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WOODY PLANT VARIETY IN PARKS AND GARDENS OF TAŞKÖPRÜ (KASTAMONU) DISTRICT AND
EVALUATION OF LOCAL COMPLIANCE
*
Ayşe ÖZTÜRK, Nagihan SEKİ and
Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
In this study; woody plant taxa in parks and gardens of Kastamonu province Taşköprü district were
determined and the ecological conformity of the species was evaluated. Considering
characteristics of the region, suggestions have been made for woody taxa which are resistant to air
pollution and have good visual quality within the region's natural taxa
Copyright©2017, Ayşe ÖZTÜRK et al. This
is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Att
distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
INTRODUCTION
Urban spaces, which are considered to be the beginning of
civilization, emerge as a form of life and
space
reveal their instinct for a social
life or tendency to socialize.
They determine the character of a city, architectural structures,
parks and gardens, and their relations with each other and
integrity (Gül and Küçük, 2001). It is also known that open
green areas improve urban living condit
ions in addition to
balancing the human-
nature relation in cities. Thus, such areas
in cities are considered as an indicator of civilization and
quality of life. Parks have an important place within open green
areas since they distance cities from their co
and give them a more organic character. In addition to
contributing to the efficient use of land, parks play a social
role. Parks and gardens, which emerge as places where people
share in many ways, social needs are met, are focal points
revitalize the city in a socio-cultural
sense and contribute to the
urban life. They also have environmental benefits such as
clearing the air and water, shielding the wind and noise, and
balancing the microclimate (Yiğit et al
., 2014; Chiesura, 2004
In the arrangement of parks, in addition to the physical
characteristics such as population potential, topography, and
soil properties of the place where they are located, ecological
requirements such as climate and vegetation should be taken
into consi
deration. Distancing from the artificiality of the city
is possible by taking into consideration the socioeconomic
structure of the city and developing the green areas.
*Corresponding author: Ayşe ÖZTÜRK,
Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of For
University, Kastamonu, Turkey
ISSN: 0975-833X
Vol.
Article History:
Received 14th August, 2017
Received in revised form
08th September, 2017
Accepted 25th October, 2017
Published online 30th November, 2017
Citation: Ayşe ÖZTÜRK, Nagihan SEKİ and Nurcan YİĞİT
evaluation of local compliance”,
International Journal of Current Research
Key words:
Taşköprü, Kastamonu,
Parks and Gardens.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
WOODY PLANT VARIETY IN PARKS AND GARDENS OF TAŞKÖPRÜ (KASTAMONU) DISTRICT AND
EVALUATION OF LOCAL COMPLIANCE
Ayşe ÖZTÜRK, Nagihan SEKİ and
Nurcan YİĞİT
Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
ABSTRACT
In this study; woody plant taxa in parks and gardens of Kastamonu province Taşköprü district were
determined and the ecological conformity of the species was evaluated. Considering
characteristics of the region, suggestions have been made for woody taxa which are resistant to air
pollution and have good visual quality within the region's natural taxa
is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Urban spaces, which are considered to be the beginning of
space
where people
life or tendency to socialize.
They determine the character of a city, architectural structures,
parks and gardens, and their relations with each other and
integrity (Gül and Küçük, 2001). It is also known that open
ions in addition to
nature relation in cities. Thus, such areas
in cities are considered as an indicator of civilization and
quality of life. Parks have an important place within open green
areas since they distance cities from their co
ncrete pile states
and give them a more organic character. In addition to
contributing to the efficient use of land, parks play a social
role. Parks and gardens, which emerge as places where people
share in many ways, social needs are met, are focal points
that
sense and contribute to the
urban life. They also have environmental benefits such as
clearing the air and water, shielding the wind and noise, and
., 2014; Chiesura, 2004
).
In the arrangement of parks, in addition to the physical
characteristics such as population potential, topography, and
soil properties of the place where they are located, ecological
requirements such as climate and vegetation should be taken
deration. Distancing from the artificiality of the city
is possible by taking into consideration the socioeconomic
structure of the city and developing the green areas.
Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of For
estry, Kastamonu
In the study conducted in 2007, Emür emphasized that green
areas are important in terms of exhibiting the "quality" side of
the urban life, having both ecological and social impact on the
quality of urban li
fe, as well as associating the "green" concept
with naturalness. In this sense, parks and gardens should be
considered as a part of nature, sociocultural needs should be
taken into account when these are adapted to the urban life, and
species suitable for
the natural biodiversity of the region should
be preferred.
