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Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tubakia s. lat
Abstract and Figures
The genus Tubakia is revised on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic data. The phylogenetic affinity of Tubakia to the family Melanconiellaceae (Diaporthales) was recently postulated, but new analyses based on sequences retrieved from material of the type species of Tubakia, T. dryina, support a family of its own, viz. Tubakiaceae fam. nov. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed the heterogeneity of Tubakia s. lat. which is divided into several genera, viz., Tubakia s. str., Apiognomonioides gen. nov. (type species: Apiognomonioides supraseptata), Involutiscutellula gen. nov. (type species: Involutiscutellula rubra), Oblongisporothyrium gen. nov. (type species: Oblongisporothyrium castanopsidis), Paratubakia gen. nov. (type species: Paratubakia subglobosa), Racheliella gen. nov. (type species: Racheliella wingfieldiana sp. nov.), Saprothyrium gen. nov. (type species: Saprothyrium thailandense) and Sphaerosporithyrium gen. nov. (type species: Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum sp. nov.). Greeneria saprophytica is phylogenetically closely allied to Racheliella wingfieldiana and is therefore reallocated to Racheliella. Particular emphasis is laid on a revision and phylogenetic analyses of Tubakia species described from Japan and North America. Almost all North American collections of this genus were previously referred to as T. dryina s. lat., which is, however, a heterogeneous complex. Several new North American species have recently been described. The new species Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum, Tubakia melnikiana and T. sierrafriensis, causing leaf spots on several oak species found in the North-Central Mexican state Aguascalientes and the NorthEastern Mexican state Nuevo León, are described, illustrated, and compared with similar species. Several additional new species are introduced, including Tubakia californica based on Californian collections on various species of the genera Chrysolepis, Notholithocarpus and Quercus, and T. dryinoides, T. oblongispora, T. paradryinoides, and Paratubakia subglobosoides described on the basis of Japanese collections. Tubakia suttoniana nom. nov., based on Dicarpella dryina, is a species closely allied to T. californica and currently only known from Europe. Tubakia dryina, type species of Tubakia, is epitypified, and the phylogenetic position and circumscription of Tubakia are clarified. A revised, supplemented key to the species of Tubakia and allied genera on the basis of conidiomata is provided.
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... Tubakia species produce unique umbrella-like pycnothyrial conidiomata that consist of convex scutella made from pigmented setae-like cells fixed to the leaf surface by a central columnella. Underneath scutella mostly globose to elliptical, hyaline, subhyaline to pigmented conidia and sometimes microconidia are born on conidiogenous cells (Braun et al., 2018). Oak leaf anthracnose caused by Apiognomonia errabunda (Roberge ex Desm.) causes necrosis that develops along leaf veins with apothecia formed on the necrotic lesions (Kowalski, 2006). ...
... isolates; LSU, RPB2 and BT2 were amplified for Didymella sp., whereas ACT and CAL genes were amplified for Apiognomonia sp. isolates (e.g., Sogonov et al., 2007;Braun et al., 2018;Boroń et al., 2019). The tef 1-α, BT2, LSU rDNA, RPB2, ACT, and CAL gene were amplified using the EF1/EF2 (O'Donnell et al., 1998), Bt-2a/Bt-2b (Glass and Donaldson, 1995), LR0R/LR6 (Vilgalys and Hester, 1990), RPB2-5F2/7CR (Liu et al., 1999;Sung et al., 2007), ACT-512-F/783-R (Carbone and Kohn, 1999;Udayanga et al., 2014), and CAL-228F/737R (Carbone and Kohn, 1999) primer sets, respectively. ...
... Sections of pycnidia were made using rotary microtome cryostat MEV (SLEE medical GmbH, Mainz, Germany). Morphological characteristics of the isolated fungi were compared to those described in recent literature, e.g., Braun et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2021;Zhu et al., 2022 (Tubakia);de Gruyter et al., 2002; (Didymella), Sogonov et al., 2007;Bensaci et al., 2021 (Apognomonia). ...
