-
ed by a thalline ridge, with a well-developed, slightly convex involucrellum, 8-spored
asci, and broadly ellipsoid ascospores (16–19 × 11–13 µm); on a calcareous rock at high
elevation; only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: GR.
Verrucaria anziana Garov.
L # – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: this species was often considered as a synonym
of V. latebrosa. It usually grows on siliceous rocks by streams, rivers and lakes, and is
known from both the Alps (Italy) and Scandinavia. – It: Lomb.
Verrucaria apatela (A. Massal.) Trevis.
Syn.: Lithocia apatela A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on steeply inclined faces of limestone and dolomite;
reported from many sites in Central and Southern Europe, closely related to V. macros-
toma. – Sw: GR, VS. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Verrucaria apomelaena (A. Massal.) Hepp
Syn.: Lithocia apomelaena A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a rather poorly known species found both on lime-
stone and on calciferous sandstone. – Au: V, S. Fr: HSav. It: Ven.
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550
Verrucaria aquatilis Mudd
Syn.: Bachmannia maurula (Müll. Arg.) Zschacke, Verrucaria maurula Müll. Arg., Ver -
rucaria retecta Zschacke; incl. Verrucaria vitricola Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: distinguished from other freshwater species by
the thin blackish thallus and the very small, broadly ellipsoid ascospores, this lichen
grows on siliceous or calcareous rocks submerged in cold creeks; probably more wide-
spread in the Alps, but overlooked, like many amphibious lichens. – Au: T, S, K, St,
N. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, HSav. It: Ven, TAA.
Verrucaria areolatodiracta Zschacke
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species probably related to V. latebrosa, with a
cream-coloured to brownish, continuous to partly rimose thallus which around the
ascomata is areolate, the areoles of various shapes and even subsquamulose, in section
paraplectenchymatic, ascomata (to 0.35 mm in diam.) immersed in the areoles, with
an (almost) entire, well-developed involucrellum, 8-spored asci, and obovoid, simple
ascospores (26–31 × 13–15 µm); on submerged siliceous rocks in streams; only known
from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: GR.
Verrucaria arnoldii J. Steiner
Syn.: Verrucaria hiascens auct. non (Ach.) Spreng., Verrucaria hochstetteri var. arnoldii
(J. Steiner) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species of the V. hochstetteri-group with an un-
resolved nomenclature (superuous new name for a legitimate species), with a white
to greyish thallus, ascomata sunken in the rock with the conical ostiolar region break-
ing through thalline/substratic warts, reported to be distinguishable by the smaller
ascospores (24–35 × 12–18 µm); on limestone and dolomite, widespread in Europe
including the Alps, but not always distinguished. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, Isè. Sl: Tg.
Verrucaria asperula Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species described from Germany and also reported
from relatively warm sites in the Austrian, French and Italian Alps. – Au: St, O. Fr: Sav.
Verrucaria austriaca Riedl
Syn.: Verrucaria irrigua Zschacke non Taylor
L # – Subs.: int-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, epilithic, grey, somewhat
rimose thallus, almost completely immersed perithecia (to c. 0.25 mm in diam.), and
up to c. 20 µm long ascospores; on irrigated outcrops of marl, only known from the
type locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Verrucaria banatica Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, rimose, brownish-
grey thallus, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to c. 0.4 mm in diam.) with an
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 551
adpressed involucrellum reaching down half of the the perithecium, and ellipsoid to
oblong ascospores (to c. 25 µm long); in the study area only known from the Eastern
Alps (Austria). – Au: V, St, O, N.
Verrucaria bavarica Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: ?5 – Note: a species resembling V. dolomitica, with a very thin,
epilithic, whitish thallus, slightly to hemispherically protruding, black perithecia, a
thin involucrellum in the upper half, and ellipsoid to oblong ascospores (to c. 32 µm
long); only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Germany). – Ge: Schw.
Verrucaria beltraminiana (A. Massal.) Trevis.
Syn.: Lithocia beltraminiana A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on horizontal to weakly inclined surfaces of calcare-
ous rocks, including walls in small settlements. A critical species, closely related to (but
perhaps distinct from) Verruculopsis lecideoides, which should probably be included in
Verruculopsis. – Au: ?V, ?T, St. Fr: HAl, AMa. It: Ven, Piem.
Verrucaria boblensis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species recalling (in section) V. mura-
lis, but with smaller ascospores, characterised by a thin, rimose, dirty-whitish thallus,
conically to hemispherically protruding ascomata (to c. 0.25 mm in diam.) with a
thick, adpressed involucrellum reaching down about a third of the perithecium, and
ellipsoid to oblong ascospores (to c. 20 µm long); known from a few scattered records
in Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: O.
Verrucaria bryoctona (. Fr.) Orange
Syn.: elidium bryoctonum . Fr.
L – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a greyish green, granular thallus con-
sisting of goniocysts (to c. 40 µm in diam.), subspherical ascomata without involucrel-
lum, partly immersed in the substrate (to c. 0.3 mm in diam.), and narrowly ellipsoid
ascospores (to c. 30 µm long) often with small terminal gelatinous appendages, becom-
ing 1-septate with age; on basic soil and terricolous moribund bryophytes; widespread
in Western Europe, with a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: V, K, N.
Verrucaria caerulea DC.
Syn.: Involucrothele bormiensis (Servít) Servít, Involucrothele plumbea (Ach.) Servít, e-
lidium plumbeum (Ach.) Servít, elidium plumbeum (Ach.) Servít f. orbiculare Kremp.
ex Servít, Verrucaria bormiensis Servít, Verrucaria glaucina Ach. non auct., Verrucaria
plumbea Ach., Verrucaria truncatula Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: on steeply inclined surfaces of compact calciferous
rocks; widespread throughout the Alps. Probably related to Staurothele. – Au: V, T, S,
K, St, O, N, B. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav,
Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
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552
Verrucaria caesiopsila Anzi
Syn.: Amphoridium caesiopsilum (Anzi) Arnold non sensu Arnold, Verrucaria integrella
(Hue) Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species of more or less calcareous rocks (lime-
stone and dolomite), known from the Southern Alps only. – Sw: GR. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, VA.
Verrucaria cambrini Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, epilithic, rimulose to subareolate,
olive-greenish thallus, ascomata protruding, but laterally obtected by a thin thalline
layer, involucrellum slightly spreading with the lower portion, reaching down about a
third of the perithecium, ascospores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose (to 20 µm long);
on calcareous rocks (the type is on roof tiles!); known from a few scattered localities in
Central Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: V.
Verrucaria cataleptoides (Nyl.) Nyl.
Syn.: Lithocia cataleptoides (Nyl.) Arnold, Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb.
var. cataleptoides Nyl., Verrucaria cataleptoides (Nyl.) Nyl. f. margolae Servít
L – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on periodically submerged calcareous rocks (re-
cords from other rock types need conrmation). is species, frequently considered as
a synonym of V. aethiobola, clearly diers both in important morphological characters
and in the occurrence on calcareous rocks. – Au: T. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè. It: TAA.
Verrucaria cataractophila Servít
L # – Subs.: cal, cal-aqu – Alt.: ?3 – Note: a species with a thin, greyish-brown thallus
forming patches of c. 2 cm in diam., hemispherically protruding, black ascomata (to c.
0.2 mm in diam.) with an adpressed involucrellum reaching down to the base of the
perithecium, and ellipsoid to oblong ascospores (to c. 20 µm long); on dolomite near
a waterfall, only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
Verrucaria cinereorufa Schaer.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on periodically humid surfaces of calcareous or
dolomitic rocks, also reported from the Western Pyrenees and from several sites in
Western and Central Europe. e records from France include those of V. elaeodes
(Hue) Zschacke – Au: ?V, St, O, N. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Lomb, Piem,
Lig. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria clauzadei B. de Lesd.
Syn.: Verrucaria cinereorufa Schaer. var. clauzadei (B. de Lesd.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 (?5) – Note: a species with a thin, pale violet thallus bordered by
black lines, half-immersed perithecia (to 0.6 mm in diam.) with the wall black through-
out, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 33 µm long); on calcareous sandstone and similar
rock types at low elevations; known from some scattered records in S Europe; the records
from high elevations in Austria are very dubious. – Au: ?V, ?T. Fr: AMa, Vau. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 553
Verrucaria collematodes Garov.
L # – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: mostly on calciferous or base-rich siliceous sub-
strata, including roong tiles, walls and mortar; a taxon of the V. nigrescens-complex,
reported from dierent countries in Central and Southern Europe; apparently most
frequent in the Southern and Western Alps, but perhaps not recognised elsewhere. –
Ge: Ge. Fr: AMa, Sav. It: Ven, Lomb, Lig.
Verrucaria concinna sensu Schaer. [1836] non Borrer [1831]
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a calcicolous species with an epilithic, grey-brown,
areolate thallus, the areoles with a dark brown margin and basal layer, broadly conical
ascomata (or ostiolar region attened), a conspicuous, adpressed involucrellum reach-
ing down to the base of the perithecium, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 22 µm long);
widespread in the European mountains, mostly at mid-elevations; from the Alps there
are a few scattered records. – Au: T, O. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE. Fr: HAl, Sav.
Verrucaria conuens A. Massal. nom.illeg. non (Weber) F.H. Wigg.
Syn.: Verrucaria muralis Ach. var. conuens (A. Massal.) Körb.
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this species, which has been often considered to be
a synonym of V. muralis, diers in the thicker thallus and the crowded perithecia with
a thick involucrellum. e species has no valid name. – Au: St, O, N. Fr: Isè, HSav.
It: Ven, Lomb.
Verrucaria consociata Servìt
L # – Subs.: sil, sil-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thin, greenish to olivaceous
thallus forming patches to 10 mm in diam., minute (less than 0.2 mm in diam.)
hemispherically protruding ascomata partly covered by a thin, granulose thalline layer,
an entire, thin involucrellum, and ellipsoid, non-halonate ascospores (16–28 × 8–13
µm); on shaded, temporarily wet siliceous rocks, also reported to form isles on other
Verrucaria species (type!); widespread in Central Europe, with a single record from the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Verrucaria constricta Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an epilithic, grey-brown, rimose to
areolate thallus, entirely immersed ascomata with a conspicuous adpressed involucrel-
lum reaching down to the base of the perithecium, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 25
µm long); on more or less calcareous rocks; only known from the type locality in the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
Verrucaria contardonis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, whitish, spread-
ing, continuous thallus (rimulose around the ascomata), hemispherically protruding
ascomata (to 0.2 mm in diam.), an involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall
and reaching down to the base, and oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 25 µm long);
known only from the type locality (Italy). – It: Frl.
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554
Verrucaria corticata Anzi
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a thin, yellowish white, marginally
sublobate thallus forming patches of 2–5 cm in diam, with a well-developed upper
cortex of angular cells, numerous, isolated, semi-immersed, black perithecia, oblong to
oblong-clavate, 8-spored asci, and simple, hyaline, oblong ascospores measuring c. 8.6
× 6.8 µm, purported (in the description) to dier from rombium epigaeum in the
obviously corticate thallus; only reported from the type locality near Bormio (Prema-
dio), where it was collected on a wall of limestone; the type material is well worthy of
further study. – It: Lomb.
Verrucaria cretacea Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a chalky white thallus, amphora-
shaped (to 0.5 mm wide), entirely immersed ascomata (only the ostiolar region vis-
ible), 8-spored asci, and ellipsoid, simple ascospores (c. 20 × 8–10 µm); on dolomite,
only known with certainty from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Switzerland).
– Sw: GR, ?SZ.
Verrucaria crusticans (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Amphoridium crusticans Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a silicicolous species recalling a poorly developed Placo-
carpus schaereri, with a thin, epilithic, whitish-pruinose, rimose to areolate thallus, 1–4
perithecia without involucrellum, immersed in the areolae (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.),
and oblong to ovoid ascospores (to 20 µm long); only known from the type locality at
the base of the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Lig.
Verrucaria cryptica (Arnold) J. Steiner
Syn.: Amphoridium crypticum Arnold
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: on compact calcareous rocks and dolomite near and
above treeline; a very critical taxon, related to V. hochstetteri s.lat., which needs further
study. – Au: T. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Frl, TAA, Lig.
Verrucaria csernaensis Zschacke
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species described from the Carpathi-
ans, often considered as a synonym of V. aethiobola. According to üs (see Nimis
2016) the epithet aethiobola was used for two genetically well-separated taxa: V. ae-
thiobola s.str. and V. cernaensis, and it is likely that at least some of the lowland records
from the Alps could refer to the latter species. – Au: K.
Verrucaria dalslandensis Servít
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling V. muralis, with a thin, epilithic,
uncracked to rimulose, brownish to grey thallus with a reddish tinge, hemispherically
protruding ascomata (to 0.25 mm in diam.) with adpressed involucrellum reaching
down to the base of the perithecium, and oblong ascospores (to c. 20 µm long); on
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 555
schists and similar acidic substrata; a rarely reported species, but apparently with a wide
distribution in Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Verrucaria davosensis Zschacke
L # – Subs.: sax-aqu – Alt.: ?salp – Note: a species resembling in habitus, and probably
related to V. hydrela, with a greenish-brown thallus, in section with a black basal layer
in fertile areas, ascomata (to 0.4 mm in diam.) covered by a thalline layer, the spheri-
cal exciple pigmented only in the ostiolar region, otherwise almost hyaline throughout,
8-spored asci, and ellipsoid, simple ascospores (19–22 × 8–9 µm); on submerged rocks in
streams; only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: Sw.
Verrucaria delitescens Servít
Syn.: Amphoridium dolomiticum A. Massal. var. obtectum Arnold, Amphoridium ob-
tectum (Arnold) Arnold non Verrucaria obtecta Müll. Arg.; incl. Verrucaria delitescens
Servít f. mulazensis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: related to, or perhaps identical with V. caesiopsila and/
or V. cryptica, with an endolithic thallus emerging with dots and brownish patches,
immersed perithecia (to c. 0.4 mm in diam.) with a minute involucrellum around the
ostiolar region, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); on dolomite and probably
other calcareous rocks at high elevations; only known from the type locality in the
Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
Verrucaria dermatoidea Servít
Syn.: Verrucaria veronensis A. Massal. f. dermatoidea A. Massal. ex Anzi
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a calcicolous species with a whitish, rimulose to areo-
late thallus, hemispherically protruding perithecia (to 0.25 mm in diam.) arising in the
centre of the areoles, an involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall and reaching
down about 1/3 of the perithecium, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 35 µm long); only
known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: Ven.
Verrucaria despecta Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a calcicolous species with a whitish, epilithic, rimose
to areolate thallus forming patches to 3 cm in diam. (the areoles with a minutely ver-
ruculose surface), hemispherically protruding ascomata (to 0.2 mm in diam.) mostly
arising inbetween or at the edges of the areoles, an involucrellum adpressed to the
perithecial wall and reaching down about half of the perithecia, and oblong to ellipsoid
ascospores (to c. 15 µm long); only known from the type locality at the base of the
Western Alps (Italy). – It: Lig.
Verrucaria diaphragmata Zschacke
L # – Subs.: sax – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thin, epilithic, grey, continuous thal-
lus, hemispherically protruding, black, ascomata (c. 0.2 mm in diam.) with a rough
surface, an involucrellum tightly adpressed to the perithecial wall and reaching down
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556
to the base, and ellipsoid, simple ascospores (20–22 × 9–10 µm); on small (calcareous?)
stones in the shade of closed subalpine forests; only known from the type locality in the
Eastern Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: GR.
Verrucaria dilacerata Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling a poorly developed V. nigrescens,
with an epilithic, black-brown, rimose to areolate thallus, hemispherically protruding,
black ascomata (to c. 0.25 mm in diam.), an involucrellum tightly adpressed to the
perithecial wall and reaching down to the base, 8-spored asci, and ellipsoid, simple
ascospores (11–18 × 5–7 µm); only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps
(Switzerland), on dolomite. – Sw: GR.
Verrucaria dinarica Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: closely related to V. caerulea, but with a mainly en-
dolithic, uncracked, grey thallus, almost entirely immersed perithecia (to c. 0.3 mm in
diam.) with a wall carbonised throughout and without involucrellum, and oblong to
ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 15 µm long); on limestone, known from scattered records in
Southern Europe, including the Alps, but rare. – Fr: HSav. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria discernenda Zschacke
Syn.: Amphoridium caesiopsilum sensu Arnold non (Anzi) Arnold nec Verrucaria caesi-
opsila Anzi
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species resembling in habitus V. caesiopsila sensu
Arnold, but with larger ascospores, with an endolithic thallus indicated by whitish-grey
patches, ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.) deeply immersed in the rock with only the
hardly protruding black ostioles visible, more or less spherical in section, the wall dark
brown throughout, 8-spored asci, and broadly ellipsoid, simple ascospores (22–30 ×
14–18 µm); on carbonatic rocks (e.g. dolomite), with a few records from Central Eu-
rope, in the Alps only known from the type locality (Italy). – It: TAA.
Verrucaria dolomitica (A. Massal.) Kremp.
Syn.: Amphoridium dolomiticum A. Massal.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on calcareous rocks and pebbles, usually near the
ground. A species belonging to the poorly understood complex of V. hochstetteri, dif-
fering from V. foveolata in the small apical involucrellum. – Au: V, T, S, St, O, N. Fr:
Drô, Vau. It: Ven, Lomb.
Verrucaria dolosa Hepp
Syn.: ?Verrucaria krempelhuberi Lindau, Verrucaria mutabilis auct. p.p. non Leight.
L – Subs.: cal, sil, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a probably holarctic early coloniser of small
pebbles near the ground, both on calcareous and base-rich siliceous rocks, in sheltered
situations such as in open woodlands and in moist habitats by watercourses, e.g. in the
splash zone. e species is related to V. hydrophila; widespread throughout the siliceous
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 557
Alps. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VS. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria elaeina Borrer
Syn.: elidium elaeinum (Borrer) Mudd
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a long-forgotten species that seems to be quite
common in the British Isles. It grows on shaded limestone, concrete, siliceous
rocks and brick, in woodlands or beneath herbaceous vegetation, in natural habi-
tats or on wasteground, in gardens or on damp walls, being characteristic of weakly
calcareous rocks in shade; perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Ge: Schw. Sw:
SZ. It: Lomb.
Verrucaria elaeomelaena (A. Massal.) Anzi
Syn.: Lithocia elaeomelaena A. Massal., Verrucaria degenerascens Nyl. ex A.L. Sm., Ver -
rucaria jurana Zschacke
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane,
perhaps circumpolar species, almost perennially submerged in cold montane to alpine
creeks, emerging only in very shaded situations; perhaps more widespread in the Alps.
In Northern Europe this name was often used for V. funckii (Spreng.) Zahlbr. Based on
the currently available data from North of the Alps, V. elaeomelaena s.str. appears to be
restricted to limestone, but it cannot be separated by morphology alone from several
other unnamed lineages within the aggregate which grow on calcareous and siliceous
substrata alike, especially in deep shade. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR,
VD, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Verrucaria elevata (Nyl.) Zschacke
Syn.: Lithocia viridula (Schrad.) A. Massal. var. elevata Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: most frequent on calciferous schists, supercially
resembling V. macrostoma; reported from a few localities in Central Europe and the
Alps. – Au: K, St, N.
Verrucaria endocarpoides Servít
L # – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: an apparently widespread taxon belonging to a
group of species with a thick, brown, areolate thallus, which still needs revision. It has
been reported from Italy, Austria, Slovakia and North America. – Au: T, O, N. It: Frl.
Verrucaria endolithea Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a species with a mainly endolithic to thin, con-
tinuous thallus indicated by grey patches, numerous minute ascomata (to 0.25 mm in
diam.) forming hemispherically protruding black warts, a tightly adpressed involucrel-
lum, 8-spored asci, and ellipsoid, simple ascospores (11–16 × 7–9 µm); on calcareous
rocks in the lower alpine belt, only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps
(Switzerland). – Sw: GR.
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Verrucaria epixylon Zschacke
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a verruculose-areolate thallus, hemi-
spherically protruding perithecia (to c. 0.3 mm in diam.) with an entire involucrellum,
and broadly ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 12 µm long); on wooden fences in rural environ-
ments, only known from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Verrucaria erubescens Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling V. csernaensis, with a thin
thallus which is grey-green when wet, turning reddish and rimulose when dry, wart-
like, protruding perithecia (to c. 0.5 mm in diam.) and larger ascospores (to c. 30 µm
long); on temporarily submerged calcareous rocks in streams, only known with cer-
tainty from the type locality in Switzerland. – Au: ?V. Sw: GR.
Verrucaria euganea Trevis.
Syn.: Verrucaria weddellii auct. non Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an early coloniser of walls (mortar, brick, cement,
limestone) in urban settlements; related to V. macrostoma, but diering in several im-
portant morphological characters; apparently most frequent in the Southern and West-
ern Alps, but probably more widespread. – Au: N. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau.
It: Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig.
Verrucaria eusebii Servít
Syn.: Verrucaria amylacea Hepp nom.illeg. non Ach.
L – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on limestone and dolomite in sheltered situations
protected from rain, e.g. with Caloplaca cirrochroa; perhaps regionally overlooked, and
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: ?V, T, K, St, O, N. Fr: AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Vau.
It: Ven, Piem.
Verrucaria ferratensis Servít
L # – Subs.: ?sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thin, blackish brown, rimose to areo-
late thallus forming patches of c. 1 cm. in diam., surrounded by a subdentritic prothal-
lus and with a carbonised basal layer, ascomata immersed in verrucae (to 0.25 mm in
diam.), involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall in the upper part, somewhat
spreading below and fusing with the basal thalline layer, ascospores oblong to ellipsoid
(to 25 µm long); on roof tiles, only known from the type locality at the base of the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Verrucaria nitima Breuss & F. Berger
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a recently-described species resembling V. poeltii,
found above the montane belts in the Alps on hard, exposed limestone rocks with a
long snow cover; perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: V, K, O, N. Sw: SZ. Fr:
HSav. It: Frl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 559
Verrucaria scheri Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Lithocia tristis A. Massal., Verrucaria diracta Anzi, Verrucaria tristis (A. Massal.)
Kremp. non Hepp
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: on steeply inclined faces of compact limestone
and dolomite in open habitats, mostly above treeline. Most records should be checked
against the very similar V. nitima and V. poeltii. e species does not belong to Ve r-
rucaria and seems to be related to Staurothele. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw:
BE, GR, LU, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria oerkeana Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
L # – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on more or less calciferous rocks, especially on
pebbles and small stones in rather sheltered situations. A rather dicult taxon, very
similar to V. dolosa and often confused with that species. Au: T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Fr:
Isè. It: TAA.
Verrucaria foveolata (Flörke) A. Massal.
Syn.: Amphoridium foveolatum (Flörke) A. Massal., Verrucaria schraderi Sommerf. var.
foveolata Flörke
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an ecologically wide-ranging species of compact
limestone and dolomite, found both on the top of large boulders and on small pebbles
near the ground. It belongs to the poorly understood complex of V. hochstetteri. – Au:
V, T, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UW. Fr: AHP, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Verrucaria fraudulosa Nyl.
Syn.: Verrucaria lecideoides (A. Massal.) Trevis. var. fraudulosa (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl.
Roux
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: in the Alps on weakly to strongly calcareous rocks
from the subalpine to the alpine belt; according to Cl. Roux a taxon of the Verruculopsis
lecideoides-aggregate. – Au: S, O. Fr: Isè, Sav.
Verrucaria funckiana sensu Servít
Syn.: Lithoicea funckii „A. Massal.“ (1853: 143, nom. nud.!, 1854: 23) non Verrucaria
funckii (Spreng.) Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, brownish – to
greenish-black, spreading, rimose to areolate thallus, the basal layer brown-black or
lacking, ascomata hemispherically protruding (c. 0.1 mm in diam.), involucrellum
adpressed to the perithecial wall reaching down to the base and fusing with the basal
layer, ascospores oblong to ellipsoid (to c. 25 µm long); only known from the Eastern
Alps (Italy). – It: Ven.
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560
Verrucaria funckii (Spreng.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Pyrenula funckii Spreng., Verrucaria elaeomelaena auct. non (A. Massal.) Anzi,
Verrucaria silicea Servít, Verrucaria silicicola (Zschacke) Servít
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: among freshwater Verrucariaceae, this is one
of the few species which are usually found in permanently submerged conditions, more
rarely in the splash zone of water courses or on deeply shaded stream banks, always on
siliceous substrata. It is a typical element of springs and clear headwaters, where it can
dominate the benthic community; probably much more widespread in the Alps. – Au:
V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: GR, UR. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav. It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria furfuracea (B. de Lesd.) Breuss
Syn.: Verrucaria macrostoma DC. f. furfuracea B. de Lesd., Verrucaria macrostoma DC.
var. imbricum Garov., Verrucaria tectorum auct. p.p.
L – Substrata: cal – Bioclimatic belt: 1–2 – Note: mainly on man-made substrata, in-
cluding mortar walls, on steeply inclined faces; frequently confused with V. tectorum,
which is isidiate and not sorediate, and has a thinner thallus (see Roux et al. 2014);
certainly more widespread in the Alps, at low elevations. – Au: K, St, O, N. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl.