In the study, woody taxa in the parks and gardens
of Taşköprü district in
Kastamonu province in the Western
Black Sea Region were examined. Firstly, species
determinations of the taxa in question
ecological characteristics of the tree species were determined,
and it was evaluated whether they were suitable for the region
in ecological terms and necessary suggestions were made in the
light of these evaluations.
MATERIALS
AND METHOD
Within the scope of the study, woody species used in parks and
gardens in the center of Taşköprü district of Kastamonu
province were determined. Evaluations were made in terms of
their ecological characteristics such as how many of these
species were used, their form structures, light requirements,
temperature, and soil requirements. Information on plant
species was obtai
ned from Kastamonu Taşköprü Municipality
and investigated on site.
Introduction of Research Area
Taşköprü district is located in the Western Black Sea region,
within the borders of Kastamonu province, and in the
International Journal of Current Research
Vol.
9, Issue, 11, pp.60857-60861, November, 2017
Ayşe ÖZTÜRK, Nagihan SEKİ and Nurcan YİĞİT. 2017
. “
Woody plant variety in parks and gardens of taşköprü (kastamonu) district and
International Journal of Current Research
, 9, (11), 60857-60861.
Available online at http://www.journalcra.com
z
WOODY PLANT VARIETY IN PARKS AND GARDENS OF TAŞKÖPRÜ (KASTAMONU) DISTRICT AND
Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
In this study; woody plant taxa in parks and gardens of Kastamonu province Taşköprü district were
determined and the ecological conformity of the species was evaluated. Considering
the climatic
characteristics of the region, suggestions have been made for woody taxa which are resistant to air
pollution and have good visual quality within the region's natural taxa
.
ribution License, which
permits unrestricted use,
In the study conducted in 2007, Emür emphasized that green
areas are important in terms of exhibiting the "quality" side of
the urban life, having both ecological and social impact on the
fe, as well as associating the "green" concept
with naturalness. In this sense, parks and gardens should be
considered as a part of nature, sociocultural needs should be
taken into account when these are adapted to the urban life, and
the natural biodiversity of the region should
In the study, woody taxa in the parks and gardens
Kastamonu province in the Western
Black Sea Region were examined. Firstly, species
determinations of the taxa in question
were made, general
ecological characteristics of the tree species were determined,
and it was evaluated whether they were suitable for the region
in ecological terms and necessary suggestions were made in the
AND METHOD
S
Within the scope of the study, woody species used in parks and
gardens in the center of Taşköprü district of Kastamonu
province were determined. Evaluations were made in terms of
their ecological characteristics such as how many of these
species were used, their form structures, light requirements,
temperature, and soil requirements. Information on plant
ned from Kastamonu Taşköprü Municipality
Introduction of Research Area
Taşköprü district is located in the Western Black Sea region,
within the borders of Kastamonu province, and in the
north-
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Woody plant variety in parks and gardens of taşköprü (kastamonu) district and
east of the province center. In addition to being an old
settlement with a district status gained in 1868, it has an
important place when it is evaluated from the population,
surface area, and socioeconomic aspects. It is the second
largest district of Kastamonu after the central district with a
surface area of 1811 km2 (Ünal, 2013). Upon examining the
population change of the district between 1965 and 2015, it is
observed that there is a serious decrease with the emigration. In
the district center, unlike the district in general, the population
increased by more than 2 times in the last 50 years (URL-1),
(Figure 1).
Figure 1. Population change in Taşköprü district in general and in the
district center between 1965 and 2015
Taşköprü district is located in the Euro-Siberian (Euxine
province) floristic region and it is in the A4 square according to
the Turkish grid system. The district is located in a transition
zone between the Black Sea and Central Anatolia considering
the geographical location.
The Küre Mountains, extending in the north of the district with
an elevation of approximately 2000 m, separate the sea from
the interior and constitute an obstacle for the effect of the sea to
reach the interior. On the other side, the Ilgaz Mountains
extending in the south of the region slow down the transition of
the Central Anatolian weather conditions to the region.
Therefore, a transition climate with a characteristic between the
Black Sea climate and the continental climate is dominant in
the region (Çetinkaya, 1997). According to the climatic data of
the Directorate General of Meteorology between 1965 and
2015, the highest temperature is 27.8-28°C in July-August,
while the lowest average temperature is -4.3°C in January
(URL-2). According to Emberger (1952), upon evaluating the
climatic data, it was determined that the region has a semi-
continental precipitation regime type. In this precipitation
regime, the maximum precipitation is observed in the spring
season, while the minimum precipitation is observed in autumn
and winter seasons. In terms of the ecological characteristics of
plants, soil factor also plays an important role following the
climate. The study area in the Gökırmak valley has alluvial
soils at the valley bottoms formed by the rivers. With the
increase in elevation, brown forest soils with high lime content
are generally observed (Çetinkaya, 1997).