The Mura-Drava-Danube transboundary UNESCO Biosphere Reserve represents one of the best preserved wetlands in Europe. The Reserve's riparian forests play a significant role in ecosystem functioning and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) is one of the keystone species of these forests. In recent years, pedunculate oak trees in the Reserve displayed symptoms of necrotic lesions on their leaves. The lesions varied in size, from small, circular to irregular reddish brown to grayish spots to larger necrotic areas that resembled leaf anthracnose and extended along the leaf nerves. In 2021, symptomatic leaves were collected in three countries of the Reserve, i.e. Austria, Slovenia, and Serbia to identify the causative agents of these diseases. Fungal cultures were obtained from symptoms and identified using morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the ITS rDNA, partial LSU rDNA, tef 1-α, BT2, CAL, ACT, and RPB2 genes. The fungi were identified as Tubakia dryina, Tubakia sp. (Tubakia dryinoides sensu lato), Didymella macrostoma, and Apiognomonia errabunda. Pathogenicity tests done by inoculating the leaves of one-year old pedunculate oak plants revealed that the isolated fungi caused symptoms as those seen in the forest. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of D. macrostoma as the cause of pedunculate oak leaf spot disease in Serbia and worldwide. It is also the first finding of Tubakia leaf spot disease of pedunculate oak caused by T. dryina in Austria and Serbia. Moreover, Tubakia sp. was proven to be another causative agent of Tubakia leaf spot disease. Additionally, oak anthracnose caused by A. errabunda was found for the first time on pedunculate oak leaves in Austria and Slovenia. During the past decade, pedunculate oak trees have been facing increasing threats from multiple abiotic and biotic factors which has resulted in decline and absence of natural regeneration of these trees. The results of this study add to the understanding of the contributing factors to the decline of pedunculate oak in riparian forests and are important for the development of management strategies to counteract this decline.
... The genus is characterized by unique morphological characteristics, including minute punctiform conidiomata (pycnothyria), composed of a convex scutellum with pigmented and radiating cells fixed to the substratum by a central columella. Small phialides are attached to the underside of the scutellum, producing ellipsoidal, hyaline to brown conidia (Harrington & McNew 2018, Braun et al. 2018. ...
... Accordingly, Sutton (1973) established the genus Tubakia, and all previously recognized Actinopelte species were reassigned to the genus Tubakia. More recently, comprehensive re-evaluations of the phylogenetic placement of numerous Tubakia species have been made, leading to the detection of undetermined novel species (Harrington & McNew 2018, Braun et al. 2018, including T. iowensis, a causal agent of leaf blight disease on bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) (Harrington et al. 2012). ...
... Given the importance of the genus Tubakia as a fungal pathogen and its high degree of species diversity, especially in Asia (Braun et al. 2018), a routine survey in a natural forest in South Korea was conducted to establish an inventory of pathogenic fungi, specifically targeting the species of Tubakia, that potentially threaten the health of Quercus spp. Among the isolates, one species of Tubakia was consistently found causing leaf spot on Q. variabilis, and this prompted evaluating the phylogenetic placement of this species by comparing it with other known Tubakia spp. ...
A routine survey to establish an inventory of fungal pathogens occurring on Quercus spp. in South Korea was conducted in the autumn of 2021 and 2022. Symptoms, including leaf spot, were frequently observed on Quercus variabilis leaves in a natural forest located in Sejong. A fungus with unique morphological characteristics, including pycnothyria, was found to be a major colonizer in the infected leaves of Q. variabilis. Based on the morphological characteristics of the fungus, it was identified as a member of Tubakia. Sequence comparisons of LSU, ITS, and TEF-1α gene regions revealed that the fungus was an undetermined species of Tubakia. This novel species is described as T. byeongjinii sp. nov., and this is the first report of Tubakia species on Q. variabilis in South Korea.
... Notes: T. oblongispora was first reported in 2018. It was morphologically and phylogenetically similar to Tubakia dryina, but was recorded as a new species due to morphological differences in the formation of oblong spores [23]. It formed ellipsoidal, conical, or cylindrical spores [23], and the spore-bearing hyphae and spores of the strain KNUE 22N2108, isolated from the stems of Q. serrata in this study, matched the characteristics and sizes recorded in the original description. ...
... It was morphologically and phylogenetically similar to Tubakia dryina, but was recorded as a new species due to morphological differences in the formation of oblong spores [23]. It formed ellipsoidal, conical, or cylindrical spores [23], and the spore-bearing hyphae and spores of the strain KNUE 22N2108, isolated from the stems of Q. serrata in this study, matched the characteristics and sizes recorded in the original description. T. oblongispora has also been recorded in Japan as an endophyte from the leaves of Q. serrata [23]. ...
... It formed ellipsoidal, conical, or cylindrical spores [23], and the spore-bearing hyphae and spores of the strain KNUE 22N2108, isolated from the stems of Q. serrata in this study, matched the characteristics and sizes recorded in the original description. T. oblongispora has also been recorded in Japan as an endophyte from the leaves of Q. serrata [23]. Sequence analysis confirmed that the ITS region matched 99.09% with T. oblongispora NR159055, the TUB region matched 99.40% with T. oblongispora MG592178, and the TEF region matched 100% with T. oblongispora MG592084. ...
