No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Antimicrobial Activity of the Phenolic Compounds of Prunus mume against Enterobacteria
Abstract
Mume fruit, the Japanese apricot (Prunus mume SIEB. et ZUCC.), is popular in Japan and is mostly consumed in the pickled form called umeboshi. This fruit is known to have anti-microbial properties, but the principal constituents responsible for the antimicrobial properties have not yet been elucidated. We investigated the antimicrobial activities of the phenolic compounds in P. mume against enterobacteria. In this study, growth inhibitory activities were measured as an index of the antibacterial activities. The phenolic compounds were prepared from a byproduct of umeboshi called umesu or umezu (often translated as “mume vinegar”). Umesu or umezu phenolics (UP) contain approximately 20% phenolic compounds with p-coumaric acid as a standard and do not contain citric acid. We observed the inhibitory effects of UP against the growth of some enterobacteria, at a relatively high concentration (1250–5000 µg/mL). Alkali hydrolysates of UP (AHUP) exhibited similar antibacterial activities, but at much lower concentrations of 37.5–300 µg/mL. Since AHUP comprises hydroxycinnamic acids such as caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid, the antibacterial activities of each of these acids were examined. Our study shows that the phenolic compounds in P. mume other than citric acid contribute to its antimicrobial activity against enterobacteria in the digestive tract.
Graphical Abstract Fullsize Image
... The Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) known as "ume" in Japan is rich in organic acids, edible fiber, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Owing to the high citric acid content of the mature fruit (up to 6-7% of fresh weight) in edible parts, the fresh fruit is extremely sour (Mitani et al., 2018). Ume fruit also contains very high contents of organic acids and phenolic compounds, mainly hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (Mitani et al., 2013). ...
... faecalis, S. aureus, and E. coli) in concentrations between 1.0 and 10.0 mg/mL (Yang et al., 2014). Additionally, Mitani et al. (2018) reported that Umezu, a salty extracted juice by-product of umeboshi processing, contained high amounts phenolic compounds, further clarified by microbial growth inhibitory activity research. Umezu was reported to have antimicrobial activity against enterobacteria due to the action of phenolic compounds (Mitani et al., 2018). ...
... Additionally, Mitani et al. (2018) reported that Umezu, a salty extracted juice by-product of umeboshi processing, contained high amounts phenolic compounds, further clarified by microbial growth inhibitory activity research. Umezu was reported to have antimicrobial activity against enterobacteria due to the action of phenolic compounds (Mitani et al., 2018). Phenolic compounds modify the permeability of bacterial cell membranes and cause changes in various intracellular functions by hydrogen bonding to enzymes or modification of cell wall rigidity with integrity losses due to different interactions with the cell membrane. ...
Two types of commercial salted Japanese apricot (ume) pickle products with different textures were studied and their physicochemical and biochemical properties were compared. Considering the effects of fruit raw material ripeness and the pickle processing method, a pickled unripe-hard texture fruit (9% salinity) called “Karikari-ume” and a pickled ripe-soft texture ume fruit (10% salinity) called “Umeboshi” were used as sample materials. The results showed that the pH and moisture content of Karikari-ume (3.18 and 81.99%, respectively) were higher than that of umeboshi (2.84 and 74.08%, respectively). Meanwhile, the TSS and TA of citric acid and the TA of lactic acid value of the Karikari-ume (4.45, 0.92, and 1.30%, respectively) were lower than the Umeboshi (7.17, 1.79, and 2.52%, respectively). Karikari-ume also showed higher bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities assessed by DPPH • , ABTS •+ , FRAP, and MIC assays (17.48–130.58 unit per gram of sample dry weight). These results suggested that the ripeness of the fruit material used in pickle processing could influence the physicochemical and biochemical properties of salted Japanese apricot pickles.
... However, 4APhe yield from the lignocellulosic hydrolysate was 24% less than that from pure glucose. The enzymatic hydrolysate of sorghum bagasse contained various contaminants, such as furfural, 5HMF, p-coumaric acid, and trans-ferulic acid, which served as fermentation inhibitors for E. coli in previous studies [33][34][35] (Table 4). These results suggest that 4APhe production from the enzymatic hydrolysate of sorghum bagasse by metabolically engineered E. coli was subjected to fermentation inhibition. ...
... In a previous study, the cinnamic acid derivatives p-coumaric acid and trans-ferulic acid inhibited fermentation by E. coli. 34 In the enzymatic hydrolysate of sorghum bagasse, the total concentrations of cinnamic acid derivatives and (hydroxy)benzoic acids were markedly higher than the IC 50 values for 4APhe production, whereas the total concentrations of furan aldehydes and benzaldehydes were lower and comparable to the IC 50 values (Tables 4 and 5). In addition, p-coumaric acid present in lignocellulosic hydrolysate inhibits the enzymatic activities of shikimate kinase from Sorghum bicolor, 41 and chorismate mutase or prephenate dehydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus 42 is responsible for 4APhe production in the shikimate pathway, although the inhibitory effects of these enzymes have not been reported in E. coli. ...
To synthesize a high-performance biopolyimide bioplastic from lignocellulosic feedstock, Escherichia coli was metabolically engineered to produce 4-amino-l-phenylalanine (4APhe) as a diamine monomer. A high-biomass sorghum cultivar was used as the model lignocellulosic feedstock, and the enzymatic hydrolysate was used as a substrate for 4APhe production in fed-batch culture. When using the ldh mutant strain, HKE6027, 4APhe production from glucose was increased by over three-fold compared to the parent strain. This increase was due to the disruption of biosynthetic pathways that produce either acetate or lactate as by-products. Comparative metabolomic analysis revealed increased flux in both the pentose phosphate and shikimate pathways in HKE6027, resulting in the highest yields. However, 5.7 g L⁻¹ of 4APhe was produced from enzymatic hydrolysis by HKE6027, which was 24% lower than that obtained from glucose. The concentrations of 14 potential fermentation inhibitors present in the enzymatic hydrolysate were determined, and their inhibitory effects on both cell growth and 4APhe production were examined. The addition of groups of potential inhibitors present in the enzymatic hydrolysate of sorghum bagasse showed that benzaldehyde- and cinnamic acid derivatives inhibited 4APhe fermentation at low concentrations (half-maximum inhibitor concentration IC50 = 16 mg L⁻¹), whereas furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which are well-known fermentation inhibitors, inhibited 4APhe fermentation at relatively high concentrations (IC50 = 640 mg L⁻¹). These results provide insight into the design of metabolic pathways tailored for the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass to produce aromatic compounds through the shikimate pathway.
... PAL activity is elevated by light treatment, maintaining phenolic compound levels in fresh-cut sweet peppers [8]. Trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid have been shown to exert multifarious health benefits for humans, including anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial activities [9,10]. P-coumaric acid is further hydroxylated by 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (4CMH or C3H, EC 1.14.14.9) to yield caffeic acid, an intermediate involved in the early stage of lignin biosynthesis [11]. ...
... Trans-cinnamic acid derivatives are shown to have useful effects in human health, such as anti-obesity and anti-microbial activities [9,10]. Recently, several studies have successfully immobilized PAL proteins on different carriers [44][45][46][47]. ...
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) links the plant primary and secondary metabolisms, and its product, trans-cinnamic acid, is derived into thousands of diverse phenylpropanoids. Bambusa oldhamii BoPAL4 has broad substrate specificity using L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-3,4-dihydroxy phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrates to yield trans-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid, respectively. The optimum reaction pH of BoPAL4 for three substrates was measured at 9.0, 8.5, and 9.0, respectively. The optimum reaction temperatures of BoPAL4 for three substrates were obtained at 50, 60, and 40 °C, respectively. The Km values of BoPAL4 for three substrates were 2084, 98, and 956 μM, respectively. The kcat values of BoPAL4 for three substrates were 1.44, 0.18, and 0.06 σ-1, respectively. The major substrate specificity site mutant, BoPAL4-H123F, showed better affinity toward L-phenylalanine by decreasing its Km value to 640 μM and increasing its kcat value to 1.87 s-1. In comparison to wild-type BoPAL4, the specific activities of BoPAL4-H123F using L-tyrosine and L-DOPA as substrates retained 5.4% and 17.8% residual activities. Therefore, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-DOPA are bona fide substrates for BoPAL4.
... P. mume also inhibited vero-toxin release from some E. coli strains (Sakagami, 2001). Mitani et al. (2018) attributed the antimicrobial activity of P. mume on enterobacteria to the phenolic compounds it contains, but not to the free citric acid. Besides its effects on enterobacteria, P. mume also inhibited the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, partly by down-regulating the mRNA levels of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) biosynthesis genes, decreasing CPS production, and reducing bacterial resistance to the host's immune system (Lin et al., 2013). ...
... Several studies have established connections between the chemical compositions and the pharmacological properties of the plant. For example, the phenolic compounds confer its antidiabetic , antimicrobial (Mitani et al., 2018), antiviral (Ikeda et al., 2019), and anti-oxidative (Xia et al., 2010) activities; organic acid components exert hypolipidemic and antibacterial (Gao, 2012) effects; and steroids and terpenes inhibit osteoclast differentiation (Yan et al., 2015). However, most of the pharmacological studies of P. mume are based on crude extracts, refined preparations such as MK615, and formulas containing P. mume such as wu mei wan or TCM decoctions. ...
Prunus mume is one of the most ancient medicinal herbs and health foods commonly used in Asian countries. It is widely used as a constituent of many medicinal preparations and as a food ingredient for its beneficial health effects. In this review, we retrieved reports from PubMed, embase, Scopus, and SciFinder databases, to collect extensive scientific evidence on the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological properties, and clinical applications of Prunus mume. The literature review revealed that approximately 192 compounds have been isolated from different parts of the plant, and their molecular structures have been identified. The pharmacological properties of the plant, including anti-diabetic, liver-protective, antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as their underlying mechanisms, have been clarified by in vitro and in vivo studies. Clinical studies, although very limited, have been highlighted in this review to provide a reference for further exploration on therapeutic applications of the plant.
... To design this inducible quorum sensing system (iQS), we took inspiration from the native components of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris, which relies on a plant derived organic compound for the production of its signaling molecule 22 . This inducer, p-coumaric acid (pCA), is a ubiquitous molecule present in most fruits and vegetables 23 and has proven to be safe for both bacteria 24,25 and human cells 26,27 at relevant concentrations. ...