RESULTS
As a result of the investigations and evaluations performed in
the parks and gardens, 39 species and 53 taxa belonging to 22
families were determined. In the study area, a total of 50.070
plants, with the predomination of species such as Buxus
sempervirens L. ''Nana'', Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.,
Berberis thunbergii DC., Juniperus horizontalis Moench,
Table 1. Woody plant taxa in the parks and gardens of Taşköprü district
Taxa Family Fast
growing
Light
taxa
Shade
tolerant taxa Amount of taxa
Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach subsp. equi-trojani (Asc. & Sint. ex
Boiss.) Coode & Cullen
Pinaceae X X 40
Acer platanoides L. Aceraceae X X 150
Acer saccharum L. Aceraceae X X 40
Aesculus hippocastanum L. Sapindaceae X X 30
Aesculus x carnea Hayne Sapindaceae 2
Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Fabaceae 5
Berberis thunbergii DC. Berberidaceae X 5000
Buddleja davidii Franch Scrophulariaceae 20
Buxus sempervirens L. cv. ''Nana'' Buxaceae X 10000
Buxus sempervirens L. Buxaceae X 100
Catalpa bignonioides Walter Bignoniaceae X 180
Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière Pinaceae X X 30
Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière cv.''Glauca Pendula'' Pinaceae X 20
Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G.Don Pinaceae X 10
Cedrus libani A.Rich. Pinaceae X 20
Cercis siliquastrum L. Fabaceae X X 60
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A.Murray) Parl. Cupressaceae X X 100
Cotinus coggygria Scop Anacardiaceae 10
Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. Rosaceae X 4000
Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. Rosaceae X 2000
Cupressus arizonica Greene Cupressaceae X 300
Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. Cupressaceae X 100
Cupressus sempervirens L. Cupressaceae X 3000
Cupressus leylandii A. B. Jacks. & Dallim Cupressaceae X 300
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Elaeagnaceae X X X 30
Euonymus japonicus Thunb. cv.''Variegata'' Celastraceae X 1000
Euonymus japonicus Thunb. Celastraceae X 1000
Forsythia x intermedia Zab. Oleaceae X 1000
Fraxinus excelsior L. Oleaceae X X 30
Hibiscus syriacus L. Malvaceae X 50
Juniperus horizontalis Moench Cupressaceae X X 5000
Lagerstroemia indica (L.) Pers. Lythraceae 30
Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. Oleaceae X 10000
.......................Continue
60858 Ayşe ÖZTÜRK et al. Woody plant variety in parks and gardens of taşköprü (kastamonu) district and evaluation of local compliance
Magnolia soulangeana Soul. Magnoliaceae 20
Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte Rosaceae 40
Morus alba "Pendula" L. Moraceae X X 10
Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. Pinaceae X X 100
Picea pungens Engelm. Pinaceae X X 60
Picea pungens Engelm. cv. ''Nana'' Pinaceae X X 20
Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold Pinaceae X X 500
Pinus sylvestris L. Pinaceae X 100
Platanus orientalis L. Platanaceae X X 100
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. ''Atropurpurea'' Rosaceae X 300
Prunus serrulata Lindl. cv. ''Kanzan'' Rosaceae X 50
Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem Rosaceae X X 5000
Quercus ilex L. Fagaceae X 2
Robinia hispida L. Fabaceae X 50
Robinia pseudoacacia L. Fabaceae X X 300
Rosa sp. “Baston gül” Rosaceae X 200
Salix babylonica L. Salicaceae X X 15
Spiraea bumalda Burv. Rosaceae 20
Syringa vulgaris L. Oleaceae X 50
Thuja occidentalis L. Cupressaceae X 300
Thuja orientalis L. ''Aurea'' Cupressaceae X 100
Thuja orientalis L. Cupressaceae X 200
Thuja orientalis L. “Pyramidallis'' Cupressaceae X 200
Tilia tomentosa Moench Malvaceae 50
Viburnum opulus L. Adoxaceae X 20
Viburnum tinus L. Adoxaceae X 20
Table 2. The soil requirements of the plant taxa used in the parks and gardens of Taşköprü district
Türler Taxa
Arid, dry
and sandy
soils
Heavy
clay
soils
Plants
grown
on marl
Sali
ne
soils
Humid
and wet
soils
Acid
soils or
marl
Species
resistant to
polluted air
Soil
acidity
(pH)
Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-
trojani2
X X X 4-6.5
Acer platanoides
1, 2
X X X 6.5-7.5
Acer saccharinum
