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Stress, anxiety and depression among the Dental Students of University College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore; Pakistan
Abstract
Background: Medical is a sensitive profession, needs dedication, hard work as well as good physical and mental health. The Initial years of undergraduate (medicine and dentistry) are tough, but comparatively work load on the student of dentistry is higher in the initial years. They study almost all subjects of basic sciences along with dental subjects in a limited period of time, which may increase the burden and leads to depression, anxiety and stress among students especially before final exam. Aim: To assess the stress, anxiety and depression level in dental students especially before exams. Study design: Descriptive Cross sectional study Place and duration of study: This study was conducted at University college of medicine and dentistry from September to November 2016. Method: A pre structured, valid and reliable questionnaire DASS 21 was used to access the depression, anxiety and stress in the students of the first and second year BDS. 77 students from first year and 75 students from second year BDS were enrolled. A Questionnaire was distributed among the BDS students three weeks before the final examination in university of Lahore. Results: Out of 152 students 129 students completed the questionnaire. The response rate was 84.9%. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 31%, 41.9% and 12.5% respectively. First and second shows significant difference in depression and stress scores, both have the p-value < 0.05. Female students show depression (20%), anxiety (22.4%) and stress (6.6%), while male student's has depression (10%), anxiety (14%) and stress (5.3%). Conclusion: The results showed that first year dental, medical students constitute a vulnerable group that has a high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity comprising of depression, stress and anxiety as compare to the second years dental students, similarly female are more prone to depression, stress and anxiety than males.
... The World Health Organization (WHO) defines mental health as a state of mind that enables individuals to realize their potential, cope with life's normal stresses, work productively and fruitfully, and contribute positively to their community (2). Medicine, as a profession, demands dedication, hard work, and robust physical and psychological health due to its direct impact on human life (3). Studies indicate that dental students experience higher stress levels than the general population, with dental education being a significant stressor (1,4). ...
... Stress can be triggered by various external physical or mental factors, impacting a person's health and psychological wellbeing (6). Medical students' mental health and wellness are crucial, influencing their career trajectories (3,7). Transitioning from high school or college to a professional institution represents a significant life change, which can be challenging for many students to adapt to. ...
... Transitioning from high school or college to a professional institution represents a significant life change, which can be challenging for many students to adapt to. The initial years in dental school, particularly the first two, are found to be the most stressful due to diverse learning environments, varied teaching and learning methods, increased academic demands, fear of failure, and heavy workload (3,8). Such factors can lead to stress and other mental health issues in susceptible individuals (7). ...
Background: Mental health issues such as stress, anxiety, and depression are increasingly recognized as significant challenges among dental students globally. These issues can impact their academic performance and overall well-being, necessitating a deeper understanding within the context of dental education. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among pre-clinical dental students at the Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, and to explore any potential gender differences in these mental health parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling to recruit first and second-year BDS students, both male and female, aged 18-22 years. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was employed to evaluate the participants. Data was collected through Google's online software, ensuring confidentiality of participants' information. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were utilized for data analysis, using SPSS version 24. Results: The study included 186 students, with an average age of 20.73±1.24 years. The gender distribution was 41% male and 59% female. The findings revealed that 87% of students had extremely severe anxiety levels, 45% had extremely severe depression, and 31% experienced extreme levels of stress. However, there was no statistically significant relationship between gender and levels of depression (P=0.333), anxiety (P=0.786), or stress (P=0.363). Conclusion: The study highlighted a high prevalence of mental health issues among pre-clinical dental students, with particularly severe levels of anxiety. Despite no significant gender differences, the overall elevated levels of stress, anxiety, and depression point to the need for targeted mental health interventions in dental education programs.
... 59 Conversely, another demonstrated that students in the 1st year presented significantly higher scores in comparison to students in the 2nd year. 60 When postgraduate dental students (Master of Dental Surgery in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics) were considered, the 1st year showed the lowest level of self-reported depression symptom. 48 Among the included studies that used DASS, 44.44% (n = 8) showed no significant differences between sex. ...
... 46,47,51,53-57 Only 16.67% (n = 3) of then showed that female dental students presented significantly more selfreported depressive symptoms when compared to male dental students. 48,59,60 The other studies did not perform the comparison between sex. ...
... Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis of individuals with self-reported depressive symptom ( Figure 4A). 33,42,60,63,66,67,69,77,78 Studies that reported only the individuals with mild self-reported depressive symptom were not included in this analysis. Overall, it was showed no significant difference between sex (OR; 95% CI: 1.11; 0.77-1.62). ...
Objective:
This study aimed to systematically review the literature about the prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms in dental students.
Methods:
PUBMED, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases were search up to January 2020 with the following focused questions: "What is the prevalence of self-reported depression symptom in dental students?" and "Are sex and years of educational training associated with self-reported depressive symptom in dental students?". Observational studies that applied a questionnaire assessing depression were eligible. Standard mean differences (SMD) and pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated for the questionnaires' scores and self-reported depressive symptom, respectively.
Results:
Fifty-eight studies were included, and 15 different questionnaires were used. The prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms/at least mild depression ranged from 2.75% to 89.84%, and the pooled overall prevalence was 29% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26-34). Meta-analysis showed significantly lower scores in the questionnaires for self-reported depressive symptoms of male students (SMD: -0.22; 95% CI: -0.42 - -0.03). Conversely, no significant difference was detected for the OR of self-reported depressive symptom in the comparison between sex (OR: 1.11 - 95% CI: 0.77-1.62). Similarly, no significant difference was observed for the different school years regardless of the analytical strategy used.
Conclusion:
It was concluded that female dental students presented more self-reported depressive symptoms, but no difference is demonstrated during the years of dental education.
... al., 2014). Another study reported 31%, 41.9% and 12.5% depression, anxiety and stress among students of dental and medical college, respectively (Naz et al., 2017). Results with higher prevalence can be seen in other studies conducted on university students enrolled in various programs (Khan et al., 2023). ...
... These findings are higher but comparable to rates reported by other studies conducted in Pakistan and other countries (Hashmi et. al., 2014;Naz et al., 2017;Blanco et al., 2018;Auerbach et al., 2016;Agyapong-Opoku et al., 2023). As stated in the introduction while these high rates can be partly attributed to pressures exerted by the fast-paced changes of the modern world (Fatusi & Hindin, 2010), they raise an alarm for mental health pandemic approaching fast. ...
Young university students are increasingly experiencing depression anxiety and low wellbeing particularly in LMICs like Pakistan. This is especially alarming among psychology students as it compromises their ability to provide relief to persons with mental health concerns. This study explored depression, anxiety, stress and wellbeing among 321 Pakistani psychology students. Urdu trnaslated DASS-21 and BBC Wellbeing scale were used to collect data through convenient sampling. Ninety percent of the sample was females. Results indicated high rates of depression (51.6%), anxiety (62%) and stress (41.4%). Low overall, psychological, physical and relationship wellbeing was reported by 52%, 51.6%, 58.6% and 50.6% students, respectively. Comorbidity of depression and anxiety was 46.1%. This study provided a baseline for rates of mental health concerns among psychology students. These results illustrate the enormousness of mental health problems among Pakistani psychology students and are calling for immediate intervention and preventive measures.
... The questionnaire was crafted to comprehensively capture information on anxiety and stress without incorporating specific scales. It included sections on demographic details, academic-related stressors 13 , coping mechanisms, 8 and perceptions regarding anxiety and stress in dental education. ...
