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Changes of Martes species numbers in the Middle Urals over 20 years

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Vladimir G. Monakhov at Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology
Vladimir G. Monakhov
  • Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology
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Abstract

In our opinion, the relationship between hunting pressure and the abundance of marten and sables is undeniable. However, such a strong and sharp increase in marten and sable numbers may be explained by global warming too. This may explain the continuing growth of the marten population in the southern region
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CONTENTS'
FROM'THE'CHAIR'...................................................................................................................................................................'2!
FROM'THE'TREASURER'AND'MEMBERSHIP'DIRECTOR'............................................................................................'4!
FROM'THE'WEBMASTER'......................................................................................................................................................'5!
PUBLICATION'OF'THE'5TH'MARTES'SYMPOSIUM'BOOK'............................................................................................'7!
WESTERN'NORTH'AMERICA'...............................................................................................................................................'9!
LIMITING!FACTORS!AND!LANDSCAPE!CONNECTIVITY:!THE!AMERICAN!MARTEN!IN!THE!ROCKY!MOUNTAINS!................................!9!
SECOND‐YEAR!TRANSLOCATION!OF!FISHERS!INTO!THE!NORTHERN!SIERRA!NEVADA!AND!SOUTHERN!CASCADES!OF!
CALIFORNIA!.................................................................................................................................................................................................!10!
DECLINE!IN!AMERICAN!MARTEN!OCCUPANCY!RATES!AT!SAGEHEN!EXPERIMENTAL!FOREST,!CALIFORNIA!.................................!13!
USE!OF!NON‐INVASIVE!GENETIC!DATA!TO!ESTIMATE!FISHER!POPULATION!PARAMETERS!IN!THE!EASTERN!KLAMATH!
MOUNTAINS!OF!CALIFORNIA!.....................................................................................................................................................................!16!
SIMULATING!THE!EFFECTS!OF!CLIMATE!CHANGE!ON!POPULATION!CONNECTIVITY!OF!AMERICAN!MARTEN!IN!THE!NORTHERN!
ROCKY!MOUNTAINS,!USA!.........................................................................................................................................................................!21!
EASTERN'NORTH'AMERICA'..............................................................................................................................................'22!
MODELING!HABITAT!QUALITY!FOR!AMERICAN!MARTENS!IN!WESTERN!NEWFOUNDLAND,!CANADA!............................................!22!
MULTISCALAR!EFFECTS!OF!FOREST!FRAGMENTATION!BY!TIMBER!HARVESTING!ON!AMERICAN!MARTEN!IN!THE!BOREAL!FOREST!
OF!EASTERN!CANADA!.................................................................................................................................................................................!23!
DISTRIBUTION!AND!DETECTION!RATES!OF!A!REINTRODUCED!FISHER!POPULATION!IN!WESTERN!MARYLAND!............................!25!
POPULATION!ECOLOGY!OF!AMERICAN!MARTEN:!IMPACT!OF!WIND!FARM!DEVELOPMENT!IN!HIGH‐ELEVATION!SPRUCE‐FIR!
HABITAT!IN!NEW!HAMPSHIRE!..................................................................................................................................................................!28!
EUROPE'...................................................................................................................................................................................'33!
TEETH!VARIATIONS!AND!PATHOLOGIES!IN!STONE!MARTENS!FROM!CROATIA!...................................................................................!33!
PINE!MARTEN!ABUNDANCE!AND!POTENTIAL!IMPACTS!OF!HABITAT!FRAGMENTATION!IN!NORTHERN!IRELAND‐A!CASE!STUDY!
IN!THE!MOURNE!MOUNTAINS!...................................................................................................................................................................!34!
RESEARCH!OF!GENETIC!VARIABILITY!OF!BEECH!MARTEN!FROM!CROATIA!.........................................................................................!35!
RUSSIA'.....................................................................................................................................................................................'37!
CHANGES!OF!MARTES!SPECIES!NUMBERS!IN!THE!MIDDLE!URALS!OVER!20!YEARS!..........................................................................!37!
SABLE!AND!MARTEN!POPULATION!INCREASE:!IS!IT!POSSIBLE!TO!RAISE!GAME!QUOTAS?!................................................................!41!
ASIA'..........................................................................................................................................................................................'42!