In the present study, we isolated endophytic fungi from different tissues of two plants, Pseudosasa japonica and Quercus serrata from Taean-gun, Korea. Morphological characteristics of the isolated fungal strains were observed. We identified the fungi based on the phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequences from the region of internal transcribed spacer, large subunit rDNA, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α DNA. Three endophytic fungi that were not previously recorded in Korea, namely Geomyces asperulatus, Leptoxyphium fumago, and Tubakia oblongispora were identified. Here, we describe the morphological characteristics of these unrecorded fungi and present the results of the phylogenetic analysis.
... [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46], and Ceratosphaeria aquatica Z.L. Luo, K.D. Hyde and H.Y. Su and Pyricularia grisea Cooke ex Sacc. as the outgroups. ...
Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is one of the most important economic plants in China, and has many benefits for human health. Anthracnose is one of the most serious diseases of tea in China, and control of the fungus is important since most Chinese cultivars are susceptible to it. The agent of tea anthracnose was initially described as Gloeosporium theae-sinensis I. Miyake in Japan, which was later transferred to Discula, but this taxonomic position remains problematic. To shed light on these taxonomic and phylogenetic issues, the tea anthracnose pathogens were re-studied. Combining the morphological characteristics and a multigene phylogenetic analysis of nrITS, nrLSU, rpb2, and tef1 sequence data, a new genus Sinodiscula was proposed to accommodate the causal fungi of tea anthracnose, including a new species Sinodiscula camellicola and a new combination Sinodiscula theae-sinensis. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of the pathogens was determined according to Koch’s postulates. This study thoroughly resolves the long-standing taxonomic and phylogenetic problems of the tea anthracnose pathogens.
... available after sterilization) and incubated at 25 °C for 2-3 days. The edges of hyphal growth were then transferred to new PDA flats to obtain pure cultures; simultaneously, they were inoculated on PDA and incubated at 23 °C under continuous near-ultraviolet light to promote sporulation [20]. ...
Species of Pestalotiopsis were mainly introduced as endophytes, plant pathogens or saprobes from various hosts. In this study, ten strains were isolated from Ficus macrocarpa, Phoebe zhennan and Spatholobus suberectus in China. Based on multilocus phylogenies from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1α) and the partial beta-tubulin gene (tub2), in conjunction with morphological characteristics, we describe three new species, viz., Pestalotiopsis ficicola sp. nov., P. phoebes sp. nov. and P. spatholobi sp. nov.
The phylogenetic position of several clitocyboid/pleurotoid/tricholomatoid genera previously considered incertae sedis is here resolved using an updated 6-gene dataset of Agaricales including newly sequenced lineages and more complete data from those already analyzed before. Results allowed to infer new phylogenetic relationships, and propose taxonomic novelties to accommodate them, including up to ten new families and a new suborder. Giacomia (for which a new species from China is here described) forms a monophyletic clade with Melanoleuca (Melanoleucaceae) nested inside suborder Pluteineae, together with the families Pluteaceae, Amanitaceae (including Leucocortinarius), Limnoperdaceae and Volvariellaceae. The recently described family Asproinocybaceae is shown to be a later synonym of Lyophyllaceae (which includes also Omphaliaster and Trichocybe) within suborder Tricholomatineae. The families Biannulariaceae, Callistosporiaceae, Clitocybaceae, Fayodiaceae, Macrocystidiaceae (which includes Pseudoclitopilus), Entolomataceae, Pseudoclitocybaceae (which includes Aspropaxillus), Omphalinaceae (Infundibulicybe and Omphalina) and the new families Paralepistaceae and Pseudoomphalinaceae belong also to Tricholomatineae. The delimitation of the suborder Pleurotineae (= Schizophyllineae) is discussed and revised, accepting five distinct families within it, viz. Pleurotaceae, Cyphellopsidaceae, Fistulinaceae, Resupinataceae and Schizophyllaceae. The recently proposed suborder Phyllotopsidineae (= Sarcomyxineae) is found to encompass the families Aphroditeolaceae, Pterulaceae, Phyllotopsidaceae, Radulomycetaceae, Sarcomyxaceae (which includes Tectella), and Stephanosporaceae, all of them unrelated to Pleurotaceae (suborder Pleurotineae) or Typhulaceae (suborder Typhulineae). The new family Xeromphalinaceae, encompassing the genera Xeromphalina and Heimiomyces, is proposed within Marasmiineae. The suborder Hygrophorineae is here reorganized into the families Hygrophoraceae, Cantharellulaceae, Cuphophyllaceae, Hygrocybaceae and Lichenomphaliaceae, to homogenize the taxonomic rank of the main clades inside all suborders of Agaricales. Finally, the genus Hygrophorocybe is shown to represent a distinct clade inside Cuphophyllaceae, and the new combination H. carolinensis is proposed.