... Finally, high concentrations (100 nM to 10 μM) resulted in a linear relationship between fluorescence expression and population density, confirming the assumption of a population independent ON state (Fig. 1d). As a control, we repeated the same experiment with a wild-type E. Coli strain and observed that the growth curves were unaffected, confirming pCA is not toxic within the characterized range 24,25 (Fig. 1e). ...
The last decade has seen bacteria at the forefront of biotechnological innovation, with applications including biomolecular computing, living therapeutics, microbiome engineering and microbial factories. These emerging applications are all united by the need to precisely control complex microbial dynamics in spatially extended environments, requiring tools that can bridge the gap between intracellular and population-level coordination. To address this need, we engineer an inducible quorum sensing system which enables precise tunability of bacterial dynamics both at the population and community level. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate the advantages of this system when genetically equipped for cargo delivery. In addition, we exploit the absence of cross-talk with respect to the majority of well-characterized quorum sensing systems to demonstrate inducibility of multi-strain communities. More broadly, this work highlights the unexplored potential of remotely inducible quorum sensing systems which, coupled to any gene of interest, may facilitate the translation of circuit designs into applications. Biotechnology innovations require the precise control over microbial dynamics. Here the authors engineer an inducible quorum sensing system to fine tune population and community level behaviour.
... Certain antimicrobial agents, also known as therapeutic agents, are specifically used for treating infections [5]. These agents are chemical substances that have the ability to inhibit the growth or cause the death of microorganisms [6][7][8]. However, the widespread use of these pharmaceutical substances has presented new challenges in recent years. ...
... As a result, the density gradient across the plasma membrane is reduced when the OH of the polyphenolic compound contacts the bacterial cell wall and it reduces the ATP pool, which causes microbial cells to die [63]. In a case study, the antibacterial potential of phenolics from Japanese apricots against Enterobacteria was examined [86]. The examined microorganisms were more resistant to the antibacterial activity of phenols; however, only at comparatively greater doses (1,250-5,000 g/mL). ...
... Phenolic acids, such as ferulic and p-coumaric acids, exhibit proven antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities depending on their molecular structure [13,23,24]. Specifically, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and other health-promoting properties have been reported for ferulic and p-coumaric acids isolated from different plant products [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Several studies have incorporated phenolic acids into PHBV matrices, analysing their effect on the properties and the biodegradability of the polymer-phenol blends [8,9,15,32,33]. ...
PHBV films incorporating 3, 6 and 9% ferulic acid (FA) or p-coumaric acid (PCA) were obtained by melt blending and compression moulding. The films’ microstructures and thermal behaviours were analysed as well as their mechanical, optical and barrier properties. The overall and specific migration of the materials in different food simulants was also characterised. FA was homogeneously mixed with the polymer, whereas PCA was mainly dispersed as fine particles in the PHBV matrices due to its higher melting point. These structural features promoted differences in the physical properties of the films depending on the compound concentration. As the concentration of both compounds rose, the barrier capacity of the films to oxygen, and to a lesser extent water vapour, was enhanced. While FA promoted the extensibility of the films, 9% PCA enhanced their brittleness. Both compounds affected the crystallisation pattern of the polymer, promoting smaller crystalline formations and a slight decrease in crystallinity. Although the overall migration of every film formulation was lower than the overall migration limit (OML), the release of active compounds was dependent on the food simulant; almost total release was noted in ethanol containing simulants but was more limited in aqueous systems. Therefore, these films could be used as food contact materials, contributing to extending the food’s shelf life.
... However, the dose-dependent antibacterial activity was notably unexceptional, insinuating that the responsible phytochemicals did not increase excessively with increasing extract concentration. Plants with antioxidant activities also possess antibacterial properties [19,63,64] due to specific phytocompounds that augment the plant's antioxidant capabilities; additionally, they are responsible for activity against bacterial pathogens [10,60,65]. Due to their high polarity, there is evidence that methanolic extracts increase the presence of antioxidant-and antibacterial-associated phytochemicals due to possessing a high extraction capacity for these compounds [49,50]. ...
Medicinal plants offer reasonable and accessible alternatives to synthetic drugs and are often devoid of the adverse side effects, toxicity, and pathogenic resistance associated with synthetic medicine. Combretum molle has been utilized in African traditional medicinal practices and purportedly contains bioactive compounds with medicinally beneficial effects. This study investigated the hexane, chloroform, and methanol leaf and stem extracts for their antioxidant properties using the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. The study additionally analyzed the methanol extracts for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) bacteria using agar well diffusion. Relative to the scavenging activity of the ascorbic acid control (79.15 ± 0.63% at 15 µg/mL to 94.61 ± 0.12% at 240 µg/mL), the plant’s radical scavenging activities were exceptionally high in the methanolic leaf and stem extracts (p < 0.05), ranging from 94.58 ± 1.10% at 15 µg/mL to 99.22 ± 0.30% at 240 µg/mL and 91.57 ± 1.71% at 15 µg/mL to 99.60 ± 0.20% at 240 µg/mL, respectively, suggesting a strong capacity to donate hydrogen ions. High scavenging activities were additionally observed in the chloroform stem (78.68 ± 1.18% at 15 µg/mL to 98.14 ± 1.22% at 240 µg/mL) and hexane leaf (72.12 ± 4.38% at 15 µg/mL to 89.87 ± 1.50% at 240 µg/mL) extracts (p < 0.05). All extracts exhibited poor ferric-reducing abilities in relation to the gallic acid control (100 ± 0.00%) at all concentrations (p < 0.05). The leaf and stem extracts exhibited broad-spectrum antibiotic capabilities against both tested strains, with significant activity at higher concentrations (p < 0.05). Overall, both the leaf and stem extracts of C. molle exhibited similar antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These findings warrant further pharmacological research on C. molle for potential drug development.
... Previous studies have reported that P. mume contains organic acids, phenolics, terpenes, benzyl glycosides, furfurals, alkaloids, and cyanogenic glycosides [2]. Numerous studies have revealed that P. mume has anti-diabetic, anti-tumoral, liver-protective, antimicrobial, antipyretic treatment, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The phenolic content of P. mume is relatively high, showing potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities [9]. ...
Prunus mume (Maesil) is used in health foods and alternative medicine in Korea. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of phenolics from P. mume seed extracts were examined. First, the biological activities of various P. mume extracts were evaluated, and the profiles of their chemical compounds were investigated by Global Natural Products Social (GNPS)-molecular networking. Among these extracts, fermented Maesil seed extract (FMSE) showed potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, and demonstrated the presence of phenolic clusters in GNPS-based studies. Thus, the chemical constituents of this extract were further investigated. Subsequently, the chemical composition of the active CH2Cl2 fraction of FMSE was explored using an advanced GNPS analysis tool, MolNetEnhancer. In addition, the molecular structure of compound 1 from the CH2Cl2 fraction was similarly predicted with Network Annotation Propagation (NAP). Finally, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of compound 1 were confirmed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production and DPPH assay. Western blot analysis revealed that compound 1 downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins. The molecular docking simulation additionally confirmed significant interactions of 1 with iNOS and COX-2 proteins. Our findings suggested that an integrated GNPS-based approach could prioritize samples in the early fractionation process and improve the accuracy of target compound prediction.
... Phenolics from Japanese apricot (umeboshi) were evaluated for antimicrobial property against Enterobacteria [155]. Phenolics exhibited higher antimicrobial activity against evaluated strains but at relatively higher concentration (1250-5000 µg/mL). ...
Polyphenol has been used in treatment for some health disorders due to their diverse health promoting properties. These compounds can reduce the impacts of oxidation on the human body, prevent the organs and cell structure against deterioration and protect their functional integrity. The health promoting abilities are attributed to their high bioactivity imparting them high antioxidative, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity, as well as anticancer properties. The application of polyphenols such as flavonoids, catechin, tannins, and phenolic acids in the food industry as bio-preservative substances for foods and beverages can exert a superb activity on the inhibition of oxidative stress via different types of mechanisms. In this review, the detailed classification of polyphenolic compunds and their important bioactivity with special focus on human health are addressed. Additionally, their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 could be used as alternative therapy to treat COVID patients. Inclusions of polyphenolic compounds in various foods have demonstrated their ability to extend shelf life and they positive impacts on human health (antioxidative, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anticancer). Additionally, their ability to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been reported. Considering their natural occurrence and GRAS status they are highly recommended in food.
... These compounds are known to possess antioxidant properties. Moreover, hydroxycinnamic acids are a subclass of phenolic acids with antimicrobial activity based on in vitro tests on various microbial species [86][87][88][89]. These results confirm that the ethanolic extract of garlic can function as a natural antibacterial agent and has the opportunity and prospect for further application in both food and non-foods fields, such as for anti-biofouling agents in membranes. ...
Membrane technology provides advantages for separating and purifying food materials, including juice clarification. Ultrafiltration processes for fruit juices aim to remove haze components and maintain the stabilization of the juices. However, the membrane process during the clarification of fruit juices suffers from fouling, which deteriorates the process performance and products. Biofouling usually is found in the applications of the membrane in food processing. In this study, phenolic substances extracted from garlic bulbs are incorporated into a matrix of polymeric membranes to prevent fouling during juice clarification. Hydrophilic cellulose acetate was used as the polymer matrix of the membrane, and dimethylformamide was used as the solvent. The phenolic substances from garlic bulbs were incorporated into polymer solutions with different concentrations of 0%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5% w/v. The composite membrane was prepared using the phase inversion method, and the resulting membranes were later characterized. The results show that incorporating those phenolic compounds as the dope solution additive resulted in membranes with higher hydrophilic properties. They also modeled antibacterial properties, as shown by the reduced attachment of Bacillus subtilis of up to 91.5 ± 11.7% and Escherichia coli of up to 94.0 ± 11.9%.
... Ferulic acid showed an inhibitory effect against Listeria monocytogenes (Takahashi et al., 2013(Takahashi et al., , 2015, and its incorporation by solvent casting methods into blend poly (lactide)-poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA-PBAT) was effective against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli (Sharma et al., 2020). P-coumaric acid is effective against different bacteria (Lou et al., 2012), such as Enterobacteriaceae (Mitani et al., 2018) and E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus (Contardi et al., 2019). Protocatechuic acid inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in cream cheese (Stojković et al., 2013) and of E. coli, S. Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and B. cereus in ground beef and apple juice (Chao & Yin, 2009). ...
