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Short-Circuit Phasor Models of Converter-Based Renewable Energy Resources for Fault Studies
Abstract
Newer renewable energy resources technologies are connected to power systems through electronic power converters and produce current waveform signatures that are significantly different than those of traditional synchronous or asynchronous generators during fault conditions. The short-circuit behavior of renewables can be studied with high precision using time domain simulation methods and tools as long as there is a sufficient amount of modeling information regarding controls and electrical parameters. However, due to engineering time and modeling effort concerns, it is a common practice to perform short-circuit analysis in the phasor domain. Therefore, the development of accurate models of renewables for short-circuit analysis in the phasor domain—and implementation of those models in commercial fault and protection analysis platforms—is considered to be of significant value for the industry.
This technical update presents short-circuit models of Type III and Type IV wind turbine generators (WTGs). For photovoltaic (PV) solar generators, the Type IV WTG model can be used since its fault response is similar. The models are control-based equivalent circuits that can be integrated into an arbitrary network solver as a controlled current source. The proposed algorithms are implemented in MATLAB® (The MathWorks, Inc.) and validated using electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations for various fault conditions on realistic test systems. Aside from the detailed algorithms in the report, MATLAB® functions are also provided in the appendix for use in evaluating the current injection of WTGs in renewables portfolios.
... A challenge faced by protection and planning engineers is to study the impact of increased renewable penetration on system protection [1][2][3][4]. The reason is that short-circuit models of conventional generators are not adequately representative of the substantially different, and in some cases complex, fault response of renewables. ...
... Two versions of the phasor domain model have been tested: a detailed version as outlined in [2,8,9] and a new simplified version as proposed in this work. They have two main differences: the first is the method of establishing the dq reference frame of voltage and flux. ...
A challenge faced by protection and planning engineers is the development and validation of accurate wind turbine generator (WTG) models to study the impact of increased wind integration on system protection. This paper is on the experimental validation of a generic electromagnetic transient-type (EMT-type) model of aggregated WTGs or wind parks suitable for transient studies. The phasor domain equivalent of the generic model, suitable for protection tools based on steady-state solvers, is also considered. The model has been validated using two sets of actual relay records for the fault response of two wind parks consisting of Type-III WTGs and connected to 115 kV and 230 kV transmission systems. The objective is to show that the generic model can reproduce the actual fault response in simulations, and protection engineers can obtain accurate models of wind parks using fault records. A distinctive characteristic of a WTG is its substantially different negative sequence fault current contribution compared to a synchronous generator. The paper shows that the generic model provides enough options to reproduce the negative sequence behavior and hence is suitable for fault studies involving negative sequence-based protection.
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