DIET!OF!AN!OPPORTUNISTICALLY!FRUGIVOROUS!CARNIVORE,!MARTES'FLAVIGULA,!IN!SUBTROPICAL!FOREST!............................!42!
FRUGIVORY!AND!SEED!DISPERSAL!BY!THE!YELLOW‐THROATED!MARTEN,!MARTES'FLAVIGULA,!IN!A!SUBTROPICAL!FOREST!OF!
CHINA!............................................................................................................................................................................................................!43!
HELP'WANTED'.....................................................................................................................................................................'44!
REQUEST!FOR!COLLABORATION:!CRANIAL!MORPHOLOGY!IN!AMERICAN!AND!EURASIAN!MARTES!...............................................!44!
EASTERN!NORTH!AMERICA!REGIONAL!REPRESENTATIVE!NEEDED!..................................................................................................!45!
NEW'BOOK'ANNOUNCEMENT'..........................................................................................................................................'45!
NORTHERN'FURBEARER'CONFERENCE'PROCEEDINGS'AVAILABLE'..................................................................'46!
RECENT'MARTES'LITERATURE'.......................................................................................................................................'47!
!
NEWSLETTER'
Volume!18(1)!·!2011!
'
Martes!Working!Group!Newsletter!18(1)!
37!
Sindičić,!M.,!T.!Gomerčić,!D.!Kos,!D.!Dežđek,!D.!Konjević,!T.!Keros,!and!A.!Slavica.!2011.!
Variability!of!mitochondrial!DNA!in!beech!marten!(Martes'foina)!from!central!Croatia.!
Abstract!Volume!VIth!European!Congress!of!Mammalogy,!Pariz,!Francuska.!P.!71.!
!
!
RUSSIA'
!
Changes'of'Martes'species'numbers'in'the'Middle'Urals'over'20'years'
!
Vladimir'Monakhov'
Institute!of!Plant!and!Animal!Ecology,!!
Ural!Division!of!Russian!Academy!of!Sciences!
8!Marta!St.,!202,!Ekaterinburg,!Russia,!620144!
Email:!mon@ipae.uran.ru!
!
Pine!martens!(Martes'martes)!occur!throughout!the!Ural! Mountains!region,!but!sables!(M.'
zibellina)! occur! only! in! the! northeast! (Monakhov! 2005).! Winter! transect! counts,! held!
regularly! in! February! and! March,! are! used! to! estimate! the! number! of! pine! martens! and!
sables! living! in! the! Ural! Mountains! jointly.! The! Department! of! the! Sverdlovsk! region!
gathers!these!data!to!facilitate!the! protection,!control!and!regulation!of!wildlife!use.! From!
the!annual! estimates,!multi‐year! averages!of! abundance!for! the!periods! 1987!–!1991!and!
2005!–!2011!were!calculated!for!all!47!municipal!areas.!
!
The!territory!of!the!Sverdlovsk!region!is! intersected!by!the! Ural!Mountains!from!north! to!
south.! For! this! reason,! habitats! of! commercial! (harvested)! species! are! very! diverse.!
According!to! our!research! (Monakhov!et'al.! 1997),!the! region!supports! 3!natural‐hunting!
Zones,!which!include!6!game‐economy!counties!(Figure!1A):!
• The!To‐Urals!Zone!(prior!to!Urals,!PU)!includes!a!county!with!the!same!title.!
• The! Urals! Zone! (Ural! Mountains,! U)! is! divided! into! 3! counties:! North‐Urals! (U1),!
middle‐taiga‐mountainous!(U2),!and!Middle!Urals!(U3).!
• The!Trans‐Ural!range!of!the!region!is!called!the!Western!Siberian!Zone!(WS).!It!also!
encompasses! 3! counties:! plain! middle‐taiga! (WS1),! southern! taiga! (WS2),! and!
forest‐steppe!(WS3).!
!
Analysis!of!data!on!the!number!of!Martes,!in!combination!with!the!natural‐hunting!zoning,!
reveals!regular!features!in!the!dynamics!of!species!resources.!In!addition,!this!information!
allows!us!to!evaluate!the!priority!causes!and!factors!of!these!changes.!
!
The!number!of!sables!has!increased!significantly!in!the!past!20!years!throughout!the!region!
