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Does involvement in one outdoor activity reduce participation in other activities: Are enthusiastic fishers only fishers?
Abstract
This study examined involvement in outdoor recreation activities, focusing on whether individuals who are involved in one recreation activity at a high level are less or more likely to participate intensively in other outdoor activities. Participation in fishing in Finland was taken as a starting point. The data were obtained from a large national population survey that included 3592 respondents who participated in fishing. Three groups were distinguished based on behavioral involvement in fishing. The high behavioral involvement (HBI) group reported the highest annual frequencies for most outdoor activities. The moderate behavioral involvement (MBI) group were modestly active in fishing, and moderately active in outdoor recreation in general. Compared to the other groups, the low behavioral involvement (LBI) group participated least frequently in fishing and were also less active in many other recreational activities. The results imply that behavioral involvement in outdoor recreation is cumulative in nature.
Management implications
The study provides interesting findings for rural tourism and land use management:
● A high level involvement in one activity is not necessarily reducing the participation intensity in others.
● In order to understand activity clusters and key activities in a region, it is strongly recommended to investigate the whole palette of outdoor recreation activities.
● Within the group of fishermen various subgroups exist, which are characterized by different motivation and behavioral patterns.
● These insights may help in offering substitutes for fishing activities or new service packages that include a broader array of activities for people to participate, and to extend their stay and enhance their contribution to the regional economy.
... In relation to green cosmetics, a higher level of involvement positively moderates attitude's effect on purchase intention (Shimul et al. 2022). Furthermore, prior research has established that within a given behavioural category (i.e., outdoor activities), individuals with a high level of behavioural involvement in one type of activity (i.e., fishing) also seem to engage highly in other related activities within this behavioural category (i.e., other outdoor activities) (Sievänen, Neuvonen & Pouta 2018). ...
... Accordingly, it is evident from the discussion above that involvement influences consumer behaviour and that involvement plays a role in consumers' anti-consumption practices. Considering the findings of Sievänen et al. (2018), it seems plausible that consumers who demonstrate behavioural involvement in the selected anti-consumption practices of this study (i.e., refraining from purchasing products that do not support sustainability, a given country of origin, human rights, and animal welfare) are also likely to engage in other related anti-consumption practices, such as helping other customers avoid brands that may be harmful to society and that the relationship between the behavioural involvement factors and helping may be positive. Therefore, the following hypothesis is formulated: ...
... Moreover, aligned to the findings of Sievänen et al. (2018) that initially investigated outdoor behavioural categories, it seems plausible that consumers who demonstrate behavioural involvement in the selected anti-consumption practices of this study (i.e., refraining from purchasing products that do not support sustainability, a given country of origin and human rights) are also likely to engage in other related anti-consumption practices, such as helping other customers avoid brands that may be harmful to society. Behavioural involvement in anti-consumption practices, relating to sustainable consumption (β = 0.243, p < 0.001) and human rights (β = 0.242, p < 0.001) are the best predictors of helping other customers avoid brands that may be harmful to society (H1 a and H1 c ). Behavioural involvement in anticonsumption practice related to country of origin (β = 0.130, p = 0.007) is also a significant predictor (H1 b ), whilst behavioural involvement in anti-consumption practice related to animal welfare (β = 0.058, p = 0.219) is not a significant predictor (H1 d ). ...
Background: Consumers are known to help others engage in consumption and anti-consumption practices. It is argued that behavioural involvement and social norm perceptions may motivate customers to help other customers engage in anti-consumption practices. Aim: This study aims to investigate the role of behavioural involvement (psychological factor) and social norm perceptions (social factor) in motivating customers to help other customers engage in anti-consumption practices. Setting: A self-administered survey was sent by a research agency to South African respondents aged 18 and older, who generally advise other customers about suitable anti-consumption practices. Method: A quantitative study was undertaken and respondents were selected using purposive sampling. A total of 476 useable responses were collected. Furthermore, descriptive statistics, reliability testing, and multiple regressions were undertaken to test the study’s hypotheses. Results: Three of the four behavioural involvement factors tested are significant predictors of helping; while two of the social norm factors tested are significant predictors of helping. Marketers’ inappropriate actions impact negatively on their customers’ behaviour, but a more far-reaching consequence is that their customers are willing to help others engage in anti-consumption practices. Conclusion: Behavioural involvement and social norm perceptions motivate customers to help other customers engage in anti-consumption practices. Contribution: The study uncovers the role of socio-psychological factors in motivating customers to help other customers avoid brands that may be harmful towards society.