1
X X X 6.5-7.5
Aesculus hippocastanum
2
X 6-7
Aesculus x carnea X
Albizia julibrissin
4
X
Berberis thunbergii
2
X X X X X
Buddleja davidii
3
X X X
Buxus sempervirens cv.''Nana'' X X
Buxus sempervirens X X 6.5-7.5
Catalpa bignonioides
1, 3
X X 6.5-7.5
Cedrus atlantica X X
Cedrus atlantica cv.''Glauca
Pendula''
X X
Cedrus deodara X
Cedrus libani X X
Cercis siliquastrum
3
X X 6.5-7.5
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
2
X X X 4-7.5
Cotinus coggygria X
Cotoneaster horizontalis X X X X
Cotoneaster microphyllus X X X X
Cupressus arizonica X
Cupressus macrocarpa
1
X X X
Cupressus sempervirens
3
X X X
Cupressus leylandii
Elaeagnus angustifolia
1, 2
X X X
Euonymus japonica cv. ''Variegata''
2
X X X
Euonymus japonicus
2
X X X
Forsythia x intermedia X X X X
Fraxinus excelsior
2
X X X X X 6-7.5
Hibiscus syriacus
3
X X
Juniperus horizontalis
2
X X X X 6.5-7.5
Lagerstroemia indica X
Ligustrum japonicum X X X
Magnolia soulengiana X X 4-7
Malus floribunda
2
X X X X 6.5-7.5
Morus alba cv."Pendula" X X X 6.5-7.5
Picea abies
1, 2
X X 4-6.5
Picea pungens
2
X X 6-6.5
Picea pungens cv. ''Nana''
2
X X
Pinus nigra
1, 2
X X X X 4-6.5
Pinus sylvestris
2
4-6.5
Platanus orientalis X 6.5-7.5
Prunus cerasifera cv.
''Atropurpurea'' 1
X X X
Prunus serrulata cv. ''Kanzan''
1
X X X
.......................Continue
60859 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 11, pp.60857-60861, November, 2017
Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem, Cotoneaster horizontalis
Decne., Cupressus sempervirens L., Cotoneaster microphyllus
Wall. ex Lindl., Euonymus japonicus Thunb., Forsythia x
intermedia Zabel, were determined to be used. The species
used in park areas were mostly broad-leaved species, and 16
different coniferous species were also determined.
Furthermore, it was determined that all of the used broad-
leaved species except for Quercus ilex L., which is in the group
of evergreen oaks, were deciduous taxa. Upon evaluating the
plant taxa used according to their families, evergreen Pinaceae
and Cupressaceae families and the Rosaceae family, which has
spectacular flowers, are placed on the top, respectively, in
terms of the species diversity (Table 1). The plant species used
in the parks and gardens of Taşköprü district, together with
their family names and information on how many of them used
are given in Table 1. According to the data in Table 1, it is
observed that the plant species used in the parks and gardens of
Taşköprü district are generally fast-growing species and that
tall trees with the majority of individuals in the shrub form are
also preferred. There are shade-resistant individuals in addition
to trees with the high light requirement in the park areas
examined. The soil requirements and suitability to the climate
conditions of the plant species used in the parks and gardens of
Taşköprü district are given in Table 2 according to Ürgenç
(1992). Approximately half of the tree species used in the area
are individuals resistant to the wind and cold climate
conditions. Acer platanoides, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Pinus
nigra, among the species naturally found in our country, and
Picea abies, Salix babylonica, and Robinia pseudoacacia,
among the exotic species, are species that are resistant to both
the wind and cold weather conditions.
While there is only Albizzia julibrissin compatible with hot
climate conditions, Cercis siliquastrum and Cupressus
sempervirens among our natural species and Buddleja davidii,
Catalpa bignonioides, and Hibiscus syriacus, among the
unnatural species, need to be protected in cold climate
conditions, but they are often preferred in parks and gardens
because of their aesthetic qualities (Table 2). The majority of
the species require soil values with the pH value between 6.5
and 7.5 Furthermore, many of them are individuals resistant to
polluted air conditions. The soil requirements, determined by
Ürgenç (1992), of the species used in the parks and gardens of
Taşköprü district are shown in Table 2. Upon examining Table
2, it was determined that the majority of the species grow in
arid, calcareous and sandy, heavy clay and calcareous soils.