(Table! 1,! Figure! 1).! The! increase! in! the! different! counties! ranges! from! 1.6! to! 3.02! times!
(average!2.7)!(Table!1).!
!
The!data!on!pine!marten!are!even!more!impressive!(Table!1,!Figure!2).!In!1987!–!1991,!the!
number!of!pine!martens!exceeded!1,000!only!in!1!county!(WS2),!but!did!not!exceed!500!in!
4!counties! (PU,!U1,! U3,! and!WS3).! After!20! years,! WS2!county! supports!more! than!3,000!
Martes!Working!Group!Newsletter!18(1)!
38!
pine!martens,!and!an!additional!4!counties!(U2,!U3,!WS1,!and!WS3)!now!support!more!than!
1,000! martens.! For! the! remaining! 2! counties! (PU! and! U1),! the! minimum! number! is! now!
500! martens.! The! average! increase! in! the! number! of! martens! in! the! region! is! about! 2.9!
times!(Table!1).!The!minimum!increase!among!the!individual!counties!was!2.3!times!(PU1),!
and!the!maximum!increase!was!8.4!times!(WS3).!!In!2!other!southern!counties!(U2!and!U3),!
the!number!increased!by!3.3!and!4.4!times,!respectively.!
!
N.S.! Korytin! (2011)! documented! similar! changes! in! the! number! of! Uralian! Martes.! He!
attributed!these!changes!to!anthropogenic!causes.!Hunting!pressure!limited!the!number!of!
martens! and! sables! in! the! 1980! –! 1990! period.! When! this! pressure! was! removed! in! the!
2000s,!marten!and!sable!abundances!increased.!
!
In!our! opinion,! the! relationship! between! hunting! pressure!and! the! abundance! of! marten!
and!sables!is! undeniable.!However,!such! a!strong!and!sharp!increase!in!marten! and!sable!
numbers!may!be!explained!by!global!warming!too.!This!may!explain!the!continuing!growth!
of!the!marten!population!in!the!southern!region!of!3.3!–!8.4!times!(Table!1,!Figure!2).!
!
Data!indicate!that!warming!is!occurring!in!the!Urals!(an!increase!over!the!past!30!years!of!
1.5!–!2°C)!and!in!Russia!in!general!(1!–!1.5°C).!Also,!forests!have!expanded!northward.!This!
forest!expansion!is! enhanced!by! the!overgrowth! of!unused!agricultural! lands.!As! a!result,!
some!migratory!birds!are! wintering!in!the! Urals.!In!addition,!the! migration!paths!of!birds!
are!changing:!
http://www.gazeta.ru/news/science/2008/12/15/n_1308432.shtml!
http://www.svgimet.ru/index.php?page=about&pid=100101!
http://ural.ria.ru/science/20061215/81526135.html!
!
In! the! Urals,! the! greatest! sable! population! growth! occurred! in! commonly! used! habitats!
(district! SW1,! by! 3! times).! However,! there! is! evidence! that! sable! population! growth! is!
occurring! in! other! western! parts! of! its! range! (Korytin! 2011).! In! addition,! the! sable! has!
begun! appearing! in! areas! where! it! has! previously! been! rare! (e.g.,! in! the! U2! and! SW3!
counties,!Monakhov!2010).!
!!
If!we!look!at!the!abundance!of!Mustela!species,!we!obtain!a!very!different!picture!(Table!1).!
On! average,! in! all! districts,! Siberian! weasels! (Mustela' sibirica)! and! ermines! (Mustela'
erminea)! have! decreased! by! 53%! (range! 34! –! 128%),! and! 41%! (range! 16! –! 80%),!
respectively.!We! believe!that! these!declines! are!due! to!habitat! reduction!(overgrowing! of!
fields,!meadows!and!edges! by!deciduous!and!coniferous! young!forest),!and! an!increase!in!
other!predator!populations,! including! pine! marten! and! sable.! With!the! increase! in! forest!
cover!due!to!uncultivated!agricultural!land!more!habitat!may!be!created!for!sable!and!pine!
marten!in!the!near!future.!
!
This!work!was!supported!by!RFBR,!project!10‐04‐96063.!
!
' '
Martes!Working!Group!Newsletter!18(1)!
39!