Phenolic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric, and protocatechuic) have been incorporated into polylactic (PLA): Poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) (75:25) blend films that were obtained by melt-blending and
compression moulding, using PEG1000 as a plasticizer. Film microstructure, thermal behavior, functional
properties, and release kinetics of phenolic acids in different food simulants were analyzed, and the film anti-
microbial activity against Listeria innocua. Phenolic acids led to an increase in the glass transition temperature of
PLA while PHBV supercooling occurred in the films containing protocatechuic acid, which affected their thermal
degradation behavior. Polymer matrices with phenolic acids were stiffer and more resistant to break than the
polyester blend, but with similar extensibility, while oxygen and water vapor barrier capacity were also
improved, especially in films containing protocatechuic acid. The release rate and ratio of phenolic acids
increased when the polarity of the food simulant decreased, although very slow delivery was observed in all
cases. The limited release of active compounds in aqueous media provoked that films did not significantly inhibit
the growth of Listeria innocua in inoculated culture medium.
... According to previous reports (Mitani et al., 2018), an acidic environment might contribute to the antibacterial effect to a certain degree. In order to exclude the possible effect of acidic characteristic of CA on its antibacterial function to Y. enterocolitica, the antibacterial effect of PBS with the same pH value as 80 mg/mL CA solution (pH 2.5) was assessed and compared with CA. ...
Nowadays, developing new and natural compounds with antibacterial activities from plants has become a promising approach to solve antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria. Chlorogenic acid (CA), as a kind of phenolic acid existing in many plants, has been found to process multifunctional activities including antibacterial activity. Herein, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of CA against Yersinia enterocolitica ( Y. enterocolitica ) were tested for the first time, and its mechanism of action was investigated. It was demonstrated that CA could exert outstanding antibacterial activity against Y. enterocolitica . Biofilm susceptibility assays further indicated that CA could inhibit biofilm formation and decrease the established biofilm biomass of Y. enterocolitica . It was deduced that through binding to Y. enterocolitica , CA destroyed the cell membrane, increased the membrane permeability, and led to bacterial cell damage. In addition, the transcriptomic analysis revealed that CA could disorder many physiological pathways, mainly including the ones of antagonizing biofilms and increasing cell membrane permeability. Finally, the spiked assay showed that the growth of Y. enterocolitica in milk was significantly inhibited by CA. Taken together, CA, as an effective bactericidal effector with application potential, exerts antagonistic activity against Y. enterocolitica by mainly intervening biofilm formation and membrane permeability-related physiological pathways.
... There are several beneficial effects of CA and its derivatives, including anti-bacterial (Matejczyk et al., 2018;Mitani et al., 2018), anti-viral (Langland et al., 2018;Shen et al., 2018), antioxidant (Shiozawa et al., 2018;Kfoury et al., 2019), antiinflammatory (Zaitone et al., 2019;Lima et al., 2020), immune-stimulatory (Krifa et al., 2013;Coleman et al., 2016), antidiabetic (Chiou et al., 2017;Bounegru and Apetrei, 2020), cardioprotective (Agunloye et al., 2019;Salau et al., 2021), antiproliferative (Pelinson et al., 2019), hepatoprotective (Abdelhafez et al., 2018;Saleem et al., 2019), anti-cancer (Zeng et al., 2018;Martini et al., 2019;Pelinson et al., 2019), and so on. CA plays a central function in the human system because of its many beneficial effects. ...
Caffeic acid (CA) has been present in many herbs, vegetables, and fruits. CA is a bioactive compound and exhibits various health advantages that are linked with its anti-oxidant functions and implicated in the therapy and prevention of disease progression of inflammatory diseases and cancer. The anti-tumor action of CA is attributed to its pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant properties. CA’s mechanism of action involves preventing reactive oxygen species formation, diminishing the angiogenesis of cancer cells, enhancing the tumor cells’ DNA oxidation, and repressing MMP-2 and MMP-9. CA and its derivatives have been reported to exhibit anti-carcinogenic properties against many cancer types. CA has indicated low intestinal absorption, low oral bioavailability in rats, and pitiable permeability across Caco-2 cells. In the present review, we have illustrated CA’s therapeutic potential, pharmacokinetics, and characteristics. The pharmacological effects of CA, the emphasis on in vitro and in vivo studies, and the existing challenges and prospects of CA for cancer treatment and prevention are discussed in this review.
... The valuable pharmacological properties of the bioactive constituents from P. mume fruit have been demonstrated in both in vitro and/or in vivo assays, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiobesity, antiosteoporosis, antimicrobial, antifatigue, protection against cardiovascular diseases, and immunomodulatory effects ( Figure 1) (Mitani et al. 2018;Bailly 2020). These studies indicated that bioactive components from P. mume fruit can potentially be developed as nutraceuticals or agents for the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases, particularly, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cancer. ...
Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc (P. mume) is an acidic fruit native to China (named Chinese Mei or greengage plum). it is currently cultivated in several Asian countries, including Japan ("Ume"), Korea (Maesil), and vietnam (Mai or Mo). Due to its myriad nutritional and functional properties, it is accepted in different countries, and its characteristics account for its commercialization. in this review, we summarize the information on the bioactive compounds from the fruit of P. mume and their structure-activity relationships (SAR); the pulp has the highest enrichment of bioactive chemicals. The nutritional properties of P. mume and the numerous uses of its by-products make it a potential functional food. P. mume extracts exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-hyperuricaemic properties, cardiovascular protective effects, and hormone regulatory properties in various in vitro and in vivo assays. SAR shows that the water solubility, molecular weight, and chemical conformation of P. mume extracts are closely related to their biological activity. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the fruit's potential nutritional and functional therapeutic mechanisms. The industrial process of large-scale production of P. mume and its extracts as functional foods or nutraceuticals needs to be further optimized.
... et Zucc., popularly known as Chinese plum, is one of the most important seasonal fruits in southern China. Prunus mume is a uniquely flavored, highly acidic yellow or green fruit [1] with a sugar-to-acid ratio of 0.2 [2]. Known as Fructus mume in its unripe state, it is used in traditional medicinal food. ...
This study evaluated the pasteurization (P), ozone (O3), ultrasonic (US), and high-hydrostatic-pressure (HHP) sterilization approaches for processing of Prunus mume regarding browning factors and microorganisms, compared with non-sterilization (control check, CK) treatment. The microorganisms (total bacterial count and fungi and yeast count) in the juice were identified after different sterilization techniques, while the quality parameter changes (degree of browning, color measurements, total phenolic content, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl furaldehyde (5-HMF), amino acid nitrogen, total soluble solids (TSS), pH value) were investigated. The results indicate that P and HHP treatment reduced non-enzymatic browning while substantially impacting the color measurements, TSS, and pH, while the sterilization effect was remarkable, with a rate exceeding 90%. Furthermore, the Prunus mume juices treated with P and HHP sterilization were used as the objects, and the CK group was used as the control group. They were placed at 4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C, respectively, and stored in dark for 15 d. Sampling and determination were carried out on 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 d, respectively. M-&-Y (molds and yeasts) were not detected in the late storage period, and no obvious microbial growth was observed during storage, indicating that P and HHP treatments could ensure the microbial safety of Prunus mume juice. P- and HHP- treated Prunus mume juice has better quality and low temperature storage is beneficial for maintaining the quality of Prunus mume juice. Therefore, P treatment or HHP treatment combined with low temperature storage could achieve a more ideal storage effect. Overall, this study conclusively established that P and HHP methods were suitable for sterilizing Prunus mume juice. These techniques minimally affected overall product quality while better maintaining the quality parameters than the untreated juice samples and those exposed to O3 and US treatment.
... According to Table 1, many compounds which were detected in the tested GAME, such as p-coumaric acid, are shown to have antibacterial activity against lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella flexneri, S. aureus [49], and Enterobacteria [50]. In addition, rosmarinic acid [51] and quercetin [45] have been reported to be efficient antibacterial agents. ...
Background: Globularia alypum L. is a Mediterranean plant of the Globulariaceae family which has been used in folk medicine to cure several diseases. Different studies have been done in vitro and in vivo using diverse G. alypum extracts to understand this traditional use. Methods: In this study, Tunisian G. alypum leaf methanol extract (GAME) was chemically identified using LC-ESI-MS, then examined in vitro for its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Besides, a molecular docking study was also conducted. Results: Nineteen phenolic compounds were detected, with trans-cinnamic acid (45.14%) and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (19.82%) being the dominant ones. The GAME demonstrated important antioxidant activities, especially against 2, 2-diphenyl-l-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical (IC50 = 16.1±1.1 μg.ml−1) and exhibited an anti-proliferative effect against Vero cells with (IC50 2091 ± 177 μg.ml−1)). Data also reveals that the GAME inhibited the growth of oral bacteria, in particular Streptococcus oralis (MICs value ranged from 2560 to 20480 μg.ml−1)). In addition, GAME has a significant antifungal action, especially against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 (MIC=2560 µg.ml−1)). Docking study identified one of the major molecules (luteolin 7-O-glucoside) present in the GAME extract, displaying a good interaction with tyrosinase (docking score −9.6 kcal.mol−1)) and other antibacterial (tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, gyrase, deformylase) and antifungal (n-myristoyl-transferase, chitinase) target proteins. Conclusion: This study illustrates that GAME has potent sources of antioxidants and antimicrobials useful in combating oral bacteria. Hence GAME can be of reasonable use in food technology, processing, as well as the medical field.
... According to Table 1, many compounds which were detected in the tested GAME, such as p-coumaric acid, are shown to have antibacterial activity against lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella flexneri, S. aureus [49], and Enterobacteria [50]. In addition, rosmarinic acid [51] and quercetin [45] have been reported to be efficient antibacterial agents. ...
Abstract:
Background: Globularia alypum L. is a Mediterranean plant of the Globulariaceae family which has been used in folk medicine to cure several diseases. Different studies have been done in vitro and in vivo using diverse G. alypum extracts to understand this traditional use.
Methods: In this study, Tunisian G. alypum leaf methanol extract (GAME) was chemically identified using LC-ESI-MS, then examined in vitro for its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Besides, a molecular docking study was also conducted.
