Technical ReportPDF Available

Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 4-REPORT on VACCINIUM-Fruit pathway and Alert List (Dropsa, EU project number 613678)

December 2015

December 2015

Authors:

Muriel Suffert

EPPO (European and mediterranean plant protection organization)

Fabienne Grousset

EPPO (European and mediterranean plant protection organization)

Francoise Petter

Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'alimentation, de la pêche, de la ruralité et de l' aménagement du territoire

Anne Wilstermann

Julius Kühn-Institut

Show all 6 authorsHide

mports to the EU 27 by broad origins (100 kg).

…

. Contaminants of Vaccinium fruit

…

Figures - uploaded by Muriel Suffert

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Muriel Suffert

Content may be subject to copyright.

EU project number 613678

Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect

major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens

Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and

pathogens

Deliverable 1.3.

PART 4 - REPORT on VACCINIUM – Fruit pathway and Alert List

Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G).

This document should be cited as ‘Grousset F, Wistermann A, Steffen K, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M

(2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Vaccinium – Fruit pathway and Alert List’.

An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/105o4c33e1452

DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological

development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678).

www.dropsaproject.eu dropsa@fera.co.uk

DROPSA DELIVERABLE

REPORT on VACCINIUM – Fruit pathway and Alert List

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Background on Vaccinium ........................................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Data on production and trade of Vaccinium fruit ......................................................................................... 6

1.3 Characteristics of the pathway ‘Vaccinium fruit’ .......................................................................................... 6

2. Methods as used for Vaccinium ............................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Step 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Step 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Step 3 .......................................................................................................................................................... 8

3. Results and their discussion.................................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Considerations on pests listed at Step 1 and Step 2, and selected for the Alert List................................... 8

3.1.1 Step 1 List ........................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1.2 Step 2 List ........................................................................................................................................... 9

3.1.3 Alert List ............................................................................................................................................ 10

3.1.4 Possible gaps in data and pests missing from the lists ..................................................................... 10

3.2 Other findings of interest during the preparation of Alert Lists ................................................................... 11

3.2.1 Pests already regulated in the EU .................................................................................................... 11

3.2.2 Pests recommended for regulation by EPPO ................................................................................... 11

3.2.3 Pests already present in the EU ....................................................................................................... 11

3.2.4 New pests in new Vaccinium growing areas or emerging pests that may not have acquired their

full importance .................................................................................................................................. 12

3.2.5 Other pathways for Vaccinium pests ................................................................................................ 12

3.2.6 Contaminants ................................................................................................................................... 13

3.2.7 Other considerations......................................................................................................................... 13

3.2.8 Were major pests identified? ............................................................................................................ 14

4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 14

5. References (All references were accessed in May 2015) ..................................................................... 14

ANNEX 1. Detailed data on Vaccinium trade ...................................................................................................... 16

ANNEX 2. Categories of pests retained on the Alert List.................................................................................. 17

ANNEX 3. List of pests remaining for consideration for the Alert List at Step 2 ............................................ 18

ANNEX 4. Organisms excluded from further consideration at Step 1 and Step 2 .......................................... 20

ANNEX 5. Vaccinium Alert List ........................................................................................................................... 28

ANNEX 6. Pests of interest with records in fewer than 3 EU countries ........................................................... 53

1. Introduction

The genus Vaccinium was selected to establish an Alert List of pests that may present a risk to cultivated

species or varieties, or to wild species, in the EU (see Analysis of fruit production and imports in the EU

to select species for pathway studies). There is an increasing trade of Vaccinium berries from outside the

EU, as well as a substantial cropping within the EU. In addition, some wild Vaccinium species occur in

the EU, which are important for biodiversity, as well as local economy and populations. In order to better

target searches, a short review was made to obtain an overview of the pathway(s). This section is not an

exhaustive study of the pathway 'Vaccinium fruit', but is intended to outline the different Vaccinium

species concerned by trade and present in the EU, the countries from which Vaccinium are imported into

the EU, and some characteristics of the pathway, for the purpose of better targeting searches and the

further screening of pests.

1.1 Background on Vaccinium

There are approximately 450 species of Vaccinium worldwide (Powell and Kron, 2002 citing Vander

Kloet, 1990), originating on all continents except Oceania. The genus Vaccinium encompasses, in

particular, species commonly called ‘blueberries’, ‘bilberries’, ‘cranberries’, ‘lingonberries’,

‘huckleberries’ and ‘whortleberries’. The taxonomy of Vaccinium is complex and subject to debate

(Vander Kloet and Dickinson, 1999). Depending on sources, species may be allocated to different genera.

Among species of commercial importance, cranberries are considered by some as belonging to a sub-

genus Oxycoccus of Vaccinium (as per the original classification), and by others to a separate genus,

Oxycoccus. Cranberries were kept here because they are widely considered as being part of Vaccinium,

and are covered in Eurostat statistical data in the category 'Cranberries, bilberries, other Vaccinium

(fresh)'.

The diversity of Vaccinium species seems higher in North America and Asia than in Europe or other parts

of the Americas. In Ontario (Canada), there are 11 species of Vaccinium (Northern Ontario Flora, 2014).

In China, there are 92 Vaccinium species (of which 51 are endemic), although some may belong to other

genera (Flora of China, 2014). In Japan, there are 18 wild Vaccinium species, not used for commercial

production (Tamada, 2006). The Vaccinium species of Europe according to Flora Europaea (2014) are all

listed in Table 1. In Colombia, 5 species are reported, two of which known to be edible (Magnitskiy et al.,

2011).

Many Vaccinium species have edible fruit. Berries are eaten fresh or processed. Vaccinium fruits have

become increasingly popular in recent decades due to their taste and nutritional properties (including their

vitamin C and minerals content). Various health properties are associated with Vaccinium, which have

traditionally been used as medicine (Abreu, 2014). Recent investigations relate to properties of Vaccinium

fruits as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-cell proliferation, to name only a few. Traditionally,

fruits were collected from the wild. Later a limited number of Vaccinium species were put in cultivation.

Wild species (including species that are also cultivated) are sometimes exploited commercially, either

with some level of management (e.g. V. angustifolium in North America) or without (e.g. V. myrtillus in

Europe). Some species are used both from the wild and in cultivation (e.g. V. angustifolium, V. vitis-

idaea). The main cultivated species are currently blueberries (several species/hybrids, see Table 1),

cranberry (V. macrocarpon) and lingonberry (V. vitis-idaea) (Debnath, 2009). The demand for berries

worldwide is met by increasing cropping and trade (e.g. Tamada, 2009; Strik, 2014). Breeding and

selection of Vaccinium is an active field and uses many different species (Prodorutti et al., 2007).

Cultivation still focuses on a few species, but attempts have been made to cultivate others, on their own or

as hybrids, or to improve their management and use from the wild. This is especially triggered by the

identification of health benefits for berries so far collected from the wild, for example V. oldhamii in

Japan (Tsuda et al., 2013), or V. floribundum, a South American species (Abreu et al., 2014). It is not

excluded that some wild species may be cultivated in the future.

Data on production and trade of cultivated Vaccinium are given in section 1.2. The largest part of traded

fruit likely originates from the few species that are currently widely used commercially (cultivated or in

wild stands). Most traded blueberries are probably V. corymbosum, V. ashei or V angustifolium (or

derived species), as reported in Retamales and Hancock (2012). In North America, the term ‘wild’ on

marketed blueberries is used for fruit harvested from managed native stands of V. angustifolium (not

planted or selected, but with a certain level of management, such as pruning, pest management). Li and

Hong (2009) mention that in China fruit of V. uliginosum and V. vitis-idaea are collected from the wild

and exported to Europe.

There is a wide diversity in Vaccinium plants (from low to tall, 10 cm to 4 m) and berries (small to large,

commonly 0.5 to 1.5 cm depending on species). This must have an influence on the pests associated with

the different Vaccinium plants (i.e. some wood borers may need a substantial branch or stem size for their

development) and with fruit. It may be that the biggest life stages of pests feeding on fruit are less likely

to remain associated and may be detected at harvest (e.g. a 5-cm long caterpillar on a 1-cm berry).

Similarly, leaves are small and close to fruit; even pests feeding only on leaves may become associated

with fruit. The highest risk of entry would be pests of small dimension, which would remain

inconspicuous in fruit consignments. However, it was not possible to conduct the analysis of pests at this

level of details; this would require detailed knowledge of the different Vaccinium species and information

on the pests, beyond those that were available for the screening conducted here.

Table 1 lists some Vaccinium species ordered according to their broad groups (recognizing that there is

not always a clear-cut separation between those), focusing on species:

- occurring in the EU;

- cultivated, or managed or traded from the wild in different regions according to the literature

available;

- used in hybrids;

- identified as hosts in the review of Vaccinium pests.

This list is not exhaustive: other species may be grown on a smaller scale in some countries or berries

collected from the wild may be traded. Finally, Vaccinium are generally attractive bushes, and many

species, used or not for fruit, may be grown as ornamentals in the EU.

Preventing the introduction of exotic Vaccinium pests into the EU is important to protect the commercial

production of Vaccinium berries and also wild Vaccinium species. Some of these have a high economic

and social importance where they occur (especially V. myrtillus, V. microcarpon, V. oxycoccos, V. vitis-

idaea).

Literature searches targeted all Vaccinium, but focused on cultivated species, also because publications

mostly deal with pests of economic importance to crops. Pests of wild Vaccinium are less documented

(except possibly in North America).

It is clear from Table 1 that the use of common names varies. Many publications use only common

names, and it is sometimes difficult to know which species they refer to.

Common names in other languages used in searches (found in various publications from non-EU countries)

Portuguese (Brazil): ‘mirtilo’ ‘mirtileiro’ (for blueberries)

Spanish (South America): ‘arándano’ (apparently both for blueberries and cranberries)

French (Canada): ‘myrtille’ (for blueberry, may be used for several species), ‘bleuet’ (for blueberry), ‘canneberge’, ‘atoca’, ‘airelle’

(for cranberry).

Table 1. Selected species of Vaccinium (ordered by broad common names groups)

 Species cultivated for fruit are in bold.

 Allocation to botanic groups is somewhat arbitrary, especially for blueberries, bilberries and huckleberries. For example, bilberries are

commonly referred to as blueberries. In several languages, the name for bilberries and blueberries is the same. Blueberries are all native

to North America and have clusters of berries, while berries are single or in pairs on bilberry.

 # Sub-regional details (North America): C = Centre; N = North; S = South, E = East, W = West (from Retamales and Hancock, 2012).

Group/Species

Broad origin#

Cultivated for fruit?

Used in Europe

References

Cranberries

V. oxycoccos

(Oxycoccus palustris)

common cranberry,

northern cranberry

North America,

Europe, Asia

In Russia, possibly North

America, but also collected

from the wild.

Yes (at least wild)

Klein (2003)

Matthews (1992)

V. microcarpon (O.

microcarpus)

small cranberry

North America,

Europe, Asia

(northern part)

No data found

Yes (wild,

widespread)

Flora Europaea (2014)

V. macrocarpon (O.

macrocarpus)

large cranberry,

American cranberry

North America

Yes (fruit)

Yes (cultivated

for fruit)

Debnath (2009)

Bilberries

V. caespitosum (V.

arbusculum)

Dwarf bil-/blue-/whortle-

/huckleberry

North America

No (used from the wild)

No data found

Tirmenstein (1990)

V. myrtillus

European bilberry, dwarf

bilberry

North America,

Europe, Asia

No (used from the wild).

But attempts made for

semi-cultivation

practices/cultivation

(Martinussen et al., 2009)

Yes (wild,

widespread)

Flora Europaea (2014)

Retamales and Hancock

(2012), Tirmenstein (1990)

V. ovalifolium

oval-leafed bilberry,

ovalleaf huckleberry

North America

(NW), Asia (incl.

Siberia)

No (used from the wild;

also as ornamentals or in

gardens)

No data found

Vander Kloet and

Dickinson (1999)

Tirmenstein (1990)

V. uliginosum

bog bil-/blue-/whortle-

/huckleberry

North America,

Europe, Asia

Yes, from managed wild

plants (also collected

from the wild and used

for hybrids)

Yes (wild)

Flora Europaea (2014),

Yarborough (2014), Li

and Hong (2009), New

Brunswick (2010)

Matthews (1992)

Blueberries

V. angustifolium

lowbush blueberry

North America

(NE)

Yes (also extensively

collected from wild

stands in North America,

managed or not; esp. NE

USA, E Canada)

Yes (cultivated)

Debnath (2009), Starast

et al. (2014), Tirmenstein

(1991)

V. ashei (V.

virgatum)

rabbiteye blueberry

North America

(SE)

Yes

Debnath (2009)

Considered as a

synonym of V.

corymbosum in Lim

(2011), but mentioned

independently in many

publications

V. boreale

Northern blueberry

North America

(NE)

No (in the wild)

No data found

USDA-ARS (2015)

V. calycinum

‘ōhelo

Hawaii (endemic)

No (collected from the

wild)

No data found

Bishop Museum (2015)

V. corymbosum

northern highbush

blueberry

North America

Yes, the most cultivated

blueberry species, large

number of cultivars, also

in the wild in North

America

Yes (cultivated)

Debnath (2009)

New Brunswick (2010).

Note: V. australe appears

in some publications,

and is considered a

synonym in Lim (2011)

V. crassifolium

Creeping blueberry

North America

(SE)

As ornamental, apparently

not for fruit

USDA-ARS (2015)

V. cylindraceum

Azores blueberry

Azores

Yes (Azores)

No data found

Flora Europaea (2014),

Hummer et al. (2009)

V. darrowii

evergreen blueberry,

Southern highbush

blueberry

North America

(SE)

Yes (also used to

produce hybrids)

No data found

Chavez and Lyrene

(2009), Prodorutti et al.

(2007)

V. elliottii

mayberry

North America

(SE)

Possibly

No data found

Prodorutti et al. (2007)

V. floribundum

Andean blueberry

South America

No (collected from the

wild), but domestication

investigated

No data found

Abreu et al. (2014),

Magnitskiy et al. (2011)

V. meridionale (V.

Colombian blueberry

South America

Managed in the wild,

No data found

Ligaretto et al. (2011),

Group/Species

Broad origin#

Cultivated for fruit?

Used in Europe

References

caracasanum)

investigated as potential

crop

Abreu et al. (2014)

V. myrsinites

Ground/low/dwarf

blueberry

North America

(SE)

No data found

Tirmenstein (1990), USDA-

ARS (2015)

V. myrtilloides

sour top, Canadian

blueberry, velvetleaf

blueberry

North America

(C)

Yes, also collected from

wild stands in North

America (managed or

not)

No data found

Debnath (2009)

New Brunswick (2010)

Tirmenstein (1990)

V. pallidum

hillside blueberry, Blue

Ridge blueberry

North America

No, mostly collected from

wild stands

No data found

Tirmenstein (1991)

V. reticulatum

‘ōhelo ‘ai

Hawaii (endemic)

No (collected from the

wild), but potential as berry

crop in Hawaii

No data found

Follett and Zee (2011),

Bishop Museum (2015)

V. simulatum

upland highbush

blueberry

North America

(SE)

As ornamental in NZ, used

for hybrids

No data found

Scalzo et al. (2009)

V. tenellum

Small black blueberry,

small cluster blueberry

North America

(SE)

No data found

USDA-ARS (2015)

Huckleberries

V. arboreum

Tree sparkleberry, tree

huckleberry

North America

(SE)

As rootstock (V.

corymbosum cited). Fruit

unedible for humans

No data found

Tirmenstein (1991)

V. ovatum

evergreen huckleberry,

box blueberry

North America

(NW)

As ornamental, possibly

for fruit (also collected

from the wild)

No data found

Tirmenstein (1990)

V. parvifolium

red huckleberry

North America

(NW)

As ornamental. Also

collected from the wild

No data found

Tirmenstein (1990)

V. stamineum

Deerberry, highbush

huckleberry

North America (C,

Apparently not. Has been

considered as potential

crop

No data found

Ballington (1996)

Lingonberries

V. vitis-idaea

lingonberry

Europe, Asia,

North America

Yes, also extensively

collected from the wild

Yes (also

important from

the wild)

Debnath (2009),

Penhallegon (2009)

Whortleberries

V. arctostaphylum

Caucasian whortleberry

Eurasia

No data found

Yes (wild: South-

East Eur., Turkey)

Flora Europaea (2014),

Celik and Islam (2014)

Others (group not known)

V. bracteatum

Asia

No data found. Apparently

not in China (Flora of

China, 2015

http://www.efloras.org/flora

taxon.aspx?flora_id=2&tax

on_id=200016624).

No data found

USDA-ARS, 2015

V. consanguineum

Costa Rican blueberry

Central America

Possibly (for fruit and as

ornamental), also collected

from the wild

No data found

USDA-ARS, 2015

V. crenatum

South America

No data found

USDA-ARS, 2015

V. exul

Southern Africa

No data found

Iziko, 2015

V. hirtum (V. usunoki)

Asia

No data found

USDA-ARS, 2015

V. oldhamii

Asia

No data found

USDA-ARS, 2015

V. rapae

Pacific?

No data found

V. smallii

Asia (incl.

Russian Far-East)

No data found

USDA-ARS, 2015

Hybrids (examples)

V. corymbosum x V.

darrowi, x V. ashei,

x V. arboreum

Debnath (2009), USDA

(2014)

southern highbush

blueberry hybrids x

V. simulatum

USDA (2014)

half-high (hybrids of

highbush/lowbush)

Debnath (2009)

Species mentioned in publications but not found: V. nikkoensis

1.2 Data on production and trade of Vaccinium fruit

Vaccinium berries are not identified as such in production data in Eurostat, but fall in the category of 'berries

(excluding strawberries)' and possibly 'other berries'. Data is available for trade of 'Cranberries, bilberries,

other Vaccinium (fresh)' and show important increases since 2002.

General data on production and trade of Vaccinium are given in Analysis of fruit production and imports in

the EU to select species for pathway studies. Imports from non-EU origins for the period 2002-2012 are

detailed in Annex 1 (data available referred to EU 27). The data available seems to indicate the following:

 Imports came from all regions of the world except the Caribbean. Some countries show small and

irregular exports.

 Considering quantities over 100 kg, fruits were imported from 20 countries in 2002, 24 in 2008 and 22 in

2011. For 19 countries, imports were recorded every year from 2008 to 2011.

 There was a general shift of origins, with major exporting countries close to the EU (esp. Russia or Belarus)

being replaced by countries on other continents (see Table 2). In particular, imports from South America

have greatly increased (representing over 2/3 of imports in 2011), as well as imports from Africa.

Table 2. Percentages of exports by continent in 2002, 2008 and 2011

2002

2008

2011

North America

South America

Central America

0,01

Africa

0,7

2,9

Asia

0,6

0,4

Near East

0,01

0,00

Oceania

1,1

0,5

Europe (non-EU)

 From South America, Chile and Argentina are the main exporters (respectively over 8800 and 4800 t), but

exports from Uruguay had increased (over 1200 tonnes). There was a substantial increase (3000 t) from

Chile between 2011 and 2012.

 From Africa, imports from Morocco were multiplied by 9 in 2008-2011, reaching 1800 t, with another

considerable increase in 2011-2012 (to reach 2900 t). South Africa was the second largest exporter with

over 900 t. Irregular imports were also recorded from 7 other African countries.

 From North America, imports from the USA were stable over 1000 tonnes, while imports from Canada

varied, with a maximum of 600 t. Significant imports from Mexico appeared for the first time in 2012.

 From Asia, imports were minor and irregular. Although data is lacking for China in 2010 and 2011, the

surface cultivated in Vaccinium has greatly increased, from 24 ha at the beginning 2000s to over

17.000 ha expected in 2010 (Li and Hong, 2009), with blueberries mostly exported to Japan, and V.

uliginosum and V. vitis-idaea to Europe.

 Imports from the Near East and Central America were small and irregular.

 From Oceania, Vaccinium were imported mainly from Australia, and imports seem to have increased in

2011 (over 100 t). Imports from New Zealand have decreased since 2010 (only about 10 t in 2011).

 From non-EU European countries, Belarus and Ukraine were the main exporters with, respectively, over

1000 and 600 t in 2011. Russia was a major exporter until the mid-2000s, but exports have dropped until

2011. However, there seems to be a significant increase again from 2011 to 2012, from 1.5 to 400 t.

Additional data on fruit trade provided by some EPPO countries mention the following species: V.

corymbosum, V. macrocarpon, V. vitis-idaea, V. myrtillus. These are probably the main species traded, but

the list is possibly incomplete (only few countries provided data; most data is recorded as ‘Vaccinium’ or

broader categories).

1.3 Characteristics of the pathway ‘Vaccinium fruit’

The following characteristics of the pathway have an importance for the presence of the pest on the fruit:

- Fruit is generally not accompanied with green parts. Boyette et al. (2014) note that attached stems are

considered a defect and, as defective berries, would be subject to thresholds. GDV (2014) mentions that

stems and leaves should be avoided in order to avoid mechanical damage. It is expected that this would also

apply to other Vaccinium species. Consequently, fruit is expected to generally not be accompanied by leaves,

stems and other green parts, and only pests that may be associated with fruit may be associated with fruit

consignments (there may be a limited number of dried flower parts, fruit stalk or leaves as debris in the fruit).

- Packaging and sorting of berries at harvest. Blueberries are sensitive to damage by pressure, and are

therefore packed in small packaging, and not in bulk. For the same reason, handling at harvest is limited to

the strict minimum. Blueberries are traditionally hand-picked, in which case sorting (debris or defective

berries) occurs at picking to avoid the need for further handling for sorting. Where mechanical harvesters are

used, additional sorting machinery is also used to eliminate debris and fruit of non-acceptable quality

(Boyette et al., 2014). The handling and packing constraints of Vaccinium fruit may increase the risk of

contamination: a number of pests, including some normally feeding on Vaccinium leaves, are reported as

common contaminants of harvested Vaccinium fruit at harvest; similarly, a number of pests of other crops, or

non-pests, where common contaminants of Vaccinium fruit. Mechanically-harvested blueberries are

generally considered unfit for the fresh market and frozen for processing (Boyette et al., 2014). It is therefore

expected that most blueberries for the fresh market would have been hand-picked. It is not sure how the

absence of pests is checked for in this context. Some pests may be noticed at harvest.