References'
Korytin,!N.S.!2011.!Changes!in!the!numbers!of!predatory!mammals!in!the!Middle!Urals!
caused!by!anthropogenic!factors.!Russian!Journal!of!Ecology!42(3):!231–235.!
!
Monakhov,!V.G.!2005.!Über!den!gegenwärtigen!Zustand!der!Populationen!von!Arten!der!
Gattung!Martes!in!der!Transgressionszone!der!Areale!im!Mittelural.!Beitraege!zur!Jagd‐!und!
Wildforschung!30:!331‐335.!
!
Monakhov,!V.G.!2010.!Records!of!sable!outside!its!range!in!southern!Sverdlovsk!region!in!
winter!of!2009–2010.!Zoologicheskii!Zhurnal!89:1394–1397!(in!Russian!with!English!
summary).!
!
Monakhov!V.G.,!Yu.A.!Kuzminikh,!and!S.P.!Trushin.!1997.!On!the!game‐natural!area!zoning!
of!Svepdlovsk!province.!Pp.!129‐130!in!G.A.!Selitsky!and!Yu.G.!Yaroshenko,!eds.!Problems!of!
outside!ambient!conservation!in!the!Urals!region.!Ekaterinburg.!!
!
!
Table'1.!Multi‐year!averages!of!Martes!and!Mustela!species!abundances!in!the!Middle!Urals!
over!the!last!20!years.!
!
County
Years
Sable
Siberian
weasel
Ermine
PU
1987-1991
176
310
2005-2011
68
50
Variation (%)
39
16
U1
1987-1991
21
71
1006
2005-2011
34
91
804
Variation (%)
163
128
80
U2
1987-1991
800
2314
2005-2011
528
1053
66
46
U3
1987-1991
505
862
2005-2011
273
369
Variation (%)
54
43
WS1
1987-1991
1718
2342
7862
2005-2011
5181
1672
3244
Variation (%)
302
71
41
WS2
1987-1991
664
4467
6624
2005-2011
1281
1840
2318
Variation (%)
193
41
35
WS3
1987-1991
1091
897
2005-2011
371
276
Variation (%)
34
31
!
!
Martes!Working!Group!Newsletter!18(1)!
40!
!
Figure'1.!Changes!of!sable!numbers!in!the!Sverdlovsk!region!from!1987!–!1991!(A,!left)!to!
2005!–!2011!(B,!right).!Designations!of!zones!and!districts!in!the!text.!
!
!
!
Figure'2.!Changes!of!pine!marten!numbers!in!Sverdlovsk!region!from!1987!–!1991!(A,!left)!
to!2005!–!2011!(B,!right).!Designations!as!in!Figure!1.!
... In China, it is distributed in Northern Xinjiang and Northeast China (Monakhov, 2001b(Monakhov, , 2005Proulx et al., 2005). Due to commercial hunting and deforestation, the sable population has decreased dramatically in Northeast China since the l950s (1950-1959Kashtanov et al., 2015;Monakhov, 2005Monakhov, , 2011a and there is an increasing need for its conservation. ...
... Sables may be affected by human influences (Monakhov, 2001a(Monakhov, , 2001b(Monakhov, , 2011a(Monakhov, , 2011bZhou et al., 2011), but the historical data of human activities (e.g., land cover, vegetation cover from the 1950s) are difficult to be compiled. The change of human population size can reflect the scale of urbanization, the deforestation, and the reclamation of farmland. ...
... It is important to quantify distribution change spatial patterns to gain a better understanding of threatening factors (Luo et al., 2015;Pacifici et al., 2015;Urban, Zarnetske, & Skelly, 2013). The predicted ranges for each period were determined as the total number of respective re- Human influence and climate are likely to be important factors affecting sable distribution (Kashtanov et al., 2015;Miyoshi & Higashi, 2004;Monakhov, 2001bMonakhov, , 2005Monakhov, , 2011a ...
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... Here the western part of the sable's geographic range and the eastern part of the pine marten's geographic range overlap. In recent years, a multiple increase in marten and sable numbers has been observed for all natural hunting areas and districts of the Middle Urals (Korytin 2011, Monakhov 2011). We consider a significant reduction in hunting removal to be the most probable factor, and concomitant is global warming and loading decrease on agricultural lands. ...