... Notably, the study highlights the potential impact of awareness programs on reducing anxiety among dental students. The positive association between participation in such programs and decreased anxiety levels 13 signifies the value of targeted interventions aimed at augmenting student's awareness of stress management resources and support systems. Integrating these programs into the educational curriculum could not only foster a more supportive learning environment but also instill a proactive approach toward mental health. ...
This research endeavours to examine the levels of knowledge, attitude, and perception related to anxiety and stress among undergraduate dental students. The challenging and demanding nature of dental education may contribute to elevated stress levels among students, making it imperative to comprehend the factors influencing anxiety and stress. This study aims to provide insights that can guide the development of targeted interventions to enhance the mental well-being of dental students.
A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire to gather data from undergraduate dental students. The questionnaire encompasses demographic details, academic-related stressors, awareness of mental health resources, coping mechanisms, and perceptions regarding anxiety and stress in dental education. The data was subjected to statistical analysis to identify patterns and associations.
Findings include revelations about the prevalence and severity of anxiety and stress among dental students, factors contributing to heightened stress levels, and the efficacy of existing coping mechanisms. The study also aims to assess the awareness and utilization of mental health resources within the dental education community.
This research aims to contribute valuable insights to the existing body of literature on the mental health of undergraduate dental students. The results may inform educational institutions and policymakers about potential areas for improvement in support services and interventions to alleviate anxiety and stress levels among dental students. Ultimately, enhancing the overall well-being of dental students is crucial for their academic success and personal growth.
... 11 These findings are consistent with previous studies. 11,12 Dropout students were investigated significantly differently on the variable of tolerance, absorption, appraisal, regulation, and the scale of distress tolerance compared to their counterparts. Low intolerant behaviour increases the frequency of depressive symptoms; it also promotes symptoms of anxiety and stresses. ...
... Low intolerant behaviour increases the frequency of depressive symptoms; it also promotes symptoms of anxiety and stresses. 12 Mediation analysis indicates that stress and anxiety mediate between tolerant behaviour and mental health problems among students (Table 3, Figure). These findings are in line with the previous studies. ...
This study explores the relationship between distress tolerance and depression with mediating role of anxiety-related symptoms and stress among dropout and non-dropout university students. This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to December 2020. Participants' age ranged between 20-40 years. Data was collected using the Distress Tolerance Scale and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale. Descriptive, t-test, and mediation analyses were performed to calculate the results. A sample of 500 respondents was recruited. A significant difference was noted between dropout and non-dropout students on CGPA (p<0.001), depression (p<.001), anxiety (p<0.001), stress (p<0.001), tolerance (p<.001), absorption (p<0.001), appraisal (p<0.001), and distress tolerance (p<0.001). Mediation analysis reveals that stress and anxiety significantly mediates between distress tolerance and depressive symptoms (i.e., F (498) = 31.14, p<0.001; F (498) =34.14, p<0.001; F (496) = 161.21, p<0.001). It is concluded that low distress tolerance increases stress and anxiety, triggering depressive symptoms.
... Most studies reported that international female students studying medicine or dentistry are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression. The difference among female and male students varies from 53.9% to 30% and 46.1% to 16%, respectively [27,28]. However, in our study, there was not any vast difference among the gender regarding depression among the students, with 52.2% female compared to 48.8% male students. ...
... In our study, 77.3% (p < 0.00) of the international students having financial difficulties exhibited depression. This is consistent with several studies conducted on similar populations that found financial responsibilities or status to be significantly related to depressive moods [27,29,30]. Although it was also seen when students are financially secured with scholarships and funding, they tend to be less susceptible to depression than those with none [17] as private universities or institutions are more expensive than public or government-funded ones [16]. ...
... Most studies reported that international female students studying medicine or dentistry are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression. The difference among female and male students varies from 53.9% to 30% and 46.1% to 16%, respectively [27,28]. However, in our study, there was not any vast difference among the gender regarding depression among the students, with 52.2% female compared to 48.8% male students. ...
... In our study, 77.3% (p < 0.00) of the international students having financial difficulties exhibited depression. This is consistent with several studies conducted on similar populations that found financial responsibilities or status to be significantly related to depressive moods [27,29,30]. Although it was also seen when students are financially secured with scholarships and funding, they tend to be less susceptible to depression than those with none [17] as private universities or institutions are more expensive than public or government-funded ones [16]. ...
... Most studies reported that international female students studying medicine or dentistry are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression. The difference among female and male students varies from 53.9% to 30% and 46.1% to 16%, respectively [27,28]. However, in our study, there was not any vast difference among the gender regarding depression among the students, with 52.2% female compared to 48.8% male students. ...
... In our study, 77.3% (p < 0.00) of the international students having financial difficulties exhibited depression. This is consistent with several studies conducted on similar populations that found financial responsibilities or status to be significantly related to depressive moods [27,29,30]. Although it was also seen when students are financially secured with scholarships and funding, they tend to be less susceptible to depression than those with none [17] as private universities or institutions are more expensive than public or government-funded ones [16]. ...
Background:
Bangladesh has been attracting international students with interests in various subjects recently. Every year students from different parts of the world come to study undergraduate and postgraduate courses, mostly at private universities in Bangladesh. This study evaluates the depression status among international students who are studying dentistry in Bangladesh.
Methods:
This cross-sectional survey was conducted among International undergraduate dental students who enrolled in the Bachelor of Dental Surgery program in nine public and private dental colleges in Bangladesh. Participants were selected using a convenience sampling method. A total of 206 students completed the survey where 78.5% of them were female students and 21.5% students were male, and a CES-D 10-item Likert scale questionnaire was used for data collection. The Cronbach alpha for the 10-item CES-D scale for this population is 0.812.
Results:
The majority of the students (79.5%) are below 24 years of age with a mean age of 23.22 years and standard deviation of 2.3, and are students who cannot communicate well in Bengali (Bangla), about 60% of them have experienced depression. About 77.3% (p < 0.00) of the international students having financial difficulties exhibited depression. The international students who went through financial problems were two times more likely to suffer from depression (OR = 2.38; p-value < 0.01).
Conclusion:
This study tried to highlight the struggles faced by international students in Bangladesh studying dentistry. It is evident from the findings that several factors influence students' mental well-being during demanding dental education years.
... All the covariates and independent variables except gender, attendance, years of education, and frequency of daily tea/coffee consumption were significantly correlated with anxiety. However, gender, attendance, years of education, and frequency of daily tea/coffee consumption were used as covariates or predictors because earlier works have shown them to be associated with anxiety (28)(29)(30)(31). ...
... The findings of the present study are strengthened by the fact that all the measures were standard questionnaires that have previously been validated in university students (11,19,23,27). Furthermore, the results are reinforced by the fact that the relationship was significant in the multivariate models after adjusting for many of the known covariates (28)(29)(30)(31). The prevalence of anxiety (∼22%) in this study was slightly lower than that reported by a recent systematic review, that is, 24.5% based on a summarized finding of 48 articles from 40 countries (32). ...
Background: Anxiety symptoms, stress, poor sleep, and inadequate sleep hygiene are common in university students and these affect their learning and increase attrition. However, limited knowledge exists about the inter-relationship between these factors among university students in low-middle income countries. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and their relationship with sleep quality, sleep hygiene practices, and psychological stress.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a randomly selected sample of students in Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, which included questions about socio-demographics, socio-economic factors, the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire-Mizan, Sleep hygiene index, Perceived stress scale-10 (PSS-10), and Generalized anxiety disorder-7 scale (GAD-7).
Results: The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was about 22%. Multivariate regression analysis showed that both anxiety status χ²[(13, N = 480) = 82.68, p < 0.001], and increasing levels of anxiety (model adjusted R2 = 0.204, p < 0.001) were associated with greater psychological stress, inadequate sleep hygiene practices, and poor sleep quality scores after adjusting for age, gender, attendance, substance use, years of university education, time spent in athletic activity every day, and frequency of tea/coffee consumption.
Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms in this study population, and this condition was associated with psychological stress, poor sleep, and inadequate sleep hygiene parameters. These results suggest a need to address the various aspects of mental health and its diverse sleep correlates in university students.
... In this systematic review, we found that most of the studies conducted in Saudi Arabia reported higher levels of stress among dental students compared to other health professional students. These results are in comparison with studies conducted among dental students in different parts of the world which also reported that dental students experience tremendous levels of depression, stress and anxiety during their dental education [31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. Competition for grades, frequent exams, less time for relaxation, deadlines for completion of tasks and loads of preclinical and clinical requirements are some of the most common stressful reasons or determinants of stress among dental students that have been reported in the literature. ...
... There have been several reasons behind this, the most important of which include the need for finding suitable clinical patients, fear of dealing with patients, worrying about the future and also about job opportunities [12,22,28]. On the contrary, few studies have also reported that depression, anxiety and stress is seen more among first and second grade students [37,45]. This may be due to exposure to new learning environments, adaptation difficulty to the professional curriculums and course requirements, difficulty in time management and being inexperienced and less skilled in dealing with challenges. ...
The objective of this paper was to evaluate the studies that have reported on psychological issues among dental students in Saudi Arabia and to develop coping strategies to overcome these mental health-related issues. The present systematic review is in accordance with the guidelines for. STROBE guidelines were adopted for qualitative analysis of six articles which met the eligibility criteria. The analysis of the literature revealed that most of the studies included were conducted in the past 8 years in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Findings of this systematic review clearly state that dental students in Saudi Arabia experience higher levels of depression, stress and anxiety and stress during their education period, with a higher stress for female students compared to male students. There is an urgent need to introduce interventional programs and preventive strategies to overcome the long-term effects. Citation: Khanagar, S.B.; Al-Ehaideb, A.; Jamleh, A.; Ababneh, K.; Maganur, P.C.; Vishwanathaiah, S.; Awawdeh, M.A.; Naik, S.; Al-Kheraif, A.A.; Bhandi, S.; et al. Psychological Distress among Undergraduate Dental Students in Saudi Arabia and Its Coping Strategies-A Systematic Review. Healthcare 2021, 9, 429.
... 45 Our results were similar to those of studies reporting on the mental health status of dental students in several other countries. [46][47][48][49][50] Furthermore, we found that female participants were more affected than male participants, which mirrors the findings of other studies. 35,44,46,49,51,52 It has been reported that clinical fac-tors, such as technical skills, are the most stressful for female students. ...
... [46][47][48][49][50] Furthermore, we found that female participants were more affected than male participants, which mirrors the findings of other studies. 35,44,46,49,51,52 It has been reported that clinical fac-tors, such as technical skills, are the most stressful for female students. 26,35 However, contrary to the results of our study, other studies have reported that male students are more affected than females. ...
Objectives:
Public mental health concerns have been raised during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the psychological impact of the pandemic on dental students in Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among dental students from different universities in Saudi Arabia selected using 2-stage cluster sampling. The psychological impact was assessed using the validated Arabic version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Item questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used as appropriate. A chi-squared test was used to compare the proportions between the sociodemographic data and logistic regression analysis to identify variables associated with the student's responses.
Results:
The internal consistency of the scale was excellent (0.954). A total of 697 dental students participated voluntarily in the study; their mean age was 21.76 ± 1.859 years, and 54.7% were female. The majority (96.1%) were single, and 69.4% lived in a household of > 5 persons. Significant differences in mental health outcomes were evident for gender, university, and survey time. Elevated levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were recorded among 60.64%, 37.02%, and 34.92%, respectively, of the students. Females, students who lived alone, and junior students were more likely to experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusions:
The presence of elevated levels of depression, anxiety and stress among dental students highlights the need for psychological empowerment strategies involving institutional counseling services.
... Prevalence of depression ranging from 63 to 75.5%. [5][6][7][8] A study conducted among private medical college students (n-336) Bareilly and depression stated as 49.1%. In his cross sectional survey anonymous questionnaire was used and tool used in his study was Beck inventory depression scale. ...
... 10,11 Other studies conducted in Pakistan revealed that a study conducted on students of MBBS in Sargodha Medical College in March 2017, showed that depression in medical students was very high, 75.5% students reached depression criteria and another study conducted at Shalamar Medical and Dental College showed the prevalence of depression to be 63%. 7,8 In Malaysia by Fuad MD et al stated that prevalence of depression was 60.2%. 14 There were some studies done on different parts of world, where prevalence of depression was reported less in medical and dental students and also in general population. ...
Background: Prevalence of depression enormously increasing throughout the world including developing and developed world. Especially in case of medical and dental students, after completion of schooling, will enter into University level and there will be different exposure, syllabus load and scientific terminology and adjustment to the surroundings leads to become depressive nature. Objective was to estimate the prevalence of depression, demographic variables and risk factors association with depression among medical and dental students of Qassim university.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted March 2019 to June 2020 among the medical and dental students of Qassim University. A total of 235 sample collected through Google forms due to COVID-19 pandemic situation. Data entered in Statistical package for social sciences, 21.0 version and necessary statistical tests were applied.Results: In the present study about 235 study participants, of which 174 medical and 61 dental students participated. Among the 174 medical students, about 62.1% were males and among the 61 dental students, about 39.3% were males. Prevalence of depression among medical students and dental students was 82.90% and 86.90% respectively. Socioeconomic status was significantly associated with depression in both the groups’ medical and dental students.Conclusions: High prevalence of depression was noticed in medical and dental students. Need to strengthen the supportive health programs to the medical and dental students to be arranged and will indirectly reduce the stress among the students.
... The findings of a research indicated that first-year dental and medical students are more susceptible to depression, stress, and anxiety. Similarly, this research indicated that females are more predisposed to stress than males 10 levels of depression and stress than the general population. Examinations, rivalry for grades and worry about failing the year were shown to be the primary academic stressors among dental college students in a number of studies. ...
Background: Dental practice and education are associated with stress that usually affects the wellbeing of the students. It is crucial to manage stress effectively since it can lead to psychological morbidity and health-damaging behaviors. The purpose of this research was to determine the frequency of stress along with its contributing factors and coping strategies among undergraduate dental students of HBS Medical and Dental College, Islamabad. Objective: To determine the frequency of stress along with its contributing factors and coping strategies among the undergraduate dental students of HBS Medical and Dental College, Islamabad. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: HBS Medical and Dental College, Islamabad. 03 months (November 2022-Feb 2023). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire that was shared with students via link for online submission. PSS-10 (Cohen's Perceived stress scale) was used to assess the level of stress. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis. Results: There were 26.1% males and 73.8% females in this study. Total 86% dental students reported with moderate level stress while 9% with high level stress. The main causes of the stress among dental students were frequent exams/ tests (85.4%), insomnia, (65.7%) studies pressure (56%) and home environment (49.1%). Sleeping (49%) and spiritual practices (34%) were the most prevalent coping strategies to reduce stress among students. Conclusion: Dentistry is taken as a stressful profession among health careers. Though stress cannot be eradicated among students, but it can be managed through suitable measures. The results of this research will help the clinical and non-clinical staff and administration to make changes in the academic schedule and build a learning environment that would be more constructive for the students. Dental schools should create stress management programs, as well as measures to increase psychological support services that would either reduce stress or improve stress coping skills among students.