Verrucaria fusca Pers.
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: an often misunderstood taxon, closely related
to or even identical with V. nigrescens, with a thin, olive-brown, granulose thallus, and
up to c. 20 µm long ascospores. – Au: O. Ge: Ge. Sw: SZ.
Verrucaria fuscoatroides Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: an apparently rather widespread, but poorly under-
stood species described from Germany and also reported from several localities in the
Alps, mainly on calcareous rocks. – Au: V, K, O, N. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa.
Verrucaria fusconigrescens Nyl.
Syn.: Lithocia fusconigrescens (Nyl.) Flagey
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with an epilithic, greyish-brown to
brown-black, rimulose to subareolate thallus, slightly to hemispherically protruding
ascomata, the wall subhyaline in the lower half, involucrellum reaching down to the
base of the perithecium, with a carbonised outer layer and brownish inner layer, and
oblong ascospores (to c. 25 µm long); on siliceous substrata at low elevations; reported
from several localities in SW Europe, including the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa,
Isè, Vau.
Verrucaria fuscovelutina Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, spreading, brown,
rimose to subareolate thallus, ascomata (to 0.4 mm in diam.) in conical warts, a car-
bonised involucrellum tightly adpressed to the exciple in the upper half but indistinct
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 561
further downwards, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 25 µm long); reported from several
localities in Southern and Central Europe, with a single record from the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: N.
Verrucaria galactinella Servít
Syn.: Amphoridium galactinum A. Massal., Verrucaria galactina (A. Massal.) Trevis. non
Ach.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a mainly endolithic,
whitish, subfarinose thallus intersected by dark prothallus lines, immersed ascomata
(to c. 0.3 mm in diam.), an involucrellum forming a small supercial shield but lacking
radial cracks, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); only known from the base of
the SE Alps (Italy). – It: Ven.
Verrucaria geomelaena Anzi
L # – Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a very thin, spreading, subge-
latinous thallus, very small, spherical perithecia immersed only with the base, a non-
amyloid hymenium with free paraphyses, 6–8-spored asci, and simple, hyaline, oblong
ascospores measuring c. 18.9 × 6.8 µm; only known from the type collection, on cal-
ciferous soil between 1,820 and 2,100 m. e type material is well worthy of further
study. – It: Lomb.
Verrucaria geophila Zahlbr. nom.illeg. non Nyl.
L – Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a rare species of slightly calciferous soil in dry
Mediterranean grasslands, including those at the base of the Western Alps. e name
is illegitimate and would require conservation. – Au: St. Fr: AMa.
Verrucaria glacialis Hepp non (Bagl. & Carestia) Stizenb.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a long-forgotten calcicolous species with broadly el-
lipsoid ascospores (to 32 µm long), only known from the type locality in the Eastern
Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Verrucaria glarensis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species resembling in habitus V. tristis,
but with smaller fruiting bodies, with a spreading, epilithic, rimose to areolate, brown-
ish thallus, black and partly protruding, spherical ascomata (0.25–0.5 mm in diam.),
an involucrellum tightly adpressed to the wall and reaching down about two third of
the perithecium, the wall only weakly pigmented in the lower half, 8-spored asci, and
oblong to ellipsoid, simple ascospores (17–20 × 6–7 µm); only known from the type
locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: GL.
Verrucaria glaucodes Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a calcicolous species resembling V. pinguicula, but
with a thin, rimose to subareolate, whitish-greenish thallus with a bluish tinge, semi-
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562
immersed ascomata (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.) with hardly pigmented perithecial wall,
an adpressed involucrellum reaching down about half the perithecium, and ellipsoid
ascospores (to c. 15 µm long); most frequent in the western part of continental Europe,
including the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau.
Verrucaria glauconephela Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: closely related to and perhaps a synonym of
Parabagliettoa cyanea, with an endolithic thallus indicated by patches of a whitish-
greenish colour with a bluish tinge, semi-immersed ascomata (to c. 0.15 mm in diam.),
an adpressed involucrellum reaching down about half the perithecium, and ellipsoid
ascospores (to c. 15 µm long); on calcareous rocks at low elevations in continental
Europe (based on a type from Hungary), with a few records from the Western Alps
(France). – Fr: AMa, Var.
Verrucaria glaucovirens Grummann
Syn.: Verrucaria virens Nyl. non Wallr.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling V. obfuscans, with a greyish to
greenish-brown thallus with rough areoles, immersed perithecia without involucrel-
lum, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 20 µm long); on calcareous rocks and walls at low
elevations; widespread throughout Europe, but with a few scattered records from the
Alps. – Au: O. Sw: ?VS.
Verrucaria globulans Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, brownish-grey thallus
forming conuent patches limited by dark prothallus lines, hemispherically protrud-
ing, black, glossy ascomata (to c. 0.8 mm in diam.) with an adpressed involucrellum
reaching down one third of the perithecium, and subglobose ascospores (to c. 12 µm
long); only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Verrucaria glowackii Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: mon – Note: a silicicolous species resembling in habitus V. papil-
losa, with a spreading, epilithic, thin, verrucose to areolate, yellowish to brownish thal-
lus, the black ascomata (to c. 0.3 mm in diam.) somewhat protruding with depressed
ostioles, an involucrellum reaching down to the base of the perithecium, and ellipsoid
to oblong ascospores (23–26 × 10–14 µm); only known from the type locality in the
Eastern Alps (Slovenia). – Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria gorzegnoensis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thin, continuous to partly rimulose,
whitish thallus forming patches to 3 cm in diam., slightly protruding ascomata (to 0.3
mm in diam.), an adpressed involucrellum reaching down to the base of the perithecia
(to partly entire), and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 35 µm long); on calcareous schists,
only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 563
Verrucaria gudbrandsdalensis Zschacke ex H. Magn.
L – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a mainly continuous, partly thicker
and subrimose, whitish grey thallus, ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.) covered by a con-
spicuous involucrellum reaching far down at the anks of the perithecium, ascospores
to c. 25 µm long; on siliceous slate and similar calcium-poor substrates; widespread in
Europe but rarely reported, with a few records from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au:
O, N.
Verrucaria gypsophila Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling V. brachyspora, with a thin, epi-
lithic, continuous thallus of a greyish-brownish colour with a rose tinge, hemispheri-
cally protruding ascomata (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.) with involucrellum reaching down
about two thirds of the perithecium, and obovoid ascospores (to c. 20 µm long); based
on a type from Northern Germany, on gypsum; in the study area known from a single
locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria), a record which however needs conrmation. –
Au: ?St.
Verrucaria hegetschweileri Körb. ex Nyl. (illeg.) non (Naegeli ex Hepp) Garov.
L # – Subs.: cor, ?xyl – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a very thin, grey thallus, asco-
mata to c. 0.2 mm in diam., and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 15 µm long); on bark (and
wood?) at the base of trunks of broad-leaved trees; so far recorded from a few localities
in the Alps. – Fr: AMa.
Verrucaria hemisphaerica Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: mon – Note: a species resembling in habitus V. nigresccens, with
a spreading, epilithic, rimose to areolate, brown-black thallus, the black ascomata (to c.
0.3 mm in diam.) hemispherically protruding, with an adpressed involucrellum reach-
ing down to the base of the perithecia, and oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (20–24 ×
7–10 µm); on porphyric rocks, only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps
(Slovenia). – Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria hilitzeriana Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, spreading, brown, ri-
mose to areolate thallus (areoles often with a black rim), black, naked, hemispherically
protruding ascomata inbetween the areoles (to 0.2 mm in diam.), an involucrellum
adpressed to the perithecial wall reaching down to the base, and oblong to ellipsoid
ascospores (to 20 µm long); known from the type locality at the base of the Western
Alps (France), and from Eastern Liguria (outside the Alps). – Fr: AMa.
Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr. subsp. hochstetteri var. hochstetteri
Syn.: Amphoridium hiascens auct. non (Ach.) A. Massal., Amphoridium hochstetteri
(Fr.) A. Massal., Amphoridium hochstetteri (Fr.) A. Massal. f. obtecta Arnold [non
Verrucaria obtecta Müll. Arg.], Verrucaria hiascens auct. non (Ach.) Hepp, Verrucaria
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564
hochstetteri Fr. f. papularis Rehm ex Servít; incl. Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr. var. crustosa
(Arnold) Zahlbr.
L – Subs.: cal, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a variable species found on steeply in-
clined surfaces of compact limestone and dolomite in sheltered situations; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr. subsp. hochstetteri var. obtecta (Müll. Arg.) Clauzade
& Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr. var. obtecta (Müll. Arg.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Verru-
caria obtecta Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a variety with an endolithic thallus, entirely im-
mersed ascomata detectable only by the dots of the ostioles, lacking both an involu-
crellum and a protruding rim, and ovoid ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); based on type
from Egypt, the conspecicity of Central European specimens needs conrmation; the
distribution in the Alps is dicult to interpret, since the variety was not always distin-
guished. – Au: ?V, ?T, St. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr. subsp. rosaeformis Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr. var. rosaeformis (Asta, Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Clauzade
& Cl. Roux comb. inval., Verrucaria integra (Nyl.) Nyl. var. rosaeformis Asta, Clauzade
& Cl. Roux [invalidly published, ICN Art. 40.1. + 8]
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a calcicolous taxon peculiar in having a circum-
ostiolar involucrellum shaped as a 4-lobed rosette; so far only known with certainty
from the Western Alps (France). – Au: ?Au. Fr: AHP, AMa, Sav, HSav.
Verrucaria hydrela Ach.
Syn.: Verrucaria denudata Zschacke, Verrucaria hydrophila Orange
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on siliceous pebbles in humid-shaded situa-
tions (e.g. in open woodlands), sometimes on boulders in creeks, but never submerged
for long periods, usually in upland areas but rarely reaching above treeline. Several
records need conrmation. For nomenclatural matters, we partly follow Roux et al.
(2014: 1246), and partly the suggestion by üs (see Nimis 2016) to use the name V.
hydrophila Orange only for sequenced material with an ITS sequence that ts the one
published for the type, which also has a subgelatinous thallus and a widely spreading
involucrellum. – Au: ?V, T, S, K, St, N. Sw: BE, GR, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Sav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria illinoisensis Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with an epilithic, greyish-white,
rimose to areolate thallus, hemispherically protruding, immersed ascomata (c. 0.2 mm
in diam.), involucrellum spreading and reaching down about half the perithecium, and
oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 20 µm long; specimens from NE Europe reported
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 565
to c. 25 µm long); based on a type from North America, and also reported for NE
Europe, with a single reord from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: O.
Verrucaria imitatoria Servít
L # – Subs.: ?sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species resembling V. rupestris, with a thin, epilithic,
spreading, greyish, rimose to areolate thallus, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to
0.25 mm in diam.), an adpressed involucrellum reaching down almost to the base of
the perithecium, and ellipsoid ascospores (to 35 µm long); only known from the type
locality at the base of the Western Alps (Italy), on sandstone. – It: Lig.
Verrucaria incertula (Arnold) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Amphoridium incertulum Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: on very compact calcareous rocks subject to periodical
water seepage; related to V. saprophila, diering in the smaller perithecia and spores
(see Roux et al. 2014: 1247). – Fr: AMa. It: TAA.
Verrucaria incompta Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a calcicolous species with a whitish-grey, spreading,
partly endolithic thallus densely covered by minute granules (to 20 µm in diam.),
semi-immersed ascomata (to 0.2 mm in diam.) laterally covered with a thin thalline
layer, an involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall and reaching down less than
half the perithecia, and oblong ascospores (less than 20 µm long); only known from
the type locality at the base of the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Lig.
Verrucaria inordinata (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Involucrothele inordinata Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a silicicolous species with a grey, epilithic, rimose to
areolate thallus either spreading or forming patches, the areoles with an uneven surface
or minutely verrucose, with black granules (to 100 µm in diam.), hemispherically pro-
truding ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.), an involucrellum attached to the perithecial
wall and reaching down about half of the perithecium, and oblong to ellipsoid, simple
ascospores with c. 10% one-septate intermixed (to c. 20 µm long); only known from
the type locality at the base of the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Lig.
Verrucaria inornata Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: on rather shaded and moist surfaces of calciferous
rocks, this species is similar to V. memnonia, diering in the larger spores and the pale
excipulum. – Au: O. It: Lig.
Verrucaria italica (B. de Lesd.) Servít
Syn. Dermatocarpon italicum (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr., Endopyrenium italicum B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1 – Note: a calcicolous species characterised by a greenish grey,
areolate thallus, perithecia with a dimidiate involucrellum, and ellipsoid to oblong-
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566
ellipsoid ascospores measuring c. 6 × 15–17 µm; only known from the type collection
near Spotorno (Italy). – It: Lig.
Verrucaria jodophila Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species related to V. caerulea, with an epilithic, dark
lead grey, rimose to areolate thallus forming patches to 1 cm (!) delimited by black
prothallus lines, immersed and hardly protruding ascomata (to 0.15 mm in diam.), an
adpressed involucrellum reaching down to the base of the perithecium, and oblong to
narrowly ellipsoid ascospores (to 20 µm long); only known from the type locality in
the Eastern Alps (Italy), on dolomite. – It: TAA.
Verrucaria lacerata Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a calcicolouos species with a mainly endolithic,
brownish grey thallus with small black patches and black prothallus lines, semi-im-
mersed ascomata (to c. 0.4 mm in diam.), a slightly spreading involucrellum reaching
down about half of the perithecium, and ellipsoid to oblong ascospores (to c. 35 µm
long); reported from scattered localities in Central Europe, including the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: K, O, N. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria langhensis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thin, brown, spreading, rimose
to areolate thallus (fruiting areolae convex, to 0.8 mm in diam.) with a thick brown-
black basal layer, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.) covered
by a thin thalline layer, involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall reaching down
to the base and fusing with the basal layer, and oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (exceed-
ing 30 µm in length); on calcareous schists, only known from the type locality in the
Western Alps (Italy). – It: Piem.
Verrucaria latebrosa Körb.
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu, xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a freshwater species periodically
submerged on hard siliceous rocks, occasionally also on calcareous substrata. is spe-
cies was included in V. aethiobola by Orange as a member of a “collective species”, and
its relation to V. anziana remains to be claried. No material from the type locality has
ever been sequenced, which may be necessary to select a sequenced epiptype in order
to x the ambiguity in the use of this name. See also note on V. anziana. – Au: T, S, K,
St. Sw: BE, GR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Verrucaria latebrosoides Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: ?3 – Note: a species with a spreading, olive-brown to blackish-
brown, rimose to areolate thallus with a carbonised basal layer, hemispherically pro-
truding ascomata (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.), an involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial
wall and reaching down to the base, and ellipsoid ascospores (to 25 µm long); on por-
phyric rocks, only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 567
Verrucaria licentiosa (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Involucrocarpon licentiosum Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a calcicolous species of unclear relationship, with a
bluish grey, epilithic, areolate to verrucose thallus forming patches to c. 2 cm in diam.,
protruding ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.) not rarely arising inbetween areoles, an
entire involucrellum, and oblong ascospores (to c. 20 µm long); only known from the
type locality in the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Piem.
Verrucaria lignorum Servít
L # – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a blackish-brown, rimose to ver-
ruculose-areolate thallus forming patches up to 5 cm in diam., a basal layer with dark
maculae, immersed ascomata (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.), from above hardly discernable
from thalline warts, an involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall reaching down
to the base and fusing with the basal layer, and ellipsoid ascospores (to 25 µm long);
on wood, rarely bark; rare throughout Central Europe, including the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: K.
Verrucaria lignyodes Harm. ex Crozals
L # – Subs.: ?sil-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species of unclear relationship, with an indis-
tinct thallus, ascomata immersed in the rock (to c. 0.3 mm in diam.), interascal la-
ments apparently persistent and with some ramications, and broadly ovoid ascospores
(to 27 µm long); on pebbles in a creek, only known from the type locality in the West-
ern Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
Verrucaria ligurica (Servít) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Involucrothele ligurica Servít non Verrucaria ligurica Zschacke quid est Hydro-
punctaria ligurica (Zschacke) Cl. Roux
L # – Subs.: ?cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with an olive-coloured, epilithic, rimose
to areolate thallus forming patches to 3 cm in diam., the areoles with a verruculose
surface, protruding ascomata (to 0,4 mm in diam.), an involucrellum adpressed to
the perithecial wall and reaching down to the base of the perithecium, and oblong to
ellipsoid, simple ascospores intermixed with c. 10–20% 1-septate ones (to c. 15 µm
long); only known from the type locality at the base of the Western Alps (Italy), on a
wall. – It: Lig.
Verrucaria limitatoides Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, whitish-grey, spread-
ing thallus, hemispherically protruding ascomata (c. 0.2 mm in diam.), a loosely at-
tached involucrellum reaching down about half of the perithecium, and oblong to el-
lipsoid ascospores (to c. 25 µm long); only known from the type locality in the Eastern
Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
568
Verrucaria maas-geesterani Servít
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species which is similar, and probably closely re-
lated to V. margacea, with an epilithic, partly rimose, blackish-brown (black in the wet
state) thallus, supercially with small black warts, in section with a carbonised basal
layer, ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.) black and hemispherically protruding, but with a
thin thalline layer in the lower part, involucrellum tightly adpressed to the perithecial
wall and reaching down to the base, where it fuses with the basal layer, 8-spored asci,
and broadly ellipsoid, simple ascospores (20–28 × 13–16 µm); on submerged siliceous
rocks in streams, only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Switzerland).
– Sw: TI.
Verrucaria macrostoma DC.
Syn.: Lithocia macrostoma (DC.) A. Massal., Verrucaria thrombioides A. Massal., Ver-
rucaria viridula auct. non (Schrad.) Ach.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: an early coloniser of walls (mortar, brick, cement,
limestone) in urban areas, more rarely found on calcareous rocks in natural environ-
ments, with a wide ecological amplitude, from horizontal to steeply inclined faces
visited by birds; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, ?T, S, St, O, N. Sw: BE, LU,
SZ, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig.
Verrucaria maculiformis Kremp. nom.illeg. non Hom.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: this species seems to be most frequent in Western and
Central Europe, on more or less calcareous pebbles or on bricks, especially in rather
shaded situations. Most records require conrmation. e name is not legitimate, be-
ing a later homonym of V. maculiformis Hom. (1796). – Au: ?V, ?T, O. Ge: OB. Fr:
AMa, HSav. It: Ven, Lomb.
Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb.
Syn.: Lithocia margacea (Wahlenb.) A. Massal., elotrema margaceum Wahlenb., Ve r-
rucaria applanata Hepp ex Zwackh, ?Verrucaria divergens Nyl., Verrucaria larszkyana
Szatala, Verrucaria leightonii Hepp non A. Massal., Verrucaria tiroliensis Zschacke, ?Ve r -
rucaria vallis-uelae Zschacke, Verrucaria zegonensis Zschacke
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: an amphibious freshwater lichen of sili-
ceous rocks beside streams and lakes; it prefers constantly inundated and even perma-
nently submerged rocks to those merely in the spray zone. e species, widespread in
Scandinavia and also known from the Southern Hemisphere, is widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Sw: BE, GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Sav, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria mastoidea (A. Massal.) Trevis.
Syn.: Amphoridium mastoideum A. Massal., Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr. var. mastoidea (A.
Massal.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 569
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on calciferous rocks; this rather poorly understood
species diers from V. hochstetteri in the presence of a small involucrellum. – Au: V, T,
K, St, O, N. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Verrucaria mauroides Schaer.
Syn.: Lithocia mauroides (Schaer.) A. Massal., rombium mauroides (Schaer.) Zschacke
L # – Subs.: sil, ?cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species of unclear relationship with a thin,
blackish thallus, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.), and
an involucrellum reaching down to the base of the perithecium (other microscopical
characters not documented); so far only recorded from a few localities in the Alps. –
Au: ?V. Sw: BE, VS. Fr: HSav.
Verrucaria memnonia (Flot. ex Körb.) Arnold
Syn.: Verrucaria maura Wahlenb. var. memnonia Flot. ex Körb.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a thin, epilithic, spreading thallus
of a black colour with a bluish to greenish-blue tinge, turning gelatinous when wet,
hemispherically protruding ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.) with involucrellum reach-
ing down to the base of the perithecium, and obovoid ascospores (to c. 15 µm long);
mostly on hard siliceous rocks in the shade of montane coniferous forests; widespread
in the European mountains, with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: K, O,
N. Sw: SZ.
Verrucaria metzleri Servít var. metzleri
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a spreading, olive-brown,
subrimose thallus, semi-immersed ascomata (to c. 0.4 mm in diam.) covered by a thin
thalline layer, an adpressed involucrellum reaching down about half of the perithe-
cium, and ellipsoid ascospores (to 30 µm long); only known from the type locality in
the Western Alps (Switzerland), and from Liguria (outside the Alps). – Sw: BE.
Verrucaria metzleri Servít var. carniolica Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous variety with an adpressed involucrellum
and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose ascospores (to c. 25 µm long); only known from
the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Slovenia). – Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria mimicrans Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: described from former Yugoslavia, diering from V.
muralis in the larger spores, the longer periphyses, and the form of the involucrellum;
the total distribution covers wide parts of Europe and the species is also known from
North America. It is a pioneer species on more or less calcareous substrata, especially
on pebbles and on recently exposed rock surfaces; from the Alps there are a few scat-
tered records only. – Au: K, O, N. Fr: AMa. It: Lig. Sl: SlA.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
570
Verrucaria monacensis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: according to Breuss (see Nimis 2016), this species
was described on the basis of a sample collected on calcareous pebbles in a scree slope
near München, and identied by F. Arnold as Amphoridium dolomiticum (=Verrucaria
dolomitica), from which it diers in several important characters; the species also re-
sembles Verrucaria muralis, diering in the rimose thallus. Beside the type collection
(the original station is probably lost) the species was reported by Sbarbaro (see Nimis
1993: 754) from Piedmont; since Sbarbaro was in close scientic contact with Servít, it
is probable that the latter had identied the Italian samples, which constitute the only
record from the Alps. – It: Piem.
Verrucaria mortarii (Arnold) Arnold ex Lamy nom.illeg. non Leight.
Syn.: Amphoridium leightonii Arnold f. mortarii Arnold, Amphoridium mortarii (Ar-
nold) Flagey
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species growing on man-made calciferous sub-
strata, including mortar, especially on walls below the montane belt, closely related to
V. foveolata; apparently most frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. e name is
illegitimate. – Fr: HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Piem.
Verrucaria muelleriana Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species resembling V. cinereorufa, with
an endolithic to thin-epilithic, white thallus with a reddish tinge, immersed or only
slightly protruding ascomata (to 0.5 mm in diam.), an involucrellum spreading around
the ostiole, and ascospores to c. 40 µm long; only known from the type locality in the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
Verrucaria muralis Ach.
Syn.: ?Verrucaria argillacea Fr., Verrucaria subdendritica Servít, Verrucaria submuralis
Nyl.; incl. Verrucaria rupestris Schrad. non (Scop.) F.H. Wigg.
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a widespread early coloniser of pebbles, mortar
walls, brick and roong tiles, with optimum in the submediterranean belt. Some re-
cords could refer to V. rupestris, which until recently was confused with this species,
from which it diers in the endolithic thallus and the immersed perithecia; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Verrucaria murina Leight. non (Ach.) Arnold
Syn.: Amphoridium myriocarpum (Hepp ex Lönnr.) Servít, Verrucaria murina Leight.
f. obscurata Servít, Verrucaria murina Leight. var. pusilla Arnold, Verrucaria myriocarpa
Hepp ex Lönnr., Verrucaria myriocarpa Hepp ex Lönnr. f. geographica Arnold; incl. Ve r -
rucaria brachyspora Arnold, Verrucaria pazientii A. Massal.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 571
L # – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on limestone and dolomite in upland areas.
e epithet murina has been used for widely dierent species, and the entire complex
is presently under revision. – Au: V, T, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, LU, UW, VD.
Fr: HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Verrucaria murorum (A. Massal.) Lindau
Syn.: Lithocia murorum (A. Massal.) Arnold, rombium murorum A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a calcicolous species belonging to the V. macrosto-
ma-complex, with scattered records from the Alps. – Au: V. Ge: Ge. Sw: SZ, VS. Fr:
Drô. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Verrucaria nidulifera Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: according to Breuss (see Nimis 2016) this species
resembles Parabagliattoa dufourii (which was growing together with the type material),
diering in the less developed involucrellum, the more immersed perithecia and the
presence of oil hyphae. It was described on the basis of a sample collected by F. Arnold
on dolomite (see Nimis 1993: 755), the ecology being similar to that of Parabagliettoa
dufourii. – It: TAA.
Verrucaria nigrescens Pers.
Syn.: Lithocia controversa (A. Massal.) A. Massal., ?Verrucaria acrotelloides A. Massal.