- Duration of storage and conditions of transport. Blueberries are perishable and need to be transported and

sold rapidly. GDV (2014) mentions (based on various sources) maximum durations of storage ranging from

a few to 42 days. Mitcham et al. (1998) mentions 1-2 weeks. Consequently transport and storage duration of

blueberries is expected to be short, and to not affect pest survival in consignments. Optimal temperatures for

blueberries are indicated to be just above freezing point (0±0.5°C Mitcham et al, 1998; Boyette et al., 2014).

For cranberries, the optimal temperature is higher (3±1°C; Mitcham et al., 1998) but Mitcham et al. (1998)

mention storage durations of 2-4 months. Pests are expected to survive in blueberry at such temperature and

duration of transport, while this may be different for cranberries.

- Existing EU phytosanitary requirements influencing association of the pests with the pathway, and EU

regulated pests in broad categories. There are currently no requirements regarding fruit of Vaccinium in the

EU Directive 2000/29 that would influence association of the pests with this pathway. Regarding regulated

pests, the following broad categories are regulated in EU Directive 2000/29 (Annex I/A1), and any species

under them should be considered as being already regulated in the EU: ‘Tephritidae (non-European) such

as’, ‘Cicadellidae (non-European) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by Xylella fastidiosa) such

as’). Vectors of X. fastidiosa are also addressed under emergency measures in Commission Implementing

Decision (EU) 2015/789 of 18 May 2015. Other general categories of regulated pests in the EU Directive do

not apply to Vaccinium.

2. Methods as used for Vaccinium

2.1 Step 1

The Methods for the preparation of alert lists of pests for individual fruit species

(Methods thereafter) were

used, with the following adjustments:

- A threshold of presence in the EU was applied to exclude a pest from further consideration: 3 EU

countries or more.

- Some species were listed even if belonging to broad categories not to be listed at Step 1 (e.g. Nematoda,

Scolytidae – see Methods), because the Vaccinium list was developed before these categories were fully

decided in the Methods.

- The column ‘parts of plant attacked’ was not used (this information was instead given either in the

pathways columns or under ‘other information’).

- Not all Tephritidae were rated as already regulated in the EU (NO1) at Step 1. Only the species

mentioned by name in the EU Directive were excluded, and all others were kept to examine whether any

were emerging.

- For Cicadellidae, the fact that they were vector of Xyllella fastidiosa was generally identified only at Step

2, and they were rated as NO1 at Step 1 only if listed by names in the EU Directive.

- Many publications use only common names of plants, and it was sometimes difficult to know which

species are attacked. For example ‘highbush blueberry’ commonly refers to V. corymbosum (Northern

highbush blueberry), but may also refer to V. darrowii (Southern highbush blueberry). Wordings such as

‘Vaccinium (as blueberries)’ have often be used, and sometimes the common names were left.

2.2 Step 2

The Methods were used, with the following adjustments:

- The level of polyphagy (criterion C) was rated.

- Vaccinium are new crops in some regions (e.g. South America, Oceania), and some pests have passed

recently onto Vaccinium from their other hosts. The sub-rating ‘n’ was used for such pests (criterion C).

Available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/103o7b00f8216

- Many pests appeared to occur on Vaccinium in the wild in North America. No evidence was found that

they are associated with cultivated or semi-managed species of Vaccinium. For most, no details were

found on their biology or damage. In most cases, it was not possible to rate whether life stages could be

associated with fruit. They were considered unlikely to be associated with traded fruit because there was

no evidence of any association with cultivated or semi-managed Vaccinium. The sub-rating ‘w’ was used

(criterion A).

- Several pests were clearly associated with Vaccinium fruit in trade, with frequent interceptions on this

commodity, but proved to not be pests of Vaccinium. The sub-rating ‘c’ (contaminants) was used

(criterion A).

- Six Tephritidae (covered in EU Directive 2000/29 as ‘non-European Tephritidae’) were not excluded

because already regulated in the EU (as NO1), but rated at Step 2. This is because some seemed to be

emerging pests and because fruit is clearly the main pathway for most fruit flies (larvae in fruit).

As explained in the Methods, the search for information stopped as soon as a pest did not meet basic criteria,

or a rating was attributed that would exclude the pest from the Alert List (e.g. A3 – associated with green

parts; B2 – present in 3 EU countries or more etc.). Consequently, the data gathered for pests other than

those retained for the Alert List is still preliminary and partial (in particular the distribution data or host list

may be incomplete or erroneous). There may be inconsistencies between pests as to in which column the

data is mentioned. This is especially the case for pests not rated A1/A2 (not associated with the fruit itself),

but also those rated A1/A2 that would not be retained for the Alert List (e.g. E3 – low economic impact).

Finally, editing and consistency adjustments were done only for the pests retained for the Alert List.

Ratings in the Step 2 List may seem inconsistent between species, but they were based on the information

available. For example, some Exobasidium spp. (fungi) are clearly associated to fruit, while for others it

seemed from the little information available that they were not. Whether this is the case, or whether the

information was not found, was impossible to judge

Finally it should be underlined that different information may lead to different ratings. This also means that

assessors working on different fruits may have rated pests differently, if they used different sources of

information. Only for the pests retained in several Alert Lists was all information cross-checked and the

consistency between Alert Lists was checked.

2.3 Step 3

The selection system described in the Methods was applied to select pests for the Alert List, with the

following adjustments:

- The level of polyphagy (criterion C) was not taken into account (i.e. a polyphagous pest was not given

more importance than an oligophagous one).

- The climatic similarity (criterion D) was not used (as it did not allow excluding pests).

- For pests present in the EU in fewer than 3 countries (B1b), pests that appeared to be important were

identified (see section 3.2.3).

- Some pests falling into Part 2 of the Alert List were new to Vaccinium (Cn) and possibly emerging, and

they were separated into a Part 3 of the Alert List.

- Five pests from categories that were not retained in the Methods (especially because of a lower likelihood

of transfer) appeared to be emerging pests of Vaccinium where they occur. They were ‘handpicked’ and

added to Part 3.

The combinations of criteria used to build the Vaccinium Alert List are presented in Annex 2. It corresponds

to that described in the Methods, adjusted to add a Part 3.

3. Results and their discussion

3.1 Considerations on pests listed at Step 1 and Step 2, and selected for the Alert List

3.1.1 Step 1 List

729 pests were listed at Step 1.

The following were excluded from further consideration (some for several reasons, but only one is

mentioned below):

23 already quarantine pests for the EU (category NO1)

30 no possibility of association with the fruit pathway (category NO2)

220 present in 3 EU countries or more (category NO3)

13 not pests of Vaccinium (category NO4)

67 other reasons (e.g. natural enemy, not a pest of any crop, or pests mentioned at genus level in

interceptions, or cases impossible to analyse) (category NO5)

Consequently, 376 pests remained for consideration at Step 2.

3.1.2 Step 2 List

At Step 2, several of the 376 pests retained were identified as being synonymous, and additional pests were

found in the literature. Eventually, 411 pests were rated at Step 2, belonging to the following pest groups:

The following pests were excluded from consideration for the Alert List:

6 already regulated in the EU (NO1). These are all Cicadellidae vector of Xyllella fastidiosa, covered

in the EU Directive 2000/29 as ‘Cicadellidae (non-European) known to be vector of Pierce's disease

(caused by Xylella fastidiosa)’ or in emergency measures.

124 no possibility of transport on the fruit pathway (category NO2). Many of these were associated to

leaves or stems. At Step 1, these pests had not been excluded because the association with fruit often

requires more check than the 1-2 publications available. At Step 2, association with fruit was further

checked.

36 present in 3 EU countries or more (category NO3) (see also section 3.2.3).

6 not pests of Vaccinium (category NO4)

18 other reasons (especially pests mentioned at genus level in interceptions, or cases impossible to

analyse) (category NO5)

56 wild (marked A‘w’), associated with fruit or unknown (of those, 6 wild pests associated to green

parts were rated as NO2)

8 contaminants (marked A‘c’) (but associated to Vaccinium fruit in trade, and therefore briefly

discussed in section 3.2.6).

18 present in fewer than 3 EU countries (see section 3.2.3).

Consequently, 145 pests remained for consideration for the Alert List, all having some

likelihood of association with Vaccinium fruit (see list in Annex 3 and Vaccinium deliverable

xls file).

The 145 pests belonged to the categories and insect orders (the most numerous category) below.

Among the 145 pests retained, ‘special’ categories were:

7 3

307

Pest categories in Step 2 List (411 pests)

Acarida

Bacteria

Fungi

Insects

Viruses and

viroids

111

Pest categories (145 pests)

Acarida

Fungi

Insects

Viruses and

viroids

6 5

1 1

Insect orders (number of families)

Lepidoptera (10)

Hemiptera (10)

Coleoptera (3)

Thysanoptera (1)

Diptera (2)

Orthoptera (1)

Hymenoptera (1)

16 having passed recently onto Vaccinium (marked ‘n’)

7 that had a higher economic importance in the past (marked ‘h’).

9 that are known vectors of pathogens (marked ‘v’).

All pests excluded from further consideration at Step 1 or Step 2 are listed in Annex 4. This includes all No

categories, but also wild, contaminant and pests present in fewer than 3 EU countries. This list is also given

in the Vaccinium deliverable xls file.

3.1.3 Alert List

The selection system in section 2.3 was applied in order to select pests for the Alert List.

Consequently, 36 pests were selected on the Alert List (see Annex 5).

The 36 pests are divided in the three parts of the Alert List as follows:

8 Part 1 - Pests with high economic importance and more likely to transfer

17 Part 2 - Pests with lesser economic importance and more likely to transfer, or high economic

importance but less likely to transfer

11 Part 3 - New pests of Vaccinium, possibly emerging (including 5 handpicked pests).

3.1.4 Possible gaps in data and pests missing from the lists

A large number of organisms were identified when listing pests at Step 1 and additional organisms were

identified at Step 2. The study is not a complete list of pests of Vaccinium that do not occur in the EU, and it

is certain that some pests have not been found. In particular, the searches relied extensively on the Internet to

find information, and some earlier publications, or publications from some areas may be less accessible.

Among the pests categories considered, there was a good coverage of all groups in terms of compiling a list

of pests, but it was difficult to find basic information for some species (especially fungi, for which taxonomic

difficulties also complicate the analysis). In addition, very little information was available for some fungi

that were extracted from Farr and Rossman (2015) because they had Vaccinium among their hosts.

The world coverage, in terms of identifying pests of Vaccinium, was clearly more complete for North

America and Oceania, as well as for Argentina and Chile (which are also the main exporting countries in

South America). The overall geographical coverage of sources is outlined below (apart from CABI CPC and

PQR, which cover most regions). The type of sources only refer to those specific to countries; in all cases

pests may also have been be covered across regions in global databases (e.g. fruit flies, fungi, thrips,

tortricids, etc.).

Table 3. Coverage of the lists of pests

Region

Coverage

Type of sources

North

America

Good, for cultivated and wild species for Canada and USA.

Mexico covered mostly through publications for the USA.

Numerous scientific publication, cropping

advice, pest management advice, books on

Vaccinium and on insects, databases

South

America

Good for cultivated species (introduced) in Argentina, Chile

(main exporters), Uruguay, Brazil. Vaccinium cropping is recent

and is an important export crops. Partial for the rest of South

America (where some exports are mentioned from Colombia,

Ecuador, Peru). Some fungi, but very little information on them.

Scientific publications, inventories of Vaccinium

pests, cropping advice, pest management

advice, information from growers’ associations,

PRAs from other regions

Central

America

Probably incomplete

USA PRA on Central and South America. Also

mentions in publications on other regions.

Caribbean

Probably incomplete

Only through publications on other regions

Africa

Probably good for South Africa. Partial for the rest of Africa. Little

information for some countries such as Uganda, Madagascar,

Cameroon, Zimbabwe. No pest was identified in North Africa that

is not already in the EU.

PRA from other region for South Africa,

scientific articles on individual pests,

information on other crops for polyphagous

pests.

Asia

Partial. Data lacking for China (where Vaccinium cropping is

increasing, and where berries are also picked from the wild),

Japan (not exporting) and the rest of Asia.

Scientific publications, publications on other

regions, PRAs from other regions

Oceania

Good for Australia and New Zealand, incomplete for others.

Scientific publications, cropping/pest

management/gardening advice

Europe

Pests in non-EU European countries (e.g. Belarus, Ukraine and

Serbia, exporting to the EU) were assumed to be similar to those

in the EU and no specific searches were conducted. Data is

Region

Coverage

Type of sources

possibly lacking for Russia (esp. Asian part – but it is not known

where the Russian production comes from)

3.2 Other findings of interest during the preparation of Alert Lists

The following elements do not relate directly to the risk of introduction of pests with Vaccinium fruits, but

arose in the framework of the study.

3.2.1 Pests already regulated in the EU

Many pests regulated in the EU were identified at Step 1, including some that are considered as major pests

of Vaccinium where they occur, such as Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cydia packardi, Rhagoletis mendax. In the

EU Directive 2000/29 (with subsequent amendments), commodities of Vaccinium fruit from third countries

are subject to a requirement for inspection prior to export (Annex V Part B. I.3), but there are no pest specific

requirements.

Non-European Tephritidae are regulated in the EU as a group. 11 species where identified as being

associated with Vaccinium, only 5 of which are mentioned by name in EU Directive 2000/29. Among others,

one belongs to the non-frugivorous genus Trupanae, and others attack fruit. It is worth noting that two

species, Anastrepha pseudoparallela and A. barbiellini, both originating from South America, have recently

been found in Vaccinium crops in Brazil, to date without economic damage. Their status on Vaccinium is to

date unclear, and they may or may not gain importance on Vaccinium in the future. It may be interesting to

monitor the situation in the future.

Finally, 6 out of 27 Cicadellidae were vectors of Xylella fastidiosa and not considered further as covered in

EU Directive 2000/29 (as Cicadellidae (non-European) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by

Xylella fastidiosa)) and emergency measures. These include the major pest Homalodisca vitripennis (on

EPPO A1 List – see 3.2.2).

3.2.2 Pests recommended for regulation by EPPO

The following species of the Step 2 List (not all associated with fruit) are on the EPPO A1 or A2 Lists of

pests recommended for regulation (although not necessarily because of their association with Vaccinium) and

are currently not regulated in the EU: Blueberry scorch virus (EPPO A2), Oemona hirta (EPPO A1), Orgyia

pseudotsugata (EPPO A1). In addition, Homalodisca vitripennis (EPPO A1) is covered in the EU Directive

in the general category of non-European Cicadellidae known to be vectors of Pierce’s disease (caused by

Xylella fastidiosa), but is not named in the EU Directive.

3.2.3 Pests already present in the EU

The study identified major Vaccinium pests that have already been introduced into the EU in recent years.

The assessment of whether a pest was absent from the EU, or present in fewer than 3 countries, or in 3

countries or more, was not always straightforward. For example for minor pests, it may be that the

distribution is wider than found; they may not have attracted specific attention where introduced and their

presence may not be recorded. In addition, a level of uncertainty is attached to the assessment of presence in

the EU in case of taxonomic difficulties. In general, many sources had to be consulted to ascertain the

presence in the EU. Most difficulties arose for fungi, especially for species either recently described or with

taxonomic difficulties attached. For insects, the assessment of presence relied heavily on Fauna Europaea

(which does not indicate sources) and for fungi on Farr and Rossman (2015). In both cases, additional

searches were made in case of ambiguity (especially when only few countries were indicated).

Pests present in 3 countries or more were excluded from further consideration at Step 1 or Step 2. Some have

already spread to a large part of the EU, such as Drosophila suzukii. Others still have a limited distribution in

the EU, such as Dasineura oxycoccana, Halyomorpha halys, Blueberry scorch virus (EPPO A2 List; see

3.2.2).

18 pests (not falling under any NO categories) were assessed as present in fewer than 3 EU countries

(sometimes with an uncertainty). These pests may present an interest for EU countries where they do not

occur. Details for those which seemed most interesting are given in Annex 6.

3.2.4 New pests in new Vaccinium growing areas or emerging pests that may not have

acquired their full importance

Some pests are reported as new to the crop, in areas where the cropping of Vaccinium is new (such as South

America, but also others). There is often no indication of damage. In some cases it may be that the pest is

new to the crop, in others that the pest causes only minor damage.

A number of such pests associated with fruit were added to Part 3 of the Alert List. Others were not, such as:

- Scirtothrips ruthveni (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), which feeds on blueberry fruit, seems to cause moderate

damage, but was considered in the USA in the mid-2000 as an emerging pest of blueberries (together with

other thrips species); the information available did not allow to retain it on the Alert List.

- Cyclocephala longula (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) has recently become a pest of southern highbush

blueberries in California; because it is associated with roots, it was excluded.

More information may become available on such pests in the future.

3.2.5 Other pathways for Vaccinium pests

Plants for planting are a potential pathway for virtually all pests on the Alert List and Step 2 List. Many pests

listed are associated with leaves. A number of pests are associated with wood, for example insects such as

Oemona hirta (EPPO A1 List of pests recommended for regulation), Dexicrates robustus (Coleoptera:

Bostrichidae; also a contaminant of blueberry fruit – see section 3.2.6), Oberea spp. (Coleoptera:

Cerambycidae) or Uraecha angusta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Some major fungi are also associated to

stems and wood, among others polyphagous species such Neofusicoccum nonquaesitum and N. vitifusiforme.

Finally, some pests are associated to roots; this includes a number of insects whose adults feed on fruit, and

larvae on roots.

Some pests or individual life stages are currently covered under general requirements in the EU Directive

2000/29. This is the case for life stages associated with soil, because import of soil on its own is prohibited

and there are also requirements regarding the growing media associated with plants (Annex IV, 34).

Requirements for trees and shrubs (Annex IV, 39) provide, among others, for freedom from flowers and

fruit, and for inspection for the presence of pests and treatment. Requirement for deciduous trees and shrubs

(Annex IV, 40), provides that the plants should be dormant and free from leaves. However, not all life stages

would be covered (e.g. stages associated with wood), and inspections would not target specific pests.

A few major Vaccinium pests likely to be transported on pathways other than fruit are highlighted below. It

is not excluded that some pests that were not assessed as being associated with fruit may occasionally

become associated to fruit consignments; however, no evidence was found of such association.

Finally, several pests appeared to be important in relation to other crops, and the risk of introduction is

higher on their other hosts. These pests are presented in the document Other pests of interest identified

during the study of selected crops.

Table 4. Vaccinium pests that may be transported on pathways other than Vaccinium fruit

Pest (taxonomic group)

Distribution

Basic information

Insects

Altica sylvia (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae)

USA, Canada

Larvae feed on leaves. May cause severe damage

Catinathrips spp. (Thysanoptera:

Thripidae)

North America

Especially C. kainos, but also C. similis and C. vaccinicolus, feed and

produce galls on leaves. Reduce quality and quantity of fruits produced,

through damage on other plant parts.

Chrysoteuchia topiaria

(Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

USA, Canada

Larvae in soil, feed on roots, lead to death of plants.

Croesia curvalana (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae)

Canada

Larvae feed on flower and leaf buds and leaves, and may cause extensive

damage.

Iridopsis ephyraria (Lepidoptera:

Geometridae)

Canada, USA

May feed on new shoots of Vaccinium, causing defoliation. No prior history

of outbreak, but has caused high levels of defoliation of Tsuga canadensis,

resulting in mortality of up to 40% of mature hemlock in some stands.

Limotettix vaccinii (Hemiptera:

Cicadellidae)

North America

Vector of cranberry false-blossom phytoplasma (see below). Was more

important in the past, as vector of this disease, which threatened the

cranberry industry in the 1900s

Macaria argillacearia, M.

sulphurea (Lepidoptera;

Canada, USA

Larvae feed on buds, leaves and flowers. May cause important damage in

respectively blueberries and cranberries.

Geometridae)

Orthorhinus cylindrirostris

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Australia

Native to Australia, has passed onto crops, including Vaccinium and

grapevine. A main pest of blueberry in New South Wales. Larvae feed on

stems, crowns and roots of their host plants. Known Interception, in a

container of oranges.

Pathogens

Dothichiza caroliniana

(Ascomycota)

Argentina, USA

Mainly on leaves, may also infect succulent stems, causing dieback. Severe

defoliation reported.

Blueberry necrotic ring blotch

virus (Bromoviridae: blunervirus -

- proposed)

USA

A new disease (leaf blotch and defoliation) in South-Eastern USA in southern

highbush blueberries, whose agent was described in 2013. Reports were

sporadic in the mid-2000s, but it has been found at more locations and

States since then.

Blueberry stunt phytoplasma

North America

Causes a serious and widespread disease of blueberry. Vectored by

Scaphytopius magdalensis and Scaphytopius sp.

Cranberry false blossom

phytoplasma

USA

In the 1920s-30s, almost eliminated the cranberry industry in New Jersey

and caused major problems in Massachusetts. In the 1990s, reappeared and

spread sporadically in many cranberry farms, with increasing incidence. Its

re-appearance may be due to an increase of vector populations or

emergence of new, more virulent, populations of the phytoplasma. Vectored

by Limotettix vaccinii, Scaphytopius magdalensis, Euscelis striatulus.

3.2.6 Contaminants

At Step 2, eight pests were contaminants of Vaccinium fruit in trade (i.e. not pests of Vaccinium but

intercepted in consignments of Vaccinium fruit). Such cases were identified from South America, where their

presence in Vaccinium fruit hinders exports to the USA. Among these, Table 5 lists 5 pests of other plants;

records of interceptions in the USA on fruit other than Vaccinium exist for most of them. 3 other organisms

were found contaminating fruit, but are apparently not pests. Most notably Kushelina decorata (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae) presents many interceptions (e.g. on Vaccinium and raspberry).