... among dental students in Saudi Arabia, depressive symptoms were higher in female students than in their male counterparts (47). Our findings were consistent with the research on the mental health of students in various other nations (49)(50)(51)(52)(53). Contrary to the results from our study, a study conducted among Jordanian university students found that male participants were influenced more than female participants (54). ...
Background
The public health measures taken in educational institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic had complex influences on students’ mental health. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress immediately after the COVID-19 pandemic among students at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study among Qassim University students in Saudi Arabia. All students registered for the academic year 2022 were invited to participate in a survey through social media. A total of 453 participants completed an online survey that included the DASS-21 for assessing the emotional states of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress..
Results
The mean scores for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress, were 10.70, 11.18, and 10.40, respectively. At least 18% of the students reported experiencing moderate-to-severe levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. The study showed that the feminine gender was associated with higher Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scores.
Conclusion
Students in the current study described experiencing higher levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of the present study can help universities take targeted measures to address the impact of a pandemic like COVID-19 on students’ mental health.
... Similar results were found in another study 13 . In Pakistan, Naz N found higher scores of depression, anxiety, and stress among fi rst and second-year BDS students 14 . Other studies from Pakistan report similar fi ndings 15,16 . ...
Objectives: To compare the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among dental students studying in the modular and traditional curriculum.Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among third-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery students studying in four dental colleges in Peshawar. Two colleges had traditional dental curricula, while two had modular/integrated education systems. The duration of the study was from November 2022 to February 2023. Data was collected using the DASS 21 questionnaire.Results: Among the 200 students, 100 were from modular, and 100 were from traditional systems. In modular systems, 19% had mild, and 16% had moderate depression, while 12% had severe anxiety. In the traditional system, 7% had moderate depression, while 22% had moderate anxiety. Stress was mild in 10% of traditional and modular dental education systems students. A positive correlation between the modular system was found with depression; P=0.02 and anxiety; P=0.01; a slight negative correlation between depression (P=0.02) and anxiety (P=0.01) was seen with the traditional system, while no association was found with stress. Conclusion: Students studying in the modular system have high depression and anxiety as compared to the traditional curriculum.
... In recent years, accumulating data suggest good reliability, construct, and structure validity of DASS -21 in the Pakistani Population (31)(32)(33). Therefore, we found this test suitable for the assessment of psychometric measures in Pakistani working women. ...
Introduction
The mental health of South Asian women has been observed to be in regression lately, with sexual harassment as one of the major factors accounting for mental health deterioration, especially for women who leave their homes frequently for work and study. The COVID-19 pandemic not only augmented the mental health distress of the general female population but the rise in sexual violence against women is being consistently reported around the globe. Based on this background, we adopted a two-pronged strategy to assess whether working women and students aged 18–55 experienced a rise in sexual harassment in the 18 months after lifting the COVID-19 lockdowns. Secondly, using the well-validated psychometric test, DASS-21, we evaluated the psychiatric outcome of this change on the mental health of those women.
Study design
The study was designed as a quantitative, cross-sectional survey-based research.
Methodology
A total of 303 women participated in this study. Personal interviews through a specifically designed questionnaire and psychometric test DASS-21 were administered to assess the mental health state of working women and female students, aged between 18 and 55 years old. The mean age of the participants was 37 ± 2.8. The study population was further categorized into two main groups of limited and frequent interactions based on varying levels of the frequency of leaving home and interacting with male strangers in their daily routine. Data were analyzed and the correlation between limited/frequent interaction and DASS-21 total scores and sub-scores of depression, anxiety and stress, and other sociodemographic variables were investigated using the Chi-square test, whereas psychosocial predictors of mental distress were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis after matching limited and frequent interaction groups using a 1:1 propensity score-matched pair method for sociodemographic covariates.
Results
Overall, approximately 50% of our study population experienced changes in the behavior of male strangers that could be categorized as harassment in their daily life interactions, whereas 33.66% of participants experienced relatively more sexual harassment post-pandemic than before it. This observation was significantly correlated with the frequency of male interaction (χ2 = 5.71, p < 0.01). Overall, 34% of our study population scored >60 on the DASS21-total score, whereas 29.04% scored >21 on the depression scale. Alarmingly, >40% of the women in the frequent interaction group scored in the extremely severe range of anxiety and depression. Moreover, in the regression analysis, out of all the factors analyzed, the extent of everyday interaction with male strangers, an increase in fear of sexual crimes, and a self-perceived increase in mental distress during the 18 months post-pandemic were found to be highly statistically significant predictors of mental distress not only for total DASS 21 but also for the sub-scales of depression, anxiety, and stress.
Conclusion
In Pakistan, women experienced a rise in sexual harassment cases post–COVID–19. An increase in sexual harassment was found to be a predictor of negative mental health in the form of depression, anxiety, and stress.
... Although several studies demonstrate that women are usually at a higher risk of developing depressive disorder, 11,23,24 there was almost no difference in the proportion of depression between the male and female groups of this study, comprising 35.3% and 34.3%, respectively. This was similar to the work by Kabir et al., 12 where they found only a 3.4% variation in these participants. ...
Objective:This study examined the prevalence and existing predictors of depression in international postgraduate public health students at a university in England.
Material and Methods:It was carried out as a descriptive cross-sectional survey. A total of 153 students enrolled in MSc in public health and community well-being and MPH in global public health courses were recruited using a convenience sampling technique. The Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression 10-Item Scale (CES-D-10) and Chi-squared tests were utilized to assess the prevalence of depression and the association of encountered challenges with depressive symptoms, respectively.
Outcomes:The prevalence of depression was 34.6% in this study. A link was found between depressive symptoms and several socio-demographic factors such as ethnicity, source of funding, and accommodation status in the United Kingdom. There was also a significant association between depression and all general problems faced by international students except housing. Finally, of all the challenges faced at the university, communicating with lecturers was the only one associated with this disorder.
Conclusion:This study highlighted the important predictors of depression among international public health students, which reflect the need for a more collaborative strategy pursued by all teams within the university to compact this crisis.
... Using the World Bank Classification, students were recruited from a mix of high income (n=39), upper middle income (n=29), and lower middle income (n=22) countries, with only two studies conducted in low income countries [82,120]. The majority of included studies were conducted in Asia (n=34) and the Middle East (n=21): nine were in Pakistan [49,51,53,54,86,98,101,104,115], seven in Saudi Arabia [41,45,46,48,58,80,85], seven in the People's Republic of China [62,78,84,88,112,124,127] and five in Egypt [42,43,70,73,106]. ...
Background
Anxiety is a common mental health problem in the general population, and is associated with functional impairment and negative impacts upon quality of life. There has been increased concern about university students’ mental health in recent years, with a wide range of non-specific anxiety rates reported worldwide in undergraduate university students. We aimed to explore prevalence of non-specific anxiety in undergraduate university student populations.
Methods
Four databases were searched to identify studies published between 1980 and 2020 which investigated prevalence of non-specific anxiety in undergraduate university students. Each study’s quality was appraised using a checklist. Sub-analyses were undertaken reflecting outcome measure utilized, course of study, location of study, and whether study was before or during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Results
A total of 89 studies – representing approx. 130,090 students—met inclusion criteria. Eighty-three were included in meta-analysis, calculating a weighted mean prevalence of 39.65% (95% CI: 35.72%—43.58%) for non-specific anxiety. Prevalence from diagnostic interview studies ranged from 0.3%-20.8% 12-month prevalence. Prevalence varied by outcome measure used to assess non-specific anxiety, the type of course studied by sample, and by study location. In half the studies, being female was associated with being more likely to have higher non-specific anxiety scores and/or screening above thresholds. Few of the included studies met all quality appraisal criteria.