(de Nimis), Verrucaria controversa A. Massal., Verrucaria fusca auct. non Pers., Verruca-
ria fuscoatra Pers., Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. var. funckii (A. Massal.) Zwackh non Verru-
caria funckii (Spreng.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria protothallina A. Massal., Verrucaria umbrina
(Ach.) Ach., Verrucaria velana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr.; incl. Verrucaria confusa Zschacke,
Verrucaria confusionis Grummann, Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. var. laeviuscula Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: a subcosmopolitan species, one of the most com-
mon saxicolous lichens throughout the Alps, found both in urban and natural habitats,
with a very wide ecological tolerance; several morphs from natural habitats, however,
deserve further study. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU,
SZ, TI, UR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Verrucaria nigrofusca Servít
L # – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species described from the Czech Republic
and also reported from France (Maritime Alps), and Liguria (outside the Alps) on both
calcareous and basic siliceous rocks. It diers from V. fuscoatroides in the smaller peri-
thecia and spores. – Fr: AMa.
Verrucaria nigroumbrina Servít
Syn.: Lithoicea nigrescens (Pers.) A. Massal. var. umbrina A. Massal.; incl. Verrucaria
nigroumbrina Servít f. acrotella (A. Massal.) Servít
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
572
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, greyish-brown to
brown, spreading, rimose to areolate thallus, the basal layer brown-black or lacking in
young areoles, only slightly protruding ascomata covered by a thin thalline layer, an
involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall, reaching down to the base and fusing
with the basal layer, and oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 25 µm long); only known
from the Eastern Alps (Italy), and from Liguria (outside the Alps). – It: Ven.
Verrucaria nivalis Hepp
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with ovoid ascospores (to 36 µm
long), only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Verrucaria obfuscans Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species apparently belonging to the V. nigrescens-
group, with a relatively thick, brown, areolate thallus, immersed ascomata (to c. 0.3
mm in diam.) with a hardly pigmented perithecial wall, and ellipsoid to oblong as-
cospores (to c. 20 µm long), based on a type from Paris in France; on walls and other
anthropogenic substrates at low elevations; rarely recorded because not always distin-
guished, known from a few localities in the Alps. – Au: ?V. Fr: Sav.
Verrucaria ochrostoma (Borrer ex Leight.) Trevis.
Syn.: Sagedia ochrostoma Borrer ex Leight.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: closely related to V. murorum, this species, charac-
terised by the supercial thallus and immersed perithecia without an involucrellum,
seems to prefer concrete walls and nutrient-enriched, dusty surfaces at relatively low
elevations; apparently most frequent in the Southern and Western Alps, but perhaps
not distinguished elsewhere. – Au: S. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Var, Vau. It: Ven.
Verrucaria olivacella Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species related to or even identical with V. inaspecta,
with a thin, epilithic, continuous to rimose-areolate, dark olivaceus thallus, hemispher-
ically protruding ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.), an involucrellum adpressed to the
perithecial wall and reaching the base of the perithecia, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c.
25 µm long); on schist, only known from the type locality at the base of the Western
Alps (Italy). – It: Lig.
Verrucaria olivascens Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, spreading, whitish to
greyish, minutely granulose to warty-farinose thallus, hemispherically protruding as-
comata (to 0.5 mm in diam.) which are externally covered by a very thin, farinose thal-
line layer, an adpressed involucrellum reaching down to the base of the perithecium,
and oblong to obovoid ascospores (to 35 µm long); rarely reported in Central Europe,
including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: O, N.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 573
Verrucaria onegensis Vain.
L # – Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with a relatively thick, areolate, brown
thallus consisting of verruculose areoles (to 1 mm in diam.), hemispherically protrud-
ing (to 0.7 mm in diam.) ascomata resembling those of V. viridula, and ellipsoid to
oblong ascospores (to 25 µm long); based on a type from NE Europe on dolomite; rare
in temperate Europe; the few records from the Alps are not from calcareous rocks, and
therefore need conrmation. – Au: S. Sw: SZ.
Verrucaria pachyderma Arnold
Syn.: Verrucaria pissina Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a freshwater species of periodically submerged
siliceous rocks in upland areas, also known from the British Isles and Scandinavia, with
several scattered records from the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Fr: HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav.
It: TAA.
Verrucaria papillosa Ach.
L – Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on more or less calciferous rocks in rather humid
situations, closely related to V. viridula, but a distinct species according to Roux et al.
(2014). – Au: T, S, K, O, N. Fr: AMa, Sav, HSav. It: Frl Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Verrucaria paradolomitica Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species resembling V. dolomitica, with a very thin,
epilithic, greyish to brownish, minutely granulose to attened-verruculose thallus,
black, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to c. 0.4 mm in diam.), an involucrellum
adpressed in the upper third, and ellipsoid ascospores (to 35 µm long); on dolomite,
only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Verrucaria pilosoides Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thallus forming dark
grey patches of c. 2 cm in diam., consisting of small warts and granules (to 0.1 mm
in diam.), convex ascomata mostly immersed in the thallus (to 0.3 mm in diam.), a
spreading involucrellum, and ellipsoid ascospores (to 20 µm long); known from a few
low elevation sites in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: O, N.
Verrucaria pinguicula A. Massal.
Syn.: Amphoridium integrum (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Involucrothele pinguicula (A. Massal.)
Servít, elidium persicinum (Hepp) Servít, Verrucaria integra (Nyl.) Nyl. non auct.,
?Verrucaria lilacina A. Massal., Verrucaria peloclita Nyl., Verrucaria persicina Hepp
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on hard, compact limestones, widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: BE, SZ, VD. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
574
Verrucaria poeltii (Servít) Breuss
Syn.: Involucrocarpon poeltii Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: on very compact calcareous rocks; probably more
widespread in the Alps, likely to have been confused with V. nitima and V. scheri. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB. Fr: HSav.
Verrucaria polysticta Borrer
Syn.: Dermatocarpon subfuscellum (Nyl.) Servít, Verrucaria fuscella (Turner) Winch var.
nigricans Nyl., Verrucaria nigricans (Nyl.) Zschacke, Verrucaria subfuscella Nyl.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species perhaps belonging to Placopyrenium; on
calcareous rocks, often growing on the thalli of other crustose lichens, mainly Aspicilia
calcarea and V. nigrescens; widespread in the Alps, but regionally not distinguished. –
Au: ?V, S, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: ?GR, ?VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau.
Verrucaria polystictoides Vain.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a relatively thick, areolate, whitish-
grey thallus consisting of mostly smooth, angular areoles (to 2 mm in diam.), asco-
mata several per areole, immersed (to c. 0.2 mm in diam), the black ostiolar regions
only slightly protruding, the perithecial wall brownish above, otherwise hyaline, as-
cospores ellipsoid to oblong (hardly exceeding 20 µm in length); based on a type
from Finland (on concrete), rarely recorded in Europe, including the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: St.
Verrucaria porphyricola Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a rarely collected species of basic siliceous rocks (see
Nimis 1993: 747–748), related to Verruculopsis minuta. – It: TAA.
Verrucaria praecellens (Arnold) Servít var. praecellens
Syn.: Amphoridium praecellens Arnold, Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr. f. praecellens (Arnold)
Zahlbr.; incl. Verrucaria praecellens (Arnold) Servít f. insculpta (Zschacke) Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling Polyblastia dominans, with a
whitish endolithic thallus, immersed ascomata without involucrellum (to 0.7 mm in
diam.), the ostiolar region not exceeding the thalline surface, and ovoid to subglobose,
halonate ascospores (to 45 µm long); on dolomite, only known from the type locality
in the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
Verrucaria praecellens (Arnold) Servít var. obtecta (Arnold) Servít
Syn.: Amphoridium hochstetteri Fr. f. obtectum Arnold non Verrucaria obtecta Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: cal int – Alt.: 4 – Note: a variety with a thin, greyish thallus, weakly pro-
truding to entirely immersed ascomata (to c. 0.7 mm in diam.) without involucrellum,
and broadly ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 45 µm long); on calcareous intstone, only
known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Germany). – Ge: OB.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 575
Verrucaria praerupta Anzi
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: closely related to V. nigrescens, but diering in sev-
eral important morphological characters, this species occurs on calcareous rocks in up-
land areas; from the Alps there are a few scattered records. – Au: O. Fr: HSav. It: Lomb.
Verrucaria praetermissa (Trevis.) Anzi
Syn.: Leiophloea praetermissa Trevis., Verrucaria laevata sensu Körb. non Ach. nec auct.,
Verrucaria subturicensis Zahlbr., Verrucaria turicensis Zschacke non (G. Winter) Sti-
zenb., Verrucaria zahlbruckneri Zschacke
L – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a silicicolous, probably circumboreal
freshwater species, submerged only for very short periods, mostly found along creeks,
on mineral-rich siliceous rocks, more rarely on calcareous substrata; material from the
Alps needs revision. – Au: V, T, K, St, O. Sw: VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var.
It: TAA, Lomb.
Verrucaria praeviridula Nyl.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling V. glaucovirens, with a thin, rimu-
lose, greenish thallus, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to 0.2 mm in diam.), an
involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall and reaching down about one third of
the perithecium (de Servít), and oblong to ellipsoid, minute ascospores (to c. 12 µm
long); on calcareous rocks in shaded situations; rarely recorded in Europe, including
the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HAl.
Verrucaria procopii Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: one of the few species of the genus with isidia, appar-
ently widespread in Europe, but scattered, with a few records from the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: S, O, N.
Verrucaria pseudoacrotella Servít
Syn.: Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. var. acrotella sensu Anzi non Verrucaria acrotella Ach.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a brown-black, spreading,
minutely rimose to areolate thallus, the areolae with a rough to pulverulous surface, a
medulla with dark brown patches, hemispherically protruding ascomata covered by a
thalline layer (to 0.3 mm in diam.), an involucrellum reaching down about half of the
perithecium, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); known from a few localities
in the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: Lomb.
Verrucaria pseudocoerulea Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a mainly epilithic, grey-
brown, verruculose to areolate thallus, ascomata immersed in the centre of areoles,
with a slightly protruding ostiolar region, ask-shaped in longitudinal section (to 0.4
mm wide), with a thin, entire involucrellum merged with the perithecial wall, and
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
576
broadly ellipsoid to subglobose ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); only known from the
type locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Verrucaria pseudomacrostoma Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thin, epilithic, grey, rimose to areolate
thallus, the basal layer blackish, ascomata usually one per areole, slightly protruding
(to 0.25 mm in diam.), an adpressed involucrellum reaching down to the base of the
perithecium and merging with the basal layer, and ascospores to c. 30 µm long; on
calcareous sandstone, only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (Italy).
– It: Piem.
Verrucaria pseudovirescens Servít
Syn.: Verrucaria nigrescens var. virescens Anzi ex Garov.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: closely related to V. macrostoma, but diering in the
thinner thallus, smaller perithecia, and smaller spores; known from a few localities
only (Italy, Austria, Germany and Russia), but probably more widespread, having been
often subsumed under V. macrostoma and V. nigrescens. – Au: St. It: Ven.
Verrucaria pustulifera Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, continuous to ir-
regularly rimulose, smooth to granulose, grey thallus, ascomata (to 0.25 mm wide) im-
mersed into slightly protruding verrucae, for the major part covered by a thin thalline
layer, involucrellum slightly spreading towards the lower rim and reaching down about
one third of the perithecium, and oblong ascospores (to c. 35 µm long); rarely recorded
in Central Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Verrucaria rechingeri Servít
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling V. aquatilis, with an epi-
lithic, continuous to rimulose-areolate, brown-black thallus forming patches of about
1 cm in diam., a pigmented lower medulla, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to
c. 0.2 mm in diam.) partly covered by a thalline layer, an involucrellum adpressed to
the perithecial wall and fusing with the basal layer, and subglobose to broadly oblong
ascospores (to 10 µm long); on calcareous stones near a lake, only known from the type
locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria), and from Liguria (outside the Alps). – Au: St.
Verrucaria rivalis Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species close to V. submersella, with a very
thin, continuous, grey thallus, semi-immersed ascomata (to c. 0.5 mm in diam.), a
carbonised involucrellum adpressed to the protruding part of the perithecia and fusing
with the perithecial wall, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); on calcareous
stones in montane to subalpine streams, reported from a few scattered localities in the
Alps. – Au: T, S. Fr: AHP.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 577
Verrucaria ruderum DC.
Syn.: Amphoridium ruderum (DC.) Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: mostly on walls made of mortar and cement; per-
haps a synonym of other species, with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: St.
Fr: Isè, Vau. It: Ven, Lomb, VA.
Verrucaria ruinicola Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1 – Note: this species is only known from the type collection in
the surroundings of Spotorno. – It: Lig.
Verrucaria saprophila (A. Massal.) Trevis.
Syn.: Amphoridium saprophilum A. Massal., elidium saprophilum (A. Massal.) Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rarely reported, southern – to central-European
species of rather shaded calcareous rocks, which needs further study. – Au: ?V, St, O,
N. Fr: HSav. It: Ven, TAA.
Verrucaria savonensis Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a silicicolous species with an epilithic, brownish-grey,
rimose to areolate thallus forming patches to 3 cm in diam., with a brown to blackish-
brown basal layer, almost entirely immersed ascomata (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.), an
adpressed involucrellum reaching down almost to the base of the perithecium and
merging with the basal layer, and oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 25 µm long);
only known from the type locality at the base of the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Lig.
Verrucaria sbarbaronis B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: this calcicolous species described from the base of the
Western Alps and known also from Greece needs further study. – Au: V, O. It: Lig. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria schaereriana Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: ? – Note: a species with a mainly endolithic to very thin epilithic,
continuous, whitish to pale brown thallus, the black immersed perithecia (0.2–0.3 mm
in diam.) hardly protruding and with a thin thalline annulus, without an involucrel-
lum, more or less spherical with a conical ostiolar region, the wall black-brown in the
uppermost part but pigmentation fading towards the base, 8-spored asci, and ellipsoid
to fusiform, simple ascospores (23–36 × 12–15 µm); only known from the type local-
ity in Switzerland. – Sw: Sw.
Verrucaria schindleri Servít
Syn.: Verrucaria hypophaea (J. Steiner & Zahlbr.) Servít, Verrucaria rupestris Schrad. var
hypophaea J. Steiner & Zahlbr.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species of the V. muralis-group, with an endo-
lithic to thin-epilithic, whitish, rimose thallus, ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.) partly
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
578
protruding from the rock, a plane involucrellum (to 0.4 mm broad), and ellipsoid
ascospores (to c. 25 µm long); on calcareous stones and boulders in humid situations;
rather rare, but perhaps overlooked, throughout Central Europe; with several scattered
records from the Alps, from the lowlands to treeline. – Au: V, S, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Fr:
AHP. It: Piem, Lig.
Verrucaria selecta Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a calcicolous species resembling V. caerulea, with a
thin, spreading, whitish to yellowish thallus which is rimose-areolate only around the
perithecia, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to 0.2 mm in diam.), an adpressed
involucrellum reaching down to the base of the perithecium, and oblong ascospores
(to c. 25 µm long); only reported from a few scattered localities in the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: T, O.
Verrucaria serlosensis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: a species with an endolithic thallus, black, protrud-
ing ascomata (to 0.4 mm in diam.) without an involucrellum, and broadly ellipsoid
to subglobose ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); on limestone, only known from the type
locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Verrucaria serpentinicola (Servít) Servít
Syn.: Dermatocarpon subpruinosum (Servít) Servít var. serpentinicola Servít
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a spreading, epilithic, rimose to areolate,
brownish-grey thallus with a dark basal layer, ascomata immersed in the centre of are-
oles (to 0.25 mm in diam.), an involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall, reach-
ing down to the base and merging with the basal layer, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c.
20 µm long); on ophiolithic rocks at low elevations; widespread but rare in Europe,
including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Verrucaria slavonica Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a very poorly known species described from
Eastern Europe and reported by Servít also from the surroundings of Spotorno in
Liguria. – It: Lig.
Verrucaria slovaca Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with a spreading, hemiendolithic, whit-
ish thallus, nally hemispherically protruding ascomata (to c. 0.35 mm in diam.)
often with a thalline annulus and separated by a cleft from the thallus, an adpressed
involucrellum reaching down to the base of the perithecium, and oblong to ellipsoid
ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); on rather shaded surfaces of calcareous rocks in Cen-
tral Europe, with a few records from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AHP, AMa.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 579
Verrucaria sphaerospora Anzi
Syn.: Catapyrenium sphaerosporum (Anzi) Arnold, Dermatocarpon anzianum Servít,
Dermatocarpon sphaerosporum (Anzi) Servít, Involucrocarpon sphaerosporum (Anzi)
Servít; incl. Endocarpon pulvinulosum Harm., Dermatocarpon pulvinulosum (Harm.)
Lettau
L – Subs.: cal, int, bry, bry-cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a very characteristic species forming
a complex of still poorly known entities growing on calciferous sandstone, often on
walls, that probably belongs to Verruculopsis. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Sw: GR, VS. Fr:
AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, HSav. It: Lomb, Piem.
Verrucaria spotornensis Servít
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a silicicolous species with an epilithic, grey, continuous
to areolate thallus, the areoles smooth to minutely verruculose and with minute dark
maculae, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to 0.4 mm in diam.), an involucrellum
adpressed to the perithecial wall und reaching down to the base of the perithecium,
and oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 25 µm long); only known from the type local-
ity at the base of the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Lig.
Verrucaria strasseri Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with an endolithic thallus becoming mi-
nutely granulose with age, ascomata (to c. 0.4 mm in diam.) with a attened ostiolar
region not exceeding the thallus, a poorly developed, adpressed involucrellum, and
oblong ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); on calcareous conglomerate; only known from
the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
Verrucaria subcincta Nyl.
Syn.: ?Verrucaria cincta Hepp non Fée
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a calcicolous species of the V. muralis-group, with
a very thin, whitish thallus, ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.), a dimidiate involucrellum,
and ellipsoid to oblong ascospores (to c. 20 µm long); rare throughout Central Europe,
with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: N. Fr: Sav, HSav.
Verrucaria subdolosa Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species resembling V. dolosa, with a spreading,
thin, olive-grey, continuous to subrimulose, minutely verruculose to granular thallus,
hemispherically protruding to subsessile ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.), an involucrel-
lum reaching down to the base of the perithecium and there spreading, and ellipsoid
ascospores (exceeding 25 µm in length); on calcareous rocks at low elevations; here and
there throughout Central Europe, with scattered records from the Alps. – Au: V. It:
Frl, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
580
Verrucaria subintegra Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: this calcicolous species diers from V. acrotella in
several morphological characters and in the ecology. – Au: O. Fr: AMa.
Verrucaria submersella Servít
Syn.: Verrucaria submersa Schaer. non Borrer
L # – Subs.: sil-aqu, cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: closely related to V. elaeomelaena and V.
funckii, but diering in several morphological characters, this freshwater lichen needs
further study. – Au: T, S, St, O, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: SG. Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Lomb.
Verrucaria subtilis Müll. Arg.
Syn.: Amphoridium subtile (Müll. Arg.) Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species resembling in habitus V. caesiopsila, with
a mainly endolithic to very thin epilithic, continuous, brown-grey thallus, the black
perithecia (0.2–0.3 mm in diam.) semi-immersed in the rock, more or less spherical,
the wall black-brown throughout, 8-spored asci, and ellipsoid to obovoid, simple as-
cospores (20–25 × 10–13 µm); on dolomite, only known from the type locality in the
Eastern Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
Verrucaria subtruncatula B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling V. caerulea but with larger as-
cospores, a thin, whitish, rimulose thallus, innate ascomata with a truncate apex (to 0.5
mm in diam.), a dimidiate involucrellum, and oblong ascospores (even exceeding 30
µm in length); on calcareous stones at low elevations; rare throughout Europe, includ-
ing the Alps. – Au: N. Fr: Drô.
Verrucaria tabacina (A. Massal.) Trevis.
Syn.: Lithocia tabacina A. Massal.
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of calcareous rocks reported from several
localities in Central Europe; it has been frequently considered as a synonym of V. nigre-
scens and its distribution is therefore poorly known. – Au: N. Ge: Ge. Sw: GR. It: Ven.
Verrucaria tapetica Körb.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a spreading, bluish-grey to brownish, ri-
mose to areolate thallus, relatively small, immersed ascomata, and ellipsoid ascospores
(to c. 25 µm long); on siliceous boulders in sunny places, often together with Sarcogyne
privigna; here and there in Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Verrucaria tectorum (A. Massal.) Körb.
Syn.: Lithocia tectorum A. Massal., Verrucaria viridula (Schrad.) Ach. f. tectorum (A.
Massal.) J.R. Laundon
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: mainly on man-made substrata, including mortar
walls. frequently confused with V. macrostoma f. furfuracea, which is sorediate and not
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 581
isidiate, and has a thicker thallus (see Roux et al. 2014). – Au: K, St. Sw: GR. Fr: AHP,
AMa, Drô, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria terminalis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thin, brownish-white, rimose
to areolate thallus forming patches to 2 cm in diam., hemispherically protruding asco-
mata (to 0.3 mm in diam.), an entire involucrellum, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 25 µm
long); only known from the type locality at the base of the Western Alps (Italy). – It: Lig.
Verrucaria transfugiens Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a calcicolous species with a thallus forming spread-
ing, whitish-grey patches, entirely immersed ascomata (to 0.5 mm in diam.) without
involucrellum, the perithecial wall dark brown throughout, and ellipsoid ascospores
(to c. 25 µm long); in Europe here and there, with scattered records from the Alps, but
perhaps not always distinguished. – Au: S, O, N. Fr: AHP.
Verrucaria transiliens (Arnold) Lettau
Syn.: Amphoridium transiliens Arnold
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on calcareous pebbles (e.g. on calciferous sandstone)
near the ground, especially in clearings of woodlands and on track sides; probably
overlooked, or confused with similar species, and perhaps more widespread in the Alps.
– Au: V, St, O, N. It: Frl, Piem.
Verrucaria triglavensis Servít
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a calcicolous species with a mainly endolithic thal-
lus emerging only as brown dots or patches, conically to hemispherically protruding
ascomata (to c. 0.3 mm in diam.), a thick, adpressed involucrellum reaching down
about a third of the perithecium, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); only
known from the Eastern Alps (Austria and Slovenia). – Au: O. Sl: SlA.
Verrucaria truncigena Breuss
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling V. ulmi, but perithecia with
an entire involucrellum, and ascospores smaller (only somewhat exceeding 20 µm in
length); on bark Fagus in a humid mixed forest, so far only known from the type local-
ity in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: O.
Verrucaria tuerkii Breuss
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species with a thin, greenish-grey, spreading thallus,
ascomata at rst immersed but later hemispherically protruding with the naked, black
apex (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.), an adpressed involucrellum reaching down to the base of
the perithecium and there somewhat spreading, and oblong to ellipsoid ascospores (to
c. 30 µm long); on bark Fagus in a humid mixed forest, so far only known from type
locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
582
Verrucaria tunicata Müll. Arg.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thin, spreading, ochraceous, nally
rimose-areolate thallus, immersed to subsessile perithecia (to 0.5 mm in diam.) covered
by a thalline layer, and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose ascospores (to c. 25 µm long or
even longer); on metamorphic schists, only known from the type locality in the West-
ern Alps (Switzerland). – Sw: VS.
Verrucaria ulmi Breuss
L # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a thin thallus forming small blackish
patches, hemispherically protruding ascomata (to 0.35 mm in diam.) laterally covered
by a thin thalline layer, a tightly adpressed involucrellum reaching the base of the
perithecium, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 30 µm long); on bark of deciduous trees
(e.g. Ulmus), with a few records, all from Central Europe, including the Eastern Alps
(Austria). – Au: St, N.
Verrucaria umbrinula Nyl.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a silicicolous species with a dark olive to black-
ish, granulose to scurfy thallus, black ascomata (to c. 0.25 mm in diam.), and oblong
ascospores (to c. 20 µm long), based on a type from Northern Finland; from the Alps
there are some scattered records, but conspecicity with material from Central Europe
needs conrmation. – Au: T, K. Sw: BE, VS.
Verrucaria valpellinensis B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a silicicolous species with a rather thin, brownish black
thallus of 0.2–0,3 mm wide, at areolae forming irregular patches (2–3 cm in diam.),
without a visible hypothallus, black subglobose perithecia which are isolated on in
groups of 2–3, the apex subumbilicate near the ostiole, the wall black throughout,
a I+ red hymenium, 8-spored asci, and ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, simple, hyaline
ascospores measuring 15–18 × 8–9 µm; only known from the type locality at 2,400 m
in Valle d’Aosta (Italy). – It: VA.
Verrucaria varigottiana B. de Lesd.
L # – Subs.: ?cal – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a species with a thin thallus, sometimes continu-
ous, sometimes of minute, scattered, dot-like units, forming irregular patches (1–1.5
cm in diam.), black, shiny, semi-immersed, irregularly globose perithecia (c. 0.1 mm
in diam.) with a continuous black wall, indistinct paraphyses, and simple, hyaline ob-
long to ellipsoid ascospores (16–18 × 9–11 µm); only reported from the type locality
(Saracene castle of Varigotti, Liguria). At least an isotype could be located in the Herb.
Sbarbaro (GDOR). – It: Lig.
Verrucaria veronensis A. Massal.
Syn.: Amphoridium veronense (A. Massal.) A. Massal.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 583
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species of calcareous rocks and dolomite, reported
from several localities in Southern and Central Europe, with some scattered records
from the Alps. – Au: V, T, N. Fr: HSav, Vau. It: Ven, TAA.