Results: Nineteen phenolic compounds were detected, with trans-cinnamic acid (45.14%) and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (19.82%) being the dominant ones. The GAME demonstrated important antioxidant activities, especially against 2, 2-diphenyl-l-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical (IC50 = 16.1±1.1 μg.ml-1) and exhibited an anti-proliferative effect against Vero cells with (IC50 2091 ± 177 μg.ml-1). Data also reveals that the GAME inhibited the growth of oral bacteria, in particular Streptococcus oralis (MICs value ranged from 2560 to 20480 μg.ml-1). In addition, GAME has a significant antifungal action, especially against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 (MIC=2560 μg.ml-1). Docking study identified one of the major molecules (luteolin 7-O-glucoside) present in the GAME extract, displaying a good interaction with tyrosinase (docking score -9.6 kcal.mol-1) and other antibacterial (tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, gyrase, deformylase) and antifungal (n-myristoyltransferase, chitinase) target proteins.
Conclusion: This study illustrates that GAME has potent sources of antioxidants and antimicrobials useful in combating oral bacteria. Hence GAME can be of reasonable use in food technology, processing, as well as the medical field.
Keywords: Globularia alypum, chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, molecular docking, citotoxicity.
... For example, saponins have been reported to play a part in managing inflammation (Adebayo and Issah, 2012); tannins work by reacting with proteins has been proved to provide a tanning effect necessary for treating inflammation and inhibiting carrier enzymes and proteins in cell membranes (Kass and Seastone, 1944;Parekh and Chanda, 2007); alkaloids are able to interact with the DNA, and the phenolic compounds formed complex with dissolved protein out of the cells or with cell membranes to kill bacteria (Nikaido, 1994;Hu and Kitts, 2005;Jassim et al., 2012). In other related reports, alpha-tocopherols were reported to destroy the efflux pumps of S. aureus to reduce resistance (Tintino et al., 2016), and organic acids were able to make the bacterial growth environment more acidic, and inhibit the formation of capsular polysaccharide of bacteria to exert antibacterial effects (Chen et al., 2011;Lin et al., 2013;Mitani et al., 2018). Therefore, it is understandable that extracts from the same parts of dandelion by different solvents exhibit different antibacterial spectra, because they contain different active ingredients. ...
Due to the dramatic increase in the use of antibiotics and growing health threat of bacterial resistance to many commonly used antibiotics, many studies have been directed at developing new and effective antibacterial compounds, among which many new, natural, and effective antibacterial compounds discovered from medicinal plants have drawn great interest and raised new hope for treating the challenges of antibiotic resistance. This review aimed to summarize the most important and widely used medicinal plants that were reported to have antibacterial activities. A general literature search from 2010 to 2020 was conducted using different databases, including Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed. According to the literature, three medicinal plants with outstanding antibacterial activities, Taraxacum officinale, Coptis Rhizome, and Scutellaria baicalensis, were screened and reviewed by prioritization. The extraction methods, antibacterial activities of different parts of plants or the plant-derived compounds, spectra of antibacterial activities, and toxicity were described, respectively. However, the antibacterial activities of the extracts or pure compounds as reported in the reviewed literature were mostly based on in vitro assays, and moreover, the deeper antibacterial mechanisms have not been elucidated clearly. Therefore, further studies are required in the fields of purification and identification of the antibacterial compounds, its mechanisms of action, and synergistic effects in combination with other antibacterial drugs, which may be helpful in the development of new antibacterial drugs.
... It has previously been observed that the total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of PMF were significantly higher than some common fruits, such as apple and citrus . Currently, over 40 polyphenol compounds have been identified from PMF (Jang et al., 2018;Jin, Lee, Hwang, & Chung, 2012;Mitani et al., 2013;Mitani, Ota, Inaba, Kishida, & Koyama, 2018;Ni et al., 2018;Shin et al., 2013;. However, most previous studies on PMF have focused only on free phenolic compounds. ...
Thermal and dry salt-curing processing are traditional methods for processing Prunus mume fruits (PMF) into food or medicine. This study aimed to investigate the composition of free and bound phenolics in PMF, and effects of thermal and dry salt-curing processing on phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility. Nineteen (free and bound) phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in raw PMF. Salt-curing caused a significant decrease in free and bound phenolic content, whereas no significant change was observed after thermal treatment. The concentration and distribution of individual phenolic compounds instead of composition in PMF were changed by thermal and salt-curing processing. The two processing methods differently decreased DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity. The total phenolic bioaccessibility increased by 34.09% after thermal processing, while decreased by 87.92% after salt-curing. These results may indicate that thermal rather than salt-curing is more preferably method for processing PMF to developing health foods and nutraceuticals.
... CA participates in the defense mechanism of plants against predators, pests, and infections, because it has an inhibitory effect on the growth of fungi and bacteria [28,29]. In vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that CA and its derivatives have numerous beneficial physiological effects, such as antibacterial [30][31][32], antiviral [33][34][35][36], antioxidant [37][38][39][40], anti-inflammatory [5,[41][42][43], anti-atherosclerotic [44][45][46], immunostimulatory [47][48][49], antidiabetic [50,51], cardioprotective [52,53], antiproliferative [54], hepatoprotective [55,56], anticancer [20,54,[57][58][59], etc. ...
Caffeic acid is one of the most important hydroxycinnamic acids found in various foods and plant products. It has multiple beneficial effects in the human body such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic. Since overdoses of caffeic acid may have negative effects, the quality and quantity of this acid in foods, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, etc., needs to be accurately determined. The present paper analyzes the most representative scientific papers published mostly in the last 10 years which describe the development and characterization of voltamperometric sensors or biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials and/or enzyme commonly used for detecting caffeic acid and a series of methods which may improve the performance characteristics of such sensors.
... Another study conducted by Wang et al (2010) showed that isoflavones inhibited nucleic acid synthesis in S. aureus. Mitani et al (2018) and Alves et al. (2013) showed that phenolic acids, namely coumaric, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acids, displayed significant antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ...
The objective of this study was to determine the chemical families and the total phenolic content in a hydro-ethanolic extract of Lavandula stoechas, as well as to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the different phenolic fractions of this plant against pathogenic bacterial strains isolated from a hospital in the city of Fez, Morocco. The hydro-ethanolic extract was obtained and phytochemical screening of the different chemical families of the plant was conducted using colorimetric methods. The quantification of the total concentration of polyphenols in the L. stoechas extract was conducted according to the Folin–Cio-calteu method. The antimicrobial effects of the hydro-ethanolic, flavonoid and tannin extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria isolated from a hospital in Fez were determined using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for all pathogenic and reference strains. The total phenolic content of L. stoechas was 130.15 ± 3.72 mg gallic acid equivalent/g plant extract. The flavonoid extract had the highest effect against bacteria, with MIC and MBC values varying from 10 to 40 mg/ml and 20–80 mg/ml, respec-tively. The results also revealed that the hydro-ethanolic extract showed a MIC value of 80 mg/ml against all bacteria except Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853). The results obtained in our study showed an important antibacterial effect of flavonoid extracts from L. stoechas compared to other extracts. These results can aid in the discovery of new antimicrobial molecules of natural origin. Further research on phenolic compounds in L. stoechas is required.
... p-coumaric acid possesses broad and strong antibacterial activity [90]. Together with ferulic acids, it is found in xylan and is responsible for esterification of lignin and strengthening the plant cell wall [91]. ...
(1) Background: Verticillium wilt (VW) of hop is a devastating disease caused by the soil-borne fungi Verticillium nonalfalfae and Verticillium dahliae. As suggested by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and RNA-Seq analyses, the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance in hop are complex, consisting of preformed and induced defense responses, including the synthesis of various phenolic compounds. (2) Methods: We determined the total polyphenolic content at two phenological stages in roots and stems of 14 hop varieties differing in VW resistance, examined the changes in the total polyphenols of VW resistant variety Wye Target (WT) and susceptible Celeia (CE) on infection with V. nonalfalfae, and assessed the antifungal activity of six commercial phenolic compounds and total polyphenolic extracts from roots and stems of VW resistant WT and susceptible CE on the growth of two different V. nonalfalfae hop pathotypes. (3) Results: Generally, total polyphenols were higher in roots than stems and increased with maturation of the hop. Before flowering, the majority of VW resistant varieties had a significantly higher content of total polyphenols in stems than susceptible varieties. At the symptomatic stage of VW disease, total polyphenols decreased in VW resistant WT and susceptible CE plants in both roots and stems. The antifungal activity of total polyphenolic extracts against V. nonalfalfae was higher in hop extracts from stems than those from roots. Among the tested phenolic compounds, only p-coumaric acid and tyrosol markedly restricted fungal growth. (4) Conclusions: Although the correlation between VW resistance and total polyphenols content is not straightforward, higher levels of total polyphenols in the stems of the majority of VW resistant hop varieties at early phenological stages probably contribute to fast and efficient activation of signaling pathways, leading to successful defense against V. nonalfalfae infection.
... Some of these components' contents with various bioactivities in maesil were developed with simultaneous analytical methods using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) for volatile organic compounds such as benzaldehyde, 2-hexanal, isolongifololyl acetate, palmitic acid, linalool, butyl acetate, linoleic acid, and squalene [29][30][31]. ...
The fruits of Prunus mume, maesil (Rosaceae), have been widely used as a valuable source of foods and herbal medicines from ancient times in Northeast Asia. Specially, phenolic compounds of main compounds in maesil were reported to have various activities. This study aims to develop the simultaneous analytical method of nine phenolic compounds in maesil and to evaluate these compound contents in samples during the ripeness. Twenty-one species of samples and nine phenolic compounds were used for this study. In results, compounds 1–9 contents in unripe fruits were 0.16∼1.81 mg/g. However, these compounds in ripe samples were 0.09∼1.66 mg/g. Compounds 1–9 contents in ripe fruits were generally reduced rather than those in unripe fruits. Otherwise, the contents of compounds 2, 5, 8, and 9 in seed part were relatively higher than those in flesh part. In contrast, contents of compounds 1, 3, and 7 in flesh part were relatively higher than those in seed part. Generally, the contents of compounds 1–9 in unripe fruits were higher than those in ripe fruits. However, the contents of compounds 1–9 in each part (seed and fresh) of fruits were different according to species of compounds. It indicates that the selection of harvesting time and process part of fruits as the source of foods and medicines is important.
... These variations may reflect differences in cell surface structures between Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, a study by Mitani et al (2018) demonstrated that phenolic compounds -rather than citric acid -contribute to antimicrobial activity against enterobacteria in the digestive tract of Penaeus monodon larvae. ...