... Viren et al. (2017) revealed that hiking is, by far, the activity that adventure travelers most participate in (44,9%), while Muller and Cleaver (2000 cited in;Swarbrooke, et al., 2003) were able to identify important participation rates among US residents that show the predominance of soft activities and the demand for camping and hiking (Table 20). However, it is important to note that behavioral involvement in outdoor recreation is cumulative, meaning that a high level of involvement in one activity is not necessarily reducing participation intensity in other activities (Sievänen, et al., 2018). Source: Muller and Cleaver (2000 cited in;Swarbrooke, et al., 2003) With the growth in adventure tourism, some specific market segments and niches are also on the rise, highlighting new needs and desires, and posing new challenges and opportunities for commercial operators. ...
Adventure is one of the greatest trends in tourism today (ATTA - Adventure Travel Trade Association, 2018a), through which tourists seek to escape ordinary living (Beames, et al., 2019). It has been growing at higher rates than the general tourism market (ATTA, 2013; 2018a), comprising new challenges to adventure providers. The market has been changing very fast, bringing new tourists’ profiles and increases in the competition (Cloutier, 2003; Buckley, 2010a). Competitiveness, but also technology, the search for transformative travel (ATTA, 2018a), and the difficulty in providing experiences to tourists with unrealistic expectations (Lindberg & Østergaard, 2015; Lindberg & Eide, 2016) have highlighted the need to develop new products and business models. The liminal and escapist nature of extraordinary adventure experiences (Arnould & Price, 1993), as well as the intense personal meaning derived from them (Pomfret, 2012), seem appropriate for addressing those market demands. However, the business side of adventure tourism has received little research attention (Buckley, 2006a; Cheng, et al., 2018). The present study has been developed with the aim to investigate differences between adventure tourists’ idealizations, motivations, and preferences, and the perceptions of adventure providers regarding those features. Questionnaires for tourists and tourism professionals allowed the collection of quantitative data and the application of statistical methods. Qualitative data was collected through interviewing adventure tourism professionals, as well as through direct observation and participation in adventure experiences. As a general conclusion, it can be remarked that tourism professionals need to have a better understanding of their clients' motivations, but it also seems that tourists have unrealistic expectations that can affect how their experiences unfold and how products are being structured. Still, it seems clear that both sides agree that tourists’ desire to escape enables a transition into a liminal world of adventure, where a different contact with nature, peak experiences, and contrasting emotions create moments of elation and deep satisfaction. Using the Experience Economy (Pine & Gilmore, 1999) framework, and considering Cloke and Perkins’ (2002) commodification variables, adventure providers might have the tools to orchestrate experiences that will endure in the memory of their customers, while keeping efficiency, safety, and high satisfaction.
Research on recreational use market segments and trends are essential for determining how tourism businesses can better meet the needs of their customers and find new target markets especially during challenging times. The purpose of this study was to determine how recreation participation has changed over five years on the Monongahela National Forest following the world financial crisis of 2008-2009. Data used for this research were collected with the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) surveys for fiscal years 2009 and 2014. NVUM surveys are on-site interviews conducted at the end of a visit. The surveys produce descriptive information about visitors. NVUM uses a stratified random sampling methodology to collect data for each use level (e.g., low, medium, high, or very high) and site type (e.g., Day Use Developed Sites, Overnight Use Developed Sites, General Forest Areas, and Wilderness Sites). Data were collected during a 12-month period and a total of 1,851 interviews were completed. Two step cluster analysis of 18 activity participation variables (binary data) was conducted with 5 clusters specified. The clusters include Relaxing in Nature Package, Backpacking and Hiking Package, Viewing Nature and Hunting Package, Picnicking Package, and Purely Fishing, and they were compared with an activity package typology. Changes in demographics, trip spending, nights away from home, and overall satisfaction were examined for each market segment. Potential market winners and losers during the financial crisis were identified helping tourism providers develop more efficient strategies.
Countering the trend that sport participation decreases with age, there are a number of physically active mid and later life adults who take part in sports events. This study investigated involvement in cycling and benefits sought by participants of an organized bicycle tour. Life cycle and gender analyses were used to frame the study of 417 participants who were surveyed online and by mail after the tour. Both men and women were equally involved in cycling, with mid life participants showing the highest levels. Mid-lifers sought relaxation and laterlifers sought new experiences. There were no significant multivariate effects, but life stage shaped benefits sought among the more highly involved cyclists. Event planners are advised to leverage participant benefits by age.