Conclusion
The results suggest that approximately a third of undergraduate students are experiencing elevated levels of non-specific anxiety. Results from sub-analyses have identified some methodological issues that need consideration in appraising prevalence in this population.
... In contrast, Wang et al. [63] during the pandemic and Asher et al. [64] in 2017 (pre-pandemic) found a difference only for anxiety, noting that this disorder was threefold more frequent in females than in males. It should be noted that these differences between genders were already observed prepandemic, according to the results of previous investigations in Saudi Arabia [42] and Pakistan [65]. A possible explanation may involve the fact that females are more concerned about their health and also because of the increase in cases of domestic violence during the pandemic [38,66]. ...
Introduction:
The goal of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 on Portuguese dental students on their depression, anxiety, temporomandibular dysfunction, academic degree, and oral behaviors.
Methods:
The target of this population study was to enroll third-, fourth-, and fifth-year students of the Integrated Master's degree in Dental Medicine at the Universidade Católica Portuguesa-Faculty of Dental Medicine (Viseu, Portugal) in the academic year 2021-2022. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) symptoms, oral behaviors, anxiety, and depression were assessed using validated questionnaires. The variables under study were (a) age, gender, marital status, academic level, academic degree, medication, and any existing pathologies; (b) questions related to taste changes or thoughts that would indicate (or not) worsening psychological conditions (anxiety and depression). After data collection (Google Forms®), data were transferred to an Excel file and entered into SPSS® software. A chi-square test allowed the independence between ordinal or nominal variables. The Spearman correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between variables in the study (significant if p ≤ 0.05).
Results:
98.2% of the students answered the questionnaire. TMD had a prevalence of 35%, and anxiety and depression a prevalence of 29% and 24%, respectively. The results showed that the female gender was the most affected by psychological and temporomandibular disorders. Statistically significant correlations were identified between variables, such as gender and anxiety, TDM, and depression (respectively, p = 0.0001, p = 0.014, and p = 0.026); between TDM and anxiety and depression (respectively, p = 0.001 and p < 0.001); and between performing oral behaviors and TMD, anxiety, and depression (respectively, p = 0.0001, p = 0.0001, and p = 0.006). The variables, such as age and academic degree, did not establish a statistically significant relationship with TMD, oral behaviors, and the two psychological conditions.
Conclusions:
It was possible to conclude that there was a moderate prevalence of TMD, anxiety, and depression in the period studied. Moreover, a statistically significant relationship was found between TMD, anxiety, and depression with gender and frequency of OBs; however, no significant association was found for TMD, anxiety, and depression with the age of students and with the academic degree.
... A recent study conducted in Bangladesh has also observed that around 88% of the students are suffering from anxiety 8 . An earlier study performed in Pakistan reported 53.9% of females and 46.1% of males were suffering from depression and anxiety 11 . As mentioned earlier, dentistry education is theoretical and has a significant portion of practical and clinical exposure. ...
Objective: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the anxiety among the undergraduate dentistry students during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also aimed to find out their stress management strategies. Methods: A total of 809 undergraduate dentistry students of Sindh and Balochistan contributed to this web-based cross-sectional study. A validated e-questionnaire created using Google form were distributed among the dental college student through social media. Spss 22 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Significantly higher number of females and private college students were the participants. Majority of the students are dissatisfied with the online education and no significant difference is present among private and public sector dental college (p >0.05). Moderate to severe level of anxiety among both gender is prevalent. Praying and recitation of the holy book is the most common couping strategy followed by sleeping, talking to friends and family. Conclusion:- Psychological sessions should be arranged to improve the mental health of future dental surgeons. Government need to re-evaluate its policies towards the health care system and administration and teaching faculties should focus to upgrade their skill concerning e-learning
... The results revealed that students studying in the 1st year face more challenges, as they are new to the country and are not as familiar with the language, culture, and places, such as hospitals, restaurants or supermarkets, compared to students in their 2nd or 3rd year. Similarly, it is found that depression symptoms are higher in females than males and the results are in agreement with those of Naz et al. (2017) and Ibrayeva et al. (2018). One strand of literature reported that females reported higher levels of stress than males when there was no tangible crisis (McLean and Anderson, 2009). ...
This study examines depressive symptoms faced by non-native international medical students studying in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. The targeted population for this cross-sectional study included non-native medical students studying in Chinese universities. This study used convenience sampling. An online, self-administered questionnaire was distributed to international medical students studying in Chinese universities from February 2020 to June 2021. The questionnaire collected demographic data, information regarding struggles faced, and used the CES-D-10 Likert scale to assess both the challenges and depression symptoms, respectively. By analyzing the 1,207 students’ responses, the study found that students with poor Chinese language were two times more likely to suffer from depressive symptoms (OR = 2.67; value of p 0.00). Moreover, female students were found more prone (76.35%) than their male counterparts (44.96%). The study found that food adaptability, health issues, accommodation issues, and financial issues were related factors contributing to depressive symptoms among non-native international medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study tried to highlight the factors that resulted in depressive symptoms among non-native international medical students, and the findings may help diplomatic representatives take necessary actions to help their citizens during this difficult time.
... The 'American Freshmen National Norms Study' reports that first-year students experience more stress than more experienced ones (Pryor et al. 2010). Regarding gender differences, several studies report that male students experience less stress than female students because of academic responsibilities (Naz et al. 2017). Furthermore, unmanaged problems may lead to various psychological issues, and these problems are thus considered the contributors or factors that affect the mental health of individuals (Oliver et al. 2014). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought a dramatic change in teaching-learning practices in higher education across the world. The post-pandemic era with a new shift of teaching-learning phase raises the concern of students' psychological well-being, especially the novice, i.e., first-year undergraduate students, as first-year students often struggle to adjust to the new environment of higher institutions, thereby depressive symptoms are more prevalent among them. In this regard, a qualitative study was conducted followed by a dyadic approach to explore the symptoms of students' psychological stressors, their causes, and provide essential remedies for coping with such behaviors in the post-pandemic era. The findings show that students' stressors were commonly reported due to the academic workload, institutional regulations, lack of resources, and financial constraints. Regarding indications, unusual behavior, lack of confidence, improper sleep, and lack of motivation were identified as the primary symptoms of students' stress. However, participants reported a lack of understanding regarding stress-related matters. Yet, students and faculty members try to adopt several strategies for reducing such stressors. By examining the perceived psychological stress, indications, and coping behaviors, this study enriches the literature by bridging pragmatic and theoretical gaps regarding students' stressors of business management. Furthermore, the study mainly suggests that adequate institutional support should be provided to deal with students' problems that cause stress. Also, universities should organize workshops or seminars to cultivate psychological health awareness among students and faculty members.
... 8 Naz et al. in a study showed that when compared to that of the second-year dental or medical students, first-year dental or medical students constitute a vulnerable group that has a high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity comprising of depression, stress, and anxiety; similarly, females tend to be more susceptible to depression, stress, and anxiety when compared to that of males. 9 Basudan et al. in a cross-sectional questionnaire study highlighted that to help students, particularly those who are vulnerable to higher levels of these psychological conditions, support programs should be organized. 10 ...
... 31 In another study conducted on Pakistani medical and dental students from Lahore, Najma Naz et al. have also reported that females are more prone to depression, stress and anxiety than males. 32 Similar results were reported in other 7,28,31 studies which implicates an association of gender with stress related factors like burnout. However, no significant difference in the levels of coherence between the two genders in this study. ...