Table 5. Contaminants of Vaccinium fruit

Pest (taxonomic group)

Distribution

Basic information

Athlia rustica (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae)

Chile

Larvae cause damage by feeding on roots of Triticum and grasses, adults

sometimes on leaves of grapevine.

Blapstinus punctulatus

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Central and

South America

A pest of Helianthus (larvae and adults in soil feeding on roots).

Dexicrates robustus (Coleoptera:

Bostrichidae)

Chile

A wood borer of many fruit species, whose adults may contaminate fruit

Frankliniella australis

(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

South America

A polyphagous thrips, of quarantine concern because of interceptions, but

not associated with Vaccinium and does not seem to have economic

importance on its other hosts.

Naupactus xanthographus

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

South America

A polyphagous pest of Vitis vinifera (major host) and various others (e.g.

Citrus, Malus domestica, Prunus, Pyrus communis, Solanum lycopersicum,

Solanum tuberosum). Larvae feed on roots of hosts, and adults may

contaminate fruit. There was an uncertainty on whether Vaccinium is a host,

but in the absence of evidence, it was considered as a contaminant.

3.2.7 Other considerations

- The level of polyphagy was not taken into account in the Alert List’s selection system, but there seems to

be differences between Vaccinium and other fruits studied: relatively many pests of Vaccinium are

restricted to that genus or to Ericaceae, representing 21% of the pests for which the level of polyphagy

was rated at Step 2. The proportion is similar for Alert List pests (7 out of 36).

- The screening process focused on the most widely grown or traded species, such as V. corymbosum or V.

macrocarpon, which was considered more appropriate for an early warning system. However, it also took

account of other Vaccinium species. It should be noted that host lists are not always complete with

regards to individual Vaccinium spp. Many publications mention only common names (e.g. blueberry,

cranberry), which may refer to different species (see 1.1). In most cases where a pest is reported on one or

few Vaccinium, it is difficult to judge if this reflects its full host range, or whether it is not reported on

other Vaccinium species because these are not present where the pest occurs.

- Recent descriptions of new pest species or division of species may lead to situations where the exact

distribution of pests is not known. Such pests may be more widespread than currently recorded. This is

the case for several fungi and viruses on the Step 2 List.

3.2.8 Were major pests identified?

A number of Vaccinium pests had already been identified in the EPPO Alert List or by the analysis made in

the Netherlands of Vaccinium pests (NVWA, 2012); some others have already been introduced in the EU.

The screening for the Alert List allowed to identify more pests, and to prepare an Alert List of some that may

be associated with fruit in trade. The process followed was time-consuming, but did allow identifying a

larger number of pests from various origins, including possibly emerging ones (although there are many

uncertainties). It should also be noted that too little information was available from some areas, especially

Asia, and that some important pests are probably missing from the Alert List. However, the countries which

export fruit to the EU (see Annex 1) seem to be reasonably covered. Finally, the process followed was a

screening, and some pests listed on the Alert List may not become associated to fruit for reasons that would

become clear only if a pest risk analysis was conducted (e.g. if only a mobile life stage of a pest is associated

with Vaccinium fruit).

4. Conclusion

 A large number of pests were identified as being potentially associated with Vaccinium and Vaccinium

fruit, much higher than anticipated at the start of the study.

 The large number of pests associated to green parts may justify a requirement that consignments of

Vaccinium fruit should be free from leaves. An in-depth analysis was not conducted to check whether

current practices in exporting countries already ensure this to a sufficient extent.

 The large number of pests associated to either green parts, wood or roots would justify phytosanitary

requirements for plants for planting of Vaccinium.

 36 pests were retained for the Alert List for Vaccinium, but a much larger number were potentially

associated with Vaccinium fruit. This may justify the need for a phytosanitary certificate for Vaccinium

fruit.

 It would be useful that countries record intercepted non-regulated pests on Vaccinium fruit, so that

PRAs/specific requirements may be considered for some pests

 DROPSA Alert List will be used in the framework of EPPO to raise awareness of pests that may be

associated with fruit consignments. Relevant information will be presented to EPPO Panels and included

in EPPO Global Database.

 The likelihood of transfer from Vaccinium consignments to other hosts are higher if infested fruit

consignments are imported into facilities close to where plants are grown. The analysis was not made of

whether this is a common practice in the EU. This may be less of a problem for Vaccinium than for other

fruit, as they are imported in small size packages, but some repacking may nevertheless occur in the EU.

However, as in the case of the EPPO tomato study, this emphasizes the need to separate import and

packing facilities from facilities where plants are produced, and the need to have appropriate management

of waste if fruit have to be discarded after import.

 A number of pests already regulated in the EU were identified. The present study did not consider in

detail the host status of Vaccinium, nor if measures would be appropriate in relation to Vaccinium for

those pests. Such analysis would be interesting to determine if existing phytosanitary requirements

appropriately protect the EU against the introduction of these pests on Vaccinium commodities (plants,

fruit etc. depending on the pests). Vaccinium, as minor crops whose commodities are not subject to many

specific requirements, may favour the entry of major pests of other crops. The study also identified a few

pests that are on EPPO Lists of regulated pests, but not yet regulated in the EU.

 Several Cicadellidae and Tephritidae were identified, regulated in the EU under general categories. It

could be envisaged whether major species should be listed by name in the Plant Health Regulation,

especially Homalodisca vitripennis.

5. References (All references were accessed in May 2015)

Abreu OA, Barreto G, Prieto S. 2014. Vaccinium (Ericaceae): Ethnobotany and pharmacological potentials. Emir. J. Food Agric.

2014. 26 (7): 577-591

Boyette MD, Estes EA, Mainland CM, Cline WO. 2014. AG-413-7 Postharvest Cooling and Handling of Blueberries. North Carolina

Cooperative Extension Service. http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/postharv/ag-413-7/index.html

Burgher-MacLellan KL, Gaul S, MacKenzie K, Vincent C. 2009. The use of real-time pcr to identify blueberry maggot

(Diptera:Tephritidae, Rhagoletis mendax) from other Rhagoletis species and in lowbush blueberry fruit (Vaccinium

angustifolium). Acta Hort. (ISHS) 810:265-274

http://www.actahort.org/books/810/810_34.htm

Celik H, Islam A. 2014. Blueberry species introduction, selection and cultivation practice in northeastern part of Anatolia. Acta Hort.

(ISHS) 1017:441-446 http://www.actahort.org/books/1017/1017_54.htm

Chavez DJ, Lyrene PM. 2009. Interspecific Crosses and Backcrosses between Diploid Vaccinium darrowii and Tetraploid Southern

Highbush Blueberry JASHS March 2009 vol. 134 no. 2 273-280

Debnath SC. 2009. Propagation and cultivation of Vaccinium species and less known small fruits. International Scientific

Conference: "Vaccinium ssp. And less known small fruit: challenges and risks”, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia,

October 6-8, 2009. Latvian Journal of Agronomy, 12, p. 22-29.

Flora of China. 2014. Database. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=134285

Follett PA, Zee FT. 2011. Host Status of Vaccinium reticulatum (Ericaceae) to Invasive Tephritid Fruit Flies in Hawaii. Journal of

Economic Entomology, 104(2): 571-573.

GDV. 2014. Cargo Information: Blueberries. Transport Information Service, cargo loss prevention information from German marine

insurers. Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V. (GDV), Berlin 2002-2014 http://www.tis-

gdv.de/tis_e/ware/obst/heidelbe/heidelbe.htm

Hummer K, Williams R, Mota J. 2009. Pests of blueberries on São Miguel, Açores, Portugal. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 810:287-292

Klein K. 2003. Plant Propagation Protocol for Vaccinium oxycoccos L. ESRM 412 – Native Plant Production. Course of Spring 2009.

University of Washington. http://courses.washington.edu/esrm412/protocols/VAOX.pdf.

Ligarreto GA, Patiño Mdel P, Magnitskiy SV. 2011. Phenotypic plasticity of Vaccinium meridionale (Ericaceae) in wild populations of

mountain forests in Colombia. Rev Biol Trop. 2011 Jun;59(2):569-83.

Magnitskiy S, Ligarreto GM, Lancheros HO. 2011. Rooting of two types of cuttings of fruit crops Vaccinium floribundum Kunth and

Disterigma alaternoides (Kunth) Niedenzu (Ericaceae). Agronomía Colombiana 29(2), 361-371, 2011

Martinussen I, Nestby R, Nes A. 2009. Potential of the European wild blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) for cultivation and industrial

exploitation in Norway. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 810:211-216. http://www.actahort.org/books/810/810_28.htm

Matthews RF. 1992. Vaccinium oxycoccos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

[2015, May 12].

Mitcham EJ, Crisosto CH, Kader AA. 1998. Bushberries: Blackberry, Blueberry, Cranberry, Raspberry: Recommendations for

Maintaining Postharvest Quality. University of California Postharvest Technology Center - UC Davis.

http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/PFfruits/Bushberries/

New Brunswick. 2010. Feuillet de renseignements sur le bleuet sauvage A.2.0 Révisé 2010 Agriculture, Aquaculture et Pêches

Croissance & développement du bleuet sauvage. New Brunswick, Canada. http://www.gnb.ca/0171/10/a20f.pdf

Northern Ontario Flora Plant Database. 2014. Plant Description. The Genus Vaccinium.

http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/genusdescription.cfm?genusid=1000289

Penhallegon RH. 2009. Lingonberry yields in the pacific northwest. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 810:223-228

http://www.actahort.org/books/810/810_30.htm

Powell EA, Kron KA. 2002. Hawaiian Blueberries and Their Relatives—A Phylogenetic Analysis

of Vaccinium Sections Macropelma, Myrtillus, and Hemimyrtillus(Ericaceae). Systematic Botany 27(4):768-779.

Prodorutti D, Pertot I, Giongo L, Gessler C. 2007. Highbush Blueberry: Cultivation, Protection, Breeding and Biotechnology. The

European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology. 1(1), 44-56

Retamales JB, Hancock, JF. 2012. Blueberries. CABI, 323 pages.

Scalzo J, Miller S, Edwards C, Alspa P. 2009. 'Hortblue Onyx' and 'Hortblue Petite': Two new ornamental blueberries from New

Zealand. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 810:153-156 http://www.actahort.org/books/810/810_18.htm

Starast M, Tasa T, Mänd M, Vool E, Paal T, Karp K. 2014. Effect of cultivation area on lowbush blueberry nectar production and

pollinator composition. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 1017:469-478 http://www.actahort.org/books/1017/1017_58.htm

Strik B. 2014. Organic blueberry production systems - advances in research and industry. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 1017:257-267

http://www.actahort.org/books/1017/1017_33.htm

Tamada T. 2006. Blueberry production in Japan - today and in the future. Acta Hortic. 715, 267-272

Tirmenstein DA. 1990. Datasheets on several Vaccinium species. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Tirmenstein DA. 1991. Datasheets on several Vaccinium species. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Tsuda H, Kunitake H, Kawasaki Takaki R, Nishiyama K, Yamasaki M, Komatsu H, Yukizaki C. 2013. Antioxidant Activities and Anti-

Cancer Cell Proliferation Properties of Natsuhaze (Vaccinium oldhamii Miq.), Shashanbo (V. bracteatum Thunb.) and Blueberry

Cultivars. Plants 2013, 2, 57-71

USDA. 2015. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online

Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov.4/cgi-

bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?41020

Vander Kloet SP, Dickinson A. 1999. The taxonomy of Vaccinium section Myrtillus (Ericaceae). Brittonia, 51(2), 1999, pp. 231 254.

Vander Kloet SP. 1990. Ericaceae. Pp. 591–595 in Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii, eds. Wagner WL, Herbst DR, Sohmer

SH. Bishop Museum Special Publication No. 83. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press.

Yadong Li, and Yu Hong, 2009. The Current Status And Future Of The Blueberry Industry In China. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 810:445-456

http://www.actahort.org/books/810/810_58.htm

Yarborough, D.E. 2014. Improving Northern Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) Production. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 1017:223-229

http://www.actahort.org/books/1017/1017_28.htm.

ANNEX 1. Detailed data on Vaccinium trade

(Source: Eurostat) 0 represent quantities below 100 kg

Table 1 imports to the EU 27 by broad origins (100 kg).

2002

2004

2006

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Eu28_Intra

118.160

103.487

158.850

224.898

308.082

319.119

414.968

425.956

EPPO Non-EU

107.584

82.435

60.478

13.851

20.206

28.500

38.407

47.409

Non-EPPO

19.913

26.803

72.159

122.979

119.301

148.000

182.257

205.543

Total

245.657

212.725

291.487

361.728

447.589

495.619

635.632

678.908

Table 2 Imports to the EU-27 of 'Cranberries, bilberries and other fruits of the genus vaccinium (fresh)' (in 100 kg). * EPPO countries

2002

2004

2006

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

(incomplete)

North America

11.871

10.182

21.631

21.791

18.120

15.179

19.246

16.817

Canada

1.461

425

2.400

9.182

5.535

2.091

6.297

3.588

Mexico

121

118

754

United States

10.410

9.741

19.110

12.599

12.552

12.970

12.908

12.475

South America

4.940

14.181

45.674

97.313

92.772

124.724

151.906

176.874

Argentina

1.389

4.812

16.240

31.169

31.941

39.959

48.509

44.761

Brazil

136

Chile

3.483

9.183

28.445

59.628

53.642

72.544

88.980

118.944

Colombia

352

588

Ecuador

Peru

406

Uruguay

806

6.076

6.423

12.139

14.323

12.649

Central America

Costa Rica

Guatemala

Honduras

Africa

925

1254

1356

4019

12074

20054

28605

41093

Burundi

Cameroon

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Egypt

Ghana

Kenya

Madagascar

192

Morocco*

2.149

6.257

12.646

18.670

29.279

South Africa

908

1.252

1.356

1.814

5.599

7.403

9.833

11.802

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Asia

740

493

1075

China

740

493

1.068

India

Indonesia

Malaysia

Thailand

Vietnam

Near East

Iran

Israel*

Lebanon

Turkey*

Oceania

1424

1183

1767

1511

1517

668

1170

Australia

861

806

515

549

891

584

1.071

New Zealand

563

377

1.252

962

626

Europe (non-EU)

107.574

82.345

62.081

11.702

13.949

15.853

19.737

18.130

Belarus*

11.308

12.596

21.871

3.237

6.179

2.578

11.017

2.425

Bosnia and Herzeg.*

219

465

458

311

667

796

396

Iceland

Macedonia FYR*

196

2.058

937

481

Montenegro

1.660

Norway*

163

279

265

207

115

583

Russia*

44.827

41.186

25.149

146

100

4.274

Serbia*

447

2.764

1.762

3.126

706

2.037

Switzerland*

118

Ukraine*

51.221

27.947

12.195

5.216

5.143

7.234

6.149

7.934

ANNEX 2. Categories of pests retained on the Alert List

A detailed description of categories and ratings can be found in the Methods.

Ratings retained on the Alert List (all pests are absent from the EU, i.e. B1a)

Sub-ratings are covered in the ratings below (e.g. E1 covers E1u, E1h, E1d) except if explicitly excluded.

Place on Alert List

Combination of ratings covered in each

part

Description (all pests below may be associated with

fruit (A1 or A2) - applies to each description)

Part 1 - Pests with

high economic

importance and more

likely to transfer

 A1t/A2t + E1 (except E1u, E1h) + any

other

 pests able to transfer, with a high economic impact

currently (not uncertain high impact or high impact in

the past)

Part 2 - Pests with

lesser economic

importance and more

likely to transfer, or

with high economic

importance but less

likely to transfer

 A1/A2 or A1ut/A2ut + E1 + any other

 A1t/A2t + E1u or E1h + any other (not

Cn)

 A1t/A2t + E2+ (F1 or G1), but not Cn)

 A1t + E2 + any other (not Cn)

 A1t/A2t + E3v or EUv + (F1 or G1), but

not Cn

 A1t/A2t + EU+ (F1 or G1), but not Cn

 pests less able to transfer (or with an uncertainty on

transfer), with a high economic impact currently

 pests able to transfer, with a high economic impact

(but either with an uncertainty, or in the past), and not

newly recorded on the crop

 pests able to transfer, with a moderate economic

impact currently, but intercepted, spreading/invasive

(and not newly recorded on the crop).

 non-mobile life stage associated with the fruit, pest

able to transfer, with a moderate recorded impact

currently

 pests able to transfer, known vector, with a low or

unknown recorded impact currently, and intercepted,

spreading/invasive (and not newly recorded on the

crop)

 pests able to transfer, with an unknown recorded

impact currently, but intercepted, spreading/invasive

(and not newly recorded on the crop)

Part 3 – New pests of

Vaccinium, possibly

emerging

 A1t/A2t + + Cn + (E1u or E1h or E2 or

E3v or EU) + any other

 Relevant handpicked

 pests able to transfer, newly recorded on the crop, and

economic impact high (uncertain or in the past), or

moderate, or low if vector, or uncertain

 Pests in categories not retained for the Alert List, but

with interesting features and possibly emerging

Not retained on the Alert List

 B1b (present in the EU in fewer than 3 countries)

 Aw (wild)

 Ac (contaminant)

 NO categories

 Combinations of ratings not fulfilling any of the combinations above

ANNEX 3. List of pests remaining for consideration for the Alert List at Step 2

This list includes all pests retained for consideration, i.e. except ‘wild’, ‘contaminant’, ‘present in less than 3 EU countries’ and all NO

categories.

Alert List pests are in bold

Type of pests: A = arachnida; I = insecta, F = fungi, V = viruses and viroids

Name

Type

Taxonomy

Acalitus vaccinii

Acarida: Eriophyidae

Accuminulia buscki

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Acleris minuta

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Acrobasis vaccinii

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Aegorhinus

superciliosus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Amphipyra pyramidoides

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Anastrepha barbiellinii

Diptera: Tephritidae

Anastrepha

pseudoparallela

Diptera: Tephritidae

Anthonomus musculus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Argyrotaenia citrana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Argyrotaenia mariana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Argyrotaenia

sphaleropa

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Aroga trialbamaculella

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Asteridiella exilis

Ascomycota

Atichia lopesii

Ascomycota

Blueberry latent spherical

virus

Unknown

Blueberry latent virus

Unknown

Blueberry mosaic virus

Ophioviridae: Ophiovirus

Blueberry shock virus

Bromoviridae: Ilarvirus

Blueberry virus A

Closteroviridae: closterovirus

Cacoscelis melanoptera

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Caedicia simplex

Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae

Caeporis stigmula

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Callophrys augustinus

Lepidoptera: Lycaneidae

Callophrys henrici

Lepidoptera: Lycaneidae

Capnofrasera

dendryphioides

Ascomycota

Chaetosiphon thomasi

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Chaetothyrium petchii

Ascomycota

Chileulia stalactitis

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Choristoneura parallela

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Cingilia catenaria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Clarkeulia bourquini

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Clarkeulia deceptiva

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Colaspis costipennis

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Colaspis pseudofavosa

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Colaspis varia

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Costelytra zealandica

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Cryptocephalus incertus

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Ctenopseustis

obliquana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Dasineura cyanococci

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Diaporthe

australafricana

Ascomycota

Diaporthe passiflorae

Ascomycota

Diaspidiotus forbesi

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Diptacus bracteatus

Acarida: Diptilomiopidae

Disonychodes

exclamationis

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Duplaspidiotus claviger

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Ematurga amitaria

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Epiglaea apiata

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Eupithecia miserulata

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Eutrapela clemataria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Exobasidium

maculosum

Basidiomycota

Exobasidium

talamancense

Basidiomycota

Name

Type

Taxonomy

Fiorinia vacciniae

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Frankliniella bispinosa

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella gemina

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella vaccinii

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Gliocephalotrichum

bulbilium

Ascomycota

Graphocephala versuta

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Grapholita conversana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Grapholita libertina

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Greeneria uvicola

Ascomycota

Hemadas nubilipennis

Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae

Hemiberlesia oxycoccus

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Hylamorpha elegans

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Hyphantus sulcifrons

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Illinoia pepperi

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Largus rufipennis

Hemiptera: Largidae

Leptocoris trivittatus

Hemiptera: Rhopalidae

Leptoglossus chilensis

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Leptoglossus impictus

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Leptoglossus phyllopus

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Leptoglossus quadricollis

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Lexiphanes coenobita

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Liothula omnivora

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Lygaeus alboornatus

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae

Macaria truncataria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Macrodactylus

subspinosus

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Macrosteles

quadrilineatus

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Melanchra picta

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Meliola nidulans

Ascomycota

Mesolecanium

nigrofasciatum

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Monilinia polycodii

Ascomycota

Mycosphaerella

nigromaculans

Ascomycota

Naohidemyces

fujisanensis

Basidiomycota

Nemocestes incomptus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Neochlamisus

cribripennis

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Nysius simulans

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae

Ochropleura implecta

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Oiketicus platensis

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Orgyia leucostigma

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Orthosia hibisci

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Paraulacizes irrorata

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Paria fragariae

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Pawiloma victima

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Pestalotiopsis clavispora

Ascomycota

Phlyctinus callosus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Phomopsis columnaris

Ascomycota

Phyllosticta vaccinii

Ascomycota

Phyllosticta vacciniicola

Ascomycota

Plagiognathus fulvaceus

Hemiptera: Miridae

Plagiognathus obscurus

Hemiptera: Miridae

Plagiognathus repetitus

Hemiptera: Miridae

Platynota idaeusalis

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Platynota meridionalis

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Proeulia auraria

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Proeulia chrysopteris

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Proeulia triquetra

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Name

Type

Taxonomy

Pseudaonidia

trilobitiformis

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Pseudococcus cribata

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pseudotracylla dentata

Ascomycota

Pseudotracylla falcata

Ascomycota

Pulvinaria urbicola

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Pyrrhalta vaccinii

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Reticana lineada

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Rhabdospora oxycocci

Ascomycota

Rhadopterus picipes

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Rhagoletis sp. nr

tabellaria

Diptera: Tephritidae

Rhyephenes humeralis

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Scaphytopius acutus

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Scaphytopius frontalis

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Scaphytopius

magdalensis

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Scaphytopius verecundus

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Sciopithes obscurus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Scirtothrips ruthveni

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Serica tristis

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Sparganothis reticulatana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Sparganothis

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Name

Type

Taxonomy

sulfureana

Sparganothis unifasciana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Spintherophyta

semiaurata

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Syncharina lineiceps

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Synchronoblastia crypta

Ascomycota

Synchytrium vaccinii

Chytridiomycota

Systena frontalis

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Teia anartoides

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Tetranychus desertorum

Acarida: Tetranychidae

Thekopsora minima

Basidiomycota

Thrips imaginis

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Thrips obscuratus

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Tolype innocens

Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae

Tomoplagia sp.