Recreation specialization proposes that participation in an activity progresses along a continuum from general to specific modes of perception and behavior. Research typically measures an individual's position on that continuum by an additive index comprised of items that reflect multiple dimensions of specialization including past experience, commitment to the activity, centrality to lifestyle, and skill. This paper investigates the theoretical limitations of a specialization continuum, and the problems inherent in an additive index used to measure specialization. This study presents data from a 1988 study on the Ocoee River in Tennessee exploring how each of these hypothesized dimensions of specialization differentially affect user (1) motives for participation, (2) perceptions of crowding, and (3) preferences for management action. Factor analysis of 11 different specialization variables produced three specialization dimensions including (1) a past experience dimension, (2) a commitment dimension, and (3) a lifestyle dimension. Differences between the zero order correlations of three separate index scores for each dimension were tested on twenty different motive, crowding, and management items. Results show these dimensions are differentially related to user evaluations and attitudes, and confirm that an additive index that reflects a continuum from general to specific slights the complexity of the specialization process. Further, the lifestyle and commitment dimensions covaried with past experience among the less experienced users, but leveled off or diminished at the upper levels of experience. These findings suggest the need for alternate research strategies that explore the conceptual and methodological detail of these multiple dimensions, and that account for historical fluctuations or ceiling effects that may characterize commitment and lifestyle involvement.
The place attachment construct has been used by leisure researchers and practitioners to refine our understanding of certain leisure behaviors for over two decades. Despite the construct's importance to natural resource-based leisure, little empirical work has appeared in the leisure literature examining the construct's antecedent processes; that is, the processes that lead to recreationists' attachment to settings. This study examined one antecedent, activity involvement, using covariance structure analysis. The authors examined a model suggesting that place attachment (i.e., place identity and place dependence) would be predicted by activity involvement (i.e., attraction, centrality, and self expression) among four groups of hikers along the Appalachian Trail (i.e., day hikers, overnight hikers, section hikers and through hikers). Using LISREL's multigroup procedure, results indicated that the place identity dimension of place attachment was best predicted by the self expression and attraction dimensions of activity involvement, whereas the only predictor of place dependence was self expression. These relations were consistent for all hikers. Type of use (i.e., day hiker, overnight hiker, section hiker and through hiker), however, was shown only to moderate the correlation between activity involvement dimensions, attraction and self-expression, and place attachment's place identity and place dependence. As hikers' activity involvement and attachment grew, the correlations between these constructs declined. This result indicates that these scales' discriminant validity improves as respondents more readily identify with the attitude object used in the item wording.
This paper reviews 52 leisure involvement data sets in the context of 13 propositions developed a decade earlier (Havitz & Dimanche, 1990). The review suggests that five of the propositions have been strongly or moderately supported in subsequent research and eight have received little or no support. Those receiving the most support related to involvement as a mediator of purchases and participation. Most of the remaining eight have been only partially tested. We critique reasons underlying our varying degrees of understanding and identify shortcomings in the existing leisure involvement literature for the purpose of improving future research designs.
Using data collected from 517 visitors to a birding festival, interrelationship were investigated among two social-psychological measures of involvement (Laurent and Kapferer's IP and Zaichkowsky's PII scales), five generic behavioral involvement scales, and a commitment scale that measured centrality to lifestyle. Correlation analysis revealed that commitment and social psychological involvement were interrelated, and that commitment and the importance/pleasure dimension of Laurent and Kapferer's IP were closely related to behavioral involvement. The efficacy of different measures of social psychological involvement, commitment, and behavioral involvement in explaining intention to go on birding trips was also measured. Findings revealed that behavioral measures of involvement are likely to be substantially more useful in predicting birders' intentions than measures of social psychological involvement and commitment.
This paper revisits and critiques two propositions originally posited by Havitz and Dimanche (1990) with respect to leisure involvement on the basis of evidence from 50 leisure involvement data sets: (1) Multifaceted scales are more appropriate than single faceted scales for measuring leisure and tourism involvement; and (2) Leisure and touristic experiences should be highly involving on all facets. Despite general support for both propositions, recent research has suggested that leisure involvement is a more complex construct than originally suggested. Much of the complexity stems from the challenges inherent in interpreting multifaceted data.
Recreational specialization has generally been treated by leisure researchers as a measure of intensity of involvement and has been used to explore variation among activity participants in terms of their preferences, motivations, attitudes,and the like. A close look at Bryan's (1977, 1979) original writings, however, reveals that he regarded specialization foremost as a developmental process that entails a progression in behavior, attitudes, and preferences. In this paper, we examine how researchers might go about examining recreational specialization as a developmental process. We envisage specialization as a progression in behaviors, skills, and commitment. We also describe progression in terms of stages of involvement, career changes, and turning points. Findings from various studies, however, suggest that progression is not a typical career path pursued by recreation participants. Indeed, progression may well be the least common trajectory among recreation participants. To better understand the dynamics of progression, we examine a variety of individual and socio-cultural factors and events that are likely to facilitate or impede people's movement along the specialization continuum over time. We conclude the paper with suggestions for
future research.