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess burnout and sense of coherence levels in dentistry students of Karachi. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study involving 361 students from four renowned dental colleges in Karachi was carried out. The students were distributed a questionnaire derived from the Mayo Clinic Well-being Index (WBI) and a modified 13-item Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC scale). They were stratified on the basis of gender, age, professional year, institution, relationship status, history of chronic medical condition and history of chronic psychiatric condition. Scores for the WBI and SOC scale were calculated. For the WBI, a score of >4 was a sign that an individual was at risk of developing burnout or other severe outcomes. A high or low total score on the SOC scale demonstrated whether the individual was able to cope with his environment or not. MS Excel and SPSS version 23 were used for data compilation and statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square test of independence was applied to gauge any association between the strata and outcome variables. After determination of statistical difference, Mann Whitney-U Test and Kruskal Wallis Test were applied to compare the means where a significant association was found. A p-value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean WBI score was found to be 4.07. Around 64% respondents were at-risk of burnout (score > 4). A greater percentage of females was at risk (66%) as compared to males (50%). Third professional students were found to be the most affected (77% with WBI score > 4 and 9% in the low coherence category). The mean SOC score was found to be 36.39 (moderate levels of coherence). Overall, around 4-9% of each professional year students exhibited a low sense of coherence. Age, relationship status, institution and a history of chronic medical and/or psychiatric condition were not found to have a significant association with the outcome variables (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: A significant number of dentistry students are at risk of burn-out and suffer from a low sense of coherence. The risk factors need to be evaluated and solutions need to be found to create a healthy and conducive environment for the growth and learning of the students. More research needs to be focused on gathering data related to the well-being of dentistry students. KEYWORDS: Burnout, sense of coherence, well-being index, dentistry.
... A recent study conducted in Bangladesh has also observed that around 88% of the students are suffering from anxiety 8 . An earlier study performed in Pakistan reported 53.9% of females and 46.1% of males were suffering from depression and anxiety 11 . As mentioned earlier, dentistry education is theoretical and has a significant portion of practical and clinical exposure. ...
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anxiety among the bachelors of dental surgery (BDS) students of Sindh and Baluchistan during COVID-19 pandemic. The secondary objective of this study was to evaluate the stress management strategies. Methods: In this web-based cross-sectional study, data of eight hundred and nine bachelors of dental surgery (BDS) students of Sindh and Baluchistan were analyzed using SPSS version 21. A validated e-questionnaire created using Google form was distributed among the dental college students pursuing bachelors of dental surgery (BDS) through social media. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The majority of the respondents were females (n=596, 73.7%) and studied in private dental colleges (n= 543, 67.15). Most of the students were dissatisfied with online education, and no significant difference was found among private and public sector dental college (p >0.05). Moderate to severe level of anxiety among both genders was prevalent. Praying and reciting the Holy Book is the most common coping strategy, followed by sleeping and talking to friends and family. Conclusion: We conclude that the BDS students of Sindh and Baluchistan are suffering from anxiety. The majority of the students are not happy with the quality of online education.
... These results are in keeping with previous literature. [33,34] When the periodontal conditions of the students were examined, it was observed that none had periodontal pocket or AL. Although there was no difference in GI, the PI of 2 nd year students was statistically higher than other students. ...
Background: The behavior of dental students, future professionals, toward their own oral health is not only a reflection of their understanding of the importance of disease prevention and improving the oral health of their patients but also affects their daily life and personal satisfaction. Through their undergraduate study, dental students develop and modify their attitudes toward their own oral health, which must improve if they are to serve as positive models for their patients. The aim of the present investigation was to compare the quality of life and associated factors, such as level of depression, with the periodontal and smoking status of preclinical (1st, 2nd, and 3rd year) dental students. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of periodontal assessment and a survey. The survey included demographic data, smoking status, Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: No difference was observed between classes in terms of mean global OHIP-14 scores and BDI scores. The mean plaque index scores of 2nd year students were statistically higher than other students. The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day of 1st year students was significantly lower than other students. Conclusion: Current literature indicates that dental students have higher levels of depression, which correlates with higher smoking rates and lower oral health-related quality of life.
... The previously reported studies have shown that female students reported higher levels of stress and anxiety when compared to male participants. 17,19,22,[25][26][27] Few studies conducted on dental students have also reported that male students were more affected than female students. 24,28 In the previously published studies, married students showed more symptoms than the unmarried ones. ...
Background: Dental profession is labeled as a high-risk profession, due to which dental care professionals are under tremendous pressure
during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental
interns in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental interns from different universities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The data
were collected using a validated Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were presented
using frequencies (n) and percentages (%). Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to assess the association between sociodemographic
data (age, gender, nationality, marital status, and history of physical and mental illness) and levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. A p < 0.05
was considered as statistically significant.
Results: A total of 160 dental interns were invited to participate in this survey; out of which 110 participants responded yielding a response rate
of 78%. The mean age of the study participants was 25.1 years. About 65% of the participants were female. Only 14.5% of the subjects reported
having a past history of physical or mental illness. Depression, anxiety, and stress were identified in 11.9%, 7.3%, and 0.9% of the dental interns,
respectively. Demographic characteristics did not appear to influence depression, anxiety, or stress levels (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has affected the mental health of dental interns. The presence of depression, anxiety, and
stress among dental interns highlights the need for special intervention and support programs to promote mental health and well-being
among dental interns.
Keywords: Anxiety, COVID-19, Dental Interns, Depression, Mental Health, Psychological impact, Stress.
... The previously reported studies have shown that female students reported higher levels of stress and anxiety when compared to male participants. 17,19,22,[25][26][27] Few studies conducted on dental students have also reported that male students were more affected than female students. 24,28 In the previously published studies, married students showed more symptoms than the unmarried ones. ...
... The prevalence of anxiety was also highest with 41.9% among these students than the depression and stress. 22 Some of the very recent evidences from other countries are also consistent with the present findings. As a study on Jordanian medical students in 2019 reported that students were suffering from psychological problems. ...
Objective:
The main objective of the present study was to explore the frequency of Depression, anxiety and stress among university students in Sialkot, Pakistan.
Method:
Survey research method was used to collect data from three universities of Sialkot by using simple random sampling technique from 500 university students. The study was conducted at GC Women University, Sialkot in total duration of five months from February 2019 to June 2019. A demographic sheet and DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety Stress Scale) were used to measure the level of depression, anxiety and stress. Data was scored according to the standard scoring procedure for each subscale and for further analysis frequency distribution method was applied through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS. 21).
Results:
The means of Depression, Anxiety and stress are M=15.08, M=18.24 and M=19.02 respectively. The frequency of depression, anxiety and stress among university students was found 75%, 88.4% and 84.4% respectively. The findings of the study showed the prevalence of Depression within the range of normal (25%), mild (16%), moderate (35.8%), severe (14.6%) and extremely severe (8.6%). The prevalence of anxiety was found to be in the range of normal (11.6%), mild (4.4%), moderate (19.4%), severe (17.8%) and extremely severe (46.8%). Stress was normal (15.6%), mild (33.8%), moderate (35.4%), severe (13.2%) and extremely severe (2.8%).
Conclusion:
It is concluded that symptoms of anxiety and stress are more prevalent with moderate to extremely severe range than depression in the current sample. These findings suggest urgent need of some preventive measures and interventions to improve the mental health of students.
... The prevalence of anxiety was also highest with 41.9% among these students than the depression and stress. 22 Some of the very recent evidences from other countries are also consistent with the present findings. As a study on Jordanian medical students in 2019 reported that students were suffering from psychological problems. ...