This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 115 taxa from three phyla, nine classes, 28 orders, 48 families, and 64 genera are treated. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family, five new genera, 61 new species, five new combinations, one synonym, one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions. Ageratinicolaceae fam. nov. is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales. The new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola, Kevinia, Pseudomultiseptospora (Parabambusicolaceae), Marasmiellomycena, and Vizzinia (Porotheleaceae). Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus, Ageratinicola kunmingensis, Allocryptovalsa aceris, Allophoma yuccae, Apiospora cannae, A. elliptica, A. pallidesporae, Boeremia wisteriae, Calycina papaeana, Clypeococcum lichenostigmoides, Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii, Cryphonectria kunmingensis, Diaporthe angustiapiculata, D. campylandrae, D. longipapillata, Diatrypella guangdongense, Dothiorella franceschinii, Endocalyx phoenicis, Epicoccum terminosporum, Fulvifomes karaiensis, F. pannaensis, Ganoderma ghatensis, Hysterobrevium baoshanense, Inocybe avellaneorosea, I. lucida, Jahnula oblonga, Kevinia lignicola, Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis, Laboulbenia caprina, L. clavulata, L. cobiae, L. cosmodisci, L. nilotica, L. omalii, L. robusta, L. similis, L. stigmatophora, Laccaria rubriporus, Lasiodiplodia morindae, Lyophyllum agnijum, Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis, Melomastia beihaiensis, Nemania guangdongensis, Nigrograna thailandica, Nigrospora ficuum, Oxydothis chinensis, O. yunnanensis, Petriella thailandica, Phaeoacremonium chinensis, Phialocephala chinensis, Phytophthora debattistii, Polyplosphaeria nigrospora, Pronectria loweniae, Seriascoma acutispora, Setoseptoria bambusae, Stictis anomianthi, Tarzetta tibetensis, Tarzetta urceolata, Tetraploa obpyriformis, Trichoglossum beninense, and Tricoderma pyrrosiae. We provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides var. brevisporus introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny.
This study documents the morphology and phylogeny of ascomycetes collected from karst landscapes of Guizhou Province, China. Based on morphological characteristics in conjunction with DNA sequence data, 70 species are identified and distributed in two classes (Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes), 16 orders, 41 families and 60 genera. One order Planisphaeriales, four families Leptosphaerioidaceae, Neoleptosporellaceae, Planisphaeriaceae and Profundisphaeriaceae, ten genera Conicosphaeria, Karstiomyces, Leptosphaerioides, Neoceratosphaeria, Neodiaporthe, Neodictyospora, Planisphaeria, Profundisphaeria, Stellatus and Truncatascus, and 34 species (Amphisphaeria karsti, Anteaglonium hydei, Atractospora terrestris, Conicosphaeria vaginatispora, Corylicola hydei, Diaporthe cylindriformispora, Dictyosporium karsti, Hysterobrevium karsti, Karstiomyces guizhouensis, Leptosphaerioides guizhouensis, Lophiotrema karsti, Murispora hydei, Muyocopron karsti, Neoaquastroma guizhouense, Neoceratosphaeria karsti, Neodiaporthe reniformispora, Neodictyospora karsti, Neoheleiosa guizhouensis, Neoleptosporella fusiformispora, Neoophiobolus filiformisporum, Ophioceras guizhouensis, Ophiosphaerella karsti, Paraeutypella longiasca, Paraeutypella karsti, Patellaria guizhouensis, Planisphaeria karsti, Planisphaeria reniformispora, Poaceascoma herbaceum, Profundisphaeria fusiformispora, Pseudocoleophoma guizhouensis, Pseudopolyplosphaeria guizhouensis, Stellatus guizhouensis, Sulcatispora karsti and Truncatascus microsporus) are introduced as new to science. Moreover, 13 new geographical records for China are also reported, which are Acrocalymma medicaginis, Annulohypoxylon thailandicum, Astrosphaeriella bambusae, Diaporthe novem, Hypoxylon rubiginosum, Ophiosphaerella agrostidis, Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis, Patellaria atrata, Polyplosphaeria fusca, Psiloglonium macrosporum, Sarimanas shirakamiense, Thyridaria broussonetiae and Tremateia chromolaenae. Additionally, the family Eriomycetaceae was resurrected as a non-lichenized family and accommodated within Monoblastiales. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of all these taxa are provided.