Recreation specialization was examined among a sample of Pennsylvania resident hunters who hunted in the 1992–1993 hunting season. Using Iterative Proportional Fitting to define hunting activity, hunters were assigned to one of seven hunting activities based on days of participation. A 12-page questionnaire was completed by 1,006 hunters (representing a 78% response rate). The dimensions used to define recreation specialization were participation, skill, lifestyle, and equipment. Levene's test for homogeneity and a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were conducted to determine differences in degree and range of specialization for hunters in the seven activities. Results indicated that both degree and range of specialization varied significantly across the different types of hunting activities, which supports Bryan's (1979) hypothesis that differences in degree and range of specialization can be found in specific types of recreation under a larger activity heading. A hierarchy of hunting subactivities by specialization is provided.
This study explored motivations of amateur triathletes using an interpretive approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 triathletes in two Australian east coast states. Data were interpreted through the theoretical lenses of self-determination theory and flow. Nine motivation themes emerged. The triathletes were motivated to participate in triathlon partly for intrinsic reasons, though extrinsic motives were also extensively prevalent. Different motivations were found to be cyclical in directing behavior contingent upon individual goals, event schedules, and personal circumstances. There is a need for further inquiry into endurance sport participants’ endorsement of intrinsic versus extrinsic motives.
Leisure and tourism activities may be integrally related for some. This study examined the relationship between the preferred leisure and tourism activities and psychological involvement in paddling of a group of paddlers. Participants were surveyed at the completion of a paddle tour. Data were analyzed using frequencies, confirmatory factor analysis, cross-tabulations, and ANOVA. Four types of leisure-tourism connection (LTC) were identified. People more highly involved with paddling tended to paddle while on vacation compared with other LTC types. The findings provide empirical evidence for previous assertions proposing a connection between involvement in leisure activities and subsequent tourism behaviors.
Getting to and staying at a destination entails effort in terms of both monetary and non-monetary costs. This study analyzes how the “individual predisposition to make an effort to get to and stay at a destination” varies depending upon the desire to do different leisure activity patterns at and away from home, as well as distinct socio-demographics and accommodation types. Thus, the paper focuses on these questions: to what extent are people predisposed to incur these costs in order to have the opportunity to do new leisure activities that they do not do at home, or to do the same favorite leisure activities they do at home, but more frequently? Also, are either of these behaviors contingent upon the type of activity? The results show that different predispositions exist per participation-frequency scenario (activity pattern) and per type of leisure activity.
Recreation specialization group differences in support for multi-attribute management restrictions using a stated preference choice approach were tested. A fractional factorial design produced 80 choice sets of paired trip comparisons. A three dimensional recreation specialization model (i.e., behavior, skill and knowledge, and commitment) was used to segment groups. As expected, advanced anglers were less interested in relaxing the more restrictive harvest restrictions currently in place that produce the fishing quality they enjoyed. Casual anglers showed a strong preference for catching more fish by relaxing current harvest restrictions. Each specialization group showed a notably different pattern of preference.
We investigated the willingness of saltwater anglers in Florida and Texas to substitute other types of fishing for the type of fishing they most preferred. Anglers were asked if there was a suitable substitute for their most preferred species and, if so, what species would provide them with the same satisfaction and enjoyment as their most preferred species at the same cost. Most anglers (86%) reported that other species would provide acceptable substitutes for their preferred species and were able to identify acceptable substitutes from a list of common saltwater species in Texas and Florida. Logistic regression was used to determine the effects of demographic and fishing participation variables on willingness to substitute. Willingness to substitute was positively related to years of education and negatively related to age and the importance placed on trophy-seeking experiences. Also, females were more willing to substitute than males. Results suggest that for some species substitution behavior in response to biologically or managerially imposed constraints on fishing activity could result in increased effort for other species in the saltwater fisheries of Texas and Florida.
The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of individuals who participated in the first annual Great Texas Birding Classic (Birding Classic) in 1997. The Great Texas Birding Classic is modeled after the World Series of Birding in New Jersey. Both events are major birding competitions in North America and are designed to raise money for habitat protection. We examined participants’ motivations for participating in the event, commitments to birding, and behavioral involvement. Results revealed that participants in the event comprised a highly skilled, committed, and elite group of birders. The majority of participants minimized competition as a motivation for participating in the event. Instead, they participated because they enjoyed searching for birds, being with friends, and contributing to wildlife conservation. The salience assigned to both enjoyment and conservation suggests that events like the Birding Classic can effectively blend avian habitat protection and enjoyment.
Serious leisure and casual leisure have served as two contrasting concepts for describing leisure experiences. The purpose of this article is to reevaluate the traditional dichotomy of serious leisure-casual leisure in light of accumulated empirical evidence. Greater theoretical attention to the interconnectedness and continuity between the two concepts is advocated. Findings from an on-line survey with a group of women engaged in informal social leisure experiences were examined. Viewed through a multidimensional conceptual framework, which includes 13 dimensions ranging from effort to self-actualization to socialization and fun, the complexity of leisure experience reflects a continuum rather than a dichotomous conception. Further suggestions about delineating the interrelations among dimensions of leisure experience are discussed.