Diptera: Tephritidae

Tortrix excessana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Tretogonia notatifrons

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Tydeus tuttlei

Acarida: Tydeidae

Xylena nupera

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Zasmidium oxycocci

Ascomycota

ANNEX 4. Organisms excluded from further consideration at Step 1 and Step 2

The table includes the following categories: contaminant, wild, present in fewer than 3 EU countries, all NO categories (for those, one organism may fall under several NO categories, but only one was used to

exclude it, and not all are indicated) (i.e. a pest may have been excluded because it is regulated in the EU or because it is widespread in the EU, but it may be that Vaccinium is not a host, or that it is not

associated with fruit).

Warning: this is not a list of Vaccinium pests: the host status was not necessarily verified for pests in NO categories excluded for other reasons (e.g. present in the EU, associated to wood, regulated in the EU

etc.).

Type of pests: A = Arachnida, B = Bacteria (incl. phytoplasma), C = Chromista, F = Fungi, G = Gastropoda, I = Insecta, N = Nematoda, V = Viruses and viroids. U = unknown (taxonomic group not be found)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Amplicephalus sp.

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

contaminant

Arhyssus tricostatus

Hemiptera: Rhopalidae

contaminant

Athlia rustica

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

contaminant

Blapstinus punctulatus

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

contaminant

Dexicrates robustus

Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

contaminant

Frankliniella australis

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

contaminant

Kuschelina decorata

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

contaminant

Naupactus xanthographus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

contaminant

Acanthococcus azaleae

Hemiptera: Eriococcidae

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Blueberry red ringspot virus

Caulimoviridae:

soymovirus

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Blueberry shoestring virus

Sobemovirus

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Calonectria colhounii

Ascomycota

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Ceroplastes cirripediformis

Hemiptera: Coccidae

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Colletotrichum karstii

Ascomycota

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Diaspidiotus ancylus

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Epiphyas postvittana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Gloeosporium minus

Ascomycota

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Neopestalotiopsis clavispora

Ascomycota

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Oligonychus ilicis

Acarida: Tetranychidae

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Pestalotia vaccinii

Ascomycota

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Pestalotiopsis adusta

Ascomycota

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Phyllosticta capitalensis

Ascomycota

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Phyllosticta elongata

Ascomycota

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Prodiplosis vaccinii

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Pseudococcus maritimus

Hemiptera:

Pseudococcidae

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Zaprionus indianus

Diptera: Drosophilidae

present in the EU (fewer than 3 countries)

Abagrotis brunneipennis

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Acleris albicomana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Acleris macdunnoughi

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Acleris maculidorsana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Acleris submaccana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Acronicta lanceolaria

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Acronicta tritona

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Amorbia humerosana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Apharetra dentata

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Apotomis vaccini

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Archips argyrospilus

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Archips georgiana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Chaetaglaea cerata

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Chaetaglaea sericea

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Chaetaglaea tremula

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Choristoneura zapulata

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Chrysanympha formosa

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Colias interior

Lepidoptera: Pieridae

wild

Cyclophora myrtaria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

wild

Diarsia rubifera

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Drasteria adumbrata

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Drasteria occulta

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Eueretagrotis attenta

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Eupsilia tristigmata

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Euxoa redimicula

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Filatima vaccinii

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

wild

Frankliniella caudiseta

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

wild

Glena cognataria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

wild

Harrisimemna trisignata

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Lacinipolia lorea

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Lycaena mariposa

Lepidoptera: Lycaneidae

wild

Mesothea incertata

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

wild

Metarranthis obfirmaria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

wild

Metaxaglaea semitaria

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Olethreutes appendicea

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Pandemis limitata

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Phlyctaenia tertialis

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

wild

Polia nimbosa

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Psectraglaea carnosa

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Rhagoletis - undescribed

species

Diptera: Tephritidae

wild

Scopula limboundata

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

wild

Sideridis maryx

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Sympistis dentata

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Syngrapha octoscripta

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Syngrapha orophila

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Tetralopha vacciniivora

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

wild

Xanthotype sospeta

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

wild

Xylena thoracica

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Xylotype capax

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

wild

Zomaria interruptolineana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

wild

Abagrotis anchocelioides

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Acalymma trivittatum

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Acharia stimulea

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Acleris hastiana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Acleris lipsiana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Acleris schalleriana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Acronicta impressa

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Actebia fennica

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Adoretus sinicus

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Adoxophyes orana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Agrotis ipsilon

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Agrotis sp.

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO5 (other reason)

Allanthophomopsis

cytosporea

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Allantophomopsis lycopodina

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Alternaria alternata

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Alternaria japonica

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Alternaria tenuissima

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Altica sylvia

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Ametastegia glabrata

Hymenoptera:

Tenthredinidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Amphiscepa bivittata

Hemiptera: Fulgoridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Amplicephalus curtulus

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Amplicephalus dubius

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Amplicephalus glaucus

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Amplicephalus marginellanus

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Anacampsis sp.

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

NO5 (other reason)

Anastrepha fraterculus

Diptera: Tephritidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Anoplophora chinensis

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Anthonomus signatus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Aphelia paleana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Aphis craccivora

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Aphis fabae

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Aphis gossypii

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Aphis spiraecola

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Aphis vaccinii

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Aphodius tasmaniae

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Apion reconditum

Coleoptera: Apionidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Apion sp.

Coleoptera: Apionidae

NO5 (other reason)

Aporia crataegi

Lepidoptera: Pieridae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Apterygothrips sp.

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO5 (other reason)

Archips purpurana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Archips rosana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Argyrotaenia velutinana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Armillaria luteobubalina

Basidiomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Armillaria mellea

Basidiomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Aspidiotus nerii

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Asterobemisia carpini

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Aulacaspis rosae

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

No3

Aulacorthum vaccinii

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Aureobasidium pullulans

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Autographa californica

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Bactrocera tryoni

Diptera: Tephritidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Belonolaimus longicaudatus

Tylenchida:

Belonolaimidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Bemisia tabaci

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Bergallia confusa

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Bergallia sp.

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO5 (other reason)

Bipolaris cynodontis

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Blitopertha orientalis

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Blueberry leaf mottle virus

Secoviridae: nepovirus

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Blueberry necrotic ring blotch

virus

Bromoviridae: blunervirus

(proposed)

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Blueberry scorch virus

Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Blueberry stunt phytoplasma

Acholeplasmatales:

Acholeplasmataceae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Boarmia pampinaria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO5 (other reason)

Botryosphaeria australis

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Botryosphaeria corticis

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Botryosphaeria dothidea

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Botryosphaeria lutea

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Botryosphaeria obtusa

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Botryosphaeria parva

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Botryosphaeria ribis

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Botryosphaeria sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Botrytis cinerea

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Botrytis pseudocinerea

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Brachycaudus helichrysi

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Brevipalpus obovatus

Acarida: Tenuipalpidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Bryobia praetiosa

Acarida: Tetranychidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Bufomibcrus sp.

Not found

NO5 (other reason)

Burkholderia andropogonis

Burkholderiales:

Burkholderiaceae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Cabera erythemaria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Cadra cautella

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Caliothrips phaseoli

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Caliroa annulipes

Hymenoptera:

Tenthredinidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Calonectria ilicicola

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Calonectria kyotensis

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Calonectria pyrochroa

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Calpodes ethlius

Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Calpodes sp.

Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae

NO5 (other reason)

Camnula

Orthoptera: Acrididae

NO5 (other reason)

Camnula pellucides

Orthoptera: Acrididae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Catacauma paramoense

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Catinathrips kainos

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Catinathrips similis

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Catinathrips vaccinicolus

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Catocala andromedae

Lepidoptera: Erebidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Catocala gracilis

Lepidoptera: Erebidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Catocala louiseae

Lepidoptera: Erebidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Catocala sordida

Lepidoptera: Erebidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Ceratitis capitata

Diptera: Tephritidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Cercospora sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Ceroplastes ceriferus

Hemiptera: Coccidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Ceroplastes floridensis

Hemiptera: Coccidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Ceroplastes sinensis

Hemiptera: Coccidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Chaetosiphon fragaefolii

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Cheimatobia bruceata

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Cherry leaf roll virus

Secoviridae: nepovirus

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Chondrostereum purpureum

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Choristoneura conflictana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Choristoneura rosaceana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Chrysoteuchia topiaria

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Cladosporium

cladosporioides

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Cladosporium herbarum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Cladosporium sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Clarkeulia sp.

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO5 (other reason)

Clastoptera proteus

Hemiptera: Cercopidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Clastoptera saintcyri

Hemiptera: Cercopidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Clepsis pallidana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Clepsis persicana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Coccomyces monticola

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Coccus hesperidum

Hemiptera: Coccidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Coleophoma empetri

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Colletothrichum sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Colletotrichum fioriniae

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Coniothyrium sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Conistra vaccinii

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Conoderus rufangulus

Coleoptera: Elateridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Conotrachelus nenuphar

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Conotrachelus sp.

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO5 (other reason)

Copitarsia decolora

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Copitarsia sp.

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO5 (other reason)

Coptodisca negligens

Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Corynespora cassiicola

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Cranberry dieback disorder

Unknown

NO5 (other reason)

Cranberry false-blossom

phytoplasma

Acholeplasmatales:

Acholeplasmataceae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Croesia curvalana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Curvularia inaequalis

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Curvularia sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Curvularia trifolii

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Cyclocephala longula

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Cyclocephala signaticollis

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Cyclophora pendulinaria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Cydia packardi

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Cylindrocladium ilicicola

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Cytospora sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Dalaca chiliensis

Lepidoptera: Hepialidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Dalaca pallens

Lepidoptera: Hepialidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Darapsa choerilus

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Dasineura oxycoccana

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Datana angusii

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Datana contracta

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Datana drexelii

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Datana major

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Datana ministra

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Davidiella tassiana

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Declana floccosa

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Deroceras laeve/leave

Sigmurethra:

Agrolimacidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Diabrotica speciosa

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Dialeurodes citri

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Diaporthe ambigua

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Diaporthe neotheicola

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Diaporthe vaccinii

Ascomycota

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Diaspidiotus ostraeformis

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Dichelopa vaccinii

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO5 (other reason)

Dichelops furcatus

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Discohainesia oenotherae

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Discosia artocreas

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Discostroma fuscellum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Dothichiza caroliniana

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Draeculacephala spp.

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO5 (other reason)

Drechslera dematioidea

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Drosophila suzukii

Diptera: Drosophilidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Dyscinetus rugifrons

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Elsinoe veneta

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Empoasca fabae

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Eoreuma sp.

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

NO5 (other reason)

Epicoccum nigrum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Epicoccum sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Epirrita autumnata

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Ericaphis fimbriata

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Ericaphis scammelli

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Eriococcus texanus

Hemiptera: Eriococcidae

NO5 (other reason)

Eriophyes vaccinii

Acarida: Eriophyidae

NO5 (other reason)

Estigmene acrea

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Eulecanium tiliae

Hemiptera: Coccidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Eurhizococcus brasiliensis

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Exobasidium aequatorianum

Basidiomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Exobasidium darwinii

Basidiomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Exobasidium inconspicuum

Basidiomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Exobasidium japonicum

Basidiomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Exobasidium kishianum

Basidiomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Exobasidium perenne

Basidiomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Exobasidium rostrupii

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Exobasidium splendidum

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Exobasidium vaccinii

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Exobasidium vaccini-uliginosi

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Fiorinia coronata

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Fiorinia sp.

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO5 (other reason)

Frankliniella cestrum

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO5 (other reason)

Frankliniella occidentalis

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Frankliniella schultzei

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Frankliniella sp.

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO5 (other reason)

Frankliniella tritici

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Fusarium culmorum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Fusarium oxysporum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Fusarium proliferatum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Fusarium sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Fusarium sporotrichioides

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Fusicoccum putrefaciens

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Galgupha albipennis

Hemiptera:

Corimelaneidae

NO5 (other reason)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Gibberella acuminata

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Gibberella avenacea

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Gibberella intricans

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Gibberella pulicaris

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Gloeocercospora inconspicua

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Glomerella acutata

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Glomerella cingulata

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Gonocerus acuteangulatus

Hemiptera: Coreidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Grammophorus minor

Coleoptera: Elateridae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Gryllus sp.

Orthoptera: Gryllidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Gypsonoma aceriana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Haematonectria

haematococca

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Halyomorpha halys

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Haplothrips rectipennis

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO5 (other reason)

Helicotylenchus dihystera

Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Helicoverpa zea

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Hemaris gracilis

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Hemiberlesia cyanophylli

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Hemiberlesia lataniae

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Hemiberlesia rapax

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Hendecaneura shawiana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Heterobasidion parviporum

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Homalodisca insolita

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Homalodisca vitripennis

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Homona magnanima

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Homonopsis illotana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Hoplosphyrum griseus

Orthoptera: Mogoplistidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Humicola grisea

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Hyalopterus pruni

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Hyperomyzus lactucae

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Hyphantria cunea

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Hypothenemus sp.

Coleoptera: Scolytidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Icerya purchasi

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Illinoia lambersi

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Ilyonectria radicicola

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Iridopsis ephyraria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Kalmusia coniothyrium

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Kuschelina sp.

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

NO5 (other reason)

Lamdbina fiscellaria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Lepidosaphes ulmi

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Leptosphaeria coniothyrium

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Leptosphaeria nodorum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Lexiphanes sp.

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

NO5 (other reason)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Lichnanthe vulpina

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Limotettix corniculus

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Limotettix vaccinii

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Limothrips angulicornis

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Limothrips cerealium

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Liorhyssus hyalinus

Hemiptera: Rhopalidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Liriomyza sp.

Diptera: Agromyzidae

NO5 (other reason)

Listroderes sp.

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO5 (other reason)

Lithraeus egenus

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Lophodermium hypophyllum

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Lophodermium oxycocci

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Lycaena epixanthe

Lepidoptera: Lycaneidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Lycia ursaria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Lycophotia phyllophora

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Lymantria dispar

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Lymantria monacha

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Macaria argillacearia

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Macaria brunneata

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Macaria sulphurea

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Macrophomina phaseolina

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Malacosoma americanum

Lepidoptera:

Lasiocampidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Mallocephala deserticola

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Masonaphis azalea

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Medonia deromecoides

Coleoptera: Elateridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Megalopyge amita

Lepidoptera:

Megalopygidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Melanoplus fasciatus

Orthoptera: Acrididae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Melanoplus gracilis

Orthoptera: Acrididae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Melanoplus spp.

Orthoptera: Acrididae

NO5 (other reason)

Meliola niessliana

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Microgryllus pallipes

Orthoptera: Gryllidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Microsphaera penicillata

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Microsphaera vaccinii

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Mocis latipes

Lepidoptera: Erebidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Monilinia baccarum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Monilinia fructigena

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Monilinia ledi

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Monilinia megalospora

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Monilinia oxycocci

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Monilinia urnula

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Montagnula obtusa

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Mycosphaerella punctiformis

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Mythimna unipuncta

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Myxothyrium leptideum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Myzus persicae

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Naohidemyces vaccinii

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Naupactus godmani

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Naupactus leucoloma

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Nectria cinnabarina

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Nematocampa resistaria

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Nematus oligospilus

Hymenoptera:

Tenthredinidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Neofusicoccum australe

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Neofusicoccum

nonquaesitum

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Neopareophora litura

Hymenoptera:

Tenthredinidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Nezara viridula

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Niesslia exilis

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Nigrospora sphaerica

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Nocardia vaccinii

Actinomycetales:

Nocardiaceae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Nodonota sp.

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

NO5 (other reason)

Nomophila indistinctalis or

other South American spp.

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

NO5 (other reason)

Nomophila noctuella

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Nomophila sp.

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

NO5 (other reason)

Nycterinus sp.

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

NO5 (other reason)

Nycterinus thoracicus

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Nysius huttoni

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Nysius sp.

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae

NO5 (other reason)

Oberea myops

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Oberea tripunctata

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Oceanaspidiotus spinosus

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Oemona hirta

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Oiketicus sp.

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

NO5 (other reason)

Olethreutes lacunana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Olethreutes moderata

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Oncometopia nigricans

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Oncometopia orbona

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Oncopeltus fasciatus

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Operophtera brumata

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Ophiodothella cuervoi

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Ophiodothella vaccinii

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Orgyia antiqua

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Orgyia antiquoides

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Orgyia pseudotsugata

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Orthorhinus cylindrirostris

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Orthotaenia undulana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Orthotomicus sp.

Coleoptera: Scolytidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Orthotydeus californicus

Acarida: Tydeidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Otiorhynchus ovatus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Otiorhynchus singularis

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Otiorhynchus sulcatus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pangrapta decoralis

Lepidoptera: Erebidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Pantomorus cervinus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Paraconiothyrium sporulosum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Parthenolecanium corni

Hemiptera: Coccidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Passalora calotropidis

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Peach rosette mosaic virus

Secoviridae: nepovirus

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Penicillium expansum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Penicillium sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Percolapsis varia

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

NO5 (other reason)

Peridroma saucia

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pestalotia guepinii

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pestalotiopsis maculans

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pestalotiopsis neglecta

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pestalotiopsis photinae

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Pestalotiopsis sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Phaeodothis winteri

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phigalia titea

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Phoma sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Phycopsis dennisii

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Phyllactinia guttata

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phyllophaga anxia

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Phyllophaga sp.

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO5 (other reason)

Phyllosticta ampellicida

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phyllosticta elongata

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Phyllosticta sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Physalospora vaccinii

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phytonemus pallidus

Acarida: Tarsonemidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phytophthora cinnamomi

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phytophthora citricola

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phytophthora citrophthora

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phytophthora cryptogea

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phytophthora fragariae

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phytophthora kernoviae

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Phytophthora megasperma

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phytophthora

pseudosyringae

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Phytophthora ramorum

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phytophthora sp.

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO5 (other reason)

Phytoplasma asteris

Acholeplasmatales:

Acholeplasmataceae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Phytoplasma solani

Acholeplasmatales:

Acholeplasmataceae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Piezodorus guildinii

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Pilidium lythri

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Plagiognathus sp.

Hemiptera: Miridae

NO5 (other reason)

Platynota flavedana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Platynota sp.

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO5 (other reason)

Pleospora herbarum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pleospora tarda

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Plusia putnami

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Podosphaera clandestina

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Polydrusus sericeus

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Polydrusus sp.

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO5 (other reason)

Popillia japonica

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Porotermes quadricollis

Isoptera: Termopsidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Pratylenchus brachyurus

Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Pratylenchus penetrans

Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Prietocella barbara

Pulmonata: Cochlicellidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Prionapteryx nebulifera

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Pristiphora idiota

Hymenoptera:

Tenthredinidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pristiphora mollis

Hymenoptera:

Tenthredinidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pristiphora sp.

Hymenoptera:

Tenthredinidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Proeulia sp.

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO5 (other reason)

Prolimacodes badia

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Protopulvinaria pyriformis

Hemiptera: Coccidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Protoventuria myrtilli

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pseudexentera vaccini

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Pseudococcus calceolariae

Hemiptera:

Pseudococcidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pseudococcus longispinus

Hemiptera:

Pseudococcidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pseudococcus sorghiellus

Hemiptera:

Pseudococcidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Pseudococcus sp.

Hemiptera:

Pseudococcidae

NO5 (other reason)

Pseudococcus viburni

Hemiptera:

Pseudococcidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pseudomonas new disease

Pseudomonales:

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Pseudomonadaceae

Pseudomonas syringae

Pseudomonales:

Pseudomonadaceae

NO5 (other reason)

Pseudomonas syringae pv.

syringae

Pseudomonales:

Pseudomonadaceae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pseudomonas viridiflava

Pseudomonales:

Pseudomonadaceae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pseudoparlatoria

parlatorioides

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pseudoparodia pseudopeziza

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Pseudothrips bekhami

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Puccinia iridis

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pucciniastrum goeppertianum

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pucciniastrum sp.

Basidiomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Pucciniastrum vaccinii

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pythium irregulare

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pythium splendens

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Pythium ultimum

Pseudofungi: Oomycetes

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Quadraspidiotus perniciosus

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Rachiplusia nu

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Rhagoletis mendax

Diptera: Tephritidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Rhagoletis pomonella

Diptera: Tephritidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Rhinoseius rafinskii

Acarida: Ascidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Rhizobium radiobacter

Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Rhizobium rhizogenes

Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Rhizobium rubi

Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Rhizopus sp.

Zygomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Rhizopus stolonifer

Zygomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Rhopalosiphoninus

staphyleae

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Rhopobota myrtillana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Rhopobota naevana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Rhopobota unipunctana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO5 (other reason)

Rhopobota ustomaculana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Saissetia oleae

Hemiptera: Coccidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Saturnia pavonia

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Scaphytopius vaccinium

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO5 (other reason)

Schinia vaccinia

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Schizophyllum commune

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Schizothyrium pomi

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Schizura concinna

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Schizura iponomoeae

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Schizura unicornis

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Scirtothrips citri

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Scirtothrips mangiferae

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Scitala sericans

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Sclerotinia minor

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Seimatosporium vaccinii

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Selenomphalus euryae

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

NO5 (other reason)

Septoria albopunctata

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Septoria lagerheimii

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Septoria sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Sericoides sp.

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO5 (other reason)

Sibinia albovittata

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Sibinia sp.

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO5 (other reason)

Silver leaf

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Sitona sp.