Verrucaria vicinalis Arnold
Syn.: elidium vicinale (Arnold) Servít
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a calcicolous species resembling V. eusebii (syn. V.
amylacea Hepp), with a very thin thallus indicated by bluish patches, and medium-
sized perithecia with a dimidiate involucrellum; widespread in the mountains of Eu-
rope (Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees), with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Fr:
Sav. It: Frl, TAA.
Verrucaria vindobonensis Zschacke
Syn.: Verrucaria vindobonensis Zschacke var. prominula Servít
L # – Subs.: cal, ?sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a thin, olive-grey, rimose thallus
forming patches of c. 1 cm in diam., ascomata (to c. 0.3 mm in diam.) immersed in
the centre of the areoles and only slightly protruding, involucrellum adpressed to the
perithecial wall and reaching down about one third of the perithecium, and oblong
ascospores (hardly reaching 25 µm in length); on limestone at low elevations (records
from siliceous rocks need re-evaluation); apparently widespread but perhaps not always
distinguished; in the study area reported only from the Eastern (Austria) and the West-
ern (Liguria) Alps. – Au: N. It: Lig.
Verrucaria viridula (Schrad.) Ach.
Syn.: Amphoridium leightonii (A. Massal.) Arnold, Amphoridium viridulum (Schrad.)
Servít, Endocarpon viridulum Schrad., Verrucaria griseorubens Mig., Verrucaria leightonii
A. Massal. non Hepp, Verrucaria obductilis (Nyl.) Zschacke, Verrucaria polygonia Körb.
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: an early coloniser of calciferous substrata, most
common on small pebbles, also in urban areas (e.g. on roong tiles); easily mistaken
for V. macrostoma; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, UR. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Verrucaria wolferi Zschacke
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 4 – Note: a species with a thin, smooth, glossy, bronze-
coloured thallus, protruding ascomata (to 0.35 mm in diam.), a tightly adpressed in-
volucrellum reaching down to the base of the perithecium, and broadly ellipsoid to
subglobose ascospores (to c. 12 µm long); on calcareous stones along a creek, only
known from the type locality in Switzerland. – Sw: GR.
Verrucaria xylophila Croz.
L # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a granular, grey-brown thallus, black
and somewhat protruding ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.), an adpressed involucrellum,
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
584
and globose to subglobose ascospores (c. 10 µm in diam.); on wood near a stream, so
far only known from the type locality in the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HSav.
Verrucaria xyloxena Norman
Syn.: Involucrothele velutinoides (Hellb.) Servít, elidium velutinoides (Hellb.) Servít,
Verrucaria acrotella Ach. f. terrestris Arnold, Verrucaria oerkei Trevis., Verrucaria mel-
aenella Vain., Verrucaria terrestris (Arnold) Vain. non (. Fr.) Tuck., Verrucaria velu-
tinoides Hellb.
L – Subs.: ter-sil, ter-cal – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on calciferous soil, often associated with
acrocarpous mosses, mostly in upland areas but usually below the alpine belt; in the
study area hitherto reported from the Eastern Alps only (Austria, Italy), but easy to
overlook, and perhaps more widespread. – Au: K, St, O, N. It: TAA.
Verrucaria zschackei Riedl
Syn.: Verrucaria aethiobola Wahlenb. f. calcarea Arnold, Verrucaria calcaria Zschacke
non V. calcarea (L.) Humb. nec C. Knight
L # – Subs.: cal-aqu – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species close to V. hydrela, with a spreading,
smooth, glossy thallus which is somewhat rimose around the fruiting bodies, hemi-
spherically protruding ascomata (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.) covered by a thalline layer,
involucrellum adpressed to the perithecial wall and reaching down to the base of the
perithecium, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 20 µm long); on calcareous rocks along
streams, widespread in Central Europe, with scattered records from the Alps. – Au: St,
O, N. Fr: AMa, Drô, Vau. Sl: SlA.
Verrucula arnoldaria Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 2 – Note: a rare species with a thick, brownish-grey thallus
of convex to subspherical areoles (or conserving the shape of the host thallus) covered
by a crystalline pruina, and ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 15 µm long); lichenicolous on
Caloplaca arnoldii on calcareous rocks or schists containing some calcium; widespread
in SW Europe, including a record from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Vau.
Verrucula biatorinaria (Zehetl.) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria biatorinaria Zehetl.
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with a thick, grey-brown thallus forming
patches of up to 3 cm in diam. consisting of verrucose to subsquamulose areoles, and
ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 15 µm long); a lichenicolous lichen on Caloplaca biatorina
at high elevations; widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, including the Alps, but
altogether rare; apparently somehow more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps.
– Au: K. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Verrucula clauzadaria Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sax-par – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a recently-described parasite on Caloplaca clau-
zadeana, perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Fr: Vau.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 585
Verrucula coccinearia (Zehetl.) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria coccinearia Zehetl.
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rare species with a grey to brown thallus consist-
ing of a few, thin areoles forming small isles (to c. 2 mm in diam.) on the thallus of the
host lichen, with subglobose to globose ascospores (to c. 12 µm in diam.); with its host
Caloplaca coccinea on limestone, mainly at high elevations; so far known from a few
localities in the Alps, but perhaps overlooked. – Au: St. Sw: VS. It: Piem.
Verrucula elegantaria (Zehetl.) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria elegantaria Zehetl.
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: parasitic on Xanthoria elegans, certainly more
widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, S, St. Fr: AHP. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem.
Verrucula granulosaria (Clauzade & Zehetl.) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria granulosaria Clauzade & Zehetl.
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: parasitic on Caloplaca granulosa, certainly more
widespread in the Alps, mainly at low elevations. – Fr: AHP, Vau.
Verrucula helvetica (B. de Lesd.) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Dermatocarpon helveticum (B. de Lesd.) Frey, Endopyrenium helveticum B. de
Lesd., Verrucaria helveticorum Zehetl. non Verrucaria helvetica B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: parasitic on Caloplaca cirrochroa; certainly more
widespread in the Alps, but largely overlooked. – Au: St. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa, Vau.
Verrucula inconnexaria Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: parasitic on Caloplaca inconnexa, hitherto known
only from the Western Alps (France), but perhaps more widespread. – Fr: HSav, Var.
Verrucula lactearia Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 2 – Note: a rare species with a thick, brownish-grey thallus
forming small isles of about 2–4 mm in diam. on the host lichen, with ellipsoid as-
cospores (to c. 15 µm long); a lichenicolous lichen on Caloplaca lactea on calcareous
pebbles; widespread in SW Europe, including the Western Alps (France). – Fr: Var.
Verrucula latericola (Erichsen) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria latericola Erichsen
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a lichenicolous lichen on members of the Calo-
placa saxicola-group, especially C. pusilla, probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au:
B. Fr: AHP.
Verrucula microspora Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a rare species with a thick, brownish thallus con-
sisting of polygonal areoles and forming small isles (c. 2–4 mm in diam.) on the host
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586
lichen, with ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 10 µm long); a lichenicolous lichen on Caloplaca
dalmatica on calcareous rocks; widespread in SW Europe, with a few records from the
Western Alps (France). – Fr: AHP, AMa.
Verrucula polycarparia Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 2 – Note: parasitic on Caloplaca polycarpa; in the study area so
far only reported from the Western Alps (France), but perhaps more widespread. – Fr:
AMa.
Verrucula protearia (Zehetl.) Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria protearia Zehetl.
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: parasitic on Caloplaca proteus. – Au: T, St. Ge:
OB. Sw: GR. Fr: HSav. It: TAA.
Verrucula pusillaria Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: parasitic on Caloplaca pusilla. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var.
Verruculopsis avescentaria Gueidan, Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: parasitic on Caloplaca avescens, this species
has a narrower range than its host, as it mostly occurs in rather shaded situations; in
the study area so far only reported from the Western Alps (France), but perhaps more
widespread. – Fr: AHP, AMa, Var, Vau.
Verruculopsis lecideoides (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux var. lecideoides
Syn.: rombium lecideoides A. Massal., Verrucaria lecideoides (A. Massal.) Trevis.
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on calciferous rocks, mostly limestone and dolomite,
but also on base-rich siliceous substrata, in exposed situations (e.g. on the top of iso-
lated boulders); apparently more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. See also
note on Verrucaria beltraminiana. – Au: N. Sw: BE, GR, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Verruculopsis lecideoides (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux var. minuta (Hepp)
ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Verrucaria lecideoides (A. Massal.) Trevis. var. minuta Hepp, Verrucaria minuta
(Hepp) Zschacke
L – Subs.: sil, int, cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a variety with smaller (about half the size as
in V. lecideoides), brownish to blackish areoles, and somewhat smaller ascospores; not
consistently distinguished, but apparently widespread in Europe, including the Alps. –
Au: T. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Verruculopsis poeltiana (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Gueidan, Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Verrucaria poeltiana Clauzade & Cl. Roux
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 587
L – Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: parasitic on Caloplaca aurantia; in the study area
so far only reported from the Western Alps (France), but perhaps more widespread, at
low elevations. – Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Vezdaea aestivalis (Ohlert) Tscherm.-Woess & Poelt
Syn.: Biatora aestivalis (Ohlert) Lindau, Catillaria byssacea Vězda, Lecidea aestivalis
Ohlert, Pachyascus byssaceus (Vězda) Vězda
L – Subs.: cor, bry, par, sil, deb – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean-
Atlantic, ephemeral species found on epiphytic bryophytes, mosses, plant debris, soil,
much more rarely on mossy trunks of deciduous trees with a base-rich bark. Being
inconspicuous, and likely to be confused with the much more common Bilimbia sabu-
letorum, this species might be more widespread, but is certainly not common in the
Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, N. Ge: OB. Sw: GL, GR, SG, SZ. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: Frl.
Vezdaea dawsoniae Döbbeler
L – Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species resembling V. stipitata, with a distinct cy-
lindrical stipe, based on a type from Papua New Guinea (conspecicity of European
specimens in need of re-evaluation); on leaves and uppermost parts of branches of
evergreen shrubs (e.g. Buxus) in the understory of broad-leaved forests in very humid,
winter-mild sites, with a few records from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa, Isè.
Vezdaea retigera Poelt & Döbbeler
L – Subs.: ter-cal, bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species with a thallus composed of gonio-
cysts provided with short hyphal spines, brown apothecia (to 0.35 mm in diam.) with
a rough surface when moist, branched and anastomosing interascal laments forming
loose envelopes around the asci, and hyaline, simple, ellipsoid ascospores (to c. 20 µm
long); on soil and moribund bryophytes, widespread in the Northern Hemisphere but
rarely collected, probably due to its minute size, with a few records from the Alps. –
Au: T, K, St, N. Sw: BE.
Vezdaea rheocarpa Poelt & Döbbeler
L – Subs.: bry, cor-bry – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with a thallus composed of gonio-
cysts provided with long hyphal spines, translucent to grey, at apothecia, branched
interascal laments (mostly shorter than the asci), and hyaline, simple, ellipsoid as-
cospores (to c. 20 µm long) with a nally verrucose perispore; on bryophytes and plant
debris, mostly in deciduous forests; widespread in the Northern Hemisphere but rarely
collected, probably due to its minute size, with scattered records from the Alps. – Au:
St. Sw: SG, UW. Fr: AHP.
Vezdaea stipitata Poelt & Döbbeler
L – Subs.: bry, par, cor-bry, xyl-bry – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species resembling V. leprosa
but lacking goniocysts, with a thallus forming an indistinct granular layer, slightly
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588
brownish, stipitate apothecia (to c. 0.2 mm high and wide) recalling those of a min-
ute calicioid lichen, the stipe (to c. 80 µm in diam.) composed of subparallel hyphae,
scarce and indistinct interascal laments, and hyaline, obovoid, 1-septate ascospores
(to c. 15 µm long) with slightly unequal cells. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw: U W.
Violella fucata (Stirt.) T. Sprib.
Syn.: Lecidea fucata Stirt., Megalospora fucata (Stirt.) H. Olivier, Mycoblastus fucatus
(Stirt.) Zahlbr., Mycoblastus sterilis Coppins & P. James
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate lichen found on bark in humid
montane woodlands; perhaps overlooked in the Southern and Western Alps, being
mostly sterile. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR,
LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. It: TAA. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Vulpicida juniperinus (L.) J.-E. Mattsson & M.J. Lai
Syn.: Cetraria juniperina (L.) Ach., Cetraria juniperina (L.) Ach. var. tubulosa Schaer.,
Cetraria tilesii auct. non Ach., Cetraria tubulosa (Schaer.) Zopf, Lichen juniperinus L.,
Tuckermannopsis juniperina (L.) Hale, Vulpicida tubulosus (Schaer.) J.-E. Mattsson &
M.J. Lai
L – Subs.: ter-cal, deb, cor – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: this mainly subarctic-subalpine to bo-
real-montane species is found on calciferous mineral soil in dry Alpine grasslands and
on wind-exposed ridges, more rarely on the twigs of shrubs; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI,
UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E. Mattsson & M.J. Lai var. pinastri
Syn.: Cetraria caperata sensu Vain., Cetraria juniperina (L.) Ach. var. pinastri (Scop.)
Ach., Cetraria pinastri (Scop.) Gray, Lichen pinastri Scop., Platysma pinastri (Scop.)
Frege, Tuckermannopsis pinastri (Scop.) Hale
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, sil – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a subarctic-subalpine to boreal-montane,
circumpolar species found on basal parts of trunks, especially of conifers, and on twigs
with a long snow cover, often associated with Parmeliopsis, with optimum near treeline;
widespread and common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J. Lai var. soralifera (Frey) J.-E.
Mattsson
Syn.: Cetraria caperata Vain. var. soralifera Frey
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a variety with laminal, roundish soralia, mostly on
bark; widespread in the Holarctic Region, in Europe most common in Scandinavia,
with several records from the Swiss Alps only. – Sw: BE, GR, UW, VS.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 589
Waynea adscendens V.J. Rico
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic species found on the bark
of more or less isolated, old broad-leaved trees in very humid areas, with a few records
from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa, Drô, Vau.
Waynea stoechadiana (Abbassi Maaf & Cl. Roux) Cl. Roux & P. Clerc
Syn.: Hypocenomyce stoechadiana Abbassi Maaf & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Macaronesian species found on
ancient specimens of Olea and Quercus ilex in warm-humid areas, also reported from
the base of the Western Alps (France). – Fr: AMa.
Xalocoa ocellata (Fr.) Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch
Syn.: Diploschistes ocellatus (Fr.) Norman, Lecanora villarsii Ach., Parmelia ocellata Fr.,
Urceolaria ocellata (Fr.) DC., Urceolaria villarsii (Ach.) Boistel
L – Subs.: cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate to Mediterranean lichen
found on limestone, dolomite and calciferous sandstone, more rarely on soil; appar-
ently more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. – Sw: BE, VD, VS. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Xanthomendoza fallax (Hepp) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S.Y. Kondr.
Syn.: Lecanora candelaria (L.) Ach. var. substellaris Ach., Physcia ulophylla (Wallr.)
Lamy, Placodium fallax Hepp, Xanthoria fallax (Hepp) Arnold, Xanthoria substellaris
(Ach.) Vain., Xanthoria ulophylla (Wallr.) Arnold
L – Subs.: sil, cal, int – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: this mainly northern to montane species
mainly grows on siliceous or calcareous rocks. Most records of X. fallax from the Alps
are from bark, and refer to the mainly epiphytic X. huculica (see note on that species).
ere is an open nomenclatural problem with this species, as the purported basionym,
Physcia fallax Hepp ex Arnold, is a later homonym of Physcia fallax (Weber) DC.
(1805). – Au: ?Au. It: Frl, Lomb.
Xanthomendoza fulva (Hom.) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S.Y. Kondr.
Syn.: Gallowayella fulva (Hom.) S.Y. Kondr., N.M. Fedorenko, S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt,
Elix, Hur & A. ell, Lobaria fulva Hom., Oxneria fulva (Hom.) S.Y. Kondr. &
Kärnefelt, Xanthoria candelaria (L.) . Fr. f. fulva (Hom.) Zahlbr., Xanthoria fulva
(Hom.) Poelt & Petut., Xanthoria ligustica M. Steiner ex Poelt nom. sol.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: most frequent on isolated deciduous trees along
roads in continental valleys of the Alps; often confused with X. huculica in the past,
and with a similar ecology, but perhaps more xerophytic. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SG, SZ, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, Isè, HSav. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
590
Xanthomendoza huculica (S.Y. Kondr.) Diederich
Syn.: Oxneria huculica S.Y. Kondr., Xanthoria fallax auct. non (Hepp) Arnold
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a recently-described epiphytic species diering from
X. fallax in the much larger lobes with numerous rhizines, the narrower spores with
shorter septum, and in the ecology (epiphytic versus saxicolous). Most records of epi-
phytic X. fallax belong here. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR,
GL, GR, LU, SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Xanthomendoza oregana (Gyeln.) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S.Y. Kondr.
Syn.: Xanthoria oregana Gyeln., Xanthoria poeltii S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species resembling X. fulva, forming attened rosettes
with lobes (to 1 mm wide) provided with rhizines, nally ascending and richly branched,
the crenulate margins giving raise to blastidia and soralia on the lower side, apothecia
rare but quite often with pycnidia containing conidia of variable shapes, often misi-
dentied for other xanthorioid species; based on a type from Western North America
where the species is fairly common, also widespread in Europe (most records under the
synonym X. poeltii), with a few records from the Western Alps (France). – Fr: HAl, AHP.
Xanthomendoza ulophyllodes (Räsänen) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S.Y. Kondr.
Syn.: Oxneria ulophyllodes (Räsänen) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, Physcia lychnea (Ach.)
Nyl. f. stenophylla Harm., Xanthoria stenophylla (Harm.) B. de Lesd., Xanthoria substel-
laris (Ach.) Vain. var. isidiigera Räsänen, Xanthoria ulophyllodes Räsänen
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on isolated trees, often near the base of the trunks along
roads, formerly often confused with X. huculica. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB,
Schw. Sw: GL, GR, TI, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Xanthoparmelia angustiphylla (Gyeln.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia angustiphylla (Gyeln.) Gyeln., Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach.
var. angustiphylla Gyeln.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a southern species in Europe, found on siliceous
boulders perhaps better treated as a subspecies of X. conspersa (see Roux et al. 2014:
1279). – Fr: AMa, Var, Vau. It: VA, Lig.
Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale
Syn.: Imbricaria conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) DC., Lichen conspersus Ehrh. ex Ach., Parme-
lia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach., Parmelia subconspersa Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, ter-sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on siliceous rocks wetted by rain, including
pebbles near the ground, with a wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR,
VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem,
VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 591
Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia (Gyeln.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia subconspersa Nyl. var. cumberlandia Gyeln.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1 – Note: on siliceous rocks wetted by rain; perhaps more wide-
spread in the dry valleys of the Alps. – It: VA, Lig.
Xanthoparmelia felkaensis (Gyeln.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. var. alpigena Suza, Parmelia conspersa
(Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. var. felkaensis Gyeln.
L # – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a non-isidiate silicicolous species of the X. stenophylla-
group, forming pulvinate thalli with short imbricate lobes, a brown to black lower sur-
face, and crenate black margins becoming lobulated with age; widespread in Europe, but
not always distinguished, with records also from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Xanthoparmelia loxodes (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
Syn.: Neofuscelia loxodes (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia glabrizans Flagey, Parmelia isidiotyla
Nyl., Parmelia loxodes Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil, cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mainly temperate, common species of basic
siliceous rocks, occurring also in urban areas, with a slightly suboceanic distribution in
Europe. – Au: T, S, St. Sw: BE, FR, GR, UR, VS. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Frl,
TAA, Lomb, Lig.
Xanthoparmelia mougeotii (Schaer. ex D. Dietr.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia mougeotii Schaer. ex D. Dietr.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, circumpolar species found
on hard siliceous rocks, often near the ground, e.g. on pebbles; probably more wide-
spread in the Alps, but never common. – Fr: AMa, HSav, Var. It: Lomb, VA.
Xanthoparmelia pokornyi (Körb.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. &
Lumbsch
Syn.: Neofuscelia pokornyi (Körb.) Essl., Parmelia pokornyi (Körb.) Szatala, Parmelia
pulla Ach. var. pokornyi (Körb.) Türk & Breuss
L – Subs.: sil-ter – Alt.: 2 – Note: a mainly terricolous species of steppe-like habitats,
closely related to X. pulla, with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Au: T. Fr:
AHP, Vau.
Xanthoparmelia protomatrae (Gyeln.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia protomatrae Gyeln., Xanthoparmelia somloensis (Gyeln.) Hale var. proto-
matrae (Gyeln.) R. Sant.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: on weathered siliceous rocks, mostly near the ground;
apparently more frequent in the Southern and Western Alps. – Au: T, St, N. Fr: AHP,
HAl, AMa, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
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592
Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
subsp. pulla var. pulla
Syn.: Neofuscelia pulla (Ach.) Essl., Neofuscelia pulla (Ach.) Essl. var. locarnensis (Zopf
ex Rosend.) Hafellner, Parmelia locarnensis Zopf ex Rosend., Parmelia prolixa (Ach.)
Röhl., Parmelia pulla Ach., Parmelia pulla Ach. var. locarnensis (Zopf ex Rosend.) Clau-
zade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a mainly temperate to Mediterranean species found
on exposed siliceous rocks, including pebbles, exceptionally also on limestone. Some
records could refer to other, morphologically similar but chemically dierent taxa. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Isè,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
subsp. pulla var. delisei (Duby) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Neofuscelia delisei (Duby) Essl., Parmelia delisei (Duby) Nyl., Parmelia olivacea
var. delisei Duby, Parmelia pulla Ach. var. delisei (Duby) H. Magn., Xanthoparmelia
delisei (Duby) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: on base-rich siliceous rocks. Perhaps this may be the
primary, sexually reproducing species of X. loxodes, chemically dierent from the typi-
cal variety, and probably often confused with it. – Au: T, St. Sw: TI. Fr: Isè, Var, Vau.
It: TAA, Lomb, Piem VA, Lig.
Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
subsp. pulla var. glabrans (Nyl.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Neofuscelia glabrans (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia glabrans Nyl., Parmelia pulla Ach. sub-
sp. glabrans (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Xanthoparmelia glabrans (Nyl.) O. Blanco,
A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1 – Note: on siliceous rocks. Diering from the typical variety in
the presence of collatolic and alectoronic acids. – Fr: Vau. It: TAA, VA.
Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumb-
sch subsp. pulla var. perrugata (Nyl.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art.
36.1b)
Syn.: Neofuscelia perrugata (Nyl.) Elix, Parmelia perrugata Nyl., Xanthoparmelia perru-
gata (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
L – Subs.: sil, cal – Alt.: 2 – Note: a boreal to (mainly) Mediterranean lichen found
on exposed siliceous rocks, including pebbles, exceptionally also on limestone; in the
past it has been frequently confused with other taxa of the X. pulla-group. – Au: ?B. It:
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 593
Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
subsp. luteonotata (J. Steiner) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Neofuscelia luteonotata (J. Steiner) Essl., Parmelia luteonotata J. Steiner, Xantho-
parmelia luteonotata (J. Steiner) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean lichen of sun-exposed sili-
ceous rocks wetted by rain, occurring also in dry-warm sites of the Alps. – It: TAA, Lig.
Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Ahti & D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. var. stenophylla Ach., Parmelia molliuscula
auct. non Ach., Parmelia somloensis Gyeln., Parmelia stenophylla (Ach.) Heugel, Par-
melia subdiuens (Hale) Cogt, Parmelia taractica auct. non Kremp., Xanthoparmelia
somloensis (Gyeln.) Hale, Xanthoparmelia subdiuens Hale, Xanthoparmelia taractica
auct. non (Kremp.) Hale
L – Subs.: sil, ter – Alt.: 1–6 – Note: on weathered siliceous rocks and mineral soil in
open, dry situations, with a very wide altitudinal range; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Xanthoparmelia sublaevis (Cout.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. var. hypoclista Nyl., Parmelia hypoclista
(Nyl.) Klem., Parmelia sublaevis Cout.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on siliceous rocks wetted by rain; hitherto known
from the Mediterranean region and the dry-warm valleys of the Alps. – Fr: AMa. It:
TAA, VA.
Xanthoparmelia tinctina (Maheu & A. Gillet) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. subsp. tinctina (Maheu & A. Gillet)
Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. var. isidiosa Nyl., Par-
melia tinctina Maheu & A. Gillet, Parmelia tokajensis Gyeln.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a mainly southern species found on siliceous rocks
(including serpentine) in sunny situations, common in the Mediterranean belt, but
also occurring in dry-warm Alpine valleys. – Sw: VS. Fr: AMa, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Xanthoparmelia verrucigera (Nyl.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. var. isidiophora Trevis., Parmelia con-
spersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach. var. verrucigera (Nyl.) Boistel, Parmelia isidiigera (Müll.
Arg.) Vain. f. ligustica Gyeln., Parmelia lusitana Nyl., Parmelia pseudoservitiana Gyeln.,
Parmelia servitiana Gyeln., Parmelia tarpatakensis Gyeln., Parmelia verrucigera Nyl.,
Xanthoparmelia lusitana (Nyl.) Krog
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
594
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on siliceous rocks; related to X. conspersa, but chemi-
cally dierent (stictic acid, lusitana-unknown, lacking norstictic acid); in the study area
so far reported from the Southern Alps only (Italy). – It: Frl, Ven, VA, Lig.