Many rural communities are examining nature tourism options, such as birdwatching (birding), as an economic development strategy. Unfortunately,public media stories, tourism professionals, and biologists often describe birders as a homogeneous group of serious, dedicated, and even fanatical visitors willing to spend large sums of money in their pursuit.Consistent with past research, we contend that birders constitute a hetero-geneous group of recreationists. Using recreational specialization as a conceptual framework, we identified four groups of visitors to a popular birding festival and show that the groups also differ in terms of level of behavioral involvement and setting preferences. Findings from this study will aid community leaders and event organizers in their efforts to target programs, amenities, and promotional materials to distinct segments of the birdwatching population.
This purpose of this paper was to test a three-dimensional model of recreational specialization developed by Scott and Shafer (2001a)42.
Scott , D. and
Shafer , C. S. 2001a. Recreational specialization: A critical look at the construct. Journal of Leisure Research, 33: 319–343. [Web of Science ®], [CSA]View all references. The model suggests recreational specialization could be conceptualized in terms of three distinct dimensions: behavior, skill and knowledge, and commitment. The model was tested using data from avid American birdwatchers (members of the American Birding Association). Results revealed behavior, skill and knowledge, and commitment were moderately related but did not always covary. In addition, the three-dimensional model was a better fit to the data than a traditional single additive model. These results supported previous arguments suggesting researchers need to explore the distinct impact of each dimension of specialization, rather than using additive indices, on various dependent variables. Future researchers may explore whether or not the model can be generalized to other populations of birders (e.g., less skilled birdwatchers) and other groups of recreationists (e.g., anglers, hunters, mountain climbers).
Using data collected from U.S. and Greek respondents, we tested an alternate conceptualization of enduring leisure involvement where identity was considered a key driver of other affective and conative outcomes. Rather than existing on the same temporal plane, as has been the tradition in the leisure literature, we observed that identity was an antecedent of the other involvement facets. Our work provides a theoretical framework ground in microsociological approaches to identity for conceptualizing enduring involvement and other constructs that examine recreationists’ lasting ties with leisure (e.g., serious leisure, specialization, commitment) and their settings (e.g., sense of place, place identity).
This study explored possible gender-based differences in birdwatching participation and commitment using a sample of North Carolina birding organization members. Within the theoretical contexts of recreational specialization and symbolic interactionism we examined whether male and female birdwatchers differed in objective measures of participation such as frequency of participation, birding skills, monetary investment, and years of participation. We then examined differences between men and women in their psychological commitment to birding and why they first decided to get involved in the activity. Findings indicated that men were significantly more involved in birding in terms of their objective behavior and skill level. They were also slightly more committed to birding than were the women, although these differences were less pronounced than for behavior and skill. Numerous differences in why men and women initially decided to become involved in the activity were also found. Implications for both future research and management are discussed.
The relation of role involvement to work-family interference has had inconsistent results in past research. By paying closer conceptual attention to the measurement of role involvement and work-family interference, this study addresses past inconsistent findings. First, a new four-factor measure of work-family interference is proposed that incorporates the dimension of externally generated versus internally generated conflict, which has been ignored in previous research. Second, role involvement is considered from both a behavioral and a psychological perspective. Data were obtained from a sample of 534 employed adults with families. The results suggest that a mapping of behavioral and psychological involvement to specific dimensions of external and internal work- family interference appears to be important when examining the general relation of role involvement to work-family interference.
Half Title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Preface
A conceptual framework of trout fishermen is developed around the concept “recreational specialization.” This refers to a continuum of behavior from the general to the specialized. It is reflected by equipment, skills used, and preferences for specific recreation setting. Two hundred sixty-three on-site interviews with fishermen in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, supplemented by participant observation, yielded four types. They range from sportsmen with minimal interest and skill in the sport to those highly committed and, specialized members of a leisure social world. Resulting propositions are: (1) Fishermen tend to become more specialized over time, (2) the most specialized comprise a leisure subculture with unique minority recreationist values, (3) increased specialization implies a shift from fish consumption to preservation and emphasis on the activity's nature and setting, and (4) as specialization increases, dependency on particular resource types increases. Management implications of these propositions are discussed.
Everyday observations indicate that people put a lot of effort into maintaining what they consider valuable, and if they are not satisfied with the status quo and opt for change, this represents a departure into new territory where the chaotic, unknown, or mysterious have both appealing and threatening qualities. It is our intention to present to our readers the rich meaning behind either type of behaviour. In order to be "in the world", we have to experience both sides of life which in a dialectic way would motivate us to seek and achieve progress. This book extensively covers the many aspects of personal survival and the therapeutic ways by which resilience can by promoted and fostered in individuals with varying degrees of mental, emotional, and physical resources.