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

NO5 (other reason)

Smynthurodes betae

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Sonesimia grossa

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Sordaria fimicola

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Sparganothis directana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Sphaeria vacciniicola

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Sphaerodothis circumscripta

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Sphinx canadensis

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

NO5 (other reason)

Sphinx gordius

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

NO5 (other reason)

Spilonota ocellana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Spodoptera eridania

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Spodoptera frugiperda

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Stathmopoda sp.

Lepidoptera:

Stathmopodidae

NO5 (other reason)

Stemphylium sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Stenoptilodes littoralis

Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Stenoptilodes sp.

Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae

NO5 (other reason)

Stephanitis pyri

Hemiptera: Tingidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Stephanitis takeyai

Hemiptera: Tingidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Stereum rugosum

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Stomiopeltis myrciae

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Strasseria geniculata

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Strawberry latent ringspot

virus

Secoviridae: possibly

nepovirus

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Strepsicrates smithiana

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Synelys enucleata

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO5 (other reason)

Syngrapha epigaea

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Syngrapha microgamma

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Tana paulseni

Diptera: Stratiomyiidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Tapajosa rubromarginata

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Tarsonemus confusus

Acarida: Tarsonemidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Tarsonemus sp.

Acarida: Tarsonemidae

NO5 (other reason)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Tetralopha sp.

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

NO5 (other reason)

Tetranychus urticae

Acarida: Tarsonemidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Thanatephorus cucumeris

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Thelephora terrestris

Basidiomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Thielaviopsis basicola

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Thrips australis

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Thrips sp.

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO5 (other reason)

Thrips tabaci

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Thyridopteryx

ephemeraeformis

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Tobacco ringspot virus

Secoviridae: nepovirus

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Tobacco streak virus

Bromoviridae: ilarvirus

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Tomarus villosus

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Tomato ringspot virus

Secoviridae: nepovirus

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Topospora myrtilli

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Trialeurodes vaporarium

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Trichoderma hamatum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Trichoderma harzianum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Trichoderma koningii

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Trichodorus

Dorylaimida: Trichodoridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Trichothecium roseum

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Trichothyrium orbiculare

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Trichothyrium reptans

Ascomycota

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Trigona spinipes

Hymenoptera: Apidae

NO4 (not associated with Vaccinium)

Truncatella angustata

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Trupanea signata

Diptera: Tephritidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Tulsa finitella

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Tydeus sp.

Acarida: Tydeidae

NO5 (other reason)

Tylenchorhynchus claytoni

Tylenchida: Dolichodoridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Ukamenia sapporensis

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Ulocladium sp.

Ascomycota

NO5 (other reason)

Uraecha angusta

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Valdensinia heterodoxa

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Valsa ceratosperma

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Valsa sordida

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Verticillium dahliae

Ascomycota

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Wahlgreniella vaccinii

Hemiptera: Aphididae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Xerophloea sp.

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

NO5 (other reason)

Xestia c-nigrum

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO3 (present in 3 EU countries or more)

Xestia dilucida

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Xestia normaniana

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Xestia youngii

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO5 (other reason)

Xiphinema americanum

Dorylaimida: Longidoridae

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Xiphinema rivesi

Dorylaimida: Longidoridae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Xylella fastidiosa

Xanthomonadales:

NO1 (regulated in the EU)

Species

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Xanthomonadaceae

Xylena cineritia

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

Zeuzera coffeae

Lepidoptera: Cossidae

NO2 (not associated with Vaccinium fruit)

ANNEX 5. Vaccinium Alert List

This Alert List is divided into three parts. Please refer to section 2.3 and to Annex 2 of this report for

details of the categories retained in each Part.

It was not possible to further rank the pests within the three parts by their level of risk. Pests are listed

by type (pathogen, acari, insect) and then in alphabetical order.

The Alert List was finalized at December 2015, and does not contain new information that may have

become available after that date.

CONTENTS

PART 1 – PESTS WITH HIGH ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE AND MORE LIKELY TO TRANSFER

Pathogens

Thekopsora minima (Basidiomycota)

Insects

Acrobasis vaccinii (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Frankliniella bispinosa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Phlyctinus callosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Proeulia auraria (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Sparganothis sulfureana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

PART 2 – PESTS WITH LESSER ECONOMIC

IMPORTANCE AND MORE LIKELY TO TRANSFER,

OR HIGH ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE BUT LESS

LIKELY TO TRANSFER

Pathogens

Exobasidium maculosum (Basidiomycota)

Acari

Acalitus vaccinii (Acarida: Eriophyidae)

Insects

Acleris minuta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Aroga trialbamaculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Choristoneura parallela (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Cingilia catenaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Ctenopseustis obliquana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Epiglaea apiata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Grapholita libertina (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Ochropleura implecta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Orthosia hibisci (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Systena frontalis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Teia anartoides (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Thrips obscuratus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Tortrix excessana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Xylena nupera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

PART 3 – NEW PESTS OF VACCINIUM, POSSIBLY

EMERGING

Pathogens

Diaporthe australafricana (Ascomycota)

Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium (Ascomycota)

Insects

Accuminulia buscki (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Clarkeulia bourquini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Clarkeulia deceptiva (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Hylamorpha elegans (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Hyphantus sulcifrons (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Plagiognathus repetitus (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Proeulia chrysopteris (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Proeulia triquetra (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Tolype innocens (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

PART 1 – PESTS WITH HIGH ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND MORE LIKELY TO

TRANSFER

Pathogens

Thekopsora minima (Basidiomycota)

Fruit pathway: Pustules are produced on fruit. T. minima is airborne and is also transmissible by contact

(e.g. sticking to clothes) (BiosecurityTasmania, 2014a).

Other pathways: Plants for planting; pustules are also produced on leaves (Biosecurity Tasmania, 2014a).

Hosts: Several Vaccinium spp., incl. V. corymbosum (Schilder and Miles, 2011; Rebollar-Alviter et al.,

2011, Yepes and Buritica Cespedes, 2012; McTaggart et al., 2013 ), V. angustifolium var. laevifolium, V.

erythrocarpon (Mostert et al., 2010), V. angustifolium (Farr and Rossman, 2015), also others such as Azalea,

Rhododendron, Gaylussacia, Lyonia (Farr and Rossman, 2015). The fungus has an alternate host, Tsuga

(Mostert et al., 2010).

Distribution: Africa: South Africa (2006; Mostert et al., 2010); Asia: Japan (Farr and Rossman, 2015);

North America: Canada, USA (Farr and Rossman, 2015), Mexico (Rebollar-Alviter et al., 2011; first finding

in 2007); South America: Colombia (Yepes and Buritica Cespedes, 2012); Oceania: Australia (New South

Wales, Queensland, Victoria; and entered but did not establish in Tasmania; McTaggart et al., 2013;

Biosecurity Tasmania, 2014a, b, c). T. minima was found recently on several new continents.

Uncertain records: Biosecurity Tasmania (2014a) mentions Argentina and Europe, but no record was found.

There was one incursion (in one nursery) in 2015 in Germany, and eradication is required (German express

PRA; JKI, 2015). In addition, JKI (2015) makes the hypothesis that records of Pucciniastrum vaccini in

Spain (in 1997; Barrau et al., 2002), Argentina and Hawaii may have been misidentifications of T. minima.

However, this is not confirmed. No record was found for T. minima in Spain.

Damage: T. minima causes a severe disease, with extensive defoliation (BiosecurityTasmania, 2014a). Since

the first finding in Mexico in 2007, it has become one of the most significant diseases of blueberry in Jalisco

and Michoacan (Rebollar-Alviter et al., 2011). There were serious outbreaks in Michigan in 2010 on V.

corymbosum, but the economic importance of the fungus remained to be studied (Schilder and Miles, 2011).

Recorded impact: High

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Yes

References:

Barrau C, de los Santos B, Romero F. 2002. First Report of Leaf Rust of Southern High-Bush Blueberry Caused by Pucciniastrum

vaccinii in Southwestern Spain. Plant Disease, Volume 86, Number 10. Page 1178

Biosecurity Tasmania. 2014a. Blueberry Rust (Thekopsora minima P.Syd & Syd). Biosecurity Tasmania Fact Sheet. Current as at

October 2014. Tasmanian Government, Biosecurity Tasmania. Available at http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/biosecurity (accessed

August 2015)

Biosecurity Tasmania. 2014b. FAQ: Blueberry rust Thekopsora minima. Biosecurity Tasmania Fact Sheet. November 2014. BBR-

002. Tasmanian Government, Biosecurity Tasmania. Available at http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/biosecurity (accessed August 2015)

Biosecurity Tasmania. 2014c. News item. 24 September 2014. Tasmanian Government, Biosecurity Tasmania. Available at

http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/biosecurity

Farr DF, Rossman AY. 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-

grin.gov/fungaldatabases (accessed August 2015)

JKI. 2015. Express – PRA zu Thekopsora minima – Auftreten – erstellt von: Julius Kühn-Institut, Institut für nationale und

internationale Angelegenheiten der Pflanzengesundheit am: 4. Juni 2015. Zuständige Mitarbeiter: Dr. Gritta Schrader; Dr.

Wolfgang Maier (Institut für Epidemiologie und Pathogendiagnostik, JKI).

http://pflanzengesundheit.jki.bund.de/dokumente/upload/fee0d_thekopsora-minima_express-pra.pdf (accessed August 2015)

McTaggart AR, Geering ADW, Shivas RG. 2013. Thekopsora minima causes blueberry rust in south-eastern Queensland and

northern New South Wales. Australasian Plant Dis. Notes (2013) 8:81–83.

Mostert L, Bester W, Jensen T, Coertze S, van Hoorn A, Le Roux J, Retief E, Wood A, Aime MC. 2010. First Report of Leaf Rust of

Blueberry Caused by Thekopsora minima on Vaccinium corymbosum in the Western Cape, South Africa. Plant Disease, Volume

94, Number 4, page 478.

Rebollar Alviter A, Minnis AM, Dixon LJ, Castlebury LA, Ramírez Mendoza MR, Silva Rojas HV, Valdovinos Ponce G. 2011. First

Report of Leaf Rust of Blueberry Caused by Thekopsora minima in Mexico. Plant Disease, June 2011, Volume 95, Number 6,

Page 772

Salazar Yepes M, Buriticá Céspedes P. 2012. Nuevos Registros de Royas (Pucciniales) en Plantas de Interés Agronómico y

Ornamental en Colombia. Rev.Fac.Nal.Agr.Medellín 65(2):6691-6696

Schilder AMC, Miles TD. 2011. First Report of Blueberry Leaf Rust Caused by Thekopsora minima on Vaccinium corymbosum in

Michigan. Plant Disease, Volume 95, Number 6, Page 768

Insects

Acrobasis vaccinii (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fruit pathway: eggs are laid at the blossom/calyx end of berries, more rarely elsewhere on the fruit surface;

larvae feed inside the fruit (Averill and Sylvia, 1998).

Other pathways: soil; larvae fall to the ground to pupate, plants for planting may be a pathway if they carry

fruit, but also possibly because larvae move between fruit during their lifetime, as they feed on several

berries (see Damage).

Uncertain pathway: plants for planting.

Hosts: Only 2 genera, Vaccinium and Gaylussacia (Averill and Sylvia, 1998), incl. V. macrocarpon

(IPMCenters, 1998; NYS, 2014; AgricultureCanada, 2007; AgriReseauQuebec, 2015; Dixon and Hillier,

2003), V. oxycoccus, V. angustifolium, V. vitis-idaea (Dixon and Hillier, 2003), V. australe, V. stamineum, V.

corymbosum (BugGuide, 2015). Roubos (2009) mentions a record for Malus (as 'apple'), but this was not

found in other publications.

Distribution: North America: Canada, USA. In Eastern North America, it occurs from Quebec, Nova Scotia

and Newfounland southwards to Florida, and westwards into parts of Wisconsin and Texas; the finding in

Newfoundland is recent (Finn, 2003; AgriReseauQuebec, 2015, Dixon and Hillier, 2003). In the West, it

occurs at least in Washington and British Columbia. It was recently rediscovered after 40 years absence

(IPMCenters, 2000); previously small populations were recorded after accidental introduction in the 1920s

(Finn, 2003).

Damage: Damage is caused by larvae. Feeding on flowers buds decreases yield and feeding on fruit causes

direct losses. Each larva may eat 3-8 berries (Agriculture Canada, 2007; IPMCenters, 1998). Infested berries

may ripen earlier (Agriculture Canada, 2007), they become reddish, and later dry and shrivel (IPMCenters,

1998). Larvae close/hide the opening in the berry with silk, and silk also webs berries together; berries may

thus be harvested and packaged without the pest being detected, resulting in consumers finding larvae in

packaged berries (Prodorutti et al., 2007; LSUAgCenter, 2010). A. vaccinii is a primary pest of cranberries

and a serious pest of highbush blueberries (Fitzpratick, 2009 cited in NVWA, 2012). It also feeds on wild

Vaccinium, from which it may move into commercial fields (Prodorutti et al, 2007). Losses of 50-80% are

mentioned (LSUAgCenter, 2010; Finn, 2003: Prodorutti et al., 2007). It is the only pest of cranberry in

Eastern Canada that requires regular application of control measures (insecticides) (Le Duc et al., 2004).

Recorded impact: High

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Yes

References:

AgricultureCanada. 2007. Crop profile for cranberry in Canada. http://www.agr.gc.ca/pmc-cropprofiles

AgriReseauQuebec. 2015. Publication on cranberry, annexe 5: Identification des insectes ravageurs de la canneberge présents au

Québec (Source: Insectes ravageurs de la canneberge au Québec. Guide d’identification. CETAQ 2000).

Averill AL, Sylvia MM. 1998. Cranberry Insects of the Northeast: A Guide to Identification, Biology, and Management. UMass

Extension. 112 pp.

BugGuide. 2015. Internet Database. Identification, Images, & Information For Insects, Spiders & Their Kin For the United States &

Canada. Iowa State University, 2003-2015.

Dixon PG, Hillier NK. 2003. Insect pests of wild cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, in Newfoundland and Labrador. Phytoprotection

83: 139-145

Finn, E. 2003. Developing integrated pest management (IPM) techniques for managing key insect pests of blueberries in the

Southeastern United States. Thesis (MSc). University of Florida.

IPM Centers. 1998. Crop Profile for Cranberries in Wisconsin. http://www.ipmcenters.org/

IPM Centers. 2000. Crop Profile for Cranberries in Washington. http://www.ipmcenters.org/

Le Duc I, Turcotte C, Allard F. 2004. Manuel de lutte intégrée de la canneberge de l’est canadien. Agriculture Canada. 148 pp.

LSUAgCenter. 2010. Cranberry Fruitworm. www.lsuagcenter.com.

NVWA. 2012. Pest Risk Analysis for Blueberry scorch virus - Including an inventory of highbush blueberry pests and diseases

present in North America and absent in the Netherlands. Dirk Jan van der Gaag, Arjen Werkman & Gerard van Leeuwen.

Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture & Innovation

NYS. 2014. Production Guide for Organic Blueberries. IPM Publication No. 225. New York State Integrated Pest Management

Programme. http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu

Prodorutti D, Pertot I, Giongo L, Gessler C. 2007. Highbush Blueberry: Cultivation, Protection, Breeding and Biotechnology. The

European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology. 1(1), 44-56

Roubos CR. 2009. Monitoring and managing blueberry gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in rabbiteye blueberries. Thesis (PhD),

University of Florida.

Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fruit pathway: adults feed on fruit (Parra et al., 2009).

Other pathways: plants for planting, soil; adults also feed on shoots, buds and leaves, larvae feed on plant

collars and roots, and pupate in plant collars, eggs are laid at the plant collar or in the soil (Parra et al., 2009;

Biosecurity Australia, 2011).

Hosts: Polyphagous on a wide range of hosts, incl. Vaccinium corymbosum, Rubus idaeus, Fragaria x

ananassa, Ribes uva-crispa, Rubus, Ribes, Malus domestica, Corylus avellana, Nothofagus (Koch and

Waterhouse, 2000), Cydonia oblonga, Salix viminalis, Prunus salicina (Parra et al., 2009).

Distribution: South America: Argentina, Chile (Koch and Waterhouse, 2000; Ellena et al., 2014; Parra et

al., 2009).

Damage: The primary cause of damage to crops is through larvae feeding on roots, which can result in plant

death; adults cause damage to shoots, buds, leaves and fruit (in severe cases, plants are defoliated, sometimes

leading to plant death) (Parra et al., 2009; Biosecurity Australia, 2011). A. superciliosus is mentioned as the

most important pest of raspberry and blueberry in the South of Chile (Mutis et al., 2010). It is also a pest on

currant, strawberry (Aguilera, no date; Parra et al., 2009), hazelnut (Ellena et al., 2014), fruit crops, berries,

gooseberries (Biosecurity Australia, 2011, citing others), occasionally on apple (Parra et al., 2009). It has

passed from its native hosts to exotic crops (Parra et al., 2009).

Other information: The pest is listed in EU Decision 9 April 2003 (1184) 'Derogation for import of

strawberry plants from Chile' (EUR-Lex, 2015). It is regulated in Australia for dormant rooted cuttings of

hazelnut (Biosecurity Australia, 2011).

Recorded impact: High

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Aguilera R. no date. Controlo selectivo de plages en frutales de la zona sur. [Source unknown]. Available at

http://www2.inia.cl/medios/biblioteca/seriesinia/NR19592.pdf (accessed August 2015)

Biosecurity Australia. 2011. Final review of policy: importation of hazelnut (Corylus species) propagative material from Chile.

Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australia.

Ellena M, Sandoval P, Gonzalez A, Jequier J, Contreras M, Grau Beretta P. 2014. Chilean hazelnut situation and perspectives. VIII

International Congress on Hazelnut. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1052.

EUR-Lex. 2015. Access to European Union Law. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=en

Koch KC, Waterhouse DF. 2000. The distribution and importance of arthropods associated with agriculture and forestry in Chile

(Distribucion e importancia de los artropodos asociados a la agricultura y silvicultura en Chile). ACIAR Monograph No. 68, 234

pp.

Mutis A, Parra L, Manosalva L, Palma R, Candia O, Lizama M, Pardo F, Perich F, Quiroz A. 2010. Electroantennographic and

behavioral responses of adults of raspberry weevil Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to odors released from

conspecific females. Environmental Entomology; 2010. 39(4):1276‐1282. 39 ref.

Parra LB, Mutis AT, Aguilera AP, Rebolledo RR, Quiroz AC. 2009. Estado del conocimiento sobre el cabrito del frambueso (CF),

Aegorhinus superciliosus (Guérin) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) knowledge of the “cabrito del frambueso ” weevil (cf) Aegorhinus

superciliosus (guerin) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). IDESIA (Chile) Enero-Abril 2009; 27:1, 57-65.

Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed externally on fruit (Rocca and Brown, 2013; Meneguim and Hohmann, 2007;

Botton et al., 2003, SATA, 2012).

Other pathways: plants for planting, soil (on its own or associated with plants or tubers); larvae are also on

flowers, buds, leaves of their host plants (see 'damage'), no information was found on the location of pupae,

but the pupae of the related species A. velutina and A. citrina are in leaves or debris on the ground.

Uncertain pathways: cut flowers and branches, herbs.

Hosts: Polyphagous, on a wide range of hosts, incl. Vaccinium corymbosum (new host; Rocca and Brown,

2013), Prunus persica, Diospyros kaki, Pyrus, Citrus, Citrus sinensis (Meneguim and Hohmann, 2007), Zea

mays, Acacia, Medicago sativa, Chrysanthemum, Pelargonium, Malus sylvestris, Prunus, Vitis vinifera,

Rosa, Mentha piperita, Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum, S. tuberosum (Trematerra and Brown,

2004).

Distribution: South America: Argentina (Rocca and Brown, 2013), Bolivia (Trematerra and Brown, 2004

citing others), Brazil, Uruguay (Meneguim and Hohmann, 2007). Uncertain records: South America: Peru;

Central America: Panama (collection specimens; Trematerra and Brown, 2004).

Damage: On blueberry, larvae feed primarily on flowers, buds and fruit (for 4 Tortricidae species newly

reported on V. corymbosum - Rocca and Brown, 2013). On Citrus, the pest causes damage on foliage and

fruit (newly formed or ripening) (Meneguim and Hohmann, 2007). External feeding damage on leaves and

fruits is also recorded for other hosts, such as pear, pear, persimmon (Botton et al., 2003); apple, grapevine

(SATA, 2012). Feeding on fruit decreases its value and favours fungal infections (Botton et al., 2003). A.

sphaeleropa is a major pest in apple orchards and vineyards in Southern Uruguay, and also on Diospyros

kaki in Brazil (limiting or impairing fruit production; Bentancourt et al., 2003) and pear (Botton et al., 2003).

Damage was observed in 85% of sampled persimmon orchards in one region of Brazil (Bavaresco et al.,

2005).

Recorded impact: High (on

another crop)

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Bavaresco A, Botton M, Garcia MS, Nondillo A. 2005. Danos e insetos em frutos de caquizeiro em pomares da Serra Gaucha. (In

Portuguese.) Agropecuaria Catarinense 18(3): 56-59.

Bentancourt CM, Scatoni IB, Gonzalez A, Franco J. 2003. Effects of Larval Diet on the Development and Reproduction of

Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Neotropical Entomology 32(4):551-557 (2003)

Botton M, Bavaresco A, Garcia MS. 2003. Ocorrência de Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Danificando

Pêssegos na Serra Gaúcha, Rio Grande do Sul. Neotropical Entomology 32(3):503-505.

Meneguim AM, Hohmann CL. 2007. Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Citrus in the State of Paraná,

Brazil. Neotropical Entomology 36(2):317-319 (2007)

Rocca M, Brown JW. 2013. New Host Records for Four Species of Tortricid Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Cultivated

Blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae), in Argentina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington

115(2):167-172.