The high level of attack of both infectious and non-infectious diseases results in low production in giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) in North Kalimantan's traditional coastal aquaculture ponds. One of the most severe pathogens of concern is Vibrio harveyi. The present study investigates whether Sonneratia alba fruit extract inhibits V. harveyi infection challenging giant tiger prawn postlarvae through a feed of Artemia salina. Three different doses of S. alba extract (15 ppm, 20 ppm, and 25 ppm), and one control (0 ppm) were used in this study. The extract was used to enrich A. salina as feed for giant tiger prawn postlarvae, which were then challenged with V. harveyi. The experimental methods involved a completely randomised design (CRD) with three replications. Among the four groups, the highest survival rate (78.33%) was observed in the treatment using 20 ppm of S. alba extract, and this group exhibited significantly (P>0.05) better survival and inhibition of V. harveyi infection in giant tiger prawn.
... However, we did find that the released flavonoid content in distilled water was significantly different among concentrations of G. uralensis extract. Previous research has confirmed that phenolic compounds possess antibacterial properties and reported that the microbial growth was in proportion to the content of phenolic compounds contained in plant extracts [34,35]. The polyphenols and flavonoids contained in G. uralensis extract may have resulted in the antimicrobial activity of this compound that was observed in this study. ...
We aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans and its biocompatibility for dental applications. The antimicrobial activity of the G. uralensis extracts at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 µg/mL was assessed using agar disk diffusion tests, counting the total number of colony-forming units (CFUs), spectrophotometric growth inhibitory assays, and microbial morphology observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Merin, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). We measured the polyphenol and flavonoid contents of G. uralensis extracts using ultraviolet–visible spectrometry and the cytotoxicity of these extracts using an MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. We identified that G. uralensis extracts had significant antimicrobial effects against S. mutans and C. albicans. The optical density of the experimental groups significantly decreased compared with that of the control group. SEM images revealed that the G. uralensis extract affected the morphology and density of S. mutans and C. albicans. The extract concentration of flavonoids, but not polyphenols, increased with increasing concentrations of the G. uralensis extract. Furthermore, cell viabilities were more than 70% for G. uralensis extracts with concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL. Naturally derived G. uralensis is biocompatible and exhibits an excellent antimicrobial effect against oral pathogens such as S. mutans and C. albicans. Thus, G. uralensis extracts can be used for the development of oral products that treat and prevent oral diseases.
... In recent decades, P. mume fruit extracts (PMFE) have been reported to have various beneficial effects, such as the improvement of blood circulation [5] and energy metabolism [6]. It also has anticancer [7,8], antioxidant [9,10], anti-inflammatory [11,12], and anti-microbial [13] activity. We reported that Fructus mume, the processed fruit of P. mume, effectively improves cognitive impairment in familial Alzheimer's disease [14], scopolamine-induced memory impairment [15], and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced cognitive impairment [11,12]. ...
Mumefural is a bioactive compound derived from the processed fruit of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc., a traditional health food; however, its safety has not been evaluated. We investigated the toxicity of mumefural through single and repeated oral administration at doses of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. The acute toxicity assessment was not associated with adverse effects or death. Similarly, the subacute (four weeks) toxicity assessment did not reveal any mumefural-associated mortality, abnormal organ damage, or altered clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, or hematological parameters. However, albumin/globulin ratio and chloride ion levels were significantly increased in male mice treated with mumefural at ≥ 2500 mg/kg. Female mice exhibited significantly higher levels of chloride, sodium, and potassium ions, at a dose of 5000 mg/kg. Furthermore, the administration of 2500 and 5000 mg/kg mumefural decreased the absolute weight of spleen in male mice. These findings indicated that the approximate lethal dose of mumefural in ICR mice was > 5000 mg/kg. No significant mumefural toxicity was observed at ≤ 5000 mg/kg. Our findings provide a basis for conducting future detailed studies to evaluate reproductive, neurological, genetic, and chronic toxicity of mumefural.
... were identified in the stem of gladiolus cut flowers in this study and matched previous investigations on cut flowers of other species [35,36]. These genera are sensitive to phenolic compounds as found in several studies [24,[37][38][39][40]. ...
The postharvest physiology of cut flowers is largely dependent on vase life, which is the maximum number of days before flower senescence. The use of tree bark extracts (major forest plant residues), as an eco-friendly and natural antioxidant preservative in holding solutions, is a novel tool for extending flower longevity. The morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic responses of Gladiolus grandiflorus cut spikes to Magnolia acuminata and Taxus cuspidata bark extracts as additives in holding solutions were investigated. G. grandiflorus subjected to bark extracts as well as catechin and protocatechuic acid (main phenols) displayed significant increased longevity (up to 18 days), an increased number of open florets, and increased floret fresh weight. Increases in the relative water content, leaf chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars, and protein content were observed in addition to a reduction in microbial growth in the cut spikes. Gas exchange parameters were higher in the bark extract treatments than in the controls. Higher antioxidant activities were detected and associated with increased superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities and reduced H2O2 accumulation. The bark extract treatments associated with reduced expression of GgCyP1 (produces cysteine protease) and increased expression of both GgDAD1 (defends against apoptotic activity) and GgEXPA1 (regulates petal expansion). Several mechanisms were implicated in these effects, including maintenance of water content, enhanced management of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased sugar and protein composition, and control of microbial growth. Thus, bark extracts and isolated phenols could be developed as an eco-friendly, non-toxic, and cost-effective natural preservative for cut gladiolus flowers.
... Phenolic compounds are known as antioxidants and other bioactive agents and have been interested on account of their uses for human health (Tungmunnithum et al., 2018). It is widely reported that the phenolic compounds of plants have antimicrobial effects on microorganism growth (Mitani et al., 2018). In our previous study, it was confirmed that PAs could be released from rice straw during the pretreatment and saccharification of rice straw Xue et al., 2017). ...
Phenolic acids are abundant in rice straw (Oryza sativa L.). Exploiting the high value of phenolic acids (PAs) could solve the problem of straw resource utilization. For this, PAs were extracted from rice straw to investigate their antimicrobial effect in this study. Chemical composition of PAs was analyzed and 16 compounds were identified. The yield of PAs was 11.4 ± 0.4 g from 1 kg of rice straw, and the major compounds were p-coumaric acid (46.0%w/w), ferulic acid (23.3% w/w), vanillic acid (5.7% w/w) and vanillin (1.2% w/w). It was found that PAs had a strong inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus in this study. The antimicrobial activity of PAs was mainly attributed to p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid were 0.6 g/L and 1.2 g/L, respectively. More importantly, the combination of the phenolic acids could provide a synergistic effect. Therefore, the MIC of PAs derived from rice straw decreased by 1.5- to 3-fold relative to the MIC of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid used individually. From assays of metabolites, adenosine triphosphate(ATP), adenosine diphosphate(ADP), oxidized form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD⁺) and reduced form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH), oxidized form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADP⁺) and reduced form nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH), and the hydroxyl radical, the stimulation of the Fenton reaction was observed, which consumed adenosine triphosphate and reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, increased hydroxyl radicals, resulting in oxidative damage to cells, which was similar to the common mechanism of cell death induced by bactericidal antibiotics. Confocal laser scanning microscopic and atomic force microscopic images revealed that PAs destroyed the biofilm structure, changed the morphology of cells in the biofilm, and reduced their viability, suggesting potential medical applications for PAs. This study could provide theoretical guidance for the development of a plant-based antimicrobial agent, thus promoting straw utilization in a biorefinery.
... This concentrate is active against Helicobacter pylori infection and other human bacterial pathogens (Fujita et al., 2002;Nakajima et al., 2006;Enomoto et al., 2010;Yang et al., 2014). The phenolic constituents of P. mume extract contribute to the antimicrobial activity (Mitani et al., 2018). A fermented extract of P. mume with probiotics (S. cerevisiae, B. subtilis and L. acidophilus) was found to be active to treat dermatitislike skin lesions in mice and to stimulate the non-specific immune responses in mice to combat bacterial infections (Jung et al., 2010). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Extracts of the fruit of Prunus mume (Rosaceae) have been used for a long time in Eastern Asia, in many culinary and medicinal preparations. The plant originates from the south of mainland China (named méi) and was introduced later in Japan (ume), Korea (maesil) and Vietnam (mai or mo). Extracts of the fruits (Chinese plum or Japanese apricot, 'Nanko' mume cultivar of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) are used in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, and various Korean medical preparations, for more than 2000 years. The medicinal use of the flesh of the fruits is cited in ancient Japanese monographies (such as Shokokukodenhiho published in 1817).
Aim of the study:
To analyze the anticancer activities of P. mume extracts and their potential use to prevent or treat cancers. The use of P. mume extracts to alleviate the side effects of chemotherapy, notably drug-induced gastro-intestinal toxicities, is also reviewed.
Methods:
Extensive database retrieval, such as SciFinder and PubMed, was performed by using keywords such as "Prunus mume", "Chinese plum", "Japanese apricot", and "cancer". In addition, relevant textbooks, patents, reviews, and digital documents (in English) were consulted to collate all available scientific literature and to provide a complete science-based survey of the topic.
Results:
P. mume extracts display hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antibacterial effects, as well as anticancer properties. A survey of the antitumor activities of MK615 and other P. mume extracts is provided here, with information about the natural products found in the extracts (such as ursolic acid and oleanic acid) and the mechanisms of action of these extracts. MK615 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptotic death of different types of cancer cells from both solid and hematological tumors.
Conclusion:
The pool of in vitro data and signs of anticancer activities in mice models and in Human, although very limited, support the use of this extract to treat cancer, notably gastro-intestinal tumors. However, more robust evidence of anticancer activity in Human are awaited. Beyond cancer treatment, the use of P. mume extracts to prevent or to treat mucositis and other gastro-intestinal damages induced by anticancer drugs is underlined. The woody plant Prunus mume, a member of the Rosaceae family, has a long plantation history in China, and has widely been planted in Asia due to its high ornamental value (colorful corollas, pleasant fragrance, weeping trait) and the culinary, nutritional and medicinal potential of the fruits from the specie Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc (Mei). Over the past 20 years the therapeutic potential of the extract of Japanese apricot "Ume" has been regularly reported. Anti-bacterial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties have been described. A complete analysis of the published scientific literature on Ume and cancer is presented here.
... (8). The phenolics were found to have many physiological activities, including antibacterial activities (9). Characterization of alkali hydrolysate of the phenolics revealed that the umesu phenolics comprise four main phenolic acids (i.e., caffeic acid, cis-and trans-p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid), indicating that the majority of the phenolics in this mume fruit are hydrocinnamic acid derivatives (10). ...