There are a few species that can survive in salty soils, damp
and wet soils or acid soils. Fraxinus excelsior, Berberis
thunbergii, Juniperus horizontalis, Viburnum opulus and Salix
babylonica are broad tolerant individuals in terms of the soil
requirements and are the leading ones among the preferable
species for this region in terms of the ecological requirements.
According to the findings of the study, it was determined that
49% of the taxa used in the parks and gardens of Taşköprü
district in Kastamonu province do not exist naturally in our
country.
Conclusion
Depending on the increasing population, cities are becoming
concrete piles with each passing day, which increases the need
for green areas of people and affects human health adversely
both physiologically and psychologically. In this sense, parks
are places where people can meet their need for daily
recreation. In addition to being resting places for the urban
people, parks also positively affect the city's climate and, at the
same time, increase the aesthetic effect of the city with the
multiple plants they contain. The species used in parks and
gardens, which are an important element of the urban
landscape, should be aesthetic as well as functional. Since the
air of cities is dirtier when compared to natural green areas, it is
beneficial to prefer species with high tolerance to air pollution
and other harmful things. Moreover, the fact that the species
used are long-lasting, fast-growing species and their
characteristics such as the light requirement are other aspects to
be evaluated. The changing temperature conditions between the
day and night in the continental climate and the preference of
durable natural species for dry seasons with low precipitation
also provide advantages for water saving in addition to many
benefits (Ertop, 2009). It was observed that generally natural
species, as well as exotic ones, were used in the park areas of
Taşköprü district. Deciduous species are dominant in the parks
and gardens of the district. In addition to these taxa, the natural
plant taxa of Kastamonu, which is located in the A4 square of
the Turkish flora, suitable for the region’s ecology, should be
examined and species that can grow healthily and can look
aesthetic as ornamental plants in the park area should be
included. As needle-leaved species, particularly Abies
nordmanniana ssp. equi-trojani which is endemic and Cedrus
libani as well as Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus excelsa,
Juniperus sabina, Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, and Taxus
baccata species can be preferred since they are natural and
suitable for the regional ecology. In addition to these,
particularly the evergreen plants among our natural species
such as Laurocerasus officinalis, Buxus sempervirens, Nerium
oleander, Ligustrum vulgare and Phillyrea latifolia, which are
not deciduous, and which can be benefited from due to their
shadow characteristic in summers, and have a positive effect in
terms of preventing noise, can be preferred. Additionally,
deciduous species such as Pterocarya pterocarpa, Acer
Pyracantha coccinea X X X X
Quercus ilex
1
X X X X
Robinia hispida
1
X X X
Robinia pseudoacacia
1, 2
X X X X 5-7.5
Rosa sp. “Baston gül”
2
X X X
Salix babylonica
1, 2
X X X X X 6.5-7.5
Spiraea bumalda
2
X X X
Syringa vulgaris
2
X
Thuja occidentalis
2
X X X 6.5-7.5
Thuja orientalis cv. ''Aurea''
2
X X 6.5-7.5
Thuja orientalis
2
X X 6.5-7.5
Thuja orientalis cv.''Pyramidallis''
2
X X 6.5-7.5
Tilia tomentosa
2
X X 6.5-7.5
Viburnum opulus
2
X X X X X
Viburnum tinus X X X X
1Wind resistant, 2Resistant to continental climate conditions, 3Requires protection under continental climate conditions,
4Can grow in hot climate condition
60860 Ayşe ÖZTÜRK et al. Woody plant variety in parks and gardens of taşköprü (kastamonu) district and evaluation of local compliance
campestre, Acer trautvetteri, Carpinus betulus, Fagus
orientalis, Populus tremula, Berberis vulgaris, Jasminum
fruticans, Mespilus germanica, Rhus coriaria, Spiraea crenata,
Vitex agnus-castus, and Myrtus communis can also be
preferred. Except for the species native in Turkey, exotic
species, which have aesthetic visuality and are thought to
conform to ecological conditions, such as Liriodendron
tulipifera and Magnolia grandiflora, can also be used (Ürgenç,
1992).
Acknowledgement
This article was printed in the International Taşköprü
Pompeiopolis Science Culture and Art Research Symposium as
a summary paper in 2017 (Öztürk, 2017).
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Internatıonal Journal Of Engıneerıng Scıences & Research
Technology 3(12), 558-562, December
60861 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue, 11, pp.60857-60861, November, 2017
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