SATA. 2012. Argyrotaenia sphaeleropa (from Betancourt et al., 2010). SATA. Guia para la proteccion y nutricion vegetal.

http://laguiasata.com/joomla/index.php?view=article&catid=68%3Anombres%C2%ADcientifico&id=

610%3Aargyrotaenia%C2%ADsphaleropa&tmpl=component&print=1&la%E2%80%A6

Trematerra P, Brown JW. 2004. Argentine Argyrotaenia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Synopsis and descriptions of two new species.

Zootaxa 574: 1–12.

Frankliniella bispinosa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Fruit pathway: nymphs and adults feed on fruit (Finn, 2003; Liburd et al, 2013).

Other pathways: plants for planting; eggs are inside plant tissues (especially flowers), and other life stages

feed on various plant parts, including buds, leaves, flowers. The last two nymphal instars hide in the ground

or flowers, and do not feed (Finn, 2003; Liburd et al, 2013).

Uncertain pathway: soil.

Hosts: Polyphagous, incl. Vaccinium corymbosum, V. darrowii, V. ashei (Finn, 2003; Liburd et al., 2013),

Capsicum, Fragaria, Nicotiana, Citrus, Rosa, Secale cereale, Triticum (CABI CPC), Hibiscus,

Chrysanthemum, Solanum melongena, Zea mays, Cucumis sativus, Arachis hypogea, Citrullus lanatus,

Juniperus, Persea americana, Solanum lycopersicon, Passiflora (Childers & Nakara, 2006), Phaseolus (as

'beans') (EFSA, 2012).

Distribution: North America: USA (Florida - Childers & Nakara, 2006; Georgia [unconfirmed] - CABI

CPC; 'South-East USA' - Hoddle et al., 2012); Caribbean: Puerto Rico [unconfirmed] (CABI CPC),

Bermuda, Bahama Islands (Hoddle et al., 2012).

Damage: On blueberry, F. bispinosa causes reduction in quality and quantity of fruits produced (through

damage on other plant parts), and direct damage on fruit through feeding and scars from egg laying (Liburd

et al., 2013). F. spinosa, F. tritici and F. occidentalis are also mentioned collectively to feed on mature fruits

(Finn, 2003). F. bispinosa may cause major yield losses; It is the dominant thrips on blueberry in Florida

(Liburd et al., 2007). Finally, F. bispinosa is a known vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus (EFSA, 2012).

Possible damage on other hosts was not considered here.

Recorded impact: High, also

vector

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc

Childers CC, Nakahara S. 2006. Thysanoptera (thrips) within citrus orchards in Florida: Species distribution, relative and seasonal

abundance within trees, and species on vines and ground cover plants. Journal of Insect Science: Volume 6 | Article 45

EFSA. 2012. Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of the tospoviruses. EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH). European Food

Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy EFSA Journal 2012;10(7):2772.

FBGA. No date. Pest management. A Multifaceted Approach For Control Of Blueberry Pests in SoutheasternUnited States: Project

Summary (Internet page). Florida Blueberry Growers Association. http://floridablueberrygrowers.com/grower/growers-

resources/ (Accessed August 2015)

Finn E. 2003. Developing integrated pest management (IPM) techniques for managing key insect pests of blueberries in the

Southeastern United States. Thesis (MSc). University of Florida.

Hoddle MS, Mound LA, Paris DL. 2012. Thrips of California. CBIT Publishing, Queensland.

http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/Thrips_of_California.html (accessed August 2015)

Liburd OE, Arèvalo A, Rhodes EM. 2013. Integrated Strategies for Controlling Flower Thrips in Southern Highbush Blueberries. IPM-

140. University of Florida, IFAS Extension.

Phlyctinus callosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fruit pathway: adults feed on fruit (see Damage). P. callosus has been intercepted frequently in the USA,

including on table grapes (CABI CPC).

Other pathways: Plants for planting, soil; adults also feed on leaves and green stems, eggs, larvae and

pupae are in the soil, and larvae feed on roots (CABI CPC).

Uncertain pathways: cut flowers, vegetables, root vegetables.

Hosts: Polyphagous, hosts incl. Vaccinium corymbosum (Bredenhand et al., 2010), Daucus carota subsp.

sativus, Malus domestica, Vitis vinifera, vegetables (PQR). CABI CPC lists additional hosts such as

Fragaria ananassa, Juglans regia, Pastinaca sativa, Pelargonium, Prunus persica, Prunus domestica,

Prunus salicina, Pyrus communis.

Distribution: Africa: South Africa (Bredenhand et al., 2010); Oceania: Australia, New Zealand (PQR). P.

callosus has spread from South Africa to New Zealand and Australia (CABI CPC).

Damage: Adults of P. callosus cause damage to fruit on apple, nectarine, pear, plum and peach, and on

grapevine mostly to leaf and stems (incl. those of bunches or berries); lesions on fruit make it unmarketable.

Larvae cause damage to roots, which is not important on established trees, but important on root vegetables.

In South Africa, most damage is caused by adults; P. callosus causes 40% of all damage to apple in Elgin

area (Western Cape province); damage was estimated to reach US$ 500,000 in 1987). Main crop losses in

untreated apple orchards ranged from 5 to 29% between seasons. In Tasmania, economic damage is caused

by larvae on vegetable root crops. In Australia, it is a polyphagous pest of economically important crops

where it has established, also in nurseries (CABI CPC).

Recorded impact: High (on

another crop)

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Yes

References:

Bredenhand E, Hoorn A, van May F, Ferreira T, Johnson S. 2010. Evaluation of techniques for monitoring banded fruit weevil,

Phlyctinus callosus (Schoenherr) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae), infestation in blueberry orchards. African Entomology; 2010.

18(1):205‐209. 24 ref.

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc

PQR. Plant Quarantine data Retrieval system: EPPO Database on Quarantine Pests. www.eppo.int (accessed August 2015)

Proeulia auraria (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed externally on fruit (CABI CPC). The pest was intercepted on blueberries in the

USA (34 interceptions) and Japan (2 interceptions) (BlueberriesChile, 2011-2012).

Other pathways: plants for planting; eggs are on leaves, larvae feed on leaves (which they roll and fold),

also on flowers, growing points (CABI CPC); the pest overwinters as larvae on plants (twigs, bark, momified

fruit) (Arysta 2003).

Uncertain pathway: cut flowers and branches.

Hosts: Vaccinium (Blueberries Chile, 2011-2012), Actinidia deliciosa, Citrus sinensis, Malus domestica,

Platanus orientalis, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus domestica, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis,

Robinia pseudoacacia, Vitis vinifera (CABI CPC), Juglans regia, also new hosts records, incl.: Cotoneaster,

Cercis siliquastrum, Rosa, Nothofagus obliqua, Pittosporum tobira, Punica granatum, Buddleja davidii

(Cepeda and Cubillos, 2011)

Distribution: South America: Chile (CABI CPC).

Damage: Damage is caused by larvae feeding on buds, flowers, leaves and fruit. They are very voracious,

and able to destroy large numbers of buds, cut flowers, and bore open galleries on fruits (at the surface, but

varying in depth) (ArystaLifeScience, 2003). P. auraria has moved to plants that are exotic to its native

range, such as apple, stone fruits, grapevine (CABI CPC). P. auraria was initially considered a citrus pest,

but has grown in importance as a pest of Vitis; it is the most common Proeulia species in Chile (Biosecurity

Australia, 2005). On grapevine, it destroys buds and berries (superficial damage or complete destruction;

Botrytis rots also develop inside infested bunches) and vegetative material (Biosecurity Australia, 2005).

Increasing severity of infestations is reported (Reyes-Garcia et al., 2014).

Other information: In relation to transport in trade, mature larvae cannot withstand low cold storage

temperatures for over 2-3 weeks; first-instar overwintering larva are hidden on plant parts and may withstand

cold conditions (6-8°C) for over a month (CABI CPC). P. auraria has quarantine significance for at least

China, Korea Republic, Taiwan and the USA.

Recorded impact: High (on

another crop)

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

ArystaLifeScience. 2003. Descripción y Biología de Eulia.

http://www.arystalifescience.cl/productos/trampas/descripcion/EULIA_BIOLOGIA.pdf (Accesses August 2015)

Biosecurity Australia, 2005. Revised Draft Import Risk Analysis Report for Table Grapes from Chile. Part B. Commonwealth of

Australia.

BlueberriesChile, 2011-2012. Estadisticas De Inspecciones De Arandanos. Temporada 2011/2012. Programa De Pre-Embarque.

Sag/Usda-Aphis/Asoex. Powerpoint presentation.

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc

Cepeda DE, Cubillos GE. 2011. Descripción del último estado larvario y recopilación de registros de hospederos de siete especies

de Tortrícidos de importancia económica en Chile (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Gayana 75(1): 39-70, 2011

Reyes-Garcia L, Cuevas Y, Ballesteros C, Curkovic T, Löfstedt C, Bergmann J. 2014. A 4-component sex pheromone of the Chilean

fruit leaf roller Proeulia auraria (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Cien. Inv. Agr. 41(2):187-196. 2014

Sparganothis sulfureana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: on Vaccinium, larvae of second generation feed on berries, emptying the fruit; larger larvae

attack the surface of berries (Le Duc et al., 2014; AgricultureCanada, 2007).

Other pathways: plants for planting; on Vaccinium, larvae of 2nd generation also feed on leaves, larvae of

1st generation feed on flower buds, the pest overwinters as young larvae in the leaf litter, adults lay eggs on

leaves or weeds (AgricultureCanada, 2007).

Uncertain pathway: soil.

Hosts: Polyphagous (nearly 20 families), incl. Vaccinium macrocarpon, V. corymbosum, Vaccinium

(AgricultureCanada, 2007; Averill and Sylvia, 1998; Brown et al., 2008; Gilligan and Epstein, 2014), also

Apium graveolens, Aster, Helianthus, Thuja occidentalis, Medicago sativa, Trifolium, Mentha, Lilium, Abies

balsamea, Larix, Picea glauca, Pinus, Zea mays, Fragaria, Malus, Citrus, Salix, Ulmus americana, Vitis

(Gilligan and Epstein, 2014).

Distribution: North America: Canada (AgricultureCanada, 2007), USA (Deutsch et al., 2014).

Damage: On cranberry, each larva consumes 3-5 berries during its development (IPMCenters, 1998).

Feeding by 1st-generation larvae decreases yield; second generation larvae cause direct damage to fruit

(AgricultureCanada, 2007). S. sulfureana is a secondary pest according to AgriReseauQuebec (2015a), but a

severe pest of cranberry in the Midwest and North-Eastern USA (Deutsch et al., 2014; IPMCenters, 1998;

Averill and Sylvia, 1998). Infestations are more severe in the USA than in Eastern Canada, where no specific

treatments are made but the pest is controlled through treatments applied against Acrobasis vaccini (Le Duc

et al., 2014). In the past, resistance to organophosphates was suspected when its importance increased

(Averill and Sylvia, 1998). Possible damage on other hosts was not considered here.

Recorded impact: High

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

AgricultureCanada. 2007. Crop profile for cranberry in Canada. http://www.agr.gc.ca/pmc-cropprofiles

AgriReseauQuebec. 2015a. Publication on cranberry, annexe 5: Identification des insectes ravageurs de la canneberge présents au

Québec (Source: Insectes ravageurs de la canneberge au Québec. Guide d’identification. CETAQ 2000).

Averill AL, Sylvia MM. 1998. Cranberry Insects of the Northeast: A Guide to Identification, Biology, and Management. UMass

Extension. 112 pp.

Deutsch AE, Rodriguez Saona CR, Kyryczenko Roth V, Sojka J, Zalapa JE, Steffan SA. 2014. Degree-Day Benchmarks for

Sparganothis sulfureana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Development in Cranberries. Journal of Economic Entomology, 107(6):

2130-2136.

Gilligan TM, Epstein M. 2014. Tortricids of Agricultural Importance. Interactive Keys developed in Lucid 3.5. Last updated August

2014. http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/index.html

IPM Centers. 1998. Crop Profile for Cranberries in Wisconsin. http://www.ipmcenters.org/

Le Duc I, Turcotte C, Allard F. 2004. Manuel de lutte intégrée de la canneberge de l’est canadien. Agriculture Canada. 148 pp.

PART 2 – PESTS WITH LESSER ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND MORE LIKELY TO

TRANSFER, OR HIGH ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE BUT LESS LIKELY TO TRANSFER

Pathogens

Exobasidium maculosum (Basidiomycota)

Fruit pathway: The fungus occurs on fruit (Talbot Brewer et al., 2014). No information was found on the

transmission modes of this fungus (and whether these would facilitate transfer from infected fruit to host

plants).

Other pathways: plants for planting; the fungus also occurs on leaves (Talbot-Brewer et al., 2014).

Hosts: Vaccinium virgatum, V. corymbosum, hybrids (Talbot Brewer et al., 2014).

Distribution: North America: USA (South-East; Talbot Brewer et al., 2014; Farr and Rossman, 2015;

Smith, 2014). In South-East USA, the fungus was originally thought to be E. vaccinii, which also occurs in

Europe (and other parts of the world – Farr and Rossman, 2015). There is no information on whether some

previous records of E. vaccinii in Europe (or elsewhere in the world) relate to E. maculosum.

Damage: E. maculosum causes fruit spot and leaf spot (Talbot Brewer et al., 2014). It cause an emerging

disease and its prevalence has been increasing throughout Southeastern USA (Talbot Brewer et al., 2014). In

Mississippi, it was previously considered to be occasional and of minor importance, but is currently reported

more often and is responsible for significant fruit loss. Up to 60-70% losses have been reported at some sites

(Smith, 2014).

Other information: There is an uncertainty on whether this fungus only occurs in the USA, because it was

described very recently and was originally confused with E. vaccinii, which has a wider distribution (Talbot

Brewer et al., 2014). However, E. maculosum causes an emerging disease of Vaccinium and was retained

here.

Recorded impact: High

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Yes

References:

Farr DF, Rossman AY. 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-

grin.gov/fungaldatabases (accessed August 2015)

Smith B. 2014. Exobasidium Leaf and Fruit Spot: Disease Management. Mississippi Vaccinium Journal. Volume 3, Issue 3 July-

September 2014. Pages 2-5.

Talbot Brewer M, Turner AN, Brannen PM, Cline WO, Richardson EA. 2014. Exobasidium maculosum, a new species causing leaf

and fruit spots on blueberry in the southeastern USA and its relationship with other Exobasidium spp. parasitic to blueberry

and cranberry. Mycologia May/June 2014 vol. 106 no. 3 415-423.

Acari

Acalitus vaccinii (Acarida: Eriophyidae)

Fruit pathway: Although the pest seems to mostly attack buds, some sources mention feeding on fruit

(NCSU, 1997; possibly CAES, 2007 – see ‘Damage’). However, there is an uncertainty on association with

fruit.

Other pathways: plants for planting. A. vaccinii lives and feeds inside buds (including leaf and flower)

(NCSU, 1997; Roubos, 2009; CAES, 2007; Prodorutti et al., 2007).

Hosts: Vaccinium, Gaylussacia baccata (Keifer, 1941). Among Vaccinium, 'highbush blueberries', 'lowbush

blueberries' (Roubos, 2009); 'rabbiteye blueberries' (Weibelzahl and Liburd, 2013), 'huckleberries' (NCSU,

1997).

Distribution: North America: Canada, USA (NVWA, 2012).

Damage: The pest may cause severe yield losses through damage to flower buds (from a reduction in

number of fruits per cluster, to total desiccation of developing flower buds) (Weibelzahl and Liburd, 2009).

It may also cause malformed berries (Cromroy and Kuitert, 2014; Roubos, 2009) and lead to growth

retardation, small flowers and fruits (NVWA, 2012). It is reported to also feed on developing fruits (NCSU,

1997). CAES (2007) mention that ‘feeding may cause the skin of berries to be rough’. A. vaccinii is gaining

importance as a pest of southern highbush blueberries (Weibelzahl & Liburd, 2009).

Other information: A. vaccini is present throughout the season. It is too tiny to be seen by the naked eye

(CAES, 2007).

Recorded impact: High

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

CAES. 2007. Blueberry (Vaccinium). The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.

Cromroy HL, Kuitert LC. 2014. Blueberry Bud Mite, Acalitus vaccinii (Keifer) (Arachnida: Acari: Eriophyidae).. (original from 1973)

EENY-186. University of Florida

Keifer HH. 1941. Eriophyid Studies XI. Bulletin of California Department of Agriculture 30: 192-204.

NCSU. 1997. Blueberry bud mite. North Carolina State University. Available at http://ipm.ncsu.edu/small_fruit/mite.html (accessed

August 2015)

NVWA. 2012. Pest Risk Analysis for Blueberry scorch virus - Including an inventory of highbush blueberry pests and diseases

present in North America and absent in the Netherlands. Dirk Jan van der Gaag, Arjen Werkman & Gerard van Leeuwen.

Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture & Innovation

PQR. Plant Quarantine data Retrieval system: EPPO Database on Quarantine Pests. www.eppo.int (accessed August 2015)

Prodorutti D, Pertot I, Giongo L, Gessler C. 2007. Highbush Blueberry: Cultivation, Protection, Breeding and Biotechnology. The

European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology. 1(1), 44-56

Roubos CR. 2009. Monitoring and managing blueberry gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in rabbiteye blueberries. Thesis (PhD),

University of Florida.

Weibelzahl E, Liburd OE. 2009. Epizootic of Acalitus vaccinii (Acari: Eriophyidea) Caused byHirsutella thompsonii on Southern

Highbush Blueberry in North-Central Florida. Florida Entomologist 92(4):601-607.

Weibelzahl E, Liburd OE. 2013. Blueberry Bud Mite, Acalitus vaccinii (Keifer) on Southern Highbush Blueberry in Florida. ENY-858.

University of Florida. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN84400.pdf (accessed August 2015).

Insects

Acleris minuta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed superficially on berries (Averill and Sylvia, 1998, for cranberry).

Other pathways: plants for planting, cut branches; larvae feed on leaves, web leaves together or fold single

leaves; eggs on bark or leaves (Gilligan and Epstein, 2014; Averill and Sylvia, 1998; OSU, no date).

Hosts: Polyphagous, incl. Vaccinium macrocarpon, Malus domestica (CABI CPC), Calluna, Kalmia

angustifolia, Kalmia, Vaccinium, Myrica gale, Malus pumila, Malus, Prunus (as peach, plum), Pyrus, Salix

(Brown et al., 2008).

Distribution: North America: USA, Canada (Brown, 2008; OSU, no date). Brown et al. (2008) also

mentions Europe, based on Benander (1934), which probably relates to Sweden. No record was found for

Sweden or any European countries; in particular, the pest is not in de Jong et al. (2014 – Fauna Europaea).

Damage: Total defoliation is mentioned in Brown (2008). Several publications tend to point to damage only

in the past (on apple, plum, cranberry in Gilligan and Epstein, 2014; on huckleberry, blueberry in Averill and

Sylvia, 1998).

Recorded impact: Moderate

(in the past)

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Averill AL, Sylvia MM. 1998. Cranberry Insects of the Northeast: A Guide to Identification, Biology, and Management. UMass

Extension. 112 pp.

Brown JW, Robinson G, Powell JA. 2008. Food plant database of the leafrollers of the world (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Version 1.0).

http://www.tortricid.net/foodplants.asp.

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc

de Jong Y et al. 2014. Fauna Europaea - all European animal species on the web.Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e4034.

doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e4034.

Gilligan TM, Epstein M. 2014. Tortricids of Agricultural Importance. Interactive Keys developed in Lucid 3.5. Last updated August

2014. http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/index.html

OSU. No date. Codling Moth Information Support System (CMISS). Natural Enemies of Codling Moth and Leafrollers of Pome and

Stone Fruits. Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University.

http://www.ipmnet.org/codlingmoth/biocontrol/natural/ (accessed August 2015).

Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae of later generations feed at the surface of berries (CABI CPC; OregonBlueberry, no

date; De Francesco and Murray, 2011; Retamales and Hancock, 2012). Larvae may also contaminate

mechanically harvested Vaccinium fruit/'fall' in fruit at harvest (DeFrancesco and Bell, 2014; BerriesNW,

2014). On grapes, larvae make a nest between berries and include leaves, stems and berries (UC IPM, 2014).

Eggs may be on fruit (Gilligan and Epstein, 2009).

Other pathways: plants for planting; larvae also feed on buds and leaves (De Francesco and Murray, 2011;

UC IPM, 2014). Eggs may also be on leaves and twigs (Gilligan and Epstein, 2009). Larvae overwinter on

the ground or in plants; pupae are on webbed leaves or in debris on the ground (OregonBlueberry, no date).

Uncertain pathway: soil.

Hosts: Over 80 hosts incl. Vaccinium (incl. V. corymbosum, V. ovatum - DeFrancesco and Bell, 2014; De

Francesco and Murray, 2011; Brown et al., 2008), Citrus, Malus domestica, Pinus radiata, Prunus

armeniaca (CABI CPC); Prunus persica (USPest, 2014); Vitis vinifera (UC IPM, 2014), Rubus (as

raspberry, blackberry, boysenberry, loganberry), Persea americana (OregonBlueberry, no date).

Distribution: North America: Canada, USA (West) (OregonBlueberries, no date; USPest, 2014; UC IPM,

2014), Mexico (AQIS, 1999. Lopez, 2007, listing pests in 3 municipalities following a 3-year study).

Damage: Feeding on leaves causes relatively minor damage; on growing points on young plants, it can

promote stunting and undesirable branching; on blossoms, it can spread Botrytis. On blueberry, A. citrana

causes loss of fruit quality by binding leaves to developing fruit, and if the larvae contaminate fruit in

mechanically harvested fields (DeFranscesco and Bell, 2014; BerriesNW, 2014). It is minor problem on

blueberry in Oregon (De Francesco and Murray, 2011). A. citrana can cause economic damage to citrus,

apple, and grapes (Gilligan and Epstein, 2009). It is an important pest on apple and other important fruit

crops in Western USA; it can cause significant damage even at relatively low populations (Walker and

Welter 2009, Zalom and Pickel 1988). On grape, it is an occasional pest in California (UC IPM, 2014);

damage levels of 25% are mentioned in AQIS (1999). It is mentioned as an ‘occasional and less well-known’

pest of apple (for Mexico, Lopez, 2007).