Tourism is seen as the salvation for many rural areas when traditional businesses are downgraded. An important market base for these businesses comprises outdoor recreation participants. This study unveils significant differences between types of recreationists by analysing a national survey among Norwegians about their participation in four outdoor recreation activity categories: freshwater fishing, hunting, backcountry hiking and skiing, and adventure activities. Participation in these four activity categories is influenced by socio-demographic variables and these variables can be used when segmenting the nature-based tourism activity market. This study identifies two strategically important segments within this market – the members of outdoor recreation organisations segment and the segment with access to second-home. Further, this study clearly shows that young males have the highest likelihood of participating in all four of the activity categories. Freshwater fishing and hunting were most popular among residents in rural areas. Adventure activities were most popular among young academic males. Backcountry hiking and skiing was the most popular activity category among females.
Research objectives were both applied and conceptual. Actionable segments of physical activity participants were developed using leisure involvement profiles. Also explored were links between leisure involvement, a construct primarily developed and applied in leisure literature, and psychological variables found to influence participation in physical activity literature. A community-based sample of 384 adults completed measures of five involvement facets and psychological, demographic, and behavioral variables. Cluster analysis revealed four groups: Extremely Involved, Quite Involved, Moderately Involved, and Marginally Involved. Scores for physical activity behavior, self-efficacy, motivations, and body mass index were most positive for the Extremely Involved, with a linear decline across the three remaining segments (p < .05). Few demographic between-group differences were found. The data suggest that leisure involvement provides an effective means of segmenting physically active leisure participants for purposes of research and health promotion, and that self-efficacy and motivation for physical activity were predictably linked to involvement.
On-site interviews and a mail questionnaire survey of 377 anglers on two Virginia rivers were used to evaluate the concept of recreational specialization for differentiating angler subgroups. Specialization was defined for four dimensions of angler behavior: (1) fishery resource use, (2) experience, (3) investment, and (4) centrality of angling to lifestyle. Six types of anglers, representing low to high levels of specialization, were identified by cluster analysis. The experience dimension was the most important contributor to the framework, accounting for 24% of the variance in the data. A combination of the resource, investment, and centrality dimensions explained 48% of the variance. Highly specialized anglers were likely to cite resource-related motives (e.g., trophy fish), to rely on skill to catch fish, to prefer to catch and release larger fish, and to favor restrictive harvest regulations. Less specialized anglers cited escape and family-oriented recreation as motivations for fishing, placed greater emphasis on luck to catch fish, were satisfied with catching smaller fish, and favored liberal harvest regulations. Our results suggest that certain aspects of angler behavior, particularly frequency of fishing, investment, and consumptive habits, are important determinants of specialization that can be used to identify angler subgroups and to assist managers in maximizing satisfactions among their diverse clientele.
Picking wild berries, which has long been the most popular consumptive outdoor recreation activity in the Nordic countries, has shown indications of declining. In Finland, over half of the population still participates in berry picking, and picking wild berries is generally considered to have cultural and economic importance. Recreational berry picking is based on the Nordic everyman's right, which is the right of open access to all forests for purposes such as picking wild berries and mushrooms, regardless of land ownership. Using logistic regression and negative binomial regression models, this study analyzes those characteristics of a representative Finnish sample that affect not only berry picking in general but also frequency of berry picking. The results of this analysis indicate that the activity of picking wild berries is linked to a rural lifestyle, particularly to the lifestyle of older generations and the use of summer cottage.
Ben Beardmore is now at the Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Funding for the diary portion of this study was provided by the European Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance and the State of M-V, with additional funding provided to Robert Arlinghaus through a grant within the Pact for Innovation and Research by the Leibniz-Community (www.adaptfish.igb-berlin.de) and another by the Federal German Ministry of Education and Research (www.besatz-fisch.de, grant 01UU0907). The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada funded Ben Beardmore. We thank Malte Dorow for his assistance with the diary data and in developing the survey, Don Anderson for the experimental design, and the reviewers and guest editors for their insightful comments to improve the manuscript. We also thank the survey company, USUMA GmbH, for executing the data collection.
Measurement of recreation specialization has been limited to the observation and recording of behaviors associated with activities and has ignored, to a large extent, individual affective attachment to participation. This article reports on the development of a construct called recreation involvement, which includes measures of both prior participation history and affective attachment (enduring involvement). In recognition of the multidimensional nature of the construct, a cluster‐analysis procedure was used to differentiate four subgroups of vehicle‐based campers, each of which showed different recreation involvement profiles. Subsequently, evidence is presented to show that variation in the focus of recreation involvement, as demonstrated by the profiles, influenced attitudes of campers toward management strategies and character of facility provision in the study area.