The main objective of the present study was to explore the prevalence of Depression, anxiety and stress among university students in Sialkot. Survey research method was used to collect data from three universities: Government College Women University, Sialkot, The University of Sialkot and University of Management and Technology, Sialkot. Simple random sampling technique was used to collect data from 500 university students (N= 500, Females= 248 & Males=252) within the age range of 18 to 24 years. A self- developed demographic sheet and DASS (Depression, Anxiety Stress Scale) were used which consists of three self-report scales to measure the level of depression, anxiety and stress. Data was scored according to the standard scoring procedure for each subscale and for further analysis frequency distribution method was applied through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, 21). The findings of the study showed the prevalence of Depression within the range of normal (25%), mild (16%), moderate (35.8%), severe (14.6%) and extremely severe (8.6%). The prevalence of anxiety was found to be in the range of normal (11.6%), mild (4.4%), moderate (19.4%), severe (17.8%) and extremely severe (46.8%). Stress was normal (15.6%), mild (33.8%), moderate (35.4%), severe (13.2%) and extremely severe (2.8%). The means of Total DASS, Depression, Anxiety and stress are M= 61.18, M=15.08, M=18.24 and M=19.02 respectively. The findings indicate that symptoms of stress and anxiety are more prevalent than depression in the current sample.
Keywords: Depression, anxiety, stress, students.
... These levels were higher than the study conducted by Naz et al. among medical students in Lahore where the overall prevalence of depression was 10%, whereas the prevalence of depression was 20% and 10% in female and male students, respectively. [16] Another study which was conducted in India showed that more than half of the respondents, i.e. 51.3% were affected by depression and the results of depression between the genders was parallel to this research where frequency of females reported higher depression prevalence as compared to their male counterparts. The results of this study revealed that female students were significantly more distressed and depressed as compare to male students. ...
Aim: The purpose of this research is to measure the prevalence of the symptoms of depression in undergraduate dental students. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in September and October 2017 among the dental graduates. A total of 154 students participated in the research. The participants were surveyed through a self-administered questionnaire that included the validated center for epidemiological studies-depression scale as the assessment tool and questions about demographic characteristics. Results: The prevalence of depression was 60.4% in dental graduates. The prevalence of depression was higher in female (62.4%) dental undergraduates than males (57.4%). Overall, First-year students had a higher prevalence of depression than other class years. Conclusion: The high prevalence of depression among dental students highlights the significance of providing support and assistance programs along with the implementation of preventive measures. These measures will help particularly those who have a higher degree of susceptible elevated levels of these psychological conditions. Clinical Significance: The prevalence of depression was higher in dental students with higher prevalence in female particularly the first-year students. Year of study and gender were the risk factors for depression in students. Counseling sessions of depression for susceptible students should conduct yearly basis to manage the symptoms promptly.
Objective: The main objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression
among college students in Kanpur, India.
Methodology: Survey method was used to collect data from three colleges in Kanpur. The demographic sheet
and DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety Stress Scale) were used to measure the level of depression, anxiety and stress.
Data were evaluated according to the standard scoring procedure for each subscale, and further analysis was
performed using the common distribution method using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS. 21).
Results: The study results showed a prevalence of stress between normal (87%), mild (10.1%) and moderate
(2.9%). The prevalence of anxiety was found to be between normal (55.2%), mild (15.2%), moderate (20.3%),
severe (7.2%) and very severe (2.2%). Depression was normal (61.6%), mild (26.8%), moderate (10.1%) and
severe (1.4%).
Conclusion: It was concluded that symptoms of anxiety and depression are more common in the moderate to very
severe range than in the present sample. These findings suggest an urgent need for preventive measures and
interventions to improve student mental health.
Os estudantes de Odontologia passam por situações que demandam muito do seu psicológico e podem ser mais suscetíveis a fatores como depressão, ansiedade e estresse. Este estudo buscou verificar os efeitos terapêuticos do óleo essencial (OE) de alecrim na saúde mental de uma amostra dos discentes do curso de Odontologia de uma Universidade Federal, com relação à prática clínica odontológica. Foi conduzido um estudo descritivo qualitativo. Utilizou-se um questionário estruturado com base na escala Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale – DASS-21 para avaliar os índices ao longo do tempo. O OE foi aplicado de forma tópica duas vezes por semana por um período de 4 meses com auxílio de um algodão. A amostra foi de 29 alunos, com idade média de 24,5 anos (±2,5) e a maior parte foi composta por mulheres (65,5%). Não foi possível notar associação entre a idade e os escores, porém o grupo amostral é totalmente formado por adultos jovens com idades semelhantes. Participantes do sexo feminino apresentaram os maiores escores dos fatores analisados. Verificou-se que os níveis de estresse se apresentaram mais acentuados, seguidos de depressão e por último de ansiedade. Os resultados revelaram que houve efeitos estatisticamente significativos na redução dos escores. Observou-se que o OE de alecrim foi eficaz na redução dos fatores psicométricos analisados. Portanto, conclui-se que o óleo essencial de alecrim foi capaz de promover melhorias nos fatores analisados no grupo de estudantes de Odontologia.
Aim: To identify the major barriers to conducting research perceived by medical students and their association with various years of study and gender. Methodology: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted from 9th March 2021 to 6th June 2021. It was conducted among the medical students of all years studying in Combined Military Hospital Lahore Medical College (CMHLMC) & Institute of Dentistry (IOD). Non- probability convenient sampling technique was used. The questionnaire was self-administered and data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0.Descriptive statistics of qualitative variables were calculated as frequencies and percentage. Chi-square test of significance was used to see impact of gender and year of study on barriers perceived. P value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was significant difference in barriers perceived by male and female students (p <0.05). The most prevalent barrier in males was extracurricular activities (p=0.001) while major barrier in females was fatigue (p=0.006). Prevalence of barriers was found to be greater among students of 2nd year MBBS (39.3%) and 4th year MBBS (31.3%).The most significant barrier among 2ndyear MBBS was fatigue (p=0.006) while in 4th year MBBS the common barriers perceived were lack of previous exposure (p=0.003), uncooperative colleagues (p=0.003) and finding a mentor (p=0.018). Practical implications: By using this research as a template we can identify ways in which our education system can probe about flaws in promotion and execution of research among students and how to rectify these so that more students can be urged to go forth in medical field as competent researchers so to advance current methods of treatment and bring forth new queries .Pakistan being a third world country is in dire need of young medical professionals who can bring about a new perspective in field of medicine and we can only do so by facilitating them . This article will give an insight in the current difficulties faced by students whether from personal or administrative point of view which is proving to hinder their progress. Conclusion: The results of study showed that major barriers perceived by medical students were curriculum overload, finding a mentor, lack of previous exposure to research. There was significant difference in barriers perceived by various classes and males and females. Keywords: Barriers, medical students, research, gender, medical research, Pakistan, curriculum
Background: Anxiety is a common problem in our society. It assumes a special challenge when incidence of anxiety is high in medical students as compared to general population. This study was aimed to evaluate factors causing anxiety and the use of anxiolytics by medical& allied students prior to or during professional examinations. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from May 2022 to September 2022 in Azra Naheed Medical College among 3rd year MBBS & Allied health sciences students. A predesigned questionnaires were distributed among students through google forms recruiting 144 male/female students. A questionnaire was comprising of questions related to the use of anxiolytics, their reasons and how to cope up anxiety in future.The data of the students was finally entered for analysis. Results: Out of 144 students, 79(55%) were female respondents whereas 65(45%) were males. When asked about the use of anxiolytics,124(86%) students responded that they never used anxiolytics, only 5(3%) students admitted that they are in the habit of using anxiolytics. 109(74%) students found to be on anxiolytics to overcome stress. 12(8%) students experienced increase in the concentration in their studies after using anxiolytics. 19(14%) students experienced undesired effects. Only 9(6%) male students committed that anxiolytics helped in scoring good grade during examinations due to increase in concentration. Majority of the students i.e., 94(65%) agreed/strongly agreed to discourage the use of anxiolytics. In future, the students committed to adopt different methods instead of using anxiolytics to cope up stressful conditions. Conclusion: It is concluded that psychological screening of the students should be done at the time of induction in medical colleges. During their study, counselling system should be established which may be helpful for reduction of stress and anxiety. Key words: Anxiety, Social apprehension, Cognitive behavioral therapy
Stress can contribute to or influence the development of psychological disorders like depression and anxiety, as well as physiological issues like high blood pressure and slow wound healing. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of stress and its oral and physical manifestations in medical, dental, and engineering students of Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out in Rashid Latif Medical Complex and Clapp trust Lahore, Pakistan. The study included 326 male and female students from medical, dentistry, and engineering universities. Results: The majority of them were females 68.7% as compared to males 31.3%. The mean age of the students was 21.9±4.17 years. The persistent headache had the highest frequency among physical problems due to stress with 84.5% of the participants responding. In a comparative analysis, the t-test showed gender to be significant for disturbed sleep, difficulty breathing persistent headaches, and muscular pains while the ANOVA test showed a significant association of age with weight gain, pain in TMJ, and ulcers in the oral cavity. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between weight gain and age. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the stress of studying is making students more susceptible to problems with their physical and oral health, which is lowering their quality of life.