Other information: A. citrina was intercepted in Japan (no indication of the commodity; Amano and Higo,

2015). The synonym A. franciscana is used in Brown et al. (2008), Amano and Higo (2015) and BerriesNW

(2014).

Recorded impact: Moderate

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Amano T, Higo Y. 2015 (published online). A convenient diagnostic polymerase chain reaction method for identifying codling

moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) among tortricid pests in cherries imported from western North America.

Applied Entomology and Zoology, Published online 30 July 2015. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13355-015-

0360-9#/page-1

AQIS. 1999. Draft import risk analysis For the importation of Fresh table grapes [Vitis vinifera l.] From California (USA). March 1999.

Australian Quarantine & Inspection Service, Canberra, Australia.

BerriesNW. 2014. Management Detail – Leafroller - Orange tortrix in Blueberries.

http://www.berriesnw.com/DisordersDetail.asp?id=91

Brown JW, Robinson G, Powell JA. 2008. Food plant database of the leafrollers of the world (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Version 1.0).

http://www.tortricid.net/foodplants.asp.

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc

De Francesco J, Bell N. 2014. Small Fruit Crops. Blueberry Pests. Latest revision—March 2014. PNW [Pacific NorthWest] Insect

Management Handbook

De Francesco J, Murray K. 2011. Pest Management Strategic Plan for Blueberries in Oregon and Washington, 2011 Revision.

Summary of a revision workshop held on April 18, 2011 in Troutdale, Oregon Issued: June 15, 2011.

Gilligan TM, Epstein ME. 2009. LBAM ID - Tools for diagnosing light brown apple moth and related western US leafrollers

(Tortricidae: Archipini). Colorado State Univeristy, California Department of Food and Agriculture, and Center for Plant Health

Science and Technology, USDA, APHIS, PPQ. Web database. URL:

http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/lep/lbam/Argyrotaenia_franciscana.htm

Lopez EQ. 2007. Diversidad de plagas y enemigos naturales en el manzano.

http://www.unifrut.com.mx/archivos/simposiums/congreso/2007/v1.pdf

OregonBlueberry. No date. Blueberry Export to Korea. Korea Market - Identified Pests of Concern White Paper. Available on the

page: http://www.oregonblueberry.com/korea/

Retamales JB, Hancock, JF. 2012. Blueberries. CABI, 323 pages.

UC IPM. 2014. Grape - Orange Tortrix. Scientific name: Argyrotaenia franciscana (= A. citrana). Available at

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r302300411.html (accessed August 2015)

USPest. 2014. Orange tortrix Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Argyrotaenia. Data sheet pdf. US PEST.ORG, web server at the Integrated

Plant Protection Center of Oregon State University. http://uspest.org/pdf/reb77.pdf (accessed October 2014)

Walker KR, Welter SC. 2004. Biological control potential of Apanteles aristoteliae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on populations of

Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in California apple orchards. Environmental Entomology 33(5): 1327-1334.

Zalom F, Pickel C. 1988. Spatial and seasonal distribution of damage to apples by Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald) and Pandemis

pyrusana Kearfott. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 5(1): 11-15.

Aroga trialbamaculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae contaminate fruit at harvest (IPM Centers, 1999; Averill and Sylvia, 1998).

Other pathways: plants for planting; larvae feed on leaves tied together (CAES, 2007; IPMCenters, 1999);

eggs are on plants; the pest overwinters as mature larvae in the leaf litter, and pupae are in the leaf litter

(IPMCenters, 1999).

Uncertain pathway: soil.

Hosts: Vaccinium angustifolium (Drummond et al., 2009; Averill and Sylvia, 1989), Vaccinium (as

blueberry) (CAES, 2007), 'wild blueberries' (V. angustifolium?, V. myrtillioides?) (IPMCenters, 1999),

Vaccinium stamineum (Busck, 1903). V. corymbosum (as highbush blueberries), various other Vaccinium

and Arbutus (Averill and Sylvia, 1998).

Distribution: North America: Canada (Blatt et al, 1989); USA (CAES, 2007).

Damage: The pest causes feeding damage on leaves . 50% of stems may also be webbed together. It creates

webs around the fruit, which may affect their growth and makes harvest difficult (Blatt et al, 1989). The

importance of the pest had been increasing (IPMCenters, 1999). It was considered as a pest of lowbush

blueberry in Maine (through contamination of harvested fruit), and minor elsewhere in Eastern USA (Averill

and Sylvia, 1998).

Other information: In Maine, it is also found on managed wild plants (Drummond et al., 2009). Note:

CAES (2007) uses the synonym Gelechia trialbamaculella.

Recorded impact: Moderate

(in the past)

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Averill AL, Sylvia MM. 1998. Cranberry Insects of the Northeast: A Guide to Identification, Biology, and Management. UMass

Extension. 112 pp.

Blatt CR. 1989. La production du bleuet nain. Publication 1477/F. Agriculture Canada

BugGuide. 2015. Internet Database. Identification, Images, & Information For Insects, Spiders & Their Kin For the United States &

Canada. Iowa State University, 2003-2015.

CAES. 2007. Blueberry (Vaccinium). The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.

Drummond F, Annis S, Smagula JM, Yarborough DE. 2009. Organic production of wild blueberries i. Insects and diseases. ISHS

Acta Horticulturae 810: IX International Vaccinium Symposium

IPMCenters. 1999. Crop Profile for Blueberries (Wild) in Maine. http://www.ipmcenters.org/

Choristoneura parallela (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae of second generation feed on cranberry fruit (Rutgers, no date). Occasionally, eggs

are laid on cranberry fruit (Stuart and Polavarapu 1998).

Other pathways: plants for planting; on cranberry, larvae feed mainly on foliage, eggs are typically laid on

leaves of weeds, occassionally also on cranberry leaves (Stuart and Polavarapu 1998). On North American

pawpaw (Asimina triloba), the pest may damage flowers and leaves (Pomper and Layne, 2004).

Hosts: Herbaceous and woody plants, incl. Vaccinium (at least V. macrocarpon - Stuart and Polavarapu

1998), Citrus, Rosa (Brown et al., 2008), Asimina triloba (Pomper and Layne, 2004), ferns, Malus, Salix,

Fragaria, Aster, Rosa (Averill and Sylvia, 1998).

Distribution: North America: Canada, USA (Averill and Sylvia, 1998).

Damage: on cranberries, C. parallela causes shoot browning and direct damage to fruit(Rutgers, nd). It was

the most important cranberry pest in New Jersey, and sometimes a rose pest in greenhouses (Averill and

Sylvia, 1998).

Other information: The common name 'spotted fireworm' is used in Rutgers (no date).

Recorded impact: Moderate

(in the past)

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Averill AL, Sylvia MM. 1998. Cranberry Insects of the Northeast: A Guide to Identification, Biology, and Management. UMass

Extension. 112 pp.

Brown JW, Robinson G, Powell JA. 2008. Food plant database of the leafrollers of the world (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Version 1.0).

http://www.tortricid.net/foodplants.asp.

Pomper KW, Layne DR. 2004. North American pawpaw. Chronica horticulturae, volume 44, no. 3, 11-15

Rutgers. No date. Spotted Fireworm. Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, New Jersey

Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, New Jersey. http://pemaruccicenter.rutgers.edu/ (accessed August

2015).

Stuart RJ, Polavarapu S. 1998. Oviposition preferences of the polyphagous moth Choristoneura parallela (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae):

effects of plant species, leaf size, and experimental design. Environmental Entomology 27(1): 102-109.

Cingilia catenaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed on fruit (IPM Centers, 1999; Blatt et al, 1989).

Other pathways: plants for planting; larvae also feed on leaves, eggs are on leaves and overwinter on dead

leaves (IPM Centers, 1999; Blatt et al, 1989).

Uncertain pathways: cut branches.

Hosts: Hosts incl. Ericaceae, such as Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtillioides (IPMCenters, 1999),

Vaccinium (as blueberry, cranberry, huckleberry) (Averill and Sylvia, 1998), Gaylussacia, Myrica (Wagner

et al., 2003), as well as various shrubs and trees, such as: Alnus, Betula, Abies, Acer, Quercus, Pinus,

Populus, Salix (BugGuide, 2015), Fraxinus, Rubus (as raspberry, blackberry), Corylus, Juniperus, Malus,

Pyrus (Averill and Sylvia, 1998).

Distribution: North America: Canada, USA (University of Alberta, 2015).

Damage: C. catenaria is currently an occasional pest in Eastern North America (University of Alberta,

2015; IPM Centers, 1999). In the past, it caused severe outbreaks on cranberry and was reported as important

on blueberries (1920s/30s) (Averill and Sylvia, 1998). It could reappear as a problem if pest management

practices changed drastically (IPMCenters, 1999).

Recorded impact: High (in the

past)

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Averill AL, Sylvia MM. 1998. Cranberry Insects of the Northeast: A Guide to Identification, Biology, and Management. UMass

Extension. 112 pp.

Blatt CR. 1989. La production du bleuet nain. Publication 1477/F. Agriculture Canada

BugGuide. 2015. Internet Database. Identification, Images, & Information For Insects, Spiders & Their Kin For the United States &

Canada. Iowa State University, 2003-2015.

IPMCenters. 1999. Crop Profile for Blueberries (Wild) in Maine. http://www.ipmcenters.org/

University of Alberta. 2015. Data sheets on insects. Entomology collection, University of Alberta, Canada.

http://www.entomology.museums.ualberta.ca/ (accessed August 2015)

Wagner DL, Nelson MW, Schweitzer DF. 2003. Shrubland Lepidoptera of southern New England and southeastern New York:

ecology, conservation, and management. Forest Ecology and Management 185 (2003) 95–112

Ctenopseustis obliquana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed at the fruit surface (for avocado in Stevens et al., 1995, generally in Gilligan and

Epstein, 2014). On apple, larvae feed on the fruit surface, young larvae may also enter the interior of the fruit

through the calyx (Biosecurity Australia 2006). No specific information was found for Vaccinium, but the

pest was intercepted on blueberry (2 interceptions in and on fruit; USDA, 2008).

Other pathways: plants for planting, cut branches; larvae also feed on leaves and buds (Stevens et al., 1995;

Gilligan and Epstein, 2014); eggs on leaves (Biosecurity Australia 2006).

Hosts: Highly polyphagous, in more than 20 families (Gilligan and Epstein, 2014), including deciduous and

coniferous trees (NZFFA, 2009). Hosts include Vaccinium corymbosum (Tomkins and Koller, 1985), Vitis,

Prunus, Malus, Vaccinium (CABI CPC), Actinidia, Rubus, Persea americana, Pinus, Eucalyptus, Populus,

Salix (Green and Dugdale, 1982), Diospyros kaki, Ribes, Syzygium smithii, Cyclamen, Rosa, Citrus,

Veronica, Camellia japonica (Gilligan and Epstein, 2014).

Distribution: Oceania: New Zealand (NZFFA, 2009).

Damage: The pest causes feeding damage on leaves, buds and fruit, and by webbing leaves to fruits

(Gilligan and Epstein, 2014). C. obliquana is a cause of Vaccinium fruit rejection at export from NZ

(Tomkins and Koller, 1985). On avocado, it caused rejection of up to 30% of the fruit because of larval

damage (unsprayed orchards) (Stevens et al., 1995). It is an economically important pest of apple in New

Zealand (Shaw et al. 1994), and causes occasional damage in Pinus radiata (Brockerhoff et al. 2002).

Recorded impact: Moderate

(on another crop)

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Biosecurity Australia. 2006. Final import risk analysis report for apples from New Zealand, Part C. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra,

197 p.

Brockerhoff, E. G., Jactel, H., Leckie, A. C., and Suckling, D. M. (2002). Species composition and abundance of leafrollers in a

Canterbury pine plantation. New Zealand Plant Protection, 85-89.

Gilligan TM, Epstein M. 2014. Tortricids of Agricultural Importance. Interactive Keys developed in Lucid 3.5. Last updated August

2014. http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/index.html

Green CJ, Dugdale JS. 1982. Review of the genus Ctenopseustis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with reinstatement of two

species, New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 9:4, 427-435, DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1982.10423874.

NZFFA. 2009. Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) and C. herana (Felder & Rogenhofer) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Forest and Timber

Insects in New Zealand No. 40. Pests and diseases of forestry in New Zealand. New Zealand Farm Forestry Associaion.

http://www.nzffa.org.nz/

Shaw PW, Cruickshank VM, Suckling DM. 1994. Geographic changes in leafroller species composition in Nelson orchards. New

Zealand journal of Zoology 21(3): 289-294.

Stevens PS, McKenna CE, Steven D. 1995. management for avocados in New Zealand. Proceedings of The World Avocado

Congress III, 1995 pp. 429 – 432.

Tomkins AR, Koller MS. 1985. A preliminary investigation of highbush blueberry pest and disease control. Proceedings of the 38th

NZ weed and pest control conference.

USDA. 2008. Pathway-Initiated Risk Analysis of the Importation of Vaccinium spp. Fruit from Countries in Central and South America

into the Continental United States. February 5, 2008. Revision 003. USDA-APHIS.

Epiglaea apiata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fruit pathway: Martinson and Kummer (no date) mention that larvae feed on small developing fruit. (note:

this was the only reference found on association with fruit, therefore considered uncertain).

Other pathways: Plants for planting, soil; larvae mostly feed on leaves, bore in buds and severe flowers.

The pest overwinter as eggs in leaf litter, and pupae are in the soil (AgricultureCanada, 2007).

Hosts: Vaccinium macrocarpon (AgricultureCanada, 2007; Sandler and Mason, 1997; Zhang and

Polavarapu, 2003; AgriReseauQuebec, 2015), Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtilloides, possibly Vaccinium

crassifolium and others (Wagner et al., 2015 - draft).

Distribution: North America: Canada (AgricultureCanada, 2007), USA (Averill and Sylvia, 1998).

Damage: E. apiata damages leaves, buds and affects fruit production. It is a major pest of cranberry in New

Jersey (Zhang and Polavarapu, 2003) and Quebec (AgriReseauQuebec, 2015). Averill and Sylvia (1998)

mention that damage was more important in the past.

Recorded impact: Moderate

(in the past)

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

AgricultureCanada. 2007. Crop profile for cranberry in Canada. http://www.agr.gc.ca/pmc-cropprofiles

AgriReseauQuebec. 2015. Publication on cranberry, annexe 5: Identification des insectes ravageurs de la canneberge présents au

Québec (Source: Insectes ravageurs de la canneberge au Québec. Guide d’identification. CETAQ 2000).

Averill AL, Sylvia MM. 1998. Cranberry Insects of the Northeast: A Guide to Identification, Biology, and Management. UMass

Extension. 112 pp.

Brou VA. No date. Epiglaea apiata (Grote, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Louisiana.

http://www.lsuinsects.org/people/vernonbrou/pdf/2009.%20196.%20Epiglaea%20apiata%20(Grote)%20(Lepidoptera,%20No

ctuidae)%20in%20Louisiana.%20So.%20Lepid.%20News.%2031..pdf (accessed August 2015)

Martinson N, Kummer L. no date. Wisconsin cranberry insect pests identification pocket guide. Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc.,

Wisconsin. Available at https://uwmadison.box.com/shared/static/f219xqml15ubn9gup634.pdf (accessed August 2015).

Sandler HA, Mason J. 1996. Evaluation of three bioinsecticides for control of lepidopteran pests in cranberries. Meeting Proceedings

of the sixth international symposium on Vaccinium culture, Orono, Maine, USA, 12‐17 August. Eds Yarborough DE, Smagula

JM. Acta Horticulturae; 1997. (446):447‐455.

Savela M. Lepidoptera and some other life forms (online database). From various sources.

http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/intro.html (accessed August 2015)

Wagner DL, Schweitzer DF, Sullivan JB, Reardon RC. 2015. Owlet Caterpillars of Eastern North America (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Draft.

Zhang A, Polavarapu S. 2003. Sex pheromone of the cranberry blossom worm, Epiglaea apiata. J Chem Ecol. 2003

Sep;29(9):215364.

Grapholita libertina (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: eggs are on berries and larvae bore into berries (for Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Hillier, 2002).

Other pathways: possibly soil; the pest overwinters in pre-pupa stage on the ground (Hillier, 2002).

Hosts: Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. macrocarpon (Dixon and Hillier, 2003, Hillier et al., 2004). Possibly others

(California, where G. libertina was recorded, is not part of the geographical range of V. vitis-idaea).

Distribution: North America: Canada (Newfoundland; Dixon and Hillier, 2003). Hillier (2002) mentions

that the pest was also reported in Canada from British Columbia and Nova Scotia, and in the USA from

California, New Jersey and Maine, and is therefore probably more widely distributed than only these records.

Damage: The pest causes direct damage to fruit. Each larva damages approximately 10 berries (Hillier,

2002). G. libertina is a pest of lingonberry in Newfoundland, affecting domestic and export markets (Morris

et al., 1988; Penhallegon, 2006).

Recorded impact: Moderate

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Dixon PG, Hillier NK. 2003. Insect pests of wild cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, in Newfoundland and Labrador. Phytoprotection

83: 139-145

Hillier NK. 2002. Thesis: Quantitative Chemical Ecology of the Lingonberry Fruitworm Moth, Grapholita libertina (Ph.D., Memorial

University of Newfoundland).

Hillier, N.K., Dixon, P. & Larson, D. 2004. Trap captures of male Grapholita libertina (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) moths: relationship to

larval numbers and damage in wild lingonberry. Environmental Entomology, 33: 405-417.

Morris RF, Penney BG, Greenslade G, Hendrickson PA, McRae KB. 1988. Notes on the occurrence, distribution, population levels,

and control of Grapholita libertina Heinr. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of lingonberries in Newfoundland. The Canadian

Entomologist / Volume 120 / Issue 10 / October 1988, pp 867-872.

Penhallegon R. 2006. Lingonberry Production Guide for the Pacific Northwest. PNW 583-E, January 2006. Oregon State University,

Extension Service.

Ochropleura implecta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fruit pathway: Larvae feed on unripe and ripe berries (Maurice, 2000).

Other pathways: Plants for planting; no specific data was found on other plant parts attacked, but many

cutworms also feed on leaves.

Hosts: Polyphagous, incl. Vaccinium macrocarpon (Maurice et al., 2000), Beta (as beet), Trifolium (as

clover), Salix (BugGuide, 2015).

Distribution: North America: Canada, USA (BugGuide, 2015).

Damage: The first damage in cranberry was observed in 1997 in British Columbia, leading to economic

impact (Fitzpatrick et al., 2000). It is still mentioned in a recent guide on cranberry insects pests in British

Columbia (Fitzpatrick et al., 2014). No information was found on the pest status on other hosts.

Recorded impact: Moderate

(in the past, uncertain)

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

BugGuide. 2015. Internet Database. Identification, Images, & Information For Insects, Spiders & Their Kin For the United States &

Canada. Iowa State University, 2003-2015.

Fitzpatrick SM, Troubridge JT, Henderson D. 2000. Ochropleura implecta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a new cutworm pest of

cranberries. The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 132 / Issue 03 / June 2000, pp 365-367.

FitzpatrickS, van Dokkumburg H, Prasad R. 2014. BC Cranberry Insect Pest Identification Guide. BC Cranberry Research Society.

Maurice C, Bédard C, Fitzpatrick SM, Troubridge J, Henderson D. 2000. Integrated Pest Management For Cranberries In Western

Canada. A Guide To Identification, Monitoring And Decision-Making For Pests And Diseases. December, 2000. Agriculture

and Agri-Food Canada. 81 pages.

Orthosia hibisci (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed on fruit (Martison and Kummer, no date, for cranberry; Howell, 2015; Alston et

al., 2010; WSU, no date, for various fruit trees).

Other pathways: plants for planting, soil; larvae also feed on buds, flowers and leaves; eggs are on leaves;

pupae are in the soil (Howell, 2015).

Hosts: Polyphagous on many trees and shrubs including: Vaccinium macrocarpon (AgricultureCanada,

2007), Malus domestica (CABI CPC), Prunus (as cherries, plums) (Alston et el., 2010), Salix, Betula,

Populus, Acer (Alston et al., 2010; BugGuide, 2015).

Distribution: North America: Canada, USA (AgricultureCanada, 2007; CABI CPC).

Uncertain record: Mexico (Lopez, 2007, indicating pests in 3 municipalities following a 3-year study; this

record is considered uncertain only because of the nature of the publication – powerpoint).

Damage: On cranberry, the pest is reported to cause severe damage to leaves, buds and flowers

(AgricultureCanada, 2007). It causes feeding damage to fruit trees, and high densities can cause localized

defoliation; it is generally not a problem where insecticides are applied against other fruit insect pests

(Alston et al., 2010). It is mentioned as a secondary pest of apple in Lopez (2007, for Mexico). In Canada, it

is a pest of cranberry and an important pest of apple (Le Duc et al., 2004).

Recorded impact: Moderate

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

AgricultureCanada. 2007. Crop profile for cranberry in Canada. http://www.agr.gc.ca/pmc-cropprofiles

Alston D, Murray M, Steffan S. 2010. Speckled Green Fruitworm (Orthosia hibisci). Utah Pests Fact Sheet. ENT-141-05 September

2010. Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory.

BugGuide. 2015. Internet Database. Identification, Images, & Information For Insects, Spiders & Their Kin For the United States &

Canada. Iowa State University, 2003-2015.

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc

Howell JF. 2015. Fruitworms, armyworms and climbing cutworms. Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center. Orchard Pest

Management Online. Washington State University.

Le Duc I, Turcotte C, Allard F. 2004. Manuel de lutte intégrée de la canneberge de l’est canadien. Agriculture Canada. 148 pp.

Lopez EQ. 2007. Diversidad de plagas y enemigos naturales en el manzano.

http://www.unifrut.com.mx/archivos/simposiums/congreso/2007/v1.pdf

Martinson N, Kummer L. no date. Wisconsin cranberry insect pests identification pocket guide. Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc.,

Wisconsin. Available at https://uwmadison.box.com/shared/static/f219xqml15ubn9gup634.pdf (accessed August 2015).