Umesu phenolics were purified from the salt-extracts of Japanese apricot (Nanko-mume cultivar of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.). Characterization of umesu phenolics revealed that they inhibited the multiplication of influenza virus and several other RNA and DNA viruses, when added to the culture media of the infected cells. In addition to these antiviral activities, the phenolics significantly decreased a plating efficiency of influenza virus, if present in the virus inoculum. More drastic effects were observed in virucidal activity; the infectivity of several strains of influenza viruses decreased less than 0.001 when they were incubated with 4 mg/ml phenolics at 30℃ for 5 min. The virucidal activity of phenolics was found to be more remarkable in acidic conditions, but the activity was not merely a result of the acidity of the phenolics. These results clearly indicate the antiviral and virucidal activities of the umesu phenolics against influenza viruses and suggest their potential pharmacological usefulness as a disinfectant or preventive medicine against superficial infections, such as the respiratory infection.
... Recently, we have purified a phenolic fraction (umesu phenolics) chromatographically using a nonpolar macroporous adsorbent resin from the salt extracts (i.e. "umesu", a by-product obtained during the manufacture of pickled Japanese apricot with high salt concentration) 8 and reported many physiological activities of umesu phenolics, including antibacterial 9 and antihypertensive effects. 10 By performing a quantitative characterization of the phenolics in the Nanko-mume fruit, we found that the fruit contains a significant amount of polyphenols. ...
Umesu phenolics were obtained from the salt‐extracts of Japanese apricot (Nanko‐mume cultivar of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) as purified phenolics. We have examined antiviral activities of the umesu phenolics against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) and type 2 (HSV‐2), enveloped DNA viruses. The umesu phenolics inhibited the multiplication of these viruses, when added to the culture media of the infected cells. This inhibition occurred at phenolics concentrations, at which they showed no severe cytotoxicity. One‐step growth experiments showed that the eclipse period in the HSV‐1 multiplication was extended in the presence of the umesu phenolics and that the addition of phenolics after the completion of viral DNA replication did not affect the viral multiplication. More drastic effects were observed on virucidal activities against HSV‐1 and HSV‐2; the infectivity decreased to 0.0001 when they were incubated with 3 mg/ml phenolics at 30 C for 5 min. These results indicate the antiviral and virucidal activities of the umesu phenolics and suggest a potential pharmacological usefulness of the phenolics as a sanitizing or preventive medicine against the superficial HSV infections on body surface. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... The probable mechanisms of the antimicrobial action of the tested mushroom are the inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or nucleid acid synthesis, but less effective compared to the classical antibiotics. Pcoumaric and ferulic acids extracted from mushrooms exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis [25]. The tested extract expressed moderate cytotoxic activity on the used cancer cells, among which HeLa were the most sensitive. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the biological activities and polyphenolic contents of the acetone extract of H. repandum mushroom. Polyphenolic compounds were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was assessed by radical scavenging activity assays and reducing power. The antimicrobial activity was established based on the values of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using microdilution method. Cytotoxic activity was determined by 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The genotoxic and antimutagenic activities were tested using cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay on human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Among the determined polyphenolic compounds, ferulic acid and quercetin were mostly found. The extract showed high free radical scavenging activity, while the reducing power was less emphasized and concentration-dependent. The MIC fluctuated in a range of 0.009-10 mg/mL. The cytotoxic activity (based on IC 50) ranged from 116.5 to 158.33 µg/mL, when HeLa cells were the most sensitive. The highest tested concentrations of the extract showed significant genotoxic activity, while against mitomycin C, the extract caused protective activity. The results indicated that H. repandum acetone extract contained secondary metabolites which showed biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, genotoxic and protective against chemotherapeutics, indicating that their inclusion in nutrition could be of great importance in the prevention and treatment of various pathological conditions. Rezumat Acest studiu a urmărit evaluarea activităților biologice și conținutul polifenolic al extractului acetonic din ciuperci din specia H. repandum. Compușii polifenolici au fost evaluați prin cromatografie de lichide de înaltă performanță (HPLC). Activitatea antioxidantă a fost evaluată prin testele specifice. Activitatea antimicrobiană a fost stabilită pe baza valorilor concentrației inhibitorii minime (MIC) utilizând metoda microdiluției. Activitatea citotoxică a fost determinată cu ajutorul bromurii de 3-4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il-2,5-difeniltetrazoliu (MTT). Activitățile genotoxice și antimutagene au fost testate in vitro pe limfocite din sânge periferic. Printre compușii polifenolici determinați s-au regăsit predominant acid ferulic și quercetină. Extractul a demonstrat o activitate mai puternică de neutralizarea a radicalilor liberi. MIC a fluctuat în intervalul 0,009-10 mg/mL. Activitatea citotoxică (pe baza IC50) a variat de la 116,5 până la 158,33 µg/mL. Cele mai mari concentrații testate ale extractului au prezentat o activitate genotoxică semnificativă, în timp ce extractul de mitomicină C a prezentat o activitate protectoare. Rezultatele au arătat că extractul acetonic al H. repandum conține metaboliți secundari care au prezentat activități biologice antioxidante, antimicrobiene, citotoxice, genotoxice și protectoare împotriva chimioterapicelor, indicând faptul că includerea lor în nutriție ar putea avea o mare importanță în prevenirea și tratamentul diferitelor afecțiuni patologice.
... The results from this study suggest that the antibacterial activity of the extract could be attributed to the high content of phenols and flavonoids. Several studies have reported the antibacterial effects of these metabolites against a wide range of bacteria [39][40][41]. Numerous works have also reported that carotenoids have potential antibacterial effects on various bacteria [42]. Phenolic compounds and especially flavonoids can act as antimicrobial agents via several different mechanisms, including inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of cytoplasmic membrane function, inhibition of energy metabolism, inhibition of the attachment and biofilm formation, inhibition of the porin on the cell membrane, alteration of the membrane permeability, which can result in cell destruction, and attenuation of pathogenicity [43]. ...
The present study evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) leaves. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical assay and the antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. The methanolic extract showed high antioxidant activity (69.43%) and had antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Higher inhibition zone was detected against S. aureus (30.83 mm). The extract of this plant showed high phenolic, flavonoids and carotenoids contents and it can be concluded that these compounds may be responsible for antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The results indicated that the methanolic extract of medlar, M. germanica L., leaves possessed strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties and could be an important source of natural compounds for development of new drugs.
Secondary metabolites, polyphenols, are widespread in the entire kingdom of plants. They contain one or more hydroxyl groups that have a variety of biological functions in the natural environment. These uses include polyphenols in food, beauty products, dietary supplements, and medicinal products and have grown rapidly during the past 20 years. Antimicrobial polyphenols are described together with their sources, classes, and subclasses. Polyphenols are found in different sources, such as dark chocolate, olive oil, red wine, almonds, cashews, walnuts, berries, green tea, apples, artichokes, mushrooms, etc. Examples of benefits are antiallergic, antioxidant, anticancer agents, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antimicrobe properties. From these sources, different classes of polyphenols are helpful for the growth of internal functional systems of the human body, providing healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases, improving brain health, and rebooting our cellular microbiome health by mitochondrial uncoupling. Among the various health benefits of polyphenols (curcumin, naringenin, quercetin, catechin, etc.) primarily different antimicrobial activities are discussed along with possible future applications. For polyphenols and antimicrobial agents to be proven safe, adverse health impacts must be substantiated by reliable scientific research as well as in vitro and in vivo clinical data. Future research may be influenced by this evaluation.
Prunus mume is an ancient medicinal herb and food that are commonly used in Asian countries with high nutritional ingredients and biological activities. Polyphenols are important functional components in Prunus mume. To obtain a more efficient extraction process of Prunus mume polyphenols, a single-factor test and response surface method were used. After extraction and purification, the final polyphenol content of Prunus mume (L1) was up to 90%. Biological experiments showed that L1 had high anticancer activity against HeLa (125.28 μg mL-1), HepG2 (117.24 μg mL-1), MCF-7 (170.19 μg mL-1), and A549 (121.78 μg mL-1) in vitro by MTT assay. The combination of DDP and DOX significantly enhanced the anticancer activity of the four cell lines, especially L1-DOX had the smallest IC50 value of 0.04 μg mL-1 against HepG2 cells, indicating the combination of drugs had synergistic effects. It is further demonstrated that L1 could inhibit cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis with ROS detection and confocal fluorescence images. The relative tumor proliferation rate (T/C) was 40.6%, and the tumor inhibition rate was 57.9%, indicating L1 to have no significant toxicity but high anti-HepG2 activity in vivo. Although the study is very limited, it is anticipated to provide a reference for further exploration of the functionality of the plant.
Tomatoes are a valuable crop consumed year-round. Ripe fruit is picked for local sale, whereas tomatoes intended for transit may be harvested at late mature green or breaker stages when fruit firmness preserves quality. In this study, we evaluated Solanum lycopersicum cv. BHN602 association with three Salmonella serotypes and S. lycopersicum cv. Nyagous with Salmonella Newport using fruit at two ripeness stages. Counts of Salmonella Javiana and Typhimurium were higher from red ripe fruit surfaces of BHN602, and counts of Salmonella Newport were higher from ripe Nyagous fruit than from mature green fruit (P < 0.05). Aqueous fruit washes containing fruit surface compounds collected from ripe Nyagous fruit supported more Salmonella Newport growth than green fruit washes (P < 0.05). Growth curve analysis showed that between 2 and 6 h, Salmonella Newport grew at a rate of 0.25 log CFU/h in red fruit wash compared with 0.17 log CFU/h in green fruit wash (P < 0.05). The parallel trend in Salmonella interaction between fruit and wash suggested that surface metabolite differences between unripe and ripe fruit affect Salmonella dynamics. Untargeted phytochemical profiling of tomato fruit surface washes with gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry showed that ripe fruit had threefold-lower amino acid and fourfold-higher sugar (fructose, glucose, and xylose) levels than green fruit. Green fruit had higher levels of lauric, palmitic, margaric, and arachidic acids, whereas red fruit had more capric acid. The phenolics ferulic, chlorogenic, and vanillic acid, as well as tyrosol, also decreased with ripening. Although limitations of this study preclude conclusions on how specific compounds affect Salmonella, our study highlights the complexity of the plant niche for foodborne pathogens and the importance of understanding the metabolite landscape Salmonella encounters on fresh produce. Fruit surface phytochemical profiling generated testable hypotheses for future studies exploring the differential Salmonella interactions with tomato varieties and fruit at various ripeness stages.
