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River water pollution condition in upper part of Brantas River and Bengawan Solo River

Authors:
Dwina Roosmini at Bandung Institute of Technology
Dwina Roosmini
Mochamad Adi Septiono at Grid-Arendal
Mochamad Adi Septiono
Nurul Ekawati Putri
Nurul Ekawati Putri
H M Shabrina
H M Shabrina
H M Shabrina
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Abstract and Figures

Wastewater and solid waste from both domestic and industry have been known to give burden on river water quality. Most of river water quality problem in Indonesia has start in the upper part of river due to anthropogenic activities, due to inappropriate land use management including the poor wastewater infrastructure. Base on Upper Citarum River Water pollution problem, it is interesting to study the other main river in Java Island. Bengawan Solo River and Brantas River were chosen as the sample in this study. Parameters assessed in this study are as follows: TSS, TDS, pH, DO, and hexavalent chromium. The status of river water quality are assess using STORET method. Based on (five) parameters, STORET value showed that in Brantas River, Pagerluyung monitoring point had the worst quality relatively compared to other monitoring point in Brantas River with exceeding copper, lead and tin compared to the stream standard in East Java Provincial Regulation No. 2 in 2008. Brantas River was categorized as lightly polluted river based on monitoring period 2011-2015 in 5 monitoring points, namely Pendem, Sengguruh, Kademangan, Meritjan and Kertosono.
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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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River water pollution condition in upper part of Brantas River and
Bengawan Solo River
To cite this article: D Roosmini et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 106 012059
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The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 106 (2017) 012059 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012059
River water pollution condition in upper part of Brantas
River and Bengawan Solo River
D Roosmini1*, M A Septiono2, N E Putri3, H M Shabrina3, I R S Salami1, H D
Ariesyady1
1Environmental Technology and Management Research Group, Faculty of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
2Bali Fokus Foundation, Sesetan, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
3Undergraduate Program of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author: dwinaroosmini@yahoo.com
Abstract. Wastewater and solid waste from both domestic and industry have been known to
give burden on river water quality. Most of river water quality problem in Indonesia has start
in the upper part of river due to anthropogenic activities, due to inappropriate land use
management including the poor wastewater infrastructure. Base on Upper Citarum River Water
pollution problem, it is interesting to study the other main river in Java Island. Bengawan Solo
River and Brantas River were chosen as the sample in this study. Parameters assessed in this
study are as follows: TSS, TDS, pH, DO, and hexavalent chromium. The status of river water
quality are assess using STORET method. Based on (five) parameters, STORET value showed
that in Brantas River, Pagerluyung monitoring point had the worst quality relatively compared
to other monitoring point in Brantas River with exceeding copper, lead and tin compared to the
stream standard in East Java Provincial Regulation No. 2 in 2008. Brantas River was
categorized as lightly polluted river based on monitoring period 2011-2015 in 5 monitoring
points, namely Pendem, Sengguruh, Kademangan, Meritjan and Kertosono.
Keywords: Brantas River, Bengawan Solo River, hexavalent chromium, polluted river,
STORET, solid waste
1. Introduction
River pollution has been an immense problem to most rivers in Java Island. Pollution loads from
human activities, both from domestic, industry, wastewater and solid waste. Previous study [4]
reported that in several West and Central Java EPA monitoring location measured several exceeding
parameters compared to stream standard. Citarum River, specifically in Koyod monitoring point,
assessment of water quality monitoring during 2011 – 2014 showed that certain organic substances,
heavy metal and E. coli exceeding the standards as written in city, provincial and/or government
regulation. Bengawan Solo River lays on Central and East Java Province also had decreasing trend of
DO value along 2011 to 2014. Registered industries in both rivers discharged wastewater into it,
mostly textile industries. In Citarum river basin laid 74% of 561 textile industries while 41.5% of 253
textile industries in Bengawan Solo river basin.
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The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 106 (2017) 012059 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012059
Industrial wastewater is one of the contributing sector in river pollution. Prior researches [3], [4], [5]
showed that wastewater was still toxic and exceeding the effluent standard when discharged into the
river. Some industries were discharging wastewater that below the effluent standard with relatively
high toxicity level [1].
This research was aimed to assess river water quality in upper part of river for two main rivers in
Java Island Brantas and Bengawan. The assessment are using STORET method and water quality
standard are using local government regulation and national regulation.
2. Research Method
Water quality data or upper part Brantas River and Bengawan Solo River collected from regular
monitoring data in Provincial Environmental Protection Agency and data collected by field sampling
in several monitoring point as showed in Table 1.
Table 1. Monitoring stations in Upper Citarum River, Bengawan Solo River and Brantas River.
No
River
Monitoring Points
Stream Standards
1
Bengawan
Solo River
BS-1: Outlet of Gajah
Mungkur Dam
Government
Regulation No. 81
in 2001
BS-2: Taman Jurug
Bridge
BS-3: Jalan Arteri
BS-4: Kliwonan Bridge
BS-5: Dusun Gawan
Bridge
2
Brantas
River
Pendem Bridge
Government
Regulation
No.82/2001
East Java
Provincial
Regulation No.
2/2008
Dinoyo Bridge
Gadang Bridge
Sengguruh Bridge
Kali Pare Bridge
Kademangan Bridge
Ngujang Bridge
Meritjam Bridge
Kertosono Bridge
Ploso Bridge
Padangan Bridge
Table 2. Scoring for STORET scoring.
Table 3. Status of river based on
STORET scoring.