Xanthoparmelia verruculifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. &
Lumbsch
Syn.: Neofuscelia verruculifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia glomellifera (Nyl.) Nyl., Parmelia
loxodes Nyl. var. verruculifera (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Parmelia massalongoana
Gyeln., Parmelia olivacea (L.) Ach. var. leucocheila A. Massal., Parmelia prolixa (Ach.)
Carroll var. glomellifera Nyl., Parmelia verruculifera Nyl.
L – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: on base-rich, sometimes slightly calciferous siliceous
rocks, mostly on horizontal faces, this species is characterised by the presence of di-
varicatic, rarely of stenosporic acids. Related to X. loxodes, but with a less suboceanic
distribution in Europe – Au: V, T, S, K, St, N, B. Sw: GR, TI, UR, VS. Fr: HAl, AMa,
Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig.
Xanthoria calcicola Oxner
Syn.: Xanthoria aureola auct. non (Ach.) Erichsen, Xanthoria ectaneoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. non
sensu Lindblom & Ekman, Xanthoria parietina (L.) . Fr. var. aureola auct. non (Ach.)
. Fr., Xanthoria parietina (L.) . Fr. subsp. calcicola (Oxner) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a mainly Mediterranean to mild-temperate li-
chen found on the top of isolated calcareous and basic siliceous boulders; in strongly
eutrophicated situations it can occasionally overgrow bryophytes and plant remains. –
Au: St. T. Sw: LU. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Isè, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb,
Piem, VA, Lig.
Xanthoria elegans (Link) . Fr. subsp. elegans
Syn.: Amphiloma elegans (Link) Körb., Caloplaca dissidens (Nyl.) Mérat, Caloplaca el-
egans (Link) . Fr., Caloplaca elegans (Link) . Fr. var. tenuis (Wahlenb.) . Fr.,
Caloplaca tegularis (Ehrh.) Sandst. non auct., Lichen elegans Link, Placodium dissidens
Nyl., Placodium elegans (Link) DC., Rusavskia elegans (Link) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt
L – Subs.: cal, sil, int, bry, xyl, deb – Alt.: 2–6 – Note: a northern holarctic species
found both on natural rock outcrops and on man-made substrata (especially tiles),
mostly in upland areas, descending to lower elevations in continental sites; in strongly
eutrophicated situations it can occasionally overgrow bryophytes and plant remains;
widespread and locally common throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, GL, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Xanthoria elegans (Link) . Fr. subsp. orbicularis (Schaer.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Parmelia elegans (Link) Ach. var. orbicularis Schaer. nom.illeg.!, Xanthoria elegans
(Link) . Fr. var. ectaniza sensu Clauzade & Rondon non (Nyl.) Clauzade & Rondon
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 595
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a name applied to morphs with at, relatively wide
(2–3 mm) but short lobes, not consistently distinguished; on rocks at high altitudes;
distribution incompletely documented but evidently rather common and widespread
in the Alps; the purported basionym is illegitimate. – Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Sav, HSav.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Piem.
Xanthoria elegans (Link) . Fr. var. granulifera Giralt, Nimis & Poelt
Syn.: Rusavskia granulifera (Giralt, Nimis & Poelt) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a northern taxon growing together with subspecies
elegans, hitherto only known from the Eastern Alps. – Au: St, N.
Xanthoria hafellneri S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt
L # – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a rare species resembling X. domogledensis, with
individual thalli (to 25 mm in diam.) in dense populations, marginal lobes convex
and hollow, lacking rhizines, towards the centre with a wrinkled upper cortex soon
breaking up in coalescing schizidioid masses; on mountain tops of calcareous rocks in
exposed sites (high-alpine summits), only known from the type locality in the Eastern
Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
Xanthoria nowakii S.Y. Kondr. & Bielczyk
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a rare species recalling Polycauliona candelaria but of so
far unresolved relationships, forming small thalli consisting of narrow, nally ascend-
ing, blastidiate lobes; on vertical faces of rocks containing some calcium; reported from
the mountains of Europe, including the Swiss Alps, at high elevations, and from South
America. – Sw: GR.
Xanthoria parietina (L.) . Fr. subsp. parietina
Syn.: Lecanora rutilans Ach., Lichen parietinus L., Parmelia parietina (L.) Ach., Par-
melia rutilans (Ach.) Ach., Physcia parietina (L.) De Not., Xanthoria ectanea (Ach.)
Räsänen, Xanthoria parietina (L.) . Fr. subsp. ectanea (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cor, xyl, cal, sil – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a common species, absent only from
heavily polluted areas; mainly epiphytic, but sometimes present on calciferous or basic
siliceous rocks; widespread throughout the Alps, with optimum in the submediterra-
nean belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: AP, BE, FR, GL, GR, LU,
SG, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl, AMa, Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Xanthoria parietina (L.) . Fr. subsp. ectanea sensu Clauzade & Cl. Roux non
(Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Xanthoria ectanea sensu Ozenda & Clauzade non (Ach.) Räsänen
L # – Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2 – Note: a taxon with an unresolved nomenclature, form-
ing thalli with narrow (to 1 mm wide), convex lobes lacking erect structures, often
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
596
fertile; on calcareous and basic siliceous rocks at low elevations; overall distribution
unknown, in the study area so far reported only from the Western Alps (France). – Fr:
AHP, AMa, Vau.
Xanthoria sorediata (Vain.) Poelt
Syn.: Caloplaca sorediata (Vain.) Du Rietz, Lecanora elegans (Link) Ach. var. sorediata
Vain., Physcia elegans (Link) De Not. var. compacta Arnold ex Nyl., Rusavskia sorediata
(Vain.) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, Xanthoria elegans (Link) . Fr. subsp. compacta (Ar-
nold ex Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Xanthoria scandinavica B. de Lesd.
L – Subs.: cal, int, sil – Alt.: 3–6 – Note: a mainly arctic-alpine, circumpolar species
found on steeply inclined to underhanging surfaces of exposed calcareous or dolomitic
boulders, sometimes also of basic siliceous rocks; widespread throughout the Alps. –
Au: V, T, S, K, St, O. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, HAl,
AMa, Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Li.
Xylographa pallens (Nyl.) Malmgren
Syn.: Xylographa parallela (Ach. : Fr.) Fr. var. pallens Nyl.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a widespread species in the Northern Hemisphere,
growing on wood, especially in exposed habitats becoming dry in summer, mainly in
montane to subalpine coniferous forests; with a few scattered records from the Alps. –
Au: K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: VS. Fr: AMa. It: TAA, Lomb.
Xylographa parallela (Ach. : Fr.) Fr.
Syn.: Hysterium abietinum Pers., Lichen parallelus Ach.:Fr., Xylographa abietina (Pers.)
Zahlbr., Xylographa incerta A. Massal., Xylographa laricicola Nyl., Xylographa minutula
Körb., Xylographa parallela (Ach.:Fr.) Fr. var. sessitana Bagl., Xylographa scaphoidea Stirt.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar
species found on hard wood, on poles, fences and on anks of decorticated boles, es-
pecially of conifers; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, TI, UR, UW, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Vau.
It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg. Li.
Xylographa soralifera Holien & Tønsberg
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a rather rare, recently-described species occurring on
lignum in upland areas; perhaps more widespread in the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St. Sw:
GR, VD. It: TAA, Lomb.
Xylographa trunciseda (. Fr.) Minks ex Redinger
Syn.: Lecidea trunciseda . Fr.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on rotting wood, mostly of conifers, certainly
more widespread in the Alps. – Au: S, K, St. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Vau.
It: TAA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 597
Xylographa vitiligo (Ach.) J.R. Laundon
Syn.: Agyrium spilomaticum Anzi, Spiloma vitiligo Ach., Xylographa corruscans Norman,
Xylographa spilomatica (Anzi) . Fr.
L – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane species found on decaying,
decorticated but still hard stumps, mostly of conifers, especially near the base, or on
fallen trunks, with optimum near treeline; widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GR, LU, SZ, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Vau. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Xylopsora caradocensis (Leight. ex Nyl.) Bendiksby & Timdal
Syn.: Bilimbia caradocensis (Leight. ex Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Hypocenomyce caradocensis
(Leight. ex Nyl.) P. James & Gotth. Schneid., Lecidea acutula Nyl., Lecidea caradocensis
Leight. ex Nyl., Psora acutula (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Toninia caradocensis (Leight. ex
Nyl.) J. Lahm
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a cool-temperate to boreal-montane lichen,
mostly found on conifers in the upper montane and subalpine belts. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR, LU, SZ, UW, VS. Fr: HAl. It: Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Xylopsora friesii (Ach.) Bendiksby & Timdal
Syn.: Hypocenomyce friesii (Ach.) P. James & Gotth. Schneid., Lecidea friesii Ach., Psora
friesii (Ach.) Hellb.
L – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane lichen found on bark
of conifers (especially Pinus) and on charred wood; perhaps more widespread in the
Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: VS. Fr: HSav. It: TAA, Lomb.
Zahlbrucknerella calcarea (Herre) Herre
Syn.: Ephebe lanata (L.) Vain. f. tenuis H. Magn., Lecanephebe meylanii Frey, Zahl-
brucknera calcarea Herre
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: on limestone and dolomite, more rarely on basic
siliceous rocks, in sheltered seepage tracks on steeply inclined surfaces; certainly more
widespread, but never common in the Alps. – Au: V, T, K, St. Ge: Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
SZ. Fr: AMa, Vau. It: TAA.
Zamenhoa hibernica (P. James & Swinscow) Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Porina hibernica P. James & Swinscow
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen found on ancient trunks,
e.g. of Quercus ilex, in shaded-humid situations, especially in humid forests. Some re-
cords could refer to Z. pseudohibernica. – Sw: GL, LU, SG, SZ, UW. Fr: AMa, Var, Vau.
Zamenhoa pseudohibernica (Tretiach) Cl. Roux & Tretiach
Syn.: Porina pseudohibernica Tretiach
L – Subs.: epiph – Alt.: 2 – Note: a recently-described species found on the shaded
bark of epiphytic bryophytes in humid forests; hitherto known from several localities
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
598
in Southern Europe; some records of Z. hibernica from the Alps could refer to this
species. – It: Frl.
Zwackhia viridis (Ach.) Poetsch & Schied.
Syn.: Graphis involuta Wallr., Opegrapha involuta (Wallr.) Jatta, Opegrapha rubella Pers.
var. viridis Ach., Opegrapha viridis (Ach.) Behlen & Desberger, Sclerographa squalida
Erichsen, Zwackhia involuta (Wallr.) Körb.
L – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found in woodlands on the
bark of broad-leaved trees, more rarely of conifers; widespread throughout the Alps,
but generally not very common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: BE, GL,
GR, LU, SZ, UR, UW, VS. Fr: AMa. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Non – or doubtfully lichenised taxa frequently treated by lichenologists
(excluding lichenicolous fungi)
Arthonia bueriana (J. Lahm) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Coniangium bueriana J. Lahm
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a rare, non-lichenised corticolous species with a
brown hypothecium reacting K+ green, whereas the hymenium reacts K+ red, known
from a few stations in the montane belt of the Alps and in Central Europe; at low alti-
tudes usually on bark of Quercus; extinct in many parts of Europe. – Au: O. It: Lomb.
Arthonia cytisi A. Massal.
Syn.: Lecideopsis cytisi (A. Massal.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: only known from the Italian Alps, on Laburnum,
Fraxinus, Pinus cembra and Ribes, this non-lichenised species is worthy of further study.
– It: Ven, Lomb, Piem.
Arthonia punctiformis Ach.
Syn.: Arthonia armoricana Nyl. f. saltelii B. de Lesd., Arthonia atomaria A. Massal.,
Arthonia celtidis A. Massal., Arthonia griseoalba Anzi, Arthonia insinuata Stirt., Ar-
thonia melantera Ach., Arthonia populina A. Massal., Arthonia punctiformis Ach. var.
glaucescens Ach., Arthonia punctiformis Ach. var. olivacea Ach., Arthonia quadriseptata
(Ohlert) Lettau, Arthonia quercuus Hepp, Arthonia stenospora Müll. Arg., Naevia ato-
maria (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Naevia celtidis (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Naevia populina
(A. Massal.) A. Massal., Opegrapha microscopica Sm.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a temperate to boreal-montane, circumpolar. doubt-
fully lichenised early coloniser of smooth bark, especially of twigs, rare in dry areas;
widespread throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, GR,
TI, VD, VS. Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Sl: SlA, Tg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 599
Arthonia tabidula Anzi
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: only known from the type collection on Pinus cembra,
this probably non-lichenised species with 6-spored asci and 3-septate ascospores with
unequal cells measuring 9–10 × 2–3 µm, is worthy of further study. – It: Lomb.
Arthopyrenia analepta (Ach.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia analeptella (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthopyrenia fallax (Nyl.) Arnold,
Arthopyrenia lapponina Anzi, Didymella fallax (Nyl.) Vain., Leiophloea fallax (Nyl.)
Riedl, Lichen analeptus Ach., Pseudosagedia fallax (Nyl.) Oxner, Verrucaria analeptella
Nyl., Verrucaria fallax (Nyl.) Nyl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a most probably non-lichenised, mainly temperate,
perhaps holarctic early coloniser of smooth bark found on twigs of deciduous trees, es-
pecially Carpinus and Corylus, but also on Quercus and Sorbus; widespread throughout
the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, FR, LU, SZ, UW, VD,
VS. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Arthopyrenia cembricola (Anzi) Lettau
Syn.: Porina cembricola (Anzi) Lettau, Sagedia cembricola Anzi
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a most likely non-lichenised species characterised by
a whitish, thin thallus, 8-spored asci, and 4-celled ascospores measuring 25–29 × 6–7
µm, whose type material, collected on Pinus cembra, well deserves further study. – It:
Lomb.
Arthopyrenia cerasi (Schrad.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia crombei A.L. Sm., Metasphaeria cerasi (Schrad.) Vain., Pseudosagedia
cerasi (Schrad.) Oxner, Pyrenula cerasi (Schrad.) Trevis., Spermatodium cerasi (Schrad.)
Trevis., Verrucaria cerasi Schrad.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a temperate early coloniser of smooth bark, found
especially in clearings of long-established deciduous woodlands near rivers, on young
twigs of e.g. Fraxinus and Corylus; most probably non-lichenised. – Au: V, S, St, N.
Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: TI. Fr: Drô, Isè, Sav, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Arthopyrenia cinerescens A. Massal.
Syn.: Arthopyreniella cinerescens (A.Massal.) Steiner, Spermatodium cinerescens (A. Mas-
sal.) Trevis.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: an early coloniser of base-rich bark, most probably
non-lichenised. e type material was growing on Fraxinus; this is the type species of
the monotypic genus Arthopyreniella, based on dierences in pycnidial apparatus. – It:
Ven, TAA. Sl: SlA.
Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa (Schaer.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia fallax (Nyl.) Arnold var. conspurcata J. Steiner, Arthopyrenia pinicola
(Hepp) A. Massal., Verrucaria cinereopruinosa Schaer.
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600
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a temperate early coloniser of smooth bark, found
especially in clearings of long-established deciduous woodlands near rivers, on young
twigs of e.g. Fraxinus and Corylus; most probably non-lichenised; widespread through-
out the Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: AMa, Isè, Sav,
Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA.
Arthopyrenia grisea (Schleich. ex Schaer.) Körb.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia pluriseptata auct. non (Nyl.) Arnold, Sagedia grisea (Schleich. ex
Schaer.) Anzi, Verrucaria epidermidis (Ach.) Ach. var. grisea Schleich. ex Schaer.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an early coloniser of smooth and acid bark, especially
of Betula, doubtfully lichenised. – Au: V, St, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GR. Fr: Sav, HSav.
It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: Tg.
Arthopyrenia molinii Beltr.
Syn.: Spermatodium molinii (Beltr.) Trevis.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species with a thin, episub-
stratic, dark thallus delimited by a black prothallus, numerous, isolated to conuent,
semi-immersed perithecia surrounded at the base by a black ring, 8-spored, clavate
asci, and linear-elliptical, subclavate, 5–7-septate (constricted at the septa), hyaline
ascospores which are 3–4 times as long as wide; only known from the type collection
on Fraxinus ornus near Bassano del Grappa. – It: Ven.
Arthopyrenia parolinii Beltr.
Syn.: Spermatodium parolinii (Beltr.) Trevis.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species with a thin, rst
hypo-, then episubstratic, spreading, grey-brown thallus, semi-immersed hemispheri-
cal-conical perithecia, clavate-ventricose, 8-spored asci, and ovoid-elongate, 5–7-sep-
tate, hyaline ascospores which are 4–5 times as long as wide; only known from the type
collection on Tilia near Bassano del Grappa. – It: Ven.
Arthopyrenia persoonii A. Massal.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a non-lichenised species, confused with Naetrocymbe
punctiformis in the past, but apparently closely related to A. grisea; most common on
Fagus in the montane belt. – Au: K, St, N, B. Fr: Isè. It: Frl, Ven.
Arthopyrenia pluriseptata (Nyl.) Arnold
Syn.: Arthopyrenia persoonii A. Massal. var. juglandis A. Massal., Arthopyrenia puncti-
formis (Pers.) A. Massal. var. juglandis (A. Massal.) Jatta, Mycarthopyrenia juglandis (A.
Massal.) Keissl., Spermatodium juglandis (A. Massal.) Trevis., Verrucaria pluriseptata
Nyl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: doubtfully lichenised; in the study area only known
from the Southern Alps (Italy). – It: Ven, TAA, Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 601
Arthopyrenia pithyophila . Fr. & Blomb.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a pioneer, non-lichenised species growing on the bark
of coniferous and deciduous trees; the sample from Italy was collected by G. or in
the Adamello Natural Park, on Sorbus aucuparia. – It: TAA.
Arthopyrenia salicis A. Massal.
Syn.: Leiophloea salicis (A. Massal.) Trevis., Pyrenula salicis (A. Massal.) Trevis.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate coloniser of the smooth bark of decidu-
ous trees and shrubs, especially Carpinus and Corylus, most frequent in upland areas.
e species was probably mistaken for A. punctiformis and related species in the past.
– Au: K, N. Sw: GR, TI, UW, VS. It: Ven, TAA, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Arthopyrenia stenospora Körb.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a doubtfully lichenised species resembling A. ana-
lepta, with an hypophloeodic, reddish-brown, spreading thallus, minute, depressed,
hemispherical ascomata, 8-spored asci, and 1-septate, almost bacilliform ascospores
(c. 18–22 × 2.5–4 µm); on smooth bark of deciduous trees, widespread throughout
Europe but rarely collected, most records being historical. – Au: T, O, N. It: TAA.
Arthopyrenia subcerasi (Vain.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Metasphaeria subcerasi (Vain.) Vain., Verrucaria subcerasi Vain.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, non-lichenised species oc-
curring on the bark of Betula, known from Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, Galicia,
and the Alps. – It: Piem.
Arthopyrenia subconuens (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Sagedia subconuens Müll. Arg.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a very poorly known, non-lichenised species. – Sw:
Sw. Fr: HSav.
Arthopyrenia tuscanensis Coppins & Ravera
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a recently-described, most probably non-lichenised
species, which grows as a pioneer on the smooth bark of twigs, especially of Castanea;
hitherto known only from Tuscany and Piemonte, but in the past perhaps confused
with A. salicis. – It: Piem.
Blastodesmia nitida A. Massal.
Syn.: Polyblastia nitida (A. Massal.) Trevis., Pyrenula circumfusa (Nyl.) Trevis., Verru-
caria massalongii Garov.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a typically submediterranean early coloniser of
smooth bark, especially of Fraxinus ornus; in the study area so far only known from the
Southern Alps, at low elevations. – It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb.
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Chaenothecopsis debilis (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.) Tibell
Syn.: Calicium debilis Turner & Borrer ex Sm.
F – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on dry and weathered lignum of deciduous trees
(Populus, Fraxinus, Ulmus), more rarely on conifers, in open situations, often in hol-
lows of the trunks in species-poor stands; probably overlooked and more widespread,
but never common. – Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP. It: Frl.
Chaenothecopsis montana Rikkinen
F – Subs.: res – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with an often reddish brown stalk and a greenish
capitulum (both K-), stalk and exciple being composed of cylindrical to isodiametric
hyphal cells, paraphyses with pigmented caps, and simple, broadly ellipsoid ascospores;
on resin of conifers; based on a type from Western North America, widespread in the
boreal zone; in the Alps so far only found on resin of Abies in Switzerland. – Sw: SZ.
Chaenothecopsis nana Tibell
F – Subs.: cor, lig – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane species occurring on
bark and lignum of coniferous trees in humid-shaded situations. – Sw: LU, SZ. Fr:
AHP. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Chaenothecopsis oregana Rikkinen
Syn.: Chaenothecopsis zebrina Rikkinen & Tuovila
F – Subs.: res – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling Ch. resinicola, with a shiny black
stalk and a lenticular to subspherical, black capitulum, under the microscope stalk and
exciple brownish-red, composed of periclinally arranged, subparallel hyphae, the dark
cell walls giving the stalk a striped appearance; hymenium with an amyloid reaction
but reaction fading, ascospores simple, ellipsoid to cylindrical, smooth, reddish brown;
on resin of conifers; based on a type from Western North America, widespread in the
Northern Hemisphere but altogether rare; in the Alps so far only found on resin of
Abies in Central Switzerland. – Sw: SZ.
Chaenothecopsis pusilla (Ach.) A.F.W. Schmidt
Syn.: Calicium alboatrum Flörke, Calicium claviculare Ach. var. pusillum Ach., Cali-
cium culmigenum de Not. & Bagl., Calicium oerkei Zahlbr., Calicium italicum auct.,
Calicium nigrum Schaer., Calicium parasitaster (Bagl. & Carestia) Zopf, Calicium pu-
sillum (Ach.) Flörke, Calicium subpusillum Vain., Chaenothecopsis alboatra (Flörke)
Nádv., Chaenothecopsis parasitaster (Bagl. & Carestia) D. Hawksw, Chaenothecopsis
subpusilla (Vain.) Tibell
F – Subs.: xyl, xyl-par, cor-par – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on trunks of old conifers in ancient
forests, and on lignum, sometimes on old oaks, perhaps a parasite of free-living algal
colonies, or a saprophyte. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: GL, SZ. Fr:
AHP, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 603
Chaenothecopsis pusiola (Ach.) Vain.
Syn.: Calicium lignicola Nádv., Calicium pusiolum Ach., Chaenothecopsis lignicola
(Nádv.) A.F.W. Schmidt
F – Subs.: xyl, cor, par – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on lignum of conifers, more rarely of de-
ciduous trees, most often associated with Chaenotheca brunneola, Ch. trichialis and Ch.
xyloxena, and probably a parasite or parasymbiont of these species; widespread in the
Alps, but not common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: LU, SZ. Fr: AHP,
AMa, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Chaenothecopsis savonica (Räsänen) Tibell
Syn.: Mycocalicium savonicum Räsänen
F – Subs.: xyl-par, cor-par – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species resembling Ch. pusilla: stalk
and hypothecium often with a greenish tinge, the former with periclinally arranged
hyphae, ascospores pale, simple, with rounded ends; lichenicolous on the thallus of
Chaenotheca-species or on algal colonies, usually on lignum; widespread from the bo-
real to the temperate zone in the Holarctic region, also recorded from the Southern
Hemisphere; with a few scattered records from the Alps, where it is probably more
widespread, but certainly not common. – Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP.
Chaenothecopsis tasmanica Tibell
F – Subs.: cor-par – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with rather short (less than 1 mm tall), dark
brown to black, shiny stalks, and black, lenticular to hemispherical capitula, the stalk
of interwoven hyphae, with a hyaline centre and a reddish – to greenish brown outer
layer, ascospores medium brown, ellipsoid, distinctly 1-septate (c. 6–7.5 ×2.5 µm);
lichenicolous on the thallus of Chaenotheca species, or on algal colonies; based on a
type from Tasmania and more common in Australasia; in the Alps only recorded from
Central Switzerland. – Sw: SZ.
Chaenothecopsis vainioana (Nádv.) Tibell
Syn.: Calicium vainioanum Nádv.
F – Subs.: cor-par – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species resembling in habitus Ch. debilis: ascomata
rather short (to 0.6 mm tall), with black stalks and broadly obovate capitula, outer
part of the stalk dark reddish brown, of interwoven hyphae, and inner part pale, of
periclinally arranged hyphae, epihymenium and exciple reddish brown, hypothecium
dark aeruginose, ascospores with a distinct, single septum, rather large (8–10 × 2.5–3.5
µm); on lichens containing trentepohlioid photobionts, or on free Trentepohlia colo-
nies, often on deciduous trees; not uncommon in temperate Fennoscandia, rarer in the
rest of Europe; in the Alps only recorded from a few localities (sometimes on Lecanactis
abietina). – Au: T. Sw: SZ.
Chaenothecopsis viridialba (Kremp.) A.F.W. Schmidt
Syn.: Calicium cinerascens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Calicium parietinum Ach. var. cinerascens
Nyl., Calicium viridialbum Kremp., Mycocalicium cinerascens (Nyl.) Vain.