HIGHLIGHTS
Phenolic compounds have long been recognized for their potential health modulatory effects. From a straightforward antioxidant capacity to metabolic modulation, the literature on their health-related effects evidence their potential. A similar affirmation may be made for the gut microbiome, where positive modulation has been associated with the reduction of risk/amelioration of some pathologies. Most of the ingested phenolic compounds reach the colon; therefore it stands to reason that they may have a modulatory impact upon the gut microbiome. In fact, they have been reported as being capable of stimulating the growth of potentially beneficial species and inhibiting potentially harmful ones, thus exerting a dual effect upon the gut microbiome. Moreover, the microbiota also influences the phenolic composition by mediating reactions that result in new compounds (with different biological activities).
Aims:
This study was conducted to evaluate thirty-five natural flavonoids for their in vitro susceptibility against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 530) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) in search for the potential broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Methods and results:
Glabridin, a natural isoflavonoids isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra L., was identified to be highly active with MIC of 8-16 μg mL-1 against S. aureus, B. subtilis and E. coli. By the results of docking simulation, we located the potential targets of glabridin as DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The subsequent DNA gyrase inhibition assays (glabridin: IC50 = 0.8516 μmol L-1 , ciprofloxacin: IC50 = 0.04697 μmol L-1 ), DHFR inhibition assays (glabridin: inhibition ratio=29%, methotrexate: inhibition ratio=45% under 100 μmol L-1 treatment) and TUNEL confirmed that glabridin acted as DNA gyrase inhibitor and DHFR mild inhibitor, exerting bactericidal activity by blocking bacterial nucleic acid synthesis. CCK-8 and in silico calculations were also conducted to verify the low cytotoxicity and acceptable druggability of glabridin.
Conclusion:
These findings suggest that glabridin represents the prototypical member of an exciting structural class of natural antimicrobial agents.
Significance and impact of the study:
This study reports a novel mechanism of bactericidal activity of glabridin against S. aureus.
Current strategies of combating bacterial infections are limited and involve the use of antibiotics and preservatives. Each of these agents has generally inadequate efficacy and a number of serious adverse effects. Thus, there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial drugs and food preservatives with higher efficacy and lower toxicity. Edible plants have been used in medicine since ancient times and are well known for their successful antimicrobial activity. Often photosensitizers are present in many edible plants; they could be a promising source for a new generation of drugs and food preservatives. The use of photodynamic therapy allows enhancement of antimicrobial properties in plant photosensitizers. The purpose of this review is to present the verified data on the antimicrobial activities of photodynamic phytochemicals in edible species of the world’s flora, including the various mechanisms of their actions.
Background:
With the growing incidence of microbial pathogenesis, several alternative strategies have been developed. The number of treatments using naturally (e.g., plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, and animals) derived compounds has increased. Importantly, marine-derived products have become a promising and effective approach to combat the antibiotic resistance properties developed by bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, augmenting the sub-inhibitory concentration of the naturally-derived antimicrobial compounds (e.g., hydroxycinnamic acids, terpenes, marine-derived polysaccharides, phenolic compounds) into the naturally derived extracts as a combination therapy to treat the bacterial infection has not been well studied.
Objective:
The present study was aimed to prepare green algae Ulva lactuca extract and evaluate its antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria. Also, revitalize the antibacterial efficiency of the naturally-derived antimicrobial drugs and conventional antibiotics by augmenting their sub-MIC to the U. lactuca extracts.
Methods:
Extraction was done using a different organic solvent, and its antibacterial activity was tested towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of U. lactuca extracts has been determined towards pathogenic bacteria using the micro broth dilution method. The viable cell counting method was used to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) assay was utilized to examine the combinatorial impact of sub-MIC of two antibacterial drugs using the micro broth dilution method. The chemical components of the extract were analyzed by GC-MS analysis.
Results:
Among all the extracts, n-hexane extract was found to show effective antibacterial activity towards tested pathogens with the lowest MIC and MBC value. Furthermore, the n-hexane extracts have also been used to enhance the efficacy of the naturally-derived (derived from plants and marine organisms) compounds and conventional antibiotics at their sub-inhibitory concentrations. Most of the tested antibiotics and natural drugs at their sub-MIC were found to exhibit synergistic and additive antibacterial activity towards the tested bacterial pathogens.
Conclusions:
The augmenting of U. lactuca n-hexane extracts resulted in synergistic and additive bactericidal effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria. The present study shows a new alternative strategy to revitalize the antimicrobial activity of naturally derived compounds for treating human bacterial pathogens.
Aim:
The present study demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid against unstressed and stressed (cold stressed, starved and desiccated) Cronobacter sakazakii in laboratory media (37°C) and reconstituted powdered infant formulation (PIF) with mild heat treatment (50°C).
Methods and results:
Five phenolics viz., quercetin, rutin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid were tested for antimicrobial activities against five strains of C. sakazakii either unstressed or stressed. Strain specific higher resistance to ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid was observed after stress adaptation in laboratory media. The effect of cross protection was validated using reconstituted PIF as delivery vehicle of selected compounds. Both p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid showed inhibition of C. sakazakii in a dose and time dependent manner as revealed by their viable cell counts. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the desiccated cells were more sensitive to phenolics in reconstituted PIF.
Conclusions:
Only ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid showed marked antibacterial activity with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in the range of 2.5 to 5 mg ml-1 for unstressed C. sakazakii cells in Tryptone Soy Broth. The maximum inhibition was achieved with 20 mg ml-1 of both the tested polyphenols in reconstituted PIF. Cold stress and starvation stress did not impart any protection nor increased the susceptibility of C. sakazakii, whereas desiccation resulted in increased susceptibility to phenolic compounds.
Significance and impact of study:
The results obtained in this study helps in understanding the effect of environmental stresses during processing on susceptibility of C. sakazakii to natural antimicrobial agents. Future transcriptomic studies and functional genetic studies are warranted to understand the strain specific stress responses for the development of better control methods possibly by using these natural antagonists.
Caffeic acid is a plant-derived compound that is classified as hydroxycinnamic acid which contains both phenolic and acrylic functional groups. Caffeic acid has been greatly employed as an alternative strategy to combat microbial pathogenesis and chronic infection induced by microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Similarly, several derivatives of caffeic acid such as sugar esters, organic esters, glycosides, and amides have been chemically synthesized or naturally isolated as potential antimicrobial agents. To overcome the issue of water insolubility and poor stability, caffeic acid and its derivative have been utilized either in conjugation with other bioactive molecules or in nanoformulation. Besides, caffeic acid and its derivatives have also been applied in combination with antibiotics or photoirradiation to achieve a synergistic mode of action. The present review describes the antimicrobial roles of caffeic acid and its derivatives exploited either in free form or in combination or in nanoformulation to kill a diverse range of microbial pathogens along with their mode of action. The chemistry employed for the synthesis of the caffeic acid derivatives has been discussed in detail as well.
A methanol extract from unripe Japanese apricot showed inhibitory activity of Helicobacter pylori motility. Inhibitory compound 1 was isolated and identified as (+)-syringaresinol (1) by spectoroscopic means. (+)-Syringaresinol (1) inhibited >90% of the H. pylori motility at a concentration of 500 microg/ml and the IC50 value was 50 microg/ml.
Mume fruit, Japanese apricots (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.), have traditionally been used for pickles, juice, and liqueur in Japan. During the pickling of mume fruit, an exudate fluid from the fruit called umesu (or umezu) is produced as a byproduct. We developed laboratory-scale and factoryscale methods using synthetic absorbents HP-20 column chromatography to prepare phenolic fractions from umesu (umesu phenolics or umezu phenolics, hereafter referred to as UPs). In this study, we obtained six batches of UPs using a factory-scale method, and their chemical features were examined. The phenolic contents were 13.1±0.8% and 19.2±2.1%, respectively, with gallic acid and p-coumaric acid as standards. The total sugar content was 57.7±4.7%. Very close similarity was observed in the high-performance liquid chromatograms and compositions of the phenolics in the six batches of UPs. The four major phenolic compounds found in the alkaline hydrolysate of UPs were caffeic acid, cis-p-coumaric acid, trans-p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid. Some batches showed high amounts of cis-p-coumaric acid / total p-coumaric acid. Since this isomerization did not occur during the UP preparation process, it seems likely that isomerization of trans-p-coumaric acid into cis-pcoumaric acid occurred due to sunlight irradiation during umesu storage.
Objectives:
Medications or lifestyle changes to prevent or improve hypertension often press considerable efforts on patients suffering from mild hypertension. Capsules including Umezu polyphenols (UP), polyphenols in Japanese plums, may help them to control their blood pressure (BP). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of UP on BP and its safety.
Methods:
A total of 15 healthy workers without antihypertensive medication who had some concerns about their BP, preferably normal-high BP or hypertension level 1, were randomized in a double-blind manner into UP ingesting and placebo groups. Each subject was instructed to take four capsules daily for 12 weeks (daily UP dose, 800 mg for the UP ingesting group; and 0 mg for the placebo group). These subjects were followed for 12 weeks, and their BP both at home and at the examination site, as well as self-perceived quality-of-life outcomes and possible side effects, was monitored during that period. Group × time interactions on BP changes were examined.
Results:
All of the 15 subjects completed the 12-week intervention trial. The BP changes did not significantly differ between the UP ingesting and placebo groups, neither at the examination site nor at home. But during the study period, no adverse effects were observed.
Conclusions:
No remarkable effect of UP on BP was observed. However, a higher dose of UP was confirmed safe and high in adherence in this 12-week randomized controlled trial. Its effect on BP and other outcomes shall be confirmed in a larger sample.
The fruit of mume, Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.), was evaluated for its phenolics content, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile and antioxidative activities. The phenolics content of mume fruit was relatively high, the flesh of fully matured fruit containing up to 1% of phenolics on a dry weight basis. Reflecting such a high content of phenolics, the ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) value for mume fruit flesh showed high values, ranging from 150 to 320 µmol/g Trolox equivalent, depending upon the stage of maturation. 5-O-Caffeoylqunic acid (chlorogenic acid), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid and tetra-O-acylated sucrose-related compounds were isolated from the flesh of mume fruit, although many unknown peaks were also apparent in the HPLC chromatogram. An alkali hydrolysate comprised four main phenolic acids, caffeic acid, cis/trans-p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. No flavonoids were observed in the analysis. These results suggest that the majority of phenolics in mume fruit were hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives.