Physical Chemical Biological
<10 Maximum -1 -2 -3
Minimum -1 -2 -3
Average -3 -6 -9
≥ 10 Maximum -2 -4 -6
Minimum -2 -4 -6
Average -6 -12 -18
Parameter Type
Amount of
Sample
Value
Status STORET Score
Lightly Polluted -1 to -10
Moderately Polluted -11 to -30
Heavily Polluted > -30
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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 106 (2017) 012059 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012059
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Upper Bengawan Solo River
Bengawan Solo River located on two different provinces, namely Central Java and East Java, which
also involves two different Provincial-EPA in monitoring program. This study is held in upper part of
the river, under the authority of Central Java Provincial. Monitoring data collected from Provincial
EPA are shown in Figure 1. During 2010-2015, showing that TDS and pH are comply to local
government standard. The chromium hexavalent concentration exceeded the standard on May and
July 2012 in BS-2 monitoring point. TSS value varies from 21 mg/L (Q1) to 42 mg/L (Q3), however
the maximum TSS value is 519 mg/L as the peak in BS-1 on October 2013. The high concentration of
TSS was also discovered on the same year in BS-2 (May and July), BS-3 (May and July) and BS-4
(May and July).
(a) TDS and TSS
(b) pH
(c) DO
(d) Cr6+
Figure 1. Bengawan Solo River monitoring results in BS-1, BS-2, BS-3, BS-4, BS-5
(Developed from Central Java EPA data, 2010 – 2015)
DO was the most frequent river water quality parameter that easily violated stream standard,
showed the Figure 2 fluctuated DO value in each monitoring station, the lowest concentration
identified at BS-4 reaching 0 mg/L on August 2011, September 2012 and November 2015.
Figure 2. DO concentration in BS-5 monitoring point.
(Developed from Central Java EPA data, 2010 – 2015)
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The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 106 (2017) 012059 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012059
BS-5 and BS-4 were monitoring point which representing high pollution load from seven
cities/regencies, namely Wonogiri, Sukoharjo, Klaten, Surakarta City, Karanganyar, Boyolali and
Sragen. Compared to the first three monitoring stations (Figure 2). Based on STORET results on each
monitoring point shows that BS-3 and BS-4 are the most polluted status, classified as moderately
polluted (Table 5). The location of each monitoring point of Central Java Provincial EPA are shown in
Figure 3.
Table 4. Exceeding parameters (percentage)
during monitoring 2010 – 2015 of Bengawan
Solo River (Central Java segment).
Table 5. Pollution level of Bengawan Solo
River (Central Java segment) monitoring
stations using STORET.
Figure 3. Upper Bengawan Solo River in Central Java Province (left) and simplified flowchart on the
pollution load on each monitoring station (right).
(Modified from Central Java EPA, 2015)
3.2. Upper Brantas River
Brantas water basin (Figure 4) is the biggest river in East Java Province, and receiving waste water not
only from 293 registered industrial sector, also agriculture and livestock as well. Agriculture and
livestock will also contribute the pollution load into the river. From Upper Brantas River collected
water sample are from 11 monitoring point along the upper part of the river as shown in Figure 4. Base
on East Java EPA monitoring data on data from 2010-2015, parameter of TDS, TSS, pH and Chrome
hexavalent are chose and analyzed using descriptive statistic to evaluate the most polluted point in
Upper Brantas River. The mean and boxplot of data from 2010-2015 are shown in Figure 5. Most of
the data are fluctuated, the worst condition identified in monitoring point of Kertosono up to Padangan
as it the downstream of the studied river. Some high concentration of Chrome hexavalent are found in
Padangan monitoring point. The pH range are still comply to river water standard regulation along the
river from upstream to downstream.
Parameters Exceeding
TDS 0.00%
TSS 17.14%
pH 0.71%
DO 47.14%
Cr6+ 1.43%
Points Score Pollution
BS-1 -6 Light
BS-2 -16 Moderate
BS-3 -24 Moderate
BS-4 -24 Moderate
BS-5 -12 Moderate
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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 106 (2017) 012059 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012059
Figure 4. Brantas River water basin map.
(Source: Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Brantas)
TDS and TSS concentration mostly were below the standard, except for once in June 2012 for both
parameters. TDS and TSS value are in correlation to each other due to precipitation in mechanism in
river water. Hexavalent chromium exceeding the standard at Kertosono (October 2013) and Padangan
(April 2013).
(a) TDS
(b) TSS
(c) pH
(d) Cr6+
Figure 5. Several parameters on monitoring point during 2010-2015 in Brantas River
(Data source: East Java EPA, 2010-2015
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The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 106 (2017) 012059 doi :10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012059
Table 6 showed the river water quality parameters that exceeding/violated the standard of river
water quality. STORET results showed that based on stream standard of Regulation No. 82 in 2001
Upper Brantas River has been polluted in some monitoring point as showed in Table 7.
Table 6. Exceeding parameters (percentage)
during 2010-2015 of Brantas River.
Table 7. STORET result for Brantas River
monitoring point.
4. Conclusion
The Bengawan Solo River and Brantas River has been polluted from the upstream, this condition are
related with the industrial and domestic activities in upper watershed. Upper Bengawan Solo River
classified as lightly and moderately polluted, with the most exceeding stream standard parameters
were TSS and the least was TDS. Brantas River was classified as lightly and moderately polluted, with
the exceeding parameters in order from the most amount to the least were TSS, DO, Cr6+, TDS, pH.
Acknowledgment
Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education for research funding in MP3EI research
scheme, 2015-2016.
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Parameters Exceeding
TDS 0.17%
TSS 34.47%
pH 0.00%
DO 4.85%
Cr6+ 0.45%
Points Score Pollution
Jemb. Pendem -14 Moderate
Jemb. Dinoyo -10 Moderate
Jemb. Gadang -10 Moderate
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Jemb. Kali Pare -16 Moderate
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Jemb. Kertosono -10 Moderate
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Jemb. Padangan -10 Moderate
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