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604
F – Subs.: cor-par, xyl-par – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with long, slender, pale, pru-
inose-looking stalks and black, lenticular, later hemispherical capitula, the stalk with a
pale central part of periclinally arranged hyphae and an aeruginose outer part with an
irregular surface giving a pruinose appearance, hypothecium in lower part with a yel-
lowish red pigment reacting K+ greenish, ascospores simple, ellipsoid, medium brown,
with a distinct but minute perisporal ornamentation; on bark and lignum of conifers
and deciduous trees, often found together with Chaenotheca chrysocephala; widespread
in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, with scattered records from the
Alps, where it is not common. – Au: T, S, St. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. Fr: AMa.
Chaenothecopsis viridireagens (Nádv.) A.F.W. Schmidt
Syn.: Calicium viridireagens Nádv.
F – Subs.: cor-par, xyl-par – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a mainly boreal-montane, perhaps cir-
cumpolar species found on decorticated stumps, occasionally on acid bark inside mon-
tane and subalpine forests on the thalli of Chaenotheca – and Calicium-species; prob-
ably more widespread in the Alps, but never common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge:
OB. Sw: BE, GR, SZ. Fr: HSav. It: Frl.
Cresporhaphis macrospora (Eitner) M.B. Aguirre
Syn.: Leptorhaphis quercus (Beltr.) Körb. f. macrospora Eitner
F – Subs.: cor, bry – Alt.: 2 – Note: doubtfully lichenised with coccaceous green algae,
thalline patches whitish, shiny to pulverulent, ascomata perithecioid, black, smooth,
semi-immersed (to 0.3 mm in diam.) with a beaked central ostiolum, ascomatal wall
of thin-walled, mostly elongated cells with brown walls, in section forming a textura
angularis, hamathecium of interascal thin-walled laments with some septations and
branchings, embedded in a gelatinous matrix, and short periphyses lining the ostiolar
region, with virtually unitunicate, 8-spored, clavate to subcylindrical asci (to 155 µm
long), ascospores 1 – to 3-septate and somewhat falcate with attenuated ends, large
(50–85 × 3–4.5 µm); on bark of deciduous trees (e.g. Quercus); widespread in Europe,
including the Eastern Alps (Austria), but most records are historical,. – Au: K.
Cresporhaphis muelleri (Duby) M.B. Aguirre
Syn.: Leptorhaphis aggregatus Eitner, Sphaeria muelleri Duby
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: doubtfully lichenised with coccaceous green algae,
thalline patches greyish-whitish, shiny, immersed in the bark, ascomata perithecioid,
black, smooth, semi-immersed (to 0.4 mm in diam.), with a beaked central ostiolum,
often conuent, ascomatal wall with two layers, the outer layer pseudostromatic, the
inner layer of thin-walled, mostly elongated cells with brown walls, forming a textura
angularis, hamathecium of thin-walled interascal laments with some septations and
branchings, embedded in a gelatinous matrix, and short periphyses lining the ostiolar
region, with virtually unitunicate 8-spored clavate to subcylindrical asci (to 85 µm
long), ascospores simple and somewhat falcate (25–30 × 2–3.5 µm); on bark of decidu-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 605
ous trees (e.g. Acer pseudoplatanus); rare throughout Europe, including a few scattered
localities in the Alps, only known from historical collections. – Au: O. Sw: GR. Fr:
HSav.
Cresporhaphis wienkampii (J. Lahm ex Hazsl.) M.B. Aguirre
Syn.: Leptorhaphis wienkampii J. Lahm ex Hazsl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a mainly temperate species found on rough bark of
Salix, Robinia, deciduous oaks, mainly along bark furrows; certainly more widespread.
e species is doubtfully lichenised: photobionts were reported from British material
only. – Au: V, T, S, N.
Cyrtidula hippocastani (DC.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Mycoporum hippocastani (DC.) Coppins, Verrucaria hippocastani DC.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on the branches of dierent broad-leaved trees, with
optimum in the submediterranean belt. – Au: St. It: TAA.
Cyrtidula quercus (A. Massal.) Minks
Syn.: Arthopyrenia quercus A. Massal., Dermatina quercus (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Mycopo-
rum miserrimum Nyl., Mycoporum quercus (A. Massal.) Müll. Arg.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on young twigs mainly of oaks, but also of Alnus and
other species, mostly in the submediterranean belt. – Au: K, St. It: Ven, Lomb.
Dacampia hookeri (Borrer) A. Massal.
Syn.: Biatorina sphaerica A. Massal., Pleospora hookeri (Borrer) Keissl., Verrucaria hoo-
keri Borrer
F – Subs.: par, ter-cal – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a parasite on Solorina species, especially
Solorina bispora, which is occasionally found with early infection stages on humic soil
over calcareous substrata, mostly on north-exposed slopes; widespread throughout the
Alps. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ, UR. Fr: HAl, Sav, HSav. It:
Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA. Sl: SlA. Li.
Epigloea bactrospora Zukal
F – Subs.: cor, xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species with polyspored asci (> 32) and bacil-
liform, 1-septate ascospores (7–10 × 1.5 µm) lacking appendages; most common over
algal colonies on rotting wood in the montane and subalpine belts, certainly over-
looked and more widespread in the Alps. – Au: S, St. It: TAA, Lomb.
Epigloea grummannii Döbbeler
F – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species with 32-spored asci and fusiform, 1-septate
ascospores (10–14 × 1.5–2 µm) with a gelatinous appendage at both ends; on algal
colonies developing on dying mats of Grimmia and Hypnum, certainly overlooked and
more widespread in the Alps. – It: TAA.
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606
Epigloea medioincrassata (Grummann) Döbbeler
Syn.: Voralbergia medioincrassata Grummann
F – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species with 8-spored asci and narrowly ellipsoid
to fusiform, 3-septate ascospores (24–33 × 3.5–5 µm) with a liform, gelatinous ap-
pendage at both ends; over algal colonies on moribund bryophytes and, more rarely,
on lignum, with optimum near treeline, certainly overlooked and more widespread in
the Alps. – Au: V, St. It: TAA.
Epigloea renitens (Grummann) Döbbeler
Syn.: Vorarlbergia renitens Grummann
F – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 2–5 – Note: a species with 8-spored asci and 1-septate ascospores
tapering at one end (11.5–16 × 4.5–5.5 µm), lacking appendages; parasitic on algal col-
onies; in the study area so far only reported from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: V, S.
Epigloea soleiformis Döbbeler
F – Subs.: cor, xyl, bry – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a species resembling E. renitens, with
8-spored asci and ellipsoid to oblong, 1-septate ascospores (9.5–12.5 × 3.5–4.5 µm)
lacking appendages; over algal colonies developing on moribund bryophytes, squam-
ules of Cladonia, decaying wood and humus, sometimes lichenicolous on Placynthiella,
with optimum near treeline; certainly overlooked and more widespread in the Alps.
– Au: S, St. It: TAA.
Hazslinszkya gibberulosa (Ach.) Körb.
Syn.: Arthonia gibberulosa Ach., Melaspilea deformis (Nyl.) Nyl., Melaspilea gibberulosa
(Ach.) Zwackh, Melaspilea megalyna (Ach.) Arnold
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: today regarded as non-lichenised, although an early
monographer described a thin episubstratic, smooth to rimulose, whitish to greyish
thallus with a trentepohlioid photobiont; ascomata adpressed, sessile, roundish to oval,
disc and the somewhat prominent margin black, exciple carbonised, basally lacking, epi-
hymenium red-brown, hypothecium brownish, most interascal laments unbranched,
ascospores 1-septate, with strongly unequal cells, for a long time unpigmented, nally
brownish, pycnoconidia bacilliform; on bark of both coniferous and broad-leaved trees;
widespread in Europe including the Alps, but undercollected in recent times. – Au: S,
K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: SZ. Fr: AMa, Drô, HSav. It: Lomb.
Julella acuminans (Nyl.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Mycoglaena acuminans (Nyl.) Vain., Polyblastia acuminans (Nyl.) Hulting, Poly-
blastiopsis acuminans (Nyl.) Lettau, Verrucaria acuminans Nyl.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a probably non-lichenised, rarely recorded species
resembling J. subcoerulescens, but the hyaline muriform ascospores (30–36 × 9–12µm)
with an acuminate lower end; the type is on bark of Pinus from extra-Alpine Central
Europe; the only record from the Alps (Austria) needs conrmation. – Au: K.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 607
Julella fallaciosa (Arnold) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Polyblastia fallaciosa Arnold, Polyblastiopsis betularia (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Polyblastiopsis
fallaciosa (Arnold) Zahlbr., Polyblastiopsis fallacissima (Stizenb. ex Nyl.) Zahlbr., Sporo-
dictyon fallaciosum Stizenb. ex Arnold nom.illeg.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species with black, hemi-
spherical to somewhat elongated perithecioid ascomata, the wall in upper half clypeus-
like, bluish-black to violet-brown, ssitunicate, 8-spored asci, distinct interascal la-
ments, and hyaline irregularly submuriform to muriform ascospores (17–23 × 7–9
µm) with 4–6 transversal septa and 1–2 longitudinal septa; although the ascomata on
the white Betula bark are quite conspicuous, records are still few, but the species was
probably overlooked. – Au: S, St, O, N. It: Ven.
Julella lactea (A. Massal.) M.E. Barr
Syn.: Blastodesmia lactea A. Massal., Julella lactea (A. Massal.) M.E. Barr var. naegelii
(Hepp) M.E. Barr, Polyblastia naegelii (Hepp) Trevis., Polyblastiopsis lactea (A. Massal.)
Zahlbr., Polyblastiopsis naegelii (Hepp) Zahlbr., Sporodyction lacteum (A. Massal.) Tre-
vis., Verrucaria lactea (A. Massal.) Garov., Verrucaria naegelii (Hepp) Nyl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a doubtfully lichenised species with an endophloeod-
ic thallus indicated by white to grey patches, black perithecioid ascomata, the blackish-
brown wall clypeus-like, 4-spored asci, anastomosing interascal laments, and hyaline,
muriform ascospores (30–36 × 12–15 µm) with 6–8 transversal septa and 2–3 longi-
tudinal septa; on smooth bark, mostly of Fraxinus, most common in Southern Europe,
on the foothills and in the valleys of the Southern Alps. – Au: St. Fr: AMa, Vau. It: Frl,
Ven, TAA, Piem.
Julella sericea (A. Massal.) Coppins
Syn.: Microglaena sericea (A. Massal.) Lönnr., Polyblastia sericea A. Massal., Polybla-
stiopsis sericea (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Sporodyction sericeum (A. Massal.) Trevis., Verruca-
ria sericea (A. Massal.) Garov.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – a doubtfully lichenised species similar and probably related to
J. fallaciosa with equally 8-spored asci, but the hyaline ascospores broader (19–22–25
× 11–14 µm), muriform, with 5–6 transversal septa and 2–3 longitudinal septa, re-
sulting in a higher number of cells in optical section view; on bark of deciduous trees
(Quercus). – Au: St. It: Frl, Ven.
Julella subcoerulescens (Nyl.) Hafellner & Türk
Syn.: Mycoglaena subcoerulescens (Nyl.) Höhn., Polyblastia subcoerulescens (Nyl.) Zahl-
br., Polyblastiopsis subcoerulescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria subcoerulescens Nyl., Winte-
ria subcoerulescens (Nyl.) Rehm
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species with an endophloe-
odic thallus indicated by whitish patches, black, hemispherical perithecioid ascomata,
their wall in upper half clypeus-like with a bluish-greenish pigment, 8-spored asci,
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608
persistent and anastomosing interascal laments, and hyaline, muriform, ellipsoid
ascospores (15–22 × 8–13 µm) with 3–5 transversal septa and usually one incom-
plete longitudinal septum; the generic placement is uncertain, perhaps better placed
in Mycoglaena; on bark of coniferous trees (e.g. Pinus, Larix), mostly on twigs; rare
throughout Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria), but probably often over-
looked. – Au: N.
Leptorhaphis atomaria (Ach.) Szatala
Syn.: Arthopyrenia atomaria (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Arthopyrenia punctiformis (Pers.) A.
Massal. var. atomaria (Ach.) Anzi, Didymella atomaria (Ach.) Szatala, Leptorhaphis
tremulae auct. non Körb, Lichen atomarius Ach., Microthelia adspersa Körb., Microthelia
atomaria (Ach.) Körb. non auct.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a species doubtfully associated with trentepohlioid
algae, with an endosubstratic thallus forming smooth, whitish-grey patches, numerous
circular ascomata (to c. 0.2 mm in diam.), the hymenial gel hemiamyloid (bluish in
IKI at low concentrations), and 1-septate ascospores with some 3-septate ones inter-
mingled (25–32 × 2–3.5 µm) with not markedly attenuated ends; usually on bark of
Populus, but also recorded from Fraxinus; widespread in temperate Europe, but also
recorded from North America. – Au: V, T, K, St, N. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Leptorhaphis epidermidis (Ach.) . Fr.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia epidermidis (Ach.) A. Massal., Arthopyrenia oxyspora (Nyl.) Mudd,
Campylacia epidermidis (Ach.) Vain., Campylacia oxyspora (Nyl.) Anzi, Leptorhaphis
oxyspora (Nyl.) Körb., Lichen epidermidis Ach., Pyrenula oxyspora (Nyl.) Hepp, Sagedia
oxyspora (Nyl.) Tuck., Spermatodium epidermidis (Ach.) Trevis., Spermatodium oxyspo-
rum (Nyl.) Trevis., Verrucaria epidermidis (Ach.) Ach., Verrucaria oxyspora Nyl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species with an incon-
spicuous thallus, ellipsoid ascomata, and 1-septate, narrowly fusiform, somewhat
curved ascospores (25–35 × 2–3.5 µm); on Betula, mostly on the smooth bark of thick
branches; widespread in Europe, including the Alps, but still not recorded in some
countries. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Fr: Isè, Sav, HSav. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig.
Leptorhaphis lucida Körb.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia lucida (Körb.) Müll. Arg., Leptorhaphis tremulae Körb. var. lucida
(Körb.) Keissl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with an endosubstratic thallus visible as
smooth whitish-grey patches, ascomata as in L. atomaria but larger (to c. 0.5 mm in
diam.), and also considerably larger ascospores (45–70 × 2.5–4 µm); on trunks of
Populus, rare in temperate Europe, including the Eastern Alps (Austria), and Eastern
North America, most records being historical. – Au: K.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 609
Leptorhaphis maggiana (A. Massal.) Körb.
Syn.: Campylacia maggiana A. Massal., Verrucaria maggiana (A. Massal.) Stizenb.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species with an incon-
spicuous thallus, numerous scattered ascomata, and 1 – septate, slender ascospores
with some 3-septate intermingled (30–45 × 1.5–2.5 µm), with attenuated ends; on
the smooth bark of Carpinus, Corylus, more rarely of young Quercus (e.g. on twigs);
widespread in Europe but rather rare and most records historical; from the Alps there
are a few scattered records only. – Au: T, K. Fr: HSav. It: Ven.
Leptorhaphis parameca (A. Massal.) Körb.
Syn.: Leptorhaphis xylographoides Norman, Sagedia parameca A. Massal., Spermatodium
paramecum (A. Massal.) Trevis., Verrucaria parameca (A. Massal.) Stizenb.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species with an incon-
spicuous thallus, ellipsoid ascomata resembling those of L. epidermidis, but with larger
1-septate ascospores (30–45 × 3–4 µm); on bark of Prunoideae; widespread in Europe
and also known from North America, with a few scattered records from the Alps. – Fr:
AMa, HSav, Var. It: Ven, TAA.
Leptorhaphis tremulae Körb.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia tremulae (Körb.) Müll. Arg., Leptorhaphis sphenospora (Nyl.) Arnold, Sa-
gedia tremulae (Körb.) Anzi, Verrucaria sphenospora Nyl., Verrucaria tremulae (Körb.) Harm.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species with an endosubstratic, inconspicuous
thallus, ascomata of about equal size as in L. atomaria but asci 8 – to 16-spored, as-
cospores smaller (about 15–25 × 3–4.5 µm); on the smooth bark of Populus, especially
P. tremula, more rarely of Salix; rare in temperate Europe and Eastern North America;
most records are historical and in the Alps it was only reported from a few scattered
localities. – Ge: Ge. Fr: HSav. It: Ven, TAA.
Melaspilea bagliettoana Zahlbr.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on smooth bark of trees
and shrubs such as Fraxinus ornus and Nerium. – Sw: ?LU, SZ.
Melaspilea rhododendri (Arnold & Rehm) Almq.
Syn.: Arthonia rhododendri Arnold & Rehm
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on twigs of shrubs (mainly Rhododendron hirsutum),
with optimum in the subalpine belt. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. It: TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Melaspileella proximella (Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich
Syn.: Arthonia proximella Nyl., Arthopyrenia furfuracea A. Massal., Buellia mughorum
Anzi, Caldesia proximella (Nyl.) Trevis., Melaspilea fugax Müll. Arg., Melaspilea proxi-
mella (Nyl.) Nyl.
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610
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: an inconspicuous, probably overlooked species found
on the bark of deciduous and coniferous trees in upland areas. – Au: T, K, St, O, N.
Ge: OB. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb. Sl: SlA.
Microcalicium ahlneri Tibell
F – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: on decorticated stumps of conifers heavily attacked
by brown rot fungi, more rarely of deciduous trees, often in cavities and cracks, con-
ned to humid upland areas; probably overlooked in the Alps, but certainly never
common. – Au: V, T, S, K, St. It: Frl, TAA.
Microcalicium arenarium (Hampe ex A. Massal.) Tibell
Syn.: Calicium arenarium (Hampe ex A. Massal.) Hampe ex Körb., Coniocybopsis are-
naria (Hampe ex A. Massal.) Vain., Cyphelium arenarium Hampe ex A. Massal.
F – Subs.: sil, sil-par – Alt.: 3 – Note: on silicicolous lichens, soil, rootlets, decorti-
cated stumps and algal colonies under overhangs of siliceous rocks, often together with
Psilolechia lucida; probably more widespread in the Alps than the few records would
suggest. – Au: Au. It: TAA, Piem.
Microcalicium disseminatum (Ach.) Vain.
Syn.: Calicium atomarium (Ach.) Fr., Calicium disseminatum Ach., Calicium subpedicella-
tum Schaer., Calicium viridulum (Ach.) Fr., Cyphelium atomarium Ach., Cyphelium virid-
ulum Ach., Microcalicium subpedicellatum (Schaer.) Tibell, Strongylopsis commixta Vain.,
Strongylopsis discreta Nádv., Strongylopsis leucopus Vain., Strongylopsis stichococci Vain.
F – Subs.: cor-par, xyl-par – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: on lignum and bark of both deciduous a
coniferous trees, parasitic on calicioid lichens, especially Chaenotheca-species, with the
conidiomata forming much earlier than the ascomata, or saprophytic on bark, lignum
and algal colonies; probably more widespread in the Alps. – Au: S, K, St, O. Ge: OB.
Sw: GR, SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb.
Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala var. subtile
Syn.: Calicium pallescens Nyl., Calicium parietinum Ach., Calicium parvulum F.Wilson,
Calicium subtile Pers., Mycocalicium pallescens (Nyl.) Vain., Mycocalicium parietinum
(Ach.) Fink, Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala var. parietinum (Ach.) Vain.
F – Subs.: xyl, cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a saprophyte on dry, hard lignum, especially of
conifers, in open situations, mostly in the montane and subalpine belts. – Au: V, T,
S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: LU, SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, HSav, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala var. minutellum (Ach.) Szatala
Syn.: Calicium minutellum Ach., Mycocalicium minutellum (Ach.) Nádv.
F – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: in the Austrian, Italian and Swiss checklists this taxon
is considered as a synonym of M. subtile. – Fr: AHP, Var, Vau.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 611
Mycoglaena myricae (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia aeruginella (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthopyrenia myricae (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Ver -
rucaria aeruginella (Nyl.) Nyl., Verrucaria myricae Nyl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species with an endosub-
stratic, inconspicuous thallus indicated by greyish to brownish patches, black, at-
tened perithecioid ascomata (to 0.5 mm in diam.), the ascomatal wall greenish-brown
to greenish-black (N+ reddish to violet), persistent, branched and anastomosing in-
terascal laments, 8-spored ssitunicate asci lacking apical amyloid structures, and
hyaline, fusiform, 3-septate ascospores with pointed ends (17–23 × 6–8 µm); usually
on smooth bark of deciduous trees and shrubs (Myrica, Betula) but also on conifers;
widespread in the Holarctic region but rarely collected, with a single record from the
Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Mycomicrothelia confusa D. Hawksw.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on the smooth bark of deciduous trees in shaded-
humid situations. – Au: St. It: Piem.
Mycomicrothelia inaequalis (Fabre) D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Amphisphaeria inaequalis Fabre, Astrosphaeriella inaequalis (Fabre) Scheinpug,
Kirschsteiniella inaequalis (Fabre) Petr., Microthelia inaequalis (Fabre) E. Müll.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species with singly arising
ascomata (to 0.3 mm in diam.) immersed in the outer layers of the wood, with a well
developed ascomatal fringe, a dimidiate olivaceous-black involucrellum consisting of
host cells and intermingled hyphae, the ascomatal wall brownish, of densely interwo-
ven hyphae, interascal laments numerous, anastomosing and persistent, 8-spored s-
situnicate asci, and 1-septate, olive-brown to red-brown ascospores (18–22 × 8.5–10.5
µm) with the upper cell larger and with a thin perispore; on wood of Olea; a rarely
collected species in California and Southern Europe, including the base of the Western
Alps (France). – Fr: Vau.
Mycomicrothelia macularis (Hampe ex A. Massal.) Keissl.
Syn.: Didymosphaeria analeptoides (Bagl. & Carestia) Rehm, Melanotheca macularis
(Hampe ex A. Massal.) . Fr., Microthelia analeptoides Bagl. & Carestia, Microthelia
macularis Hampe ex A. Massal., Tomasellia macularis (Hampe ex A. Massal.) Blomb. &
Forssell, Verrucaria analeptoides (Bagl. & Carestia) Hue
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: an apparently non-lichenised species with subepi-
dermal ascomata (less than 0.2 mm in diam.) arising singly or crowded, with only the
ostiolar region exposed and a well developed basal fringe, a dimidiate dark brown
involucrellum consisting of host cells and intermingled hyphae, the ascomatal wall
brown, of densely interwoven hyphae, paler at the base, rather sparse anastomosing
and persistent interascal laments, 8-spored ssitunicate asci, 1-septate, brown as-
cospores (12–15 × 5–7 µm) with the upper cell somewhat wider and with a thin, ver-
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612
ruculose perispore, and pycnidia containing bacillary conidia; on corticated twigs of
small shrubs (Daphne, Ribes), not rare in the mountains of Central Europe, including
the Alps, but rarely recorded. – Au: St, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: GL, GR, VS. Fr: HAl. It: Piem.
Mycomicrothelia melanospora (Hepp) D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Microthelia koerberi Trevis., Microthelia atomaria auct. non (Ach.) Körb., Pyrenula
melanospora Hepp, Verrucaria cinerella Flot. ex Zwackh nom. inval.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an apparently non-lichenised species with subepider-
mal ascomata, a dark brown involucrellum, dark brown 1-septate ascospores (13–16
× 6–8 µm) with more or less equal cells and a thin, coarsely verruculose perispore; on
the smooth bark of deciduous trees, especially Mespilus germanica; rare throughout
Europe; in the Alps only recorded from Austria and Italy. – Au: S. It: Piem.
Mycomicrothelia pachnea (Körb.) D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Microthelia pachnea Körb.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: doubtfully lichenised with trentepohlioid algae, thal-
line patches whitish, from which the scattered ascomata arise, ascomata (to 0.3 mm in
diam.) immersed in the periderm, with only the ostiolar region exposed, involucrellum
dimidiate, dark reddish-brown, consisting of a mixture of host cells and hyphae, exci-
ple of intricate, hyaline to brownish hyphae, interascal laments numerous, anastomo-
sing and persistent, asci 8-spored, ssitunicate, and dark brown, 1-septate ascospores
(16–18 × 7–8 µm) with unequal cells and a thin, distinctly verruculose perispore; on
bark of Abies (records from deciduous trees are doubtful); there are only some scattered
records from the Eastern Alps, but the species might have been largely overlooked. –
Au: O, N. Ge: OB.
Mycomicrothelia wallrothii (Hepp) D. Hawskw.
Syn.: Didymosphaeria wallrothii (Hepp) Sacc. & Trotter, Massariopsis wallrothii (Hepp)
Rehm, Microthelia betulina J. Lahm, Microthelia wallrothii (Hepp) Grummann, Pyr-
enula wallrothii Hepp
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: an apparently non-lichenised species with ascomata (to
c. 0.25 mm in diam.) immersed in the periderm of the host tree, with a well-developed
ascomatal fringe, a dimidiate, dark brown involucrellum consisting of host cells and in-
termingled hyphae (the wall of intricate hyphae), numerous, anastomosing and persis-
tent interascal laments, 8-spored, ssitunicate asci, dark brown, 1-septate ascospores
(16–18 × 7–8 µm) with more or less equal cells and a thin, indistinctly verruculose
perispore, and conidiomata inbetween the ascomata containing 1-distoseptate, ellip-
soid conidia; on bark of Betula, rarely Populus; widespread in the Holarctic region, in
the study area only recorded from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: S.