Simple sugars, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and their derivatives, including the methyl ethers with free or potentially free reducing groups, give an orange-yellow color when treated with phenol and concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction is sensitive and the color is stable. By use of this phenol-sulfuric acid reaction, a method has been developed to determine submicro amounts of sugars and related substances. In conjunction with paper partition chromatography the method is useful for the determination of the composition of polysaccharides and their methyl derivatives.
Prunus mume is a common fruit in Asia, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we focused on the antimicrobial properties of Prunus mume extract against oral pathogens related to dental caries and periodontal diseases.
A total of 15 oral pathogens including Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, P. gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Candida species were included in the study. Initially, agar diffusion assay was performed to screen the antimicrobial activities of Prunus mume extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were then determined for sensitive species. Effect of Prunus mume extract on human oral keratinocytes (HOK) viability was also tested.
In the agar diffusion assay, drug suspension of 2 g/mL was able to inhibit all the bacterial species tested, but not the fungal species. MIC and MBC range of Prunus mume extract against the oral bacteria was 0.15625-0.0003 g/mL and P. gingivalis being the most susceptible species. Prune extract did not cause any detrimental effect on HOK.
Prunus mume extract may be a potential candidate for developing an oral antimicrobial agent to control or prevent dental diseases associated with oral pathogenic bacteria.
the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fructus mume on a monospecies-biofilm model established on orthodontic brackets in vitro.
the antimicrobial effect of Fructus mume aqueous extract on the planktonic Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) was tested by microdilution method (MIC). The cell viability of S. mutans biofilm on Damon3 MX bracket (Ormco, USA) after exposed to Fructus mume extract was quantified by XTT reduction assay. Visualization of the samples was performed by fluorescence microscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).
HPLC analysis revealed that the main compounds of Fructus mume are organic acids. The MIC of Fructus mume extract on the planktonic S. mutans was 50mg/mL. The optical density (OD) values, measured by XTT reduction assay from S. mutans biofilms after 1-min exposure to different test agents, demonstrated that the cell viability of S. mutans biofilms exposed to 250mg/mL Fructus mume extract<BHI (-) (p<0.01). Microscope image showed that Fructus mume extract obviously increased the amount of dead bacteria on the surface of bracket.
Fructus mume extract showed antimicrobial effect on S. mutans biofilm on orthodontic bracket in vitro which may indicate its potential use as an oral antimicrobial agent for orthodontic patients.
The antimicrobial potential of eight phenolic compounds isolated from olive cake was tested against the growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The phenolic compounds included p-hydroxy benzoic, vanillic, caffeic, protocatechuic, syringic, and p-coumaric acids, oleuropein and quercetin. Caffeic and protocatechuic acids (0.3 mg/ml) inhibited the growth of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The same compounds apart from syringic acid (0.5 mg/ml) completely inhibited the growth of B. cereus. Oleuropein, and p-hydroxy benzoic, vanillic and p-coumaric acids (0.4 mg/ml) completely inhibited the growth of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and B. cereus. Vanillic and caffeic acids (0.2 mg/ml) completely inhibited the growth and aflatoxin production by both A. flavus and A. parasiticus, whereas the complete inhibition of the moulds was attained with 0.3 mg/ml p-hydroxy benzoic, protocatechuic, syringic, and p-coumaric acids and quercetin.
Two antimicrobial substances in rice hull were isolated and identified as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and trans 4-hydroxycinnamic acid by LC-MS, and 1H- and 13C-NMR. An evaluation of 50% inhibition of growth (IC50) revealed that the two substances had different inhibition profiles against various microorganisms. Most of the gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to trans 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid at IC50 concentrations of 100-170 and 160 micrograms/ml, respectively.
A suspension in dichloromethane-water (18:1, v/v) of various fractions containing hydroxycinnamic acid ester-ether bridges between lignin and polysaccharides prepared from cell walls of matured oat (Avena sativa L.) intemodes, and a solution of their acetates in the same solvent, were treated with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). This reagent selectively cleaves benzyl ether and ester linkages of negatively charged aromatic nuclei. The sample treated with DDQ was directly hydrolysed either under mild (1 M NaOH, overnight at 37 degrees C) or severe (4 M NaOH, for 2 h at 170 degrees C) conditions. The hydroxycinnamic acids released in the hydrolysate were methylated with diazomethane and analysed quantitatively using gas chromatography. Significant portions of ether linkages between hydroxycinnamic acids and lignin were cleaved with DDQ, which suggests that most of the hydroxycinnamic acids were ether-linked at the benzyl position, and not the beta-position, of the lignin side chain as previously claimed.
Hydroxycinnamic acids are effective antioxidants and are abundant components of plant cell walls, especially in cereal bran. For example, wheat and rye brans are rich sources of the hydroxycinnamates ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and p-coumaric acid. These phenolics are part of human and animal diets and may contribute to the beneficial effects derived from consumption of cereal bran. However, these compounds are ester linked to the main polymers in the plant cell wall and cannot be absorbed in this complex form. The present work shows that esterases with activity toward esters of the major dietary hydroxycinnamates are distributed throughout the intestinal tract of mammals. In rats, the cinnamoyl esterase activity in the small intestine is derived mainly from the mucosa, whereas in the large intestine the esterase activity was found predominantly in the luminal microflora. Mucosa cell-free extracts obtained from human duodenum, jejunum, and ileum efficiently hydrolyzed various hydroxycinnamoyl esters, providing the first evidence of human cinnamoyl esterase(s). This study first demonstrates the release by human colonic esterase(s) (mostly of microbial origin) of sinapic acid and p-coumaric acid from rye and wheat brans. Hydrolysis by intestinal esterase(s) is very likely the major route for release of antioxidant hydroxycinnamic acids in vivo.
The methanolic extract from the fresh flowers of Prunus mume exhibited inhibitory effects against aldose reductase and platelet aggregation. From the methanolic extract, two new flavonol oligoglycosides, 2' '-O-acetylrutin and 2' '-O-acetyl-3'-O-methylrutin, and two new polyacylated sucroses, prunoses I and II, were isolated together with 11 known constituents. The structures of 2' '-O-acetylrutin, 2' '-O-acetyl-3'-O-methylrutin, and prunoses I and II were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence as quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)-2' '-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 3'-O-methylquercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)-2' '-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 1,4,3',4',6'-penta-O-acetyl-6-O-p-coumaroylsucrose, and 1,3',4',6'-tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-p-coumaroylsucrose, respectively. The flavonol glycosides and prunose I were found to inhibit aldose reductase, while prunoses I and II inhibited platelet aggregation induced by thrombin.
The methanolic extract and its fractions from the fresh flowers of Prunus mume SIEB. et ZUCC. were found to show scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenylpicryl-2-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and superoxide. The fragrance constituents of P. mume were analyzed by GC-MS and a new polyacylated sucrose, prunose III, was isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction. The structure of prunose III was determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence as 4,3',4',6'-tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-p-coumaroylsucrose. In addition, the scavenging effects of the principal constituents on DPPH radical and superoxide were examined.
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is an important factor in human gastric disorders, including chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, intestinal metaplasia and cancer. Since epidemiologic studies overwhelmingly agree on a protective influence of fruits and vegetables in reducing the risk of gastric neoplasia and processed foods made from Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese apricot or "Ume" in Japanese) are traditionally known for their miscellaneous medical effects, in the present study we investigated the efficacy of a fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese apricot (CJA) in the glandular stomach of Hp-infected Mongolian gerbils. Hp-inoculated gerbils were given CJA in their drinking water at concentrations of 1 and 3% for 10 weeks. The microscopic scores for gastritis and mucosal hyperplasia in the CJA groups were significantly lower than in the Hp-inoculated control group, with dose-dependence. Real-time PCR was performed to quantitate Hp by demonstrating urease A gene amount using gerbils glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene as an internal control. Average relative urease A gene dosage in the glandular stomach in the 1 and 3% CJA and Hp-inoculated control groups was 26.6 +/- 11.6% (average +/- SE), 30.3 +/- 10.5%, 100 +/- 40.9%, respectively, the fruit-juice concentrate causing significant lowering (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively, with 1 and 3%). These findings suggest that suppressive effects on gastric cancer development might also be expected as a result of decreased numbers of Hp and improvement of Hp-induced chronic active gastritis on administration of CJA.
Using a plaque reduction assay, treatment of human influenza A viruses with the fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese plum (Prunus mume SIEB. et ZUCC) showed strong in vitro anti-influenza activity against human influenza A viruses before viral adsorption, but not after viral adsorption, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values against A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus, A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus and A/Memphis/1/71 (H3N2) virus of 6.35+/-0.17, 2.84+/-1.98 and 0.53+/-0.10 microg/ml, respectively. The plum-juice concentrate exhibited hemagglutination activity toward guinea pig erythrocytes. Its hemagglutination activity was inhibited by the monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid and a sialoglycoprotein (fetuin), but not by the other tested monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, glucose and N-acetylglucosamine), suggesting the presence of a lectin-like molecule(s) in the Japanese plum-juice concentrate. Our findings suggest that the fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese plum may prevent and reduce infection with human influenza A virus, possibly via inhibition of viral hemagglutinin attachment to host cell surfaces by its lectin-like activity.
Development and utilization of umesu phenolics
- T Mitani
Mitani T. Development and utilization of umesu phenolics.
Shokuhin to Kaihatsu, 40, 81-83 (2012).
Safety studies of umezu polyphenol extract
- Y Shiga
- T Tsuchida
- Y Hara
- K Kishada
- M Maeda
- K Miyashita
- M Fujiwara
- H Yamanishi
- F Yano
- T Mitani
Shiga Y, Tsuchida T, Hara Y, Kishada K, Maeda M, Miyashita
K, Fujiwara M, Yamanishi H, Yano F, Mitani T. Safety studies of
umezu polyphenol extract. Mem. Fac. Biol. Oriented Sci. Technol.
Kinki Univ., 28, 31-40 (2011).
Antibacterial actions of citric acid in umebosi (salted Japanese apricot) and bainikuekisu (concentrate of Japanese apricot juice)
- I Nanayama
Nanayama I. Antibacterial substances in food. Antibacterial actions
of citric acid in umebosi (salted Japanese apricot) and bainikuekisu
(concentrate of Japanese apricot juice). Jpn. J. Food Microbiol., 12,
211-217 (1996).