Three new genera, six new species, three combinations, six epitypes, and 25 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. New genera: Neoleptodontidium (based on Neoleptodontidium aquaticum), and Nothoramularia (based on Nothoramularia ragnhildianicola). New species: Acremonium aquaticum (from cooling pad water, USA, Cladophialophora laricicola (on dead wood of Larix sp., Netherlands), Cyphellophora neerlandica (on lichen on brick wall, Netherlands), Geonectria muralis (on moss growing on a wall, Netherlands), Harposporium illinoisense (from rockwool, USA), and Neoleptodontidium aquaticum (from hydroponic water, USA). New combinations: Cyphellophora deltoidea (based on Anthopsis deltoidea), Neoleptodontidium aciculare (based on Leptodontidium aciculare), and Nothoramularia ragnhildianicola (based on Ramularia ragnhildianicola). Epitypes: Cephaliophora tropica (from water, USA), Miricatena prunicola (on leaves of Prunus serotina, Netherlands), Nothoramularia ragnhildianicola (on Ragnhildiana ferruginea, parasitic on Artemisia vulgaris, Germany), Phyllosticta multicorniculata (on needles of Abietis balsamea, Canada), Thyronectria caraganae (on twigs of Caragana arborescens, Ukraine), and Trichosphaeria pilosa (on decayed Salix branch, Netherlands). Furthermore, the higher order phylogeny of three genera regarded as incertae sedis is resolved, namely Cephaliophora (Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales), Miricatena (Helotiales, Leotiomycetes), and Trichosphaeria (Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales), with Trichosphaeriaceae being an older name for Plectosphaerellaceae.
Citation: Crous PW, Akulov A, Balashov S, Boers J, Braun U, Castillo J, Delgado MA, Denman S, Erhard A, Gusella G, Jurjević Ž, Kruse J, Malloch DW, Osieck ER, Polizzi G, Schumacher RK, Slootweg E, Starink-Willemse M, van Iperen AL, Verkley GJM, Groenewald JZ (2023). New and Interesting Fungi. 6. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 11: 109–156. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2023.11.09
We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which contains many sophisticated
methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, MEGA has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing
systems for analyzing bigger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in MEGA. The
new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict
gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit MEGA is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line.
The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OSX. The command
line MEGA is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX. They are intended for use in high-throughput
and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
In this study we accept 25 families in Diaporthales based on phylogenetic analyses using partial ITS,
LSU, rpb2 and tef1-α gene sequences. Four different families associated with canker and dieback of tree hosts
are morphologically treated and phylogenetically compared. These include three new families (Diaporthostomataceae,
Pseudomelanconidaceae, Synnemasporellaceae), and one new genus, Dendrostoma (Erythrogloeaceae).
Dendrostoma is newly described from Malus spectabilis, Osmanthus fragrans and Quercus acutissima having
fusoid to cylindrical, bicellular ascospores, with three new species namely D. mali, D. osmanthi and D. quercinum.
Diaporthostomataceae is characterised by conical and discrete perithecia with bicellular, fusoid ascospores on
branches of Machilus leptophylla. Pseudomelanconidaceae is defined by conidiogenous cells with apical collarets
and discreet annellations, and the inconspicuous hyaline conidial sheath when mature on Carya cathayensis,
compared to morphologically similar families Melanconidaceae and Juglanconidaceae. Synnemasporellaceae is
proposed to accommodate fungi with synnematous conidiomata, with descriptions of S. toxicodendri on Toxicodendron
sylvestre and S. aculeans on Rhus copallina.
Morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses of Tubakia species from leaves of Quercus spp. in Iowa and other areas of eastern USA revealed three novel species: Tubakia hallii, Tubakia macnabbii, and Tubakia tiffanyae. These species, as well as Tubakia dryina and Tubakia iowensis, are common leaf endophytes and pathogens on Quercus and Castanea in eastern USA, as is Tubakia americana comb. nov, originally described from Quercus in New Jersey as Actinopelte americana. New combinations of species on leaves of other hosts in the eastern USA include Tubakia gloeosporioides, Tubakia liquidambaris, and Tubakia nyssae. Asian species of Tubakia are phylogenetically compared, and the new combination Tubakia supraseptata is made to accommodate a Japanese endophyte known only by its sexual state. The earlier description of Dicarpella dryina as the sexual state of T. dryina is questioned. The new combination Tubakia stellata is made to accommodate an unusual species from Brazil.