Today, almost half of the Finnish population has regular access to a recreational home in a rural area. As recurrent visitors, recreational home users create the potential for rural development. This study uses population survey data to approach recreational home use from the perspective of a way‐of‐life and lifestyle framework. The results demonstrate that Finnish recreational home users are more likely to be city‐dwellers and highly educated and to be employed in clerical and administrative positions. Older people who use a recreational home tend to spend more time there than users in other age categories. Recreation activity choices that reflect a more general lifestyle were analyzed in order to obtain a picture of the recreational home users as potential consumers of recreation services. Active recreational home users appear to differ distinctively from occasional users in terms of their patterns of participation in outdoor activities. Motivated by a desire for self‐sufficiency, active users participate more often in traditional rural recreational activities, such as fishing and berry and mushroom picking, than less active users. Occasional users are more likely to participate in sports‐oriented activities and spend more money on recreational home trips than active users. This family‐oriented group thus shows the greatest potential to use commercial recreation services.
Identifying the sets or packages of activities in which recreational users participate during a visit to wildland water‐based resources will help managers and planners understand user needs, impacts and conflicts. Resident visitors and nonresident tourists define the same recreation site in different ways, in terms of the activity packages in which they participate. Nonresident visitors tend to participate in appreciative and learning packages, while resident visitors select active and extractive packages. Visitor selection of activities that are representative of a particular package is not necessarily dependent upon the facilities provided by the management system.
Responses from freshwater anglers (n = 4287) to a nationwide survey of the US fishing club members were used to assess differences in the importance of 16 fishing motivation items between 1987 and 1997, dates that preceded and followed a period of substantial decline in recreational fishing participation in the US. Comparison of respondents’ motivations for fishing in 1997 and 10 years earlier indicated consistency in the paramount importance of being outdoors, relaxation and the experience of the catch. However, the importance of family recreation and being with friends in 1987 were replaced by escape items in 1997. Anglers with fewer dependents and living in areas with higher population density were more likely to decrease the importance of family recreation. Younger anglers were more likely to decrease the importance of being with friends. Anglers who had higher household income, fished more and had higher fishing expenditures were more likely to decrease the importance of obtaining fish to eat. The results of this study suggest that managers should be less concerned about angler opposition to liberal regulations that allow anglers to harvest fish, and that heightened efforts to recruit and retain recreational anglers, which presently focus on family recreation, should be broadened to include outdoor experience, relaxation and escape aspects of fishing.
The purpose of this research was to build upon existing literature in recreation involvement and loyalty to investigate the relationship between vacation and daily activities. The results support the hypothesis that the more that individuals are involved in an activity in a daily setting, the more they tend to participate in the same activity while on vacation. The segmentation tree analysis shows that not all activities are “created equally,” since some obtain a higher level of attachment than others. Three classifications of activity association are established: positive, nondescript, and negative. Implications for destination planning and marketing as well as future research directions are discussed.RésuméLa relation entre loisirs et activités quotidiennes. Le propos de cette recherche était de se baser sur la littérature de la participation et la loyauté aux loisirs pour étudier la relation entre les activités quotidiennes et celles des vacances. Les résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse que plus on s’engage à une activité dans un contexte quotidien, plus on participe à la même activité pendant ses vacances. L’analyse par arbre de segmentation montre que les activités ne sont pas toutes «égales en droits», puisque certaines obtiennent un plus haut niveau d’attachement que d’autres. On établit trois classifications d’association à une activité: positive, insignifiante et négative. On discute des implications pour la planification et le marketing et des directions de recherches futures.
This article provides a critique of the existing literature on leisure constraints. Alternative models are discussed, including the new “negotiation of constraints” model. This study operationalized the new model in order to examine the limiting factors for participants and nonparticipants of skiing. Qualitative analysis revealed that nonskiers faced a number of intrapersonal obstacles, whereas skiers were constrained by time, family, or economic factors. Analysis of questionnaires indicated that economic factors were the major limitations for both groups. When the groups were compared, t-tests indicated that their differences were significantly greater for intrapersonal constraints, supporting the findings from the qualitative research. However, the results did not fully support the new hierarchical model of constraints.RésuméLes limites à la demande du tourisme: une étude de participation au ski. Cet article fournit une critique de la littérature sur les limites des loisirs. On discute de plusieurs modèles, y compris le nouveau modèle des “limites à la négotiation”. Cette étude met en opération ce nouveau modèle pour examiner les facteurs limitants pour participants et non-participants. Une analyse qualitative a révélé que les non-skieurs étaient confrontés surtout à des obstacles intrapersonnels, tandis que les skieurs étaient limités par le temps, la famille ou des facteurs économiques. Des questionnaires ont indiqué que les facteurs économiques étaient la limitation majeure pour les deux groupes. En comparant les groupes, les tests t indiquaient que leurs différences étaient bien plus grandes pour les limites intrapersonnelles, ce qui appuie les résultats de la recherche qualitative. Les résultats n’ont pas complètement confirmé le nouveau modèle hiérarchique.