Mycoporellum microscopicum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Dermatina microscopica (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Mycoporum microscopicum (Müll.
Arg.) Nyl., Pyrenula microscopica Müll. Arg.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 613
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: doubtfully lichenised with trentepohlioid algae, with
a thallus forming olivaceous-grey patches, minute ascomata (c. 0.1 mm in diam.), the
interascal laments lacking in mature ascomata, ssitunicate, 8-spored asci, and hya-
line to pale brownish, 3-(to 5-)septate ascospores (11–13 × 4–5 µm); on the smooth
bark of twigs of deciduous trees (Populus tremula, Quercus, Juglans); rare in Central
Europe at low elevations, with a single historical record (regarded as “common” at the
type locality) from the Western Alps of France (locality erroneously assigned to Swit-
zerland). – Fr: HSav.
Mycoporellum obscurum (Pers.) A.L. Sm.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia obscura (Pers.) Riedl, Mycoporum obscurum (Pers.) Almq., Opegrapha
obscura Pers.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a species of unclear relationship, doubtfully lichenised
with trentepohlioid algae, with a thallus indicated by pale patches, ascomata supposed
to be organised in laterally fusing groups, and hyaline, 5 – to 8-septate ascospores; ecol-
ogy and distribution are very poorly known. – Fr: AMa.
Mycoporellum sacromontanum (Strasser) Redinger
Syn.: Arthonia sacromontana Strasser
F – Subs.: sil – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a doubtfully lichenised species whose generic place-
ment is in need of evaluation, with perithecioid ascomata arranged in dense groups
(stromatic?), narrowly cylindrical, ssitunicate asci, and 1-septate ascospores with an
attenuated lower cell; on sandstone and other types of siliceous rocks; a rare species,
only known from low elevations in Central and Western Europe, with a single record
from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: N.
Mycoporum antecellens (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia analeptoides (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Arthopyrenia antecellens (Nyl.) Arnold,
Verrucaria antecellans Nyl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an early coloniser of smooth bark, especially on twigs
of broad-leaved trees and shrubs (e.g. Corylus and Fagus), in humid deciduous wood-
lands. – Au: T, S. Ge: Ge. Fr: Isè, Var. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Naetrocymbe ariae (Müll. Arg.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Arthopyrenia ariae (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr, Sagedia ariae Müll. Arg.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: mon – Note: probably related to N. laburni, doubtfully li-
chenised, with a thin thallus indicated by grey to blackish patches, depressed to hemi-
spherical, black ascomata (to 0.2 mm in diam.), nally dissolving interascal laments,
8-spored asci, and hyaline, 1-septate ascospores (13–18 × 4–5 µm); on smooth bark of
young branches of Sorbus aria; only known from the type locality in the French Pre-
Alps. – Fr: HSav.
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614
Naetrocymbe fraxini (A. Massal.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia fraxini A. Massal., Pyrenula fraxini (A. Massal.) Trevis.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate species found on smooth bark of
(mostly) deciduous trees. – Au: K, St. Ge: Ge. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Naetrocymbe fumago (Wallr.) Magnus
Syn.: Arthopyrenia fumago (Wallr.) Körb., ?Naetrocymbe fuliginea Körb., Spermatodium
fumago (Wallr.) Trevis., Verrucaria fumago Wallr.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species, with a thal-
lus developed as a dark spongy subiculum, minute glossy ascomata, interascal la-
ments which are indistinct in mature ascomata, ventricose to obpyriform, ssituni-
cate, 8-spored asci, and rst 3-septate, then submuriform and pigmented ascospores
(24–28 × 10–12 µm); on branches of various deciduous trees (e.g. Tilia, Populus,
Alnus) throughout Europe, with a few historical records from the Eastern Alps (Italy).
– It: TAA.
Naetrocymbe laburni (Leight. ex Arnold) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN
Art. 36.1b)
Syn.: Arthopyrenia laburni Leight. ex Arnold
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species resembling N.
fumago in the thallus indicated by dark patches, but the 1-septate ascospores virtually
narrower due to their length (18–22 × 3–4 µm); on smooth bark, especially of Labur-
num. – Au: T, St, B. Fr: AHP, HSav.
Naetrocymbe punctiformis (Pers.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia analepta auct. non Lichen analeptus Ach., Arthopyrenia cembrina
(Anzi) Grummann ex D. Hawksw., Arthopyrenia padi Rabenh., Arthopyrenia puncti-
formis (Pers.) A. Massal., Arthopyrenia pyrenastrella (Nyl.) Norman, Arthopyrenia sub-
micans auct. non (Nyl.) Arnold, Didymella pyrenastrella (Nyl.) Vain., Leiophloea puncti-
formis (Pers.) Trevis., Pyrenula punctiformis (Pers.) Trevis., Verrucaria punctiformis Pers.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–4 – Note: a holarctic, Mediterranean to boreal-montane early
coloniser of smooth bark, especially on twigs of a wide variety of trees; widespread
throughout the Alps. – Au: T, S, K, St, O, N, B. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô,
Isè, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA, Tg.
Naetrocymbe rhododendri (Arnold) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art.
36.1b)
Syn.: Arthopyrenia punctiformis (Pers.) A. Massal. f. rhododendri Arnold, Arthopyrenia
rhododendri (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Verrucaria punctiformis Pers. f. rhododen-
dri (Arnold) Stizenb.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on smooth bark of shrubs in subalpine heaths; to be
looked for throughout the Alps – Au: V, T, S, K, St. Ge: OB. It: TAA, Piem.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 615
Naetrocymbe rhyponta (Ach.) R.C. Harris
Syn.: Arthopyrenia rhyponta (Ach.) A. Massal., Leiophloea rhyponta (Ach.) Trevis., Pyr-
enula rhyponta (Ach.) Trevis., Verrucaria rhyponta Ach.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a probably circumpolar species found on smooth
bark, especially on twigs and branches of deciduous trees, most common in upland
areas. – Au: T, S, K, St. Ge: Ge. Fr: Sav. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Naetrocymbe subconuens (Müll. Arg.) ined. (provisionally placed here, ICN Art.
36.1b)
Syn.: Arthopyrenia subconuens (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: probably related to N. punctiformis, doubtfully li-
chenised, with a very thin thallus indicated by greyish patches, conical to hemispheri-
cal, black ascomata (to 0.2 mm in diam.) often fusing in groups of 2–5, interascal la-
ments in mature perithecia, 8-spored asci, and hyaline, 1-septate ascospores (18–21 ×
4–7 µm); on thin branches of conifers (e.g. Pinus cembra); known from a few localities
in the Western Alps. – Sw: VS. Fr: HSav.
Odontura rhaphidospora (Rehm) Clem.
Syn.: Beloniella rhaphidospora (Rehm) E. Müll. & Défago, Belonium rhaphidosporum
(Rehm) Sacc., Dermatella rhaphidospora (Rehm) Sacc., Leptorhaphis pyrenopezizoides
Rehm nom. nud., Odontotrema rhaphidosporum (Rehm) Rehm, Odontotremella raphi-
dospora (Rehm) Rehm, Pyrenopeziza rhaphidospora Rehm
F – Subs.: xyl, ?cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species with an en-
doxylic thallus and circular, dull black, deeply urceolate ascomata (to 0.5–0.8 mm
in diam.) with a central, nally dentate pore and radially arranged furrows, a dark
brown, 2-layered exciple lacking crystals, interascal laments with capitate apical
cells, functionally unitunicate, moderately polyspored asci, and liform, fasciculate
ascospores breaking up into 1-septate, fusiform part-spores (16–30 × 1.5–2.5 µm);
on decorticated wood of conifers (e.g. Pinus cembra), from the boreal zone of Scan-
dinavia to upper montane to subalpine forests, with a few records from the Austrian
and Swiss Alps. – Au: T. Sw: TI, VS.
Opegrapha parasitica (A. Massal.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Leciographa centrifuga (A. Massal.) Rehm, Opegrapha centrifuga A. Massal., Leci-
ographa parasitica A. Massal.
F – Subs.: cal, cal-par – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: a parasite on Aspicilia calcarea and related
species, certainly much more widespread in the Alps; in the past it was often confused
with O. rupestris. – Fr: AMa, Drô, Sav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA, Piem.
Opegrapha rupestris Pers.
Syn.: Opegrapha monspeliensis Nyl., Opegrapha persoonii (Ach. ex Gray) Chevall., Ope-
grapha saxatilis DC., Opegrapha saxicola Ach. non auct.
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616
F – Subs.: cal, cal-par – Alt.: 1–5 – Note: an ecologically wide-ranging, non-lichenised
species found both in natural habitats (especially shaded niches of calcareous rocks in
woodlands), and in moderately disturbed situations (such as on north-facing walls); it
often grows on Verrucariaceae (especially Bagliettoa – and Verrucaria-species). – Au: V,
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Fr: AHP, AMa, Drô, Sav, HSav, Var, Vau. It: Frl, Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem, Lig. Sl: SlA.
Peridiothelia fuliguncta (Norman) D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Didymosphaeria dannenbergii (Stein ex Eitner) Sacc., Didymosphaeria fuliguncta
(Norman) Vain., Microthelia fuliguncta Norman, Polycoccum dannenbergii (Stein ex
Eitner) Vězda, Tichothecium dannenbergii Stein ex Eitner
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species; ascomata scat-
tered, erumpent, hemispherical with an applanate base, the wall pseudoparenchym-
atic of subglobose hyphal cells, dark reddish-brown at the anks, subhyaline at the
base, interascal laments numerous, persistent, branched and with anastomoses, asci
broadly subcylindrical, 8-spored ssitunicate, ascospores 1-septate, brown (17–22 ×
8–10 µm) with slightly unequal cells and a faintly verruculose perispore; on the bark
of Tilia (records from other trees need critical re-evaluation), sometimes the ascomata
break through the thalli of epiphytic Lecanora s.lat., Ochrolechia, and Pertusaria s.lat.
and then virtually lichenicolous; widespread in Europe, the distribution gaps in the
Alps are probably due to undercollecting. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ.
Fr: AHP, AMa, Isè, Var, Vau.
Peridiothelia grandiuscula (Anzi) D. Hawksw.
Syn.: Didymosphaeria grandiuscula (Anzi) Sacc., Microthelia grandiuscula Anzi, Micro-
thelia micula Körb. var. megaspora (Nyl.) B. de Lesd.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species resembling P. fuli-
guncta, but ascospores distinctly larger (25–33 × 10–12 µm); less restricting in phoro-
phyte selection than P. fuliguncta; on bark of various deciduous trees, rarely ascomata
breaking through the thalli of epiphytic Lecanora s.lat. and Pertusaria s.lat. and then
virtually lichenicolous; widespread in Eurasia, with a few scattered records from the
Alps. – Au: T. Fr: HSav, Var, Vau. It: Lomb, Piem.
Phaeocalicium compressulum (Nyl. ex Vain.) A.F.W. Schmidt
Syn.: Mycocalicium praecedens (Nyl.) Szatala var. compressulum Nyl. ex Vain.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: saprobic on Alnus viridis; widespread throughout the
Alps and locally very common, with optimum in the subalpine belt. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. It: Frl, Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem, VA, Lig. Sl: SlA. Li.
Phaeocalicium mildeanum (Hepp) Puntillo
Syn.: Calicium mildeanum Hepp, Calicium ornicola J. Steiner, Mycocalicium mildea-
num (Hepp) Nádv., Mycocalicium ornicola (J. Steiner) Nádv., Phaeocalicium ornicolum
(J. Steiner) Titov, Stenocybe mildeana (Hepp) Jatta
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 617
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a non-lichenised species resembling Ph. praecedens but
with smaller fruiting bodies approaching in size those of Ph. tremulicola; although in
Ph. mildeanum and Ph. ornicolum dierent sizes have been reported for the non-septate
ascospores, it is likely that both are heterotypic synonyms; on twigs of Fraxinus (mostly
F. ornus) in the Southern Alps, certainly declining. – It: TAA. Sl: SlA.
Phaeocalicium populneum (Brond. ex Duby) A.F.W. Schmidt
Syn.: Calicium populneum Brond. ex Duby, Embolidium populneum (Brond. ex Duby)
Vain., Phacotium populneum (Brond. ex Duby) Trevis.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: saprophytic on thin, mostly decaying twigs of Popu-
lus tremula. – Au: T, S, St, O, N. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Phaeocalicium praecedens (Nyl.) A.F.W. Schmidt
Syn.: Calicium praecedens Nyl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a non-lichenised species characterised by the non-
septate ascospores with smooth walls, a stalk of strongly swollen hyphae reacting K+
aeruginose, and a medium-brown hypothecium; on decaying twigs of Populus; wide-
spread in Northern Europe, but very rare in the Alps; the only record from the Eastern
Alps (Austria) needs conrmation. – Au: N.
Phaeocalicium tremulicola (Norrl. ex Nyl.) Tibell
Syn.: Stenocybe tremulicola Norrl. ex Nyl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a non-lichenised species characterised by the less
than 0.5 mm high, black, shining ascomata on olivaceous to greyish-brown stalks, a
2-layered exciple of an outer layer of large thick-walled cells and a thin inner layer of
periclinally arranged hyphae, and 3-septate ascospores with only slightly uneven walls;
only on twigs of Populus tremula; widespread in Northern Europe and also reported
from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: K.
Protothelenella anodonta (Nyl.) Hafellner
Syn.: Mycoglaena lichenoides (Rehm ex Sacc.) Riedl, Mycowinteria anodonta (Nyl.)
Sherwood & Boise, Odontotrema anodontum Nyl., Protothelenella lichenoides (Rehm
ex Sacc.) comb. inval., Trematosphaeria lichenoides Rehm (1875, nom. nud.), Winteria
lichenoides (Rehm ex Sacc.) Sacc., Zignoella lichenoides Rehm ex Sacc. (1878)
F – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 4 – Note: a doubtfully lichenised species with perithecioid as-
comata to 0.6 mm in diam. with a greenish-black ascomatal wall and distinct and
numerous interascal laments, ssitunicate asci with an amyloid apical apparatus in
the endoascus, initially 8-spored, but when mature often with reduced spore numbers
(4, 6), and hyaline, oblong ascospores (14–18 × 6–8 µm) with a tapering lower end,
with 3–5 transversal septa and 1 incomplete longitudinal septum; on bleached wood
of coniferous trees; known from Fennoscandia and Central Europe, with a few records
from the Eastern Alps (Austria, Italy). – Au: T. It: TAA.
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618
Protothelenella croceae (Bagl. & Carestia) Hafellner & H. Mayrhofer
Syn.: Pleospora croceae (Bagl. & Carestia) Vouaux, Xenosphaeria croceae Bagl. & Carestia
F – Subs.: ter-sil-par – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: an arctic-alpine lichenicolous fungus found on
old, dying thalli of Solorina crocea and Peltigera-species, with optimum above treeline;
certainly more widespread in the Alps, but probably overlooked. – Au: T, K, St. Sw:
GR. It: Frl, Piem.
Protothelenella polytrichi Döbbeler & H. Mayrhofer
F – Subs.: bry – Alt.: 5 – Note: an apparently non-lichenised (contact to algals cells
not observed so far), muscicolous species with minute, ovoid or pear-shaped perithecia
(less than 300 µm in diam.), and narrowly ellipsoid, phragmospored ascospores with
usually 3 transversal septa; on leaets of Polytrichastrum sexangulare, easily overlooked
when on the upper side of the dry moss with enrolled leaets; overall distribution
arctic-alpine, but apparently rare, with some scattered records from the Alps. – Au: T,
S, St. Sw: TI, VS.
Protothelenella viridis (Rehm) Hafellner
Syn.: Melanomma viridis Rehm, Mycoglaena viridis (Rehm) Riedl, Winteria viridis
(Rehm) Sacc.
F # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 4 – Note: a probably non-lichenised species, apparently closely
related to P. anodonta, the perithecioid ascomata (c. 0.3 mm in diam.) with a greenish-
black ascomatal wall, the interascal laments distinct and numerous, with a hemiamy-
loid hymenial gel, ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid-oblong (17–18 × 4–7 µm), with 3–5
transversal septa and 1 incomplete longitudinal septum; lignicolous on decorticated,
dead branches of Rhododendron ferrugineum; only known from the Eastern Alps (Aus-
tria). – Au: T.
Pseudotryblidium neesii (Flot. ex Körb.) Rehm
Syn.: Dactylospora neesii (Flot. ex Körb.) Arnold, Leciographa neesii Flot. ex Körb., Pezi-
za neesii Flot. ex Körb.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a non-lichenised helotialean discomycete with
erumpent, later sessile, black apothecia with a rusty-red tinge, and a rough prominent
margin when dry, and ascospores initially non – to 1-septate and hyaline, but nally
3-septate and pale brown (15–18 × 6–8 µm); on bark of Abies, sometimes breaking
through crustose lichen thalli (e.g. of Loxospora-species and Phlyctis argena) and then
virtually lichenicolous; widespread in Europe, the distribution gaps in the Alps are
probably due to undercollecting. – Au: S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB, Schw. Sw: BE, SG. It:
Frl. Sl: SlA.
Pyrenula coryli A. Massal.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia coryli (A. Massal.) Müll. Arg., Arthopyrenia glabrata (Ach.) H. Olivier
var. coryli (A. Massal.) H. Olivier, Microthelia glabrata (Ach.) Boistel var. coryli (A. Mas-
sal.) Boistel, Mycopyrenula coryli (A. Massal.) Vain., Verrucaria coryli (A. Massal.) Nyl.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 619
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a temperate species of smooth bark, most frequent
on Corylus; the thallus, indicated by ochre-olive patches, is doubtfully lichenised. – Sw:
BE, VS. Fr: AMa, HSav. It: Ven, TAA, Lomb, Piem.
Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.) Parmasto
Syn.: Corticium granulare Burt, Hydnum bicolor Alb. & Schwein., Hydnum echino-
sporum Velen., Hydnum subtile Fr., Odontia bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.) Quél.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with corticioid carpophores. Although endox-
ylic to epixylic colonies of coccaceous green algae can often be detected below or in the
neighbourhood of the carpophores, it is unlikely to be lichenised. e hymenium has
two main types of cystidia, one with an apical compartment lled with oil, the second
with an apical bundle of crystals. On rotting wood of both coniferous and deciduous
trees; widespread in Europe and not rare; there are many records from the Alps in all
countries, but algal colonies usually are not observed. We do not specify records from
the dierent parts of the Alps, since these are usually present in the literature dealing
with Basidiomycetes. – Au: Au. Ge: Ge. Sw: Sw. Fr: Fr. It: It. Sl: Sl. Li.
Sarea diormis (Fr.) Fr.
Syn.: Biatorella diormis (Fr.) Vain., Peziza diormis Fr., Tromera diormis (Fr.) Arnold,
Tromera sarcogynoides A. Massal. ex Arnold nom.illeg.
F – Subs.: res – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a non-lichenised discomycete with minute brown-
black apothecia (to 1 mm in diam.) developing on a subiculum, with polyspored asci
and spherical ascospores (2–3 µm in diam.), sometimes accompanied or replaced by
an anamorphic brown-black pycnidial state with spherical, pale brown conidia; grow-
ing on the resinous exudates of coniferous trees in rather shaded and humid situa-
tions, sometimes also found on bark at the base of the trunks of old Abies and Picea
in montane forests; widespread in the Holarctic region, both in Europe and in North
America; in the Alps not rare, but easier to be overlooked than the more conspicuous
Tromera resinae. – Au: T, K, St, N. Ge: Ge. Sw: SZ. Fr: HSav, Var, Vau. It: Ven, TAA,
Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Spheconisca austriaca Norman
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a doubtfully lichenised species, perhaps belonging to
Chaetosphaeriales, with a blackish, subiculum-like, granular thallus, minute, globose
ascomata containing 8-spored asci, and 1-septate, brown, oblong ascospores (to 18 µm
long); on bark and wood of conifers (Pinus nigra); only known from the type locality
in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Spheconisca confusa Norman
Syn.: Phaeomeris confusa (Norman) Clem.
F # – Subs.: res – Alt.: 3 – Note: a non-lichenised species perhaps belonging to Ple-
osporales, resembling S. resinae, the globose fragile ascomata containing 8-spored asci
and brown ascospores with 3–7 transversal septa (to 18 µm long); on resin of conifers
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620
(e.g. Abies); rare in Europe, in the study area only known from the Eastern Alps (Aus-
tria). – Au: T.
Spheconisca ebenea Norman
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a poorly known, non-lichenised species, perhaps
belonging to Chaetosphaeriales, with a spreading, pure black, relatively thick, subic-
ulum-like thallus, 8-spored asci, and hyaline, narrowly fusiform, 3-septate ascospores
(15–16 × 3–4 µm); on the trunks and twigs of Alnus viridis; only known from the type
locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Spheconisca humilis Norman
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a non-lichenised species perhaps belonging to
Chaetosphaeriales, with a spreading, black, subiculum-like thallus, minute ascomata,
8-spored asci, and hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 3-septate ascospores (8–10 µm long);
on Acer pseudoplatanus, only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Aus-
tria). – Au: T.
Spheconisca hypocrita Norman
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a doubtfully lichenised species with a spreading,
black, rough, rather thick, subiculum-like thallus, the rather small ascomata contain-
ing 8-spored asci and hyaline to brownish, fusiform, 3-septate to submuriform as-
cospores (12–13 µm long); on branches of Larix, only known from the type locality in
the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Spheconisca indierens Norman
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a doubtfully lichenised species with a thin, black-
ish, subiculum-like thallus, 8-spored asci, and hyaline, narrowly fusiform, simple as-
cospores (to c. 12 µm long); on branches of Betula, only known from the type locality
in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Spheconisca margaritula (Norman ex Bachm.) Mig.
Syn.: [Spheconisca subgen.] Euspheconisca margaritula Norman ex Bachm.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a doubtfully lichenised species with a thallus composed
of goniocyst-like, attened particles, subspherical ascomata (c. 0.08 mm in diam.),
8-spored asci, and hyaline, 1 – later 3-septate ascospores (9–10 × 3–3.5 µm); on twigs
of Berberis, only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Spheconisca obducens Norman
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a non-lichenised species perhaps belonging to Ple-
osporales, with a thallus forming blackish patches composed of tightly adpressed hy-
phae, minute ascomata, 8-spored asci, and hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 1 – to 3-sep-
tate ascospores (8–10 µm long); on the trunk of Ficus, only known from the type
locality in the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: Lomb.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 621
Spheconisca semnospora (Norman ex Bachm.) Mig.
Syn.: [Spheconisca subgen.] Euspheconisca semnospora Norman ex Bachm.
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a doubtfully lichenised species with a divided, black-
ish, subiculum-like thallus, subspherical ascomata (c. 0.1 mm in diam.), 8-spored asci,
and subhyaline, ellipsoid, 3-septate ascospores (9–10 × 3–3.5 µm); on bark of Rhus
typhina, only known from the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: T.
Spheconisca translucens Norman
F # – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a non-lichenised species with a dark grey, subiculum-
like thallus, brown ascomata, 8-spored asci, and brownish, oblong to narrowly fusi-
form, 3-septate ascospores (10–15 µm long); on a trunk of Populus, only known from
the type locality in the Eastern Alps (Italy). – It: TAA.
Stenocybe major Nyl. ex Körb.
Syn.: Calicium eusporum Nyl., Stenocybe euspora (Nyl.) Anzi
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a non-lichenised species characterised by ascomata
with unbranched or furcate stalks, and narrowly clavate capitula (together up to 1.5
mm high), with light brown, 4-celled, narrowly ellipsoid ascospores (19–32 × 5–7
µm); on trunks of old trees, especially Abies, in humid montane forests, sometimes
breaking through thalli of Loxospora-species and then virtually lichenicolous; wide-
spread in temperate Europe and North America, but not common. – Au: V, T, S, K,
St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. Fr: Isè. It: TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Stenocybe pullatula (Ach.) Stein
Syn.: Calicium byssaceum Fr., Calicium pullatulum Ach., Stenocybe byssacea (Fr.) Körb.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: saprobic or parasitic on branches of Alnus, on decay-
ing branches and trunks, especially along streams and lakes, usually associated with
algal colonies, but most probably non-lichenised. – Au: V, T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB.
Fr: Isè. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA. Li.
Stenocybe septata (Leight.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Sphinctrina septata Leight.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a non-lichenised species characterised by the large
ascospores (45–60 × 15–20 µm) with various numbers of septa (usually 3-septate);
on bark of broad-leaved trees (mainly Ilex); a rare species in old woodlands, mainly in
Western Europe, with a few ancient records from the Eastern Alps (Austria and Italy),
which however need conrmation. – Au: T. It: TAA.