The Mycosphaerellaceae represent thousands of fungal species that are associated with diseases on a wide range of plant hosts. Understanding and stabilising the taxonomy of genera and species of Mycosphaerellaceae is therefore of the utmost importance given their impact on agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Based on previous molecular studies, several phylogenetic and morphologically distinct genera within the Mycosphaerellaceae have been delimited. In this study a multigene phylogenetic analysis (LSU, ITS and rpb2) was performed based on 415 isolates representing 297 taxa and incorporating ex-type strains where available. The main aim of this study was to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among the genera currently recognised within the family, and to clarify the position of the cercosporoid fungi among them. Based on these results many well-known genera are shown to be paraphyletic, with several synapomorphic characters that have evolved more than once within the family. As a consequence, several old generic names including Cercosporidium, Fulvia, Mycovellosiella, Phaeoramularia and Raghnildiana are resurrected, and 32 additional genera are described as new. Based on phylogenetic data 120 genera are now accepted within the family, but many currently accepted cercosporoid genera still remain unresolved pending fresh collections and DNA data. The present study provides a phylogenetic framework for future taxonomic work within the Mycosphaerellaceae.
Diaporthales is an important ascomycetous order comprising phytopathogenic, saprobic, and endophytic fungi, but interfamilial taxonomic relationships are still ambiguous. Despite its cosmopolitan distribution and high diversity with distinctive morphologies, this order has received relatively little attention. Currently the existing classification of the group reveals 14 accepted families within the subclass Diaporthomycetidae. The current state of Diaporthales systematics is reviewed herein based on available morphological studies coupled with DNA sequence analyses from a concatenated dataset of the LSU nrDNA, ITS nrDNA, rpb2 and tef1 gene regions. Based on morphological data and phylogenetic inferences, seven new families are introduced in the order, viz. Apiosporopsidaceae fam. nov., Apoharknessiaceae fam. nov., Asterosporiaceae fam. nov., Auratiopycnidiellaceae fam. nov., Erythrogloeaceae fam. nov., Melanconiellaceae fam. nov., and Prosopidicolaceae fam. nov. Other families also accepted within the order are Coryneaceae, Cryphonectriaceae, Cytosporaceae, Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Harknessiaceae, Juglanconidaceae, Lamproconiaceae, Macrohilaceae, Melanconidaceae, Pseudoplagiostomaceae, Schizoparmaceae, Stilbosporaceae and Sydowiellaceae. Taxonomic uncertainties among genera are also clarified and recurrent discrepancies in the taxonomic position of families within the Diaporthales are discussed. An updated outline and key to families and genera of the order is presented.
This paper describes a useful large scale technique suitable for isolation of Discula umbrinella and other foliar endophytic fungi. This technique provides an efficient means to collect large numbers of fungal isolates necessary for fungal ecology and genetic variation studies. Also, this method is easily modified for isolation of other fungi residing within a leaf. An oversized vacuum filtration unit was built to accomodate large numbers of leaf discs and all sterilization procedures were carried out on this unit. Leaf discs were incubated on white oak leaf agar in 24-well tissue culture plates for a 12-hr light period at 24 C for Discula umbrinella conidiomata production. Conidia were streaked onto white oak leaf agar. Isolates were transferred to Difco potato dextrose agar and stored in sterile water at 24 C for future fungal population studies. Discula umbrinella infection levels on Quercus alba and Q. rubra were monitored monthly using this technique. Conidiomata infection levels within leaves of Q. alba were higher than Q. rubra in the months of May, Jun, and Jul. Leaves of Q. rubra showed higher infection levels in the months of Aug and Sept. The feasibility of isolating other endophytic fungi with the large scale technique was also tested. Using the large scale method, 18 different fungal isolates were collected from fallen leaves of Quercus alba. Tubakia dryina (Sacc.) Sutton was the most frequently isolated endophyte from fallen leaves regardless of the media used.
The nuclear condition of mycelium, fruiting body cells, conidiogenous cells and conidia was determined for Tubakia dryina. All cells in the fruiting body were uninucleate, but the conidia were binucleate. The type of conidium ontogeny was found to be proliferating phialidic.