Objectives
Alexithymia is the inability of an individual to adequately recognise and describe their emotions, which directly affects mental health by precipitating psychological disorders or by causing a disturbance to interpersonal functioning, coping responses, and quality of life. The purpose of this research was to test the efficacy of alexithymia reduction treatment (ART), a pilot online group intervention specifically designed to ameliorate alexithymia in men.
Methods
As this was a pilot study, a small sample consisting entirely of male university students ( n = 20) was selected. The participants were screened on the standardised measures at pre‐treatment and post‐treatment and were assigned to a treatment group ( n = 10) or wait‐list control group ( n = 10). The study utilised a quasi‐experimental design as the participants were assigned to the treatment and wait‐list control group based on their availability to attend the therapeutic sessions. The treatment group then received ART while the wait‐list control received no treatment at that time.
Results
The statistical analysis showed a significant reduction in the participants' alexithymia, as well as depression and anxiety, in the treatment group but not in the wait‐list control group.
Conclusion
ART proves to be efficacious in reducing alexithymia. In addition, the treatment modality proved to be useful in improving the participants' general psychological distress (anxiety, depressive symptoms).
Dental students are highly prone to mental health suffering due to the stressors related to their educational, academic, and clinical environment. However, there are no previous studies that evaluated the mental health problems among dental students in Bangladesh. Therefore, the present study assessed the prevalence of depression and anxiety and its covariates. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among the students of five (out of a total of nine) Bangladeshi public dental institutes. The survey included the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, and questions relating to sociodemographic factors, personal suffering, and family mental health history. Results indicated that the prevalence rates for moderate to severe depression and anxiety were 27.4% and 18.2%, respectively. The risk factors for depression and anxiety were being female, coming from city areas, having past-year psychological and physical suffering, having past-year traumatic events, and having a family history of mental illness, as well as a range of suicide-related behaviors. The prevalence rates of depression and anxiety in the present study were relatively lower than other dental student cohorts residing outside Bangladesh. Further investigations are suggested based on the limitations and strengths of the present study.
Background Bangladesh has been attracting international students on various subjects in recent times. Every year students from different parts of the world come to study undergraduate and postgraduate courses, mostly at private universities in Bangladesh. This study evaluates the depression status among international students who are studying dentistry in Bangladesh. Methods This cross-sectional survey was conducted among International undergraduate dental students who enrolled in the Bachelor of Dental Surgery program in nine public and private dental colleges in Bangladesh. A total of 206 students completed the survey, and CES-D 10 items Likert scale questionnaire was used for data collection. The Cronbach alpha for CES-D 10 scale items for this population is 0.812. Results The majority of the students (79.5%) are below 24 years of age, and students who cannot communicate well in Bengali (Bangla), about 60% of them have experienced depression. About 77.3% (p< 0.00) of the international students having financial difficulties exhibited depression. The international students who went through financial problems were two times more likely to suffer from depression (OR=2.38; p-value <0.01). Conclusion This study tried to highlight the struggles faced by international students in Bangladesh studying dentistry. It is evident from the findings that several factors influence students' mental well-being during demanding dental education years.
Objective
The study was conducted to assess test anxiety and its influencing factors on medical and dental students.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among students from three private and public medical and dental colleges in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The survey included statements about the demographic profile of the study participants and used the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) by Spielberger.
Results
The study included 680 students with a mean age of 20.93 ± 1.76 years. About half the sample (51.8%) scored high on test anxiety (TAI score > 45), and the mean TAI score was slightly higher for the dental (47.75 ± 11.45) than medical students (46.42 ± 12.79). Female students had a significantly higher mean TAI score (48.45 ± 12.79) than male students (41.85 ± 8.91; p < 0.001). The students from private colleges had a significantly greater test anxiety score (50.15 ± 13.23) than students from public colleges (42.88 ± 9.7; p < 0.001). Students whose parents were graduates from a college or university perceived significantly increased test anxiety than those of parents with no education (p < 0.001). A female gender (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.10, 95% CI:1.37, 3.22), being a private college student (AOR 2.88, 95% CI:1.90, 4.38), and having a mother with a college or university education (AOR 2.05, 95% CI: 1.25, 3.35) were significantly associated with high test anxiety.
Conclusion
In our study cohort, test anxiety was common among medical and dental students. A female gender, being a student from a private college, and having a mother with a high education were significantly associated with high test anxiety. The study findings may guide the development of programs that can reduce students’ test anxiety and potentially improve their education.
Background: In Pakistan, almost 30% population is between 15 to 29 years of age, with university enrollment rates of 10–15%. Although there is a growing concern on mental health of university students across the globe, studies from low and middle income countries such as Pakistan are scarce. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of depressive symptoms among Pakistani university students.
Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo and Google Scholar were searched between 15 to 30th January 2020. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, published till 31st December 2019 were included. Data on study characteristics and prevalence of depressive symptoms were extracted. Meta-analysis was conducted using random effects models. To estimate subgroup difference based on study characteristics, meta-regression and sub-group analyses were conducted.
Results: In total, 26 studies involving 7,652 participants were included in review. Overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was 42.66% (95% CI: 34.82% to 50.89%), with significant heterogeneity among studies. Subgroup analyses revealed a significant difference in prevalence estimates based on depression screening instrument and study major. Statistically significant differences were observed among studies employing different psychometric scales (test for subgroup differences, Q = 21.92, p < 0.05) and between students from different study majors (test for subgroup differences, Q = 3.76, p = 0.05).
Conclusion: Our study found that overall prevalence of depressive symptoms among university students in Pakistan was 42.66%, however, findings should be interpreted with caution. Large scale epidemiological surveys using valid and reliable tools are needed to better estimate prevalence of depression among Pakistani university students.
Depressive disorder is a prevalent mental disorder that may be manifested by dysphoric mood and loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities (de Zwart, Jeronimus, & de Jonge, 2018). Episodes of depression may be triggered by mild chronic stress (Mahar, Bambico, Mechawar, & Nobrega, 2014). Higher workload, emotional burden, and demand for technical skills may be examples of stressors that are increased in dental students (Alzahem, Van der Molen, & De Boer, 2013). Therefore, it is not surprising that dental students may experience elevated rates of depression when compared with the general population.
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