Stictis candida (J. Steiner ex Keissl.) M.B. Aguirre
Syn.: Leptorhaphis candida J. Steiner ex Keissl.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2 – Note: a most likely non-lichenised fungus with liform,
phragmospored ascospores (more than 150 µm long); on bark of deciduous trees
(Fraxinus ornus); only known from the type locality in Slovenia. – Sl: SlA.
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622
elocarpon strasseri Zahlbr.
Syn.: Ahlesia strasseri (Zahlbr.) Keissl.
F # – Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: a species developing minute apothecia; the distinc-
tion from . lichenicola (type lichenicolous on Baeomyces rufus and asci – according
to the protologue – 16-spored) may be not justied, and this taxon is not generally
accepted as a separate species, a problem which, however, needs further study. – Au:
K, St, O, N.
Tomasellia arthonioides (A. Massal.) A. Massal.
Syn.: Arthopyrenia arthonioides A. Massal., Melanotheca arthonioides (A. Massal.) Nyl.,
Pyrenula arthonioides (A. Massal.) Trevis.
F – Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a mild-temperate fungus, most frequent on the
smooth bark of Fraxinus ornus in the submediterranean belt. – Au: K, B. It: Frl, Ven,
TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Tromera resinae (Fr.) Körb.
Syn.: Biatorella resinae (Fr.) . Fr., Sarea resinae (Fr.) Kuntze, Sphaeria resinae Fr.,
Tromera myriospora (Hepp) Anzi
F – Subs.: res – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a non-lichenised discomycete with medium-sized, or-
ange to reddish apothecia (to 1.5 mm in diam.) recalling those of Bacidia rubella, poly-
spored asci, and spherical ascospores (2–3 µm in diam.), sometimes accompanied or
replaced by an anamorphic pale orange pycnidial state with spherical, hyaline conidia;
growing on the resin of coniferous trees in the upper montane and subalpine belts; wide-
spread in the Holarctic region, both in Europe and in North America, and also recorded
from the Himalayas and the East African highlands; not rare throughout the Alps. – Au:
T, S, K, St, O, N. Ge: OB. Sw: SZ. Fr: Var. It: Frl, TAA, Lomb, Piem. Sl: SlA.
Particularly dubious records and extremely poorly known taxa
Arthonia aquatica Riedl
Subs.: xyl-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: a very dubious taxon, compared by the author with
Micarea prasina! – Au: N.
Arthonia calcarea (Turner ex Sm.) Ertz & Diederich
Syn.: Opegrapha calcarea Turner ex Sm., Opegrapha chevallieri Leight., Opegrapha con-
uens auct. non (Ach.) Stizenb.
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1 – Note: this species, belonging to a dicult group of closely related
taxa, has a thick, chalky, pure white thallus, and often was not distinguished from A.
trifurcata; it grows on limestone, brick, roong tiles, etc. in sheltered situations. Ac-
cording to Roux, this is a strictly littoral species, and all the inland records from the
Alps are likely to refer to A. trifurcata. – Au: ?T, ?S, ?K, ?St, ?O, ?N. Ge: ?OB. Sw: ?SZ.
It: ?Frl, ?Ven, ?TAA, ?Lomb, ?Piem, ?Lig. Sl: ?SlA.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 623
Aspicilia epiglypta (Norrl. ex Nyl.) Hue
Syn.: Lecanora epiglypta Norrl. ex Nyl.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: A. epiglypta is restricted to coastal areas in Northern Europe
and records from elsewhere may be due to confusion with other species, especially with
A. prestensis. – Au: ?T, ?K.
Aspicilia erythrantha Poelt (not validly published)
Subs.: int – Alt.: 6 – Note: a fertile, not validly published species with rather irregular
marginal lobes reacting K+ red, whose taxonomic value is in need of evaluation, with
a few records from hard schists rich in calcium. – Au: T. It: TAA.
Aspicilia lactea A. Massal.
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: Cl. Roux has seen the type and has annotated that it belongs
to a Lecania (see Nimis 2016). – Au: ?V.
Aspicilia leprosescens (Sandst.) Hav.
Syn.: Circinaria leprosescens (Sandst.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell, Lecanora leprosescens
Sandst.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: this is a maritime lichen, and the record from Austria is most
probably due to a misidentication. – Au: ?T.
Aspicilia oleosa Poelt (not validly published)
Subs.: sil, met – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a fertile taxon with an indistinctly egurate thal-
lus and conspicuous “oil-cells” in the medulla; on schist rich in iron, distribution still
insuciently known. – Au: K.
Aspicilia perradiata (Nyl.) Hue
Syn.: Aspicilia polychroma Anzi var. perradiata (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecanora
perradiata Nyl.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5–6 – Note: a species with a dark grey, egurate thallus with narrow lobes;
poorly known, based on a type from easternmost Siberia (Bering Strait area); the identity
of records from the Alps is uncertain (they may refer to A. polychroma). – Au: ?V, ?T.
Aspicilia subradiascens (Nyl.) Hue
Syn.: Lecanora subradiascens Nyl.
Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a fertile species with a blackish-grey, subegurate
thallus not reacting with K; on the whole, a poorly known taxon based on a type from
easternmost Siberia (Bering Strait area); the identity of the records from the Alps is
highly uncertain. – Au: ?T, ?St.
Aspicilia virginea Hue
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: the occurrence in Austria of this mainly Arctic species, based
on a non-published dissertation, is doubtful. – Au: ?K.
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624
Bacidia ephemera Poelt & Vězda ined.
Subs.: deb – Alt.: 2 – Note: a bacidioid species only provisionally named and not further
described, found on Scirpus sylvaticus, on leaves of the previous year, and therefore ap-
parently with a short life span; only recorded from the Eastern Alps (Austria). – Au: St.
Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) Vězda
Syn.: Patellaria apiahica Müll. Arg.
Subs.: fol – Alt.: 2 – Note: a foliicolous pan – to subtropical species, in Southern Eu-
rope restricted to very humid and warm forests near the coast. Its occurrence in Austria
was due to a misidentication: the specimen proved to be Bacidina chloroticula (det.
E. Serusiaux). – Au: ?St.
Biatora cuprea (Sommerf.) Fr.
Syn.: Lecidea cuprea Sommerf., Pyrrhospora cuprea (Sommerf.) M. Choisy
Subs.: ter-sil, deb-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: most frequent on soil and plant debris on
siliceous substrata, in upland areas. is species is known with certainty only from
Northern Europe and Western North America, but it has been reported from several
localities in the Alps (see e.g. Roux et al. 2014). Its presence in the Alps, however, is
very dubious, and most records from this area could refer to B. subduplex. – Sw: ?GR.
Fr: ?HAl. It: ?TAA, ?Lomb, ?Piem, ?VA.
Bryobilimbia diapensiae (. Fr.) Fryday, Printzen & S. Ekman
Syn.: Biatora diapensiae (. Fr.) Hellb., Lecidea diapensiae . Fr.
Subs.: bry – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an arctic species of the B. hypnorum-group with an ol-
ive hypothecium; the only record from the Alps (Switzerland), from mid-elevation, is
probably based on a misidentication. – Sw: ?VD.
Bryocaulon divergens (Ach.) Kärnefelt
Syn.: Alectoria divergens (Ach.) Nyl., Cornicularia divergens Ach.
Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: the occurrence in Austria is doubtful (Hafellner and Türk
2016), as well as all records from the Alps (Nimis 1993). – Au: ?St. Sw: ?VS. It: ?Piem.
Buellia sequax (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Syn.: Buellia excelsa (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Lecidea excelsa Leight., Lecidea sequax Nyl.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: B. sequax in the strict sense is only known with certainty
from the type locality in France, outside the Alps. e Austrian record is likely to be
due to a misidentication – Au: ?T.
Buellia triphragmia auct. non (Nyl.) Arnold
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a name applied in Central Europe to a lichen in the B.
disciformis-group, with 3-septate ascospores (perhaps just B. disciformis with overaged
ascospores); on bark of various trees, occasionally recorded throughout Europe, includ-
ing the Alps. – Au: ?V, ?T, ?S, ?St, ?N.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 625
Caloplaca biatorina (A. Massal.) J. Steiner subsp. gyalolechioides (Müll. Arg.)
Clauzade & Cl. Roux
Syn.: Amphiloma murorum var. gyalolechioides Müll. Arg.
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a poorly known calcicolous taxon: the name was usually
applied to pruinose populations with the characters of C. biatorina; not always distin-
guished, and distribution therefore incompletely documented, with a few scattered
records throughout Europe, including the Alps, at low elevations. – Au: K. Fr: HSav.
Caloplaca fraudans (. Fr.) H. Olivier
Syn.: Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) . Fr. var. fraudans . Fr.
Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: this is a mainly Arctic species; the records from Aus-
tria and Italy are most probably wrong. – Au: ?V. It: ?VA.
Caloplaca karakorina Poelt & Hinteregger
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: the record from Austria is very unprobable. – Au: ?V.
Caloplaca lecidellae Poelt & Hinteregger
Subs.: cal-par – Alt.: 5 – Note: the record from Austria is very unprobable. – Au: ?T.
Candelariella oleaginescens Rondon
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a mainly coastal species. Earlier reports from Austria are
probably due to misidentications, since their altitudinal distribution does not t with
that of the type. – Au: ?T, ?K.
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. subsp. elongata (Wulfen) Vain.
Syn.: Cladonia elongata (Wulfen) Hom., Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. var. elongata
(Wulfen) Fr., Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. subsp. nigripes (Nyl.) Ahti, Cladonia nigripes
(Nyl.) Trass, Lichen elongatus Wulfen
Subs.: ter – Alt.: 4 – Note: a taxon forming large mats of squamulose podetia with mel-
anotic bases, based on a type from Southern Chile, very similar to C. macroceras (with
shiny, often slightly squamulose podetia); on soil and in rock beds; bipolar, in Europe
mainly northern boreal to Arctic; the presence in the Alps is very dubious. – Sl: ?SlA.
Collema thysanoeum Ach.
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a rare species with a thallus of crowded, suberect, round-
ish lobes with granulose margins, perhaps related to Lathagrium fuscovirens; based on a
type from Switzerland, but material very poorly developed. – Sw: Sw.
Cladonia perlomera Kristinsson
Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: on rotting wood; the record from Italy is dubious. – It:
?Lomb.
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626
Diploschistes caesioplumbeus (Nyl.) Vain.
Syn.: Diploschistes actinostoma (Ach.) Zahlbr. var. caesioplumbeus (Nyl.) J. Steiner, Ur-
ceolaria actinostoma (Ach.) Schaer. var. caesioplumbea Nyl.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a species with a grey, non-pruinose thallus and entirely
immersed apothecia with punctiform discs, 4 – to – 8-spored asci, and large muriform
ascospores; optimum on coastal siliceous rocks in the supralittoral zone, often together
with Ramalina scopularis; widespread along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; an
earlier record from Austria (V) was evidently based on a misidentication. – Au: ?V.
Fuscidea badensis V. Wirth & Poelt ined.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: a herbarium name, the taxon was never validly published.
– Au: V, T.
Fuscidea oculata Oberholl. & V. Wirth
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3 – Note: the record from Austria, the only one from the Alps, is dubi-
ous. – Au: ?T.
Heterodermia japonica (M. Satô) Swinscow & Krog
Syn.: Anaptychia dendritica (Pers.) Vain. var. japonica M. Satô
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: the record from Slovenia most likely refers to Polyblastidium
subneglectum (see Nimis 2016). – Sl: ?Tg.
Hypotrachyna rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia rockii Zahlbr.
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: the record from Switzerland most probably refers to H.
taylorensis. – Sw: ?UW.
Lambiella impavida (. Fr.) M. Westb. & Resl
Syn.: Lecidea impavida . Fr., Rimularia impavida (. Fr.) Hertel & Rambold
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a circumpolar, arctic species colonising as a pioneer loose si-
liceous pebbles on the ground. Arnold’s record from Tyrol, based on sterile specimens,
is most likely due to a misidentication. – Au: ?T.
Lecanora cinerescens (Harm.) Ozenda & Clauzade
Syn.: Lecanora atriseda var. cinerescens Harm.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: the record from Austria is most probably due to a misiden-
tication. – Au: ?V.
Lecidea atomaria . Fr.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: the record from Austria is very dubious (Hafellner and Türk
2016). – Au: ?T.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 627
Lecidea atrosanguinea (Hom.) Nyl.
Syn.: Verrucaria atrosanguinea Hom.
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: the records from Austria are very dubious, and probably
refer to a species of Lecidella (Hafellner and Türk 2016). – Au: ?S, ?N.
Lecidella leprothalla (Zahlbr.) Knoph & Leuckert
Syn.: Lecidea leprothalla Zahlbr.
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: the identity of the Swiss samples is not certain. – Sw:
?BE, ?GR, ?TI, ?VS.
Lempholemma dispansum H. Magn.
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: the record from Austria is dubious (Hafellner and Türk
2016). – Au: ?St.
Melanohalea olivacea (L.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. &
Lumbsch
Syn.: Lichen olivaceus L., Melanelia olivacea (L.) Essl., Parmelia olivacea (L.) Ach.
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: the name Parmelia olivacea was often used for Melane-
lixia glabra and for several other species of this group. All records from the Alps are
unreliable. – Au:? T, ?O. It: ?Ven, ?Lomb, ?VA.
Micarea melanobola (Nyl.) Coppins
Syn.: Catillaria melanobola (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Lecidea melanobola Nyl.
Subs.: xyl – Alt.: 4 – Note: this species, which can be easily confused with M. prasina, is
known with certainty only from Southern Finland, on bark of Picea. e record from
Switzerland is very dubious. – Sw: ?VS.
Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. subsp. discordans (Nyl.) Skult
Syn.: Parmelia discordans Nyl.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a subspecies with frequently convex lobes and with medulla
reacting K-, Pd – (salazinic acid lacking, but with an otherwise complex secondary
chemistry); on siliceous rocks, most common in the Northern European lowlands, in
Central Europe often not distinguished, and therefore rarely recorded. e Austrian
record is dubious. – Au: ?V.
Parmotrema robustum (Degel.) Hale
Syn.: Parmelia dilatata auct. non Vain., Parmelia robusta Degel.
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a humid subtropical species found on broad-leaved trees in
humid-warm situations; the record from Switzerland is extremely dubious. – Sw: ?BE.
Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl. var. petraea Erichsen
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: a very dubious taxon (see Hafellner and Türk 2016). – Au: ?V.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
628
Pertusaria jurana Erichsen
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: the record from the Slovenian Alps is very dubious. – Sl: ?SlA.
Phaeorrhiza sareptana (Tomin) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt var. sareptana
Syn.: Rinodina nimbosa (Fr.) . Fr. f. sareptana Tomin, Rinodina sareptana (Tomin)
H. Magn.
Subs.: bry-cal, ter-cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: similar to Ph. nimbosa, but apothecia with a
proper margin, and diering from var. sphaerocarpa in the constantly epruinose thallus;
on saline soils in Eastern Europe; the records from Switzerland are likely to belong to
var. sphaerocarpa. – Sw: ?GR, ?VS.
Placynthium stenophyllum (Tuck.) Fink var. stenophyllum
Syn.: Pannaria stenophylla Tuck.
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species described from North America and also known from
Northern Europe, with pale brown, cylindrical lobes, and apothecia (if present) with a
secondary thalline margin (!); Central European records, including that from Bavaria,
are in urgent need of conrmation, as they perhaps refer to P. posterulum. – Ge: ?OB.
Placynthium stenophyllum (Tuck.) Fink var. isidiatum Henssen
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 4 – Note: a taxon described and known with certainty only from
North America; the Central European records are in need of conrmation, and per-
haps refer to P. posterulum or P. subradiatum. – Au: ?V.
Polyblastia gothica . Fr.
Subs.: deb, ter-cal – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: most probably this is a synonym of the licheni-
colous fungus Merismatium nigritellum (Nyl.) Vouaux (Hafellner and Türk 2016). –
Au: V, K, St. Sw: SZ.
Porpidia tuberculosa (Sm.) Hertel & Knoph var. rubescens A.J. Schwab ined.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: this undescribed taxon is probably identical with Bellemerea
subsorediza. – Au: T.
Protoparmelia atriseda (Fr.) R. Sant. & V. Wirth
Syn.: Lecanora atriseda (Fr.) Nyl., Lecanora nephaea auct. non Sommerf., Parmelia ba-
dia (Hom.) Hepp var. atriseda Fr.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: on hard siliceous rocks in upland areas, with optimum
above treeline, starting the life-cycle on yellow Rhizocarpon-species, later becoming
autonomous. A heterogeneous taxon, which does not belong to Protoparmelia s.str.; all
records from the Alps are dubious. – Au: ?V, ?T. Sw: ?GR. It: ?TAA.
Protoparmelia nitens (Nyl.) Sancho & A. Crespo
Syn.: Lecanora nitens (Pers.) Ach.
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: an often misunderstood silicicolous species. e Italian
records, especially those from upland areas, are dubious. – It: ?TAA, ?Piem, ?VA, ?Lig.
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 629
Rhizocarpon jemtlandicum (. Fr. & Almq.) Malme
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4 – Note: the record from Austria is very dubious. – Au: ?V.
Rhizocarpon lusitanicum (Nyl.) Arnold
Subs.: int-par – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: a S-European species of siliceous rocks which starts
the life-cycle on the thalli of Pertusaria-species below the montane belt; the high-alti-
tude record from Austria is very dubious. – Au: ?V.
Rinodina aequata (Ach.) Flagey
Syn.: Lecidea coniops Ach. var. aequata Ach.
Subs.: cal, sil – Alt.: 2–4 – Note: a taxon of uncertain generic placement, based on
two specimens from the Western Alps (France and Switzerland). In a later publica-
tion (Acharius, Syn. Meth. Lich. 1814) Acharius himself synonymised it with Le-
cidea lapicida. Because of the missing types, the records are impossible to interpret,
as this name has been used for dierent taxa from dierent substrates. – Sw: UR,
VD. Fr: HSav.
Rinodina arnoldii H. Mayrhofer & Poelt
Subs.: sil, int – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: most records from the subalpine and alpine belts refer
to R. milvina. e type specimens are from northern Bavaria (outside the Alps); the
records from the Alps are in need of re-evaluation. – Au: ?V, ?T, ?K. It: ?TAA, ?Lomb.
Sarcogyne regularis Körb. var. macrocarpa (B. de Lesd.) N.S. Golubk.
Syn.: Sarcogyne pruinosa auct. var. macrocarpa B. de Lesd.
Subs.: int – Alt.: 5 – Note: a taxon with an epilithic, grey thallus and large, sessile apo-
thecia (more than 1 mm in diam.) which are pruinose at rst, then non-pruinose, with
a persistent prominent margin; not consistently distinguished and distributional data
therefore incomplete and hard to interpret. e record from Austria is very dubious
(Hafellner and Türk 2016). – Au: ?V.
Scytinum tetrasporum (. Fr.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin
Syn.: Leptogium tetrasporum . Fr.
Subs.: ter-cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: the record from Austria is very dubious. – Au: ?S.
Siphulastrum alpinum Jatta
Subs.: ter – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: known only from the type collection. e envelope
purported to contain the type, in NAP, is empty; the type is presently in S (L474) and
appears to be almost completely eaten by insects and thus unidentiable. An annota-
tion by A. Henssen states that it could be a taxon in the Heppiaceae (see also Nimis
2016). – It: Piem.
Staurothele arctica Lynge
Subs.: sax – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a mainly Arctic species; the identication of the records
from Austria and Switzerland are very dubious. – Au: ? V. Sw: ?VS.
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
630
Stereocaulon cumulatum (Sommerf.) Timdal
Syn.: Lecidea conglomerata Sommerf., Lecidea cumulata Sommerf., Lecidea paracarpa
Nyl., Lecidea perdiosa Nyl., Toninia cumulata (Sommerf.) . Fr.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: ?3 – Note: this species is known with certainty only from Greenland
and Russia; the records from Switzerland are most probably due to misidentications.
– Sw: ?BE, ?VS.
Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hom.
Syn.: Lichen paschalis L.
Subs.: ter-sil – Alt.: 3–5 – Note: all records from the Alps are uncertain and in need of
conrmation, perhaps referring to either S. grande or morphs of S. alpinum. – Au: ?K,
?St, ?N. Sw: ?GR, ?VS.
Stereocaulon spathuliferum Vain.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 5 – Note: the records from Austria are very dubious (Hafellner and
Türk 2016). – Au: ?V, ?T.
Sticta canariensis (Flörke) Bory ex Delise
Syn.: Pulmonaria canariensis Flörke, Sticta dufourii Delise
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a humid subtropical lichen found on bark and epiphytic
mosses in very moist forests, sometimes on mossy rocks. e morph with cyanobacte-
ria is the only one occurring in Europe; the Swiss record is most probably based on a
misidentication. – Sw: ?VS.
Toninia sculpturata (H. Magn.) Timdal
Syn.: Catillaria sculpturata H. Magn.
Subs.: cal, int – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species with a thallus composed of orbicular, convex,
pale yellowish squamules, apothecia with a colourless hypothecium and a dark brown
epihymenium, and 1-septate ascospores; on steep to underhanging surfaces of calcifer-
ous rocks in dry places; widespread in the Holarctic region but rare; the only record
from the Alps (Austria) needs conrmation. – Au: ?T.
Umbilicaria spadochroa (Hom.) DC.
Syn.: Gyrophora cirrhosa auct. non (Hom.) Vain., Gyrophora spadochroa (Hom.) Ach.,
Omphalodiscus spadochrous (Hom.) Schol., Umbilicaria cirrhosa auct. non Hom.
Subs.: sil – Alt.: 4–5 – Note: a mainly western-oceanic species growing on inclined
surfaces of siliceous rocks near or above treeline; all records from the Alps need conr-
mation, due to frequent confusion with U. crustulosa. – Sw: ?BE, ?GR, ?VS. It: ?TAA,
?Lomb, ?Piem, ?VA.
Usnea articulata (L.) Hom.
Syn.: Lichen articulatus L., Usnea articulata (L.) Hom. subsp. mediterranea Motyka
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 1–3 – Note: a Mediterranean-Macaronesian lichen with subtropical
anities found on the branches of ancient trees in humid forests; in our opinion, con-
e lichens of the Alps - an annotated checklist 631
sidering both the sources and the localities, all records from the Alps are very dubious.
– Sw: ?GR, ?VS. It: ?Ven, ?Lomb.
Usnea ammea Stirt.
Syn.: Usnea dalmatica Motyka, Usnea rupestris Motyka
Subs.: cor, sax, ter – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a western and southern European, oceanic spe-
cies, mainly epiphytic, but also found on rocks and soil in damp situations, below the
subalpine belt; the Italian record is very dubious. – It: ?Ven.
Usnea irregularis Motyka
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: this taxon has been described on the base of African speci-
mens, and is considered to be a synonym of U. ruwenzoriana. European specimens
most probably correspond to U. perplexans Stirt. – Au: T.
Usnea leucosticta Vain.
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: this is most probably a special morphotype of U. barbata
s.str. with unusually stipitate and globulose soralia, perhaps triggered by a lichenicolous
fungus. – Au: T.
Usnea majuscula Motyka
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 4 – Note: this is a nomen nudum (Hafellner and Türk 2016). – Au: T.
Usnea rigidula Motyka
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: a species of this name with Motyka as author is not present
in the literature. U. rigidula (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi is a tropical species. – Au: K.
Usnea subfaginea Nádv.
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3 – Note: the combination at species level does not exist. It was
published under the name U. faginea var. subfaginea Nádv, which is a synonym of U.
intermedia. – Au: K.
Usnea subgracilis Vain.
Syn.: U. hesperina Motyka, U. schadenbergiana sensu P. Clerc non Göpp. & Stein
Subs.: cor – Alt.: 3–4 – Note: the identication of the specimen from Slovenia (as U.
hesperina Motyka) is highly doubtful. – Sl: ?SlA.
Verrucaria brevieri Servít
L – Subs.: ? – Alt.: 1–2 – Note: on the whole, a very poorly known species. – It: Piem, Lig.
Verrucaria devensis (G. Salisb.) Orange
Syn.: Leucocarpopsis devensis G. Salisb.
Subs.: sil-aqu – Alt.: 3 – Note: this species, whose type material is a specimen with
exceptionally unpigmented perithecia, is known with certainty from the British
Isles and Germany (outside the Alps); the record from Austria most probably refers
Pier Luigi Nimis et al. / MycoKeys 31: 1–634 (2018)
632
to an albino-form of an unspecied Verrucaria-species (Hafellner and Türk 2001).
– Au: ?St.
Verrucaria nigricolor Arnold
Subs.: cal – Alt.: 2–3 – Note: a species described from Labrador, whose presence in
Switzerland is very dubious. – Sw: ?BE.
Xanthoria calcicola Oxner var. ectaniza (Nyl.) Cl. Roux
L – Subs.: cal – Alt.: 5 – Note: the only record from the Alps is very dubious (see
Hafellner and Türk 2016). – Au: ?T.
Acknowledgements
e number of colleagues who contributed in various ways to the national checklists
which are the basis of the present work is so high that we refer to those for proper ac-
knowledgments. We are grateful to Tassilo Feuerer for some information concerning
Germany. Financial support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF project P25078-
B16) is gratefully acknowledged by P.O.B. and H.M.
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