Discrete choice models generate welfare measures resulting from environmental quality changes on a per trip basis instead of over a longer, more policy-relevant time period. Seasonal or annual welfare measures resulting from a quality change are often computed by multiplying each individual′s per trip welfare measure by the number of trips the individual is forecasted to take at the new quality level. These models are typically formulated so that increases in the quality of any site causes every individual to increase his or her participation. This paper presents an alternative method of linking the discrete choice model to a demand model, enabling welfare changes to be estimated in a conventional manner.
Many freshwater ecosystems suffer from dense common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) stocks. From the ecological point of view, high carp densities are not desirable because of several negative impacts (e.g. bioturbation, competition with other benthivores). A mail and internet survey among specialised carp anglers (SCAs) (n=710) suggests that, in Germany, carp anglers’ catch exceeds commercial carp harvest by up to 2500%. This indicates that by following at least five steps (marketing, education, specific regulations, risk communication and monitoring), carp angling may reduce carp stocks efficiently. Moreover, demographics, participation patterns, economic impact and value of SCAs suggest a great potential for marketing (tourism, commercial fishermen). Thus, specialised carp angling provides a means for inland (carp) fisheries management world-wide. However, input–output balances for total phosphorus revealed that, under certain conditions, carp angling may contribute substantially to anthropogenic eutrophication if ground- and pre-baiting is used in excess and harvest rates are low. A simple equation was developed to provide managers with a tool for a quick appraisal of the likelihood of a negative ecological impact of phosphorus inputs by angling. Further research on this topic is recommended to develop management guidelines on maximum tolerable amounts of bait because ground-baiting is intensively practised not only by carp anglers but also by the general coarse fish angler.
Recreational and subsistence fishing play major roles in the lives of many people, although their importance in urban areas is often underestimated. There are fish and shellfish consumption advisories in the New York-New Jersey harbor estuary, particularly in the waters of the Newark Bay Complex. This paper examines fishing behavior, consumption patterns, and the reasons that people fish in the Newark Bay Complex. I test the null hypotheses that there are no differences among Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites in consumption patterns for fish and crabs and in the reasons that they fish or crab. Most people either fished or crabbed, but not both. People who fish and crab ate more grams of crab than fish in a given meal; people who crab only consumed more grams of crab at a meal than those who fish only consumed of fish. Although 30% or more of the people who fished and crabbed in the Newark Bay Complex did not eat their self-caught fish or crabs 8-25% of the people ate more than 1500 g/month. Some people angling in the Newark Bay Complex are eating crabs at a rate well over 1500 g/month, and about 70% are eating crabs even though there is a total ban on both harvest and consumption because of the health risks from dioxin. Consumption patterns were negatively correlated with mean income and positively correlated with mean age. Most people rated relaxation and being outdoors the highest reasons for angling, although on an open-ended question they usually listed recreation. There were no ethnic differences in reasons for angling, although other studies have shown ethnic differences in consumption. Obtaining fish or crabs to eat, give away, trade, or sell were rated low, suggesting that consumption advisories fail partly because people are not primarily fishing for food.
Increased efforts to analyze the human dimensions of anglers are necessary to improve freshwater fisheries management. This paper is a comparative analysis of urban and rural anglers living in a metropolis, based on n = 1061 anglers responding to a mail survey in the German capital of Berlin. More than two thirds of the anglers (71%) had spent most (>50%) of their effort outside the city borders of Berlin and thus were categorized as rural anglers. Compared to the rural anglers, urban anglers (>/=50% of total effort spent inside the city) were younger and less educated. Urban anglers were more avid and committed, less mobile, and more frequently fished from boats and during weekdays. Rural anglers were more experienced, fished for longer times per trip, fished more often at weekends and on holidays, were more often members of angling clubs, and more frequently caught higher valued fish species. The achievement and fish quantity aspects of the angling experience were more important for urban than for rural anglers. Concerning management options, urban anglers more frequently suggested constraining other stakeholders and reducing regulations, whereas rural anglers more often proposed improving physical access to angling sites. Future urban fishing programs should offer ease of access, connection to public transportation, moderate prices, and diverse piscivorous fish stocks. In contrast to rural fisheries, the provision of high ecological and aesthetical quality of the angling waters can be regarded as of minor importance in urban fisheries. Rural fisheries managers need to consider the needs of stakeholders living in Berlin to minimize impacts on the less degraded rural water bodies and potential user conflicts with resident anglers. Ecosystem-based management approaches should guide rural fisheries policy.
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