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... По поводу причин случаев добычи соболей в не свойственных виду районах, мы придерживаемся объяснения, данного в нашем сообщении (Монахов, 2010). Мы считаем, что забеги (а речь в данном случае может идти только о них, посколь-ку постоянного очага обитания вида здесь нет) за пределы видового ареала вызваны значительным увеличением численности соболей в последние 10 лет, на что указывалось ранее (Корытин, 2011;Монахов, 2012;Monakhov, 2011). В качестве возможных причин роста ресурсов вида авторами назывались такие, как уменьшение промыслового пресса, глобальное потепление климата, образование новых лесов на неиспользуемых сельскохозяйственных землях. ...
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Дается обзор основных результатов исследований современного распространения промысло-вых видов куньих на Среднем Урале (Свердловская область). В работе применен новый для данного региона метод – распознавание видов с помощью ПЦР-анализа ДНК, выделенной из экскрементов животных. Результат исследования биопроб выявил их видовую принадлеж-ность: американская норка 78%, выдра (8%), куница лесная (4%) и соболь (10%). Общая доля успешных определений оказалась равной 78.13%, что превышает результаты, полученные с использованием ранее предложенных методов. Ключевые слова: куницеобразные; распространение; Свердловская область; генетический анализ.
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Martes and other mustelids in the Southern and Middle Urals
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  • Dec 2012
This year, special attention was paid to the search for possible areas of remaining habitat of European mink (Mustela lutreola). This species is now causing the great concern for the state of its resources. Recently, late 2011, there was a discussion on the IUCN Small Carnivore Specialist Group website concerning the status of M. lutreola and additional measures for its protection. The result of the discussion was the decision to designate M. lutreola to a new, more restrictive category of rarity – Critically Endangered (Aulagnier et al. 2011). The European mink had been assigned the Endangered status for quite a long time, from 1994 to 2011. However, the steady decline in the numbers and habitats, not only in the west of Asia, but also in the east and west of Europe, forces us to take additional measures for the protection of resources of the European mink, in the opinion of many researchers.
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CURRENT STATUS, PROTECTION AND EXPLOITATION OF SABLE MARTES ZIBELLINA RESOURCES IN RUSSIA AND CHINA
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  • Dec 2013
Presents the results of the analysis of current status, protection and exploitation of sable resources in Russia and China. Современное состояние, охрана и использование ресурсов соболя Martes zibellina в России и Китае В.Г. Монахов, Б. Ли 192
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Über den gegenwärtigen Zustand der Populationen von Arten der Gattung Martes in der Transgressionszone der Areale im Mittelural
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  • Mar 2005
О современном состоянии популяций видов рода Martes в зоне среднеуральской трансгрессии ареалов
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Records of sable outside its range in southern sverdlovsk region in winter of 2009-2010
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  • Jan 2010
Two cases of capturing sables in southern Sverdlovsk region (150-160 km from the southwestern boundary of the sable range) are described. A short description of the animals and their photos are given. A map of the species distribution in the region investigated is presented, where places of capturing the animals in the winter of 2009-2010 are shown.
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Changes in the numbers of predatory mammals in the Middle Urals caused by anthropogenic factors
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  • May 2011
Degradation of fur hunting in the mid-1990s allowed the impact of hunting on some species of predatory mammals to be estimated. The numbers of sables, martens, foxes, and lynx were demonstrated to slowly decrease in the period of intense hunting; after pelt trade ceased, the numbers of sables, martens, and foxes increased by a factor of three within 15 years. Ermines and Siberian weasels had not experienced a substantial hunting pressure; changes in their numbers were caused by other factors. Keywordssable–marten–fox–ermine–Siberian weasel–lynx–numbers–commercial hunting
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On the game-natural area zoning of Svepdlovsk province
  • Jan 1997
  • 129-130
  • V G Monakhov
  • . A Yu
  • S P Kuzminikh
  • Trushin
Monakhov V.G., Yu.A. Kuzminikh, and S.P. Trushin. 1997. On the game-natural area zoning of Svepdlovsk province. Pp. 129-130 in G.A. Selitsky and Yu.G. Yaroshenko, eds. Problems of outside ambient conservation in the Urals region. Ekaterinburg.