WSU. No date. Speckled green fruitworm, green fruitworm, pyramidal fruitworm, Orthosia hibisci (Guenée) Lithophane antennata

(Walker), Amphipyra pyramidoides (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Tree Fruit Entomology, Washington State University.

http://entomology.tfrec.wsu.edu/jfbhome/miscellaneous/noctuid/speckledtext.html (accessed August 2015)

Systena frontalis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Fruit pathway: adults feed on berries (Mahr et al., 2005; Averill and Sylvia, 1998; AgriReseauQuebec,

2015).

Other pathways: plants for planting, soil; adults also feed on leaves (Averill and Sylvia, 1998), larvae are in

the soil and feed on roots, eggs are in the soil (Mahr, 2005).

Uncertain pathway: cut flowers.

Hosts: Over 40 host plants, including crops, native plants, weeds; crops include Vaccinium macrocarpon,

Vaccinium corymbosum, Medicago sativa (Mahr, 2005; AgricultureCanada, 2013, AgriReseauQuebec, 2015;

Averill and Sylvia, 1998), Ipomoea batatas, Phaseolus vulgaris (CABI CPC), ornemental plants, such as

Weigelia, Ilex, Rosa, Chrysanthemum, Salvia, Zinnia (Hiskes, 2013).

Distribution: North America: Canada (AgricultureCanada, 2007); USA (CABI CPC). Native range is East

of the Rockies; also present (not native) in the Pacific Northwest (Hiskes, 2013).

Damage: On cranberry, the pest causes root damage (larvae), as well as leaf browning and feeding damage

to fruits (adults) (Mahr, 2005). Feeding by adults can impact bud development (Averill and Sylvia, 1998)

and cause shoot death; feeding by larvae may lead to plant death (Mahr et al., 2005). On ornamentals, it

causes damage to foliage (adults) and roots (larvae) (Hiskes, 2013). Populations large enough to cause

damage are uncommon, but severe infestations may result in mortality (Mahr, 2005). S. frontalis became a

pest in cultivated cranberry bogs of Massachussets in the 1990s (Averill and Sylvia, 1998). In Eastern USA,

it affects ornamental nurseries, as well as cranberry and blueberry; it emerged in 2013 as a pest of many

ornamental species in nurseries in Connecticut (Hiskes, 2013). In Wisconsin, it rarely causes significant

damage on cranberry (Mahr, 2005), while it is considered a secondary pest in Quebec (AgriReseauQuebec,

2015).

Recorded impact: Moderate

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Yes

References:

AgricultureCanada. 2007. Crop profile for cranberry in Canada. http://www.agr.gc.ca/pmc-cropprofiles

AgriReseauQuebec. 2015. Publication on cranberry, annexe 5: Identification des insectes ravageurs de la canneberge présents au

Québec (Source: Insectes ravageurs de la canneberge au Québec. Guide d’identification. CETAQ 2000).

Averill AL, Sylvia MM. 1998. Cranberry Insects of the Northeast: A Guide to Identification, Biology, and Management. UMass

Extension. 112 pp.

Hiskes R. 2013. Redheaded flea beetles (Systena frontalis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment

Station.

Mahr DL. 2005. Redheaded flea beetle. University of Wisconsin

Teia anartoides (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Fruit pathway: it was considered here that larvae (and pupae) may become associated to packaging material

containing Vaccinium fruit (with an uncertainty). There is no indication of the presence of a life stage on

fruit. However, T. anartoides is a pest of Vaccinium and eggs and pupae may be associated with a wide

range of commodities and items (see Other pathways).

Other pathways: plants for planting, inanimate objects (including possibly packaging, containers); eggs are

laid at the pupation site, larvae feed on leaves and disperse by crawling or ballooning. Pupae form on or near

hosts plants, on other plants and on inanimate objects (MAF, no date; CABI CPC). The pest was intercepted

twice in New Zealand on a container, and a container packaging (MPI, 2014). Other possible pathways are

indicated as vehicles, live plant material, passengers' items, other commodities (MAF, no date).

Hosts: Highly polyphagous. During an incursion in New Zealand, it was found on 92 species in 38 families,

including new hosts and native plants (Zespri, no date). Hosts include Vaccinium (Ireland and Wilk, 2006),

Acacia, Eucalyptus, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus (as cherry, apricot), Cupressus, Pinus radiata, Passiflora, Rosa,

Dahlia, Salix, Musa, Primula, Gladiolus (Zespri, no date).

Distribution: Oceania: Australia (native - Ireland and Wilk, 2006, CABI CPC). Absent, eradicated: New

Zealand (Suckling et al., 2007).

Damage: The pest is qualified as being a 'voracious and indiscriminate feeder', causing defoliation. Contact

with caterpillars may cause skin irritation and allergic reactions (MPI, 2014). It can feed on pine trees up to 8

years old, affecting their growth. Acacia, Rosa and Malus are amongst preferred hosts (Zespri, no date). In

Australia, T. anartoides is one of the main pests of blueberries in New South Wales (Ireland and Wilk,

2006); it is also a common pest on urban garden plants, and a sporadic pest of horticultural and forestry trees

(CABI CPC). In New Zealand, it was identified as a major risk with potential high economic and ecological

impact (30-213 million USD over 20 years) and, during an incursion, heavy defoliation of native trees was

observed in a localised area (Zespri, no date; MAF, no date; Suckling et al, 2007). Eradication costed ca. 40

million USD (Zespri, no date).

Other information: Females are flightless, ballooning larvae are the main means of dispersal (Suckling et

al., 2007). Note: the name ‘painted apple moth’ is used in Ireland and Wilk (2006).

Recorded impact: Moderate

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Yes

References:

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc

Ireland G, Wilk P. 2006. Blueberry production in northern NSW (factsheet). PRIMEFACT 195. New South Wales Department of

Primary Industries.

MAF. No date. Painted Apple Moth – Auckland New Zealand May 1999. Outline for case-studies on alien species.

http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/pests/painted-apple-moth/ias-nz-moth-2007-en.pdf (accessed August 2015)

MPI. 2014. Painted Apple Moth, Teia anartoides (online data sheet). Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand. Available at

http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/painted-apple-moth.

Suckling DM, Barrington AM, Chhagan A, Stephens AEA, Burnip GM, Charles JG, Wee SL. 2007. Eradication of the Australian

Painted Apple Moth Teia anartoides in New Zealand: Trapping, Inherited Sterility, and Male Competitiveness. Chapter 7, pp

603-615. In Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests, eds Vreysen MJB, Robinson AS, Hendrichs J. Published by Springer

Netherlands.

Zespri. No date. Data sheet. High Priority Organism: Teia anartoides (Painted Apple Moth). 2 pages. Available from the website

http://mpi.govt.nz/ (accessed August 2015)

Thrips obscuratus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Fruit pathway: Adults feed on fruit (Teulon, 1988, also reports feeding on Vaccinium fruit; Schmidt et al.,

2006, mentioning ripe fruits, e.g. nectarine, peach). In the USA, there was one interception on Vaccinium

fruit (USDA, 2007, 2008). Nymphs are normally not on fruit, but Teulon et al. (1988) recorded few

specimens on fruit of Prunus persica and P. armeniaca.

Other pathways: plants for planting, cut flowers, herbs; adults also feed on leaves, flowers, soft plant

tissues, pollen grains, nectar (Teulon, 1988; Schmidt et al., 2006); they are usually observed on flowers, but

common on leaves and fruit. Larvae are mostly on flowers (Teulon, 1988).

Hosts: Adults feed on at least 223 species (177 genera in 77 families, incl. Vaccinium (Teulon, 1988). In

New Zealand, 51 larval hosts were recorded (incl. 36 non-native) (Teulon and Penman, 1990). Hosts incl.

vegetables (e.g. Brassica), ornamentals (e.g. Dahlia, Rosa), herbs (e.g. Rosmarinus), ornamental trees/shrubs

(e.g. Viburnum, Hebe), fruit trees (e.g. Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Vitis vinifera), pasture plants (e.g. Trifolium,

Medicago), weeds.

Distribution: Oceania: New Zealand (CABI CPC; Teulon, 1988).

Damage: The pest causes fruit distortion, infestation at harvest (leading to contamination of export

commodities, incl. cut flowers and fruit). It was suspected to transfer Monilinia fructicola to stonefruit

flowers and fruit. It was reported as an important pest of stonefruit during flowering and at harvest; its

increased pest status coincided with expansion of the horticultural industry in 1970s-80s (Teulon, 1988;

Teulon and Penman, 1995). No information was found on current pest status.

Other information: It was also intercepted in Japan (no indication of commodity; Parker et al., 1995).

Recorded impact: Moderate

(in the past)

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc

Parker BL, Skinner M, Lewis T (eds). 1995. Thrips Biology and Management. Springer Science, 636 pages

Schmidt K, Teulon DAJ, Jaspers MV. 2006. Phenology of the new zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus) in two vineyards. New

Zealand Plant Protection 59:323-329 (2006)

Teulon DAJ, Penman DR. 1990. Host Records for the New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus (Crawford) Thysanoptera:

Thripidae). New Zealand Entomologist, 1990, Vol. 13

Teulon DAJ, Penman DR. 1995. Thrips obscuratus: A Pest of Stonefruit in New Zealand. Thrips Biology and ManagementVolume

276 of the series NATO ASI Series pp 101-104

Teulon DAJ. 1988. Pest Management of the New Zealand Flower Thrips Thrips obscuratus (Crawford) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on

Stonefruit in Canterbury, New Zealand. PhD Thesis. University of Canterbury, New Zealand.

USDA. 2007. Importation of fresh highbush and rabbit-eye blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L & V. virgatum Aiton) fruit into the

Continental United States from Uruguay. A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment April 2007. USDA-APHIS.

USDA. 2008. Pathway-Initiated Risk Analysis of the Importation of Vaccinium spp. fruit from Countries in Central and South America

into the Continental United States. February 5, 2008. Revision 003. USDA-APHIS.

Tortrix excessana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed at the fruit surface (Gilligan and Epstein, 2014. The calyx of various fruits,

especially pip fruits, may be invaded by young larvae but show no external damage (on apple, Biosecurity

Australia, 2006). No specific information was found for Vaccinium, but the pest was intercepted in the USA

on blueberry fruit (2 interceptions - USDA, 2008).

Other pathways: plants for planting; larvae also feed on leaves, buds and soft stems, eggs are on leaves

(NZFFA, 2009; Biosecurity Australia, 2006). Larvae web leaves or leaves to fruit; pupae are in the larval

shelter (Gilligan and Epstein, 2014).

Uncertain pathway: cut branches.

Hosts: Polyphagous, incl. Vaccinium corymbosum (Tomkins and Koller, 1985), Actinidia chinensis,

Diospyros, Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, Vaccinium (CABI CPC), many native and introduced

forest, orchard, and garden shrubs and trees, deciduous or conifers, incl. Eucalyptus, Sequoia sempervirens,

Pinus, Pseudotsuga menziesii (NZFFA, 2009).

Distribution: Oceania: New Zealand (NZFFA, 2009). North America: Hawaii (USA, introduced) (Gilligan

and Epstein, 2014).

Damage: T. excessana may cause economic damage by feeding directly on the surface of fruit. It is a pest of

strawberry, walnut, stonefruit, apple in New Zealand (Gilligan and Epstein, 2014; Biosecurity Australia,

2006). It may cause damage to forest trees (NZFFA, 2009). The pest is also a cause of rejection of

Vaccinium fruit at export (Tomkins and Koller, 1985).

Other information: T. excessana is occasionally intercepted on Fragaria, Malus or Prunus (no indication of

commodities; Gilligan and Epstein, 2014). It is regulated in South Africa on fruits of kiwi and Vaccinium

from New Zealand (MPI, 2013), and in Australia for apple. Note: most publications use the name

Planotortrix excessana.

Recorded impact: Moderate

(on another crop, uncertain)

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Yes

References:

Biosecurity Australia. 2006. Final import risk analysis report for apples from New Zealand, Part C. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra.

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc.

Gilligan TM, Epstein M. 2014. Tortricids of Agricultural Importance. Interactive Keys developed in Lucid 3.5. Last updated August

2014. http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/index.html

MPI. 2013. Importing countries phytosanitary requirements: Republic of South Africa. New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries.

NZFFA. 2009. Greenheaded leafroller, Blacklegged leafroller and Light Brown Apple Moth. Forest and Timber Insects in New Zealand

No. 58. Pests and diseases of forestry in New Zealand. New Zealand Farm Forestry Associaion. http://www.nzffa.org.nz/

Tomkins AR, Koller MS. 1985. A preliminary investigation of highbush blueberry pest and disease control. Proceedings of the 38th

NZ weed and pest control conference.

USDA. 2008. Pathway-Initiated Risk Analysis of the Importation of Vaccinium spp. Fruit from Countries in Central and South America

into the Continental United States. February 5, 2008. Revision 003. USDA-APHIS.

Xylena nupera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed on berries (Martinson and Kummer, no date).

Other pathways: plants for planting, soil; larvae also feed on buds, leaves, flowers and new growth; eggs

are on leaves; pupae are in the soil (AgricultureCanada, 2007; Averill and Sylvia, 1998; Martinson and

Krummer, nd; AgriReseauQuebec, 2015).

Hosts: Polyphagous, incl. Vaccinium macrocarpon (AgricultureCanada, 2007; AgriReseauQuebec, 2015;

Averill and Sylvia, 1998), Rosaceae and many deciduous plants, herbaceous plants and grasses (PNW Moths,

2015).

Distribution: North America: Canada, USA (PNW Moths, 2015, AgriReseauQuebec, 2015; Dixon and

Hillier, 2003).

Damage: On cranberry, the most important damage is to buds (Averill and Sylvia, 1998). X. nupera is a

main pest of cranberry in Québec (AgriReseauQuebec, 2015), and not considered a pest in the Pacific

Northwest (PNW Moths, 2015). Possible damage on other hosts was not considered here.

Recorded impact: Moderate

(uncertain)

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

AgricultureCanada. 2007. Crop profile for cranberry in Canada. http://www.agr.gc.ca/pmc-cropprofiles

AgriReseauQuebec. 2015. Publication on cranberry, annexe 5: Identification des insectes ravageurs de la canneberge présents au

Québec (Source: Insectes ravageurs de la canneberge au Québec. Guide d’identification. CETAQ 2000).

Averill AL, Sylvia MM. 1998. Cranberry Insects of the Northeast: A Guide to Identification, Biology, and Management. UMass

Extension. 112 pp.

Dixon PG, Hillier NK. 2003. Insect pests of wild cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, in Newfoundland and Labrador. Phytoprotection

83: 139-145

Martinson N, Kummer L. no date. Wisconsin cranberry insect pests identification pocket guide. Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc.,

Wisconsin. Available at https://uwmadison.box.com/shared/static/f219xqml15ubn9gup634.pdf (accessed August 2015).

PNW Moths. 2015. Internet database on moths of the Pacific Northwest http://pnwmoths.biol.wwu.edu (accessed August 2015)

PART 3 – NEW PESTS OF VACCINIUM, POSSIBLY EMERGING

Pathogens

Diaporthe australafricana (Ascomycota)

Fruit pathway: D. australafricana was found virulent in blueberry fruit (in experiments, Elfar et al., 2013).

It is also intercepted in blueberry fruits (FreshFruitPortal, 2014).

Other pathways: plants for planting; the fungus causes lesions on stems and shoots (Latorre et al., 2012).

Hosts: Vaccinium corymbosum (CABI CPC; new host in Elfar et al., 2013 & Latorre et al., 2012); Corylus

avellana (new host, Guerrero and Perez, 2013); Vitis vinifera (Latorre et al., 2012). Udayanga et al. (2014)

mention D. australafricana was recently found on Persea americana in the USA (without reference).

Distribution: South America: Chile (Elfar et al., 2013; Guerrero and Perez 2013; Latorre et al., 2012),

Oceania: Australia; Africa: South Africa (Latorre et al., 2012); North America: USA (California; Lawrence

et al., 2014). D. australafricana was first reported from Australia and South Africa (on Vitis vinifera; Latorre

et al., 2012).

Damage: The pest causes stem canker and dieback, lesions on stems and necrosis of shoots (Latorre et al.,

2012). It was observed on as much as 15% of plants in plantations in central and southern Chile since 2006;

in experiments, It was shown to be highly virulent in shoots, stems and fruit of blueberry (Elfar et al., 2013).

Other information: D. australafricana has been detected in several new crops (incl. Vaccinium) and places

in recent years, and may present a risk. No information was found on transmission modes (and whether they

would facilitate its transfer from fruit consignment to hosts). Udayanga et al. (2014) note the need to

investigate population structure and species boundaries with additional isolates of D. australafrica and D.

rudi.

Recorded impact: Moderate

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Yes

References:

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc

Elfar, K., Torres, R., Díaz, G. A., and Latorre, B. A. 2013. Characterization of Diaporthe australafricana and Diaporthe spp.

associated with stem canker of blueberry in Chile. Plant Dis. 97:1042-1050.

FreshFruitPortal. 2014. China intercepts fungus in Chilean blueberry shipment. December 12th, 2014. New Items at

http://www.freshfruitportal.com/news/2014/12/12/china-intercepts-fungus-in-chilean-blueberry-shipment/?country=chile

Guerrero J. 2013. First Report of Diaporthe australafricana-Caused Stem Canker and Dieback in European Hazelnut (Corylus

avellana L.) in Chile. Plant Disease, Volume 97, Number 12, Page 1657

Latorre BA, Elfar K, Espinoza JG, Torres R, Díaz GA. 2012. First Report of Diaporthe australafricana Associated with Stem Canker

on Blueberry in Chile. Plant Disease, May 2012, Volume 96, Number 5, Page 768

Lawrence D, Travadon R, Baumgartner K. 2014.Diversity of Diaporthe species causing woodcanker diseases of fruit and nuts crops

in northern California. 2014 APS-CPS Joint meeting. August 9-13. Minneapolis, Minnesota.

http://www.apsnet.org/meetings/Documents/2014_meeting_abstracts/aps2014abO126.htm (accessed August 2015)

Udayanga D, Castlebury LA, Rossman AY, Hyde KD. 2014. Species limits in Diaporthe: molecular re-assessment of D. citri, D.

cytosporella, D. foeniculina and D. rudis. Persoonia 32, 2014: 83–101

Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium (Ascomycota)

Fruit pathway: G. bulbilium occurs on fruit.

Other pathways: uncertain: plants for planting, others; information was not found on the presence of G.

bulbilium on other parts of plants.

Hosts: Vaccinium macrocarpon (new host), Nephelium lappaceum, Psidium guava, Durio (Constantelos et

al., 2011).

Distribution: Africa: Central African Republic (Lombard et al., 2014); North America: Mexico, USA

(Hawaii, Louisiana, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, Wisconsin, West Virginia); Caribbean:

Puerto Rico, 'West Indies'; South America: Brazil, French Guiana (Lombard et al., 2014), Guyana (Farr and

Rossman, 2015); Asia: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Thailand, India (Farr and Rossman, 2015) Sri Lanka

(Serrato-Diaz et al., 2011). G. bulbilium occurs mostly in tropical or sub-tropical countries, but was recently

found in more temperate areas of the USA.

Damage: G. bulbilium causes fruit rot, pre- and post-harvest. It was first recorded on cranberry during field

surveys on fruit rot, and found on 5% of the fruit collected on 3 farms. It was pathogenic, developed faster

than Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, and all fruit rotted within 2 days in experiments. G.

bulbilium causes important post-harvest fruit rot on Nephelium lappaceum in Thailand, Nephelium

lappaceum and Psidium guajava in Hawaii, Durio spp. in Brunei Darussalam (Constantelos et al., 2011).

Other information: No information was found on transmission modes (and whether they would facilitate its

transfer from fruit consignment to hosts). This pest was detected recently on Vaccinium and may present a

risk.

Recorded impact: Moderate

(on another crop)

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Yes

(uncertain)

References:

Constantelos C, Doyle VP, Litt A, Oudemans PV. 2011. First Report of Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium Causing Cranberry Fruit Rot in

New Jersey and Massachusetts. Plant Disease, May 2011, Volume 95, Number 5, Page 618

Farr DF, Rossman AY. 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-

grin.gov/fungaldatabases (accessed August 2015)

Lombard L, Serrato-Diaz LM, Cheewangkoon R, French-Monar RD, Decock C, Crous PW. 2014. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the

genus Gliocephalotrichum. Persoonia 32, 2014: 127–140

Serrato-Diaz LM, Latoni Brailowsky EI, Rivera Vargas LI. Goenaga R, French Monar RD. First Report of Gliocephalotrichum

bulbilium and G. simplex Causing Fruit Rot of Rambutan in Puerto Rico. Plant Disease, August 2012, Volume 96, Number 8,

Page 1225

Insects

Accuminulia buscki (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae bore into the fruit (unlike most Tortricidae) (Brown, 1999). No specific information

was found for Vaccinium. The pest is intercepted on fruit, incl. blueberry (12 interceptions in the USA on

blueberries - BlueberriesChile, 2011-2012; also intercepted on grapes - Brown, 1999).

Other pathways: uncertain: plants for planting.

Hosts: Prunus armeniaca, Prunus domestica, Prunus persica, Vitis (Brown et al., 2008), Vitis vinifera

(Cepeda, 2014). No host record was found for Vaccinium, but the pest is intercepted on Vaccinium. A.

buscki is known to have expanded its host range to plants that are exotic to Chile (Prunus, Vitis) (Brown,

1999).

Distribution: South America: Chile.

Damage: Little information on damage was found. A. buscki is considered as a 'potential future pest

problem' for Chile (Biosecurity Australia, 2005, citing an article from 2000). Cepeda (2014) mentions that it

has occasional economic importance and quarantine significance, and it is mentioned as a cause of rejection

of consignments in BlueberriesChile (2011-2012).

Other information: Information is lacking on the host status of Vaccinium and damage. However, larvae

bore into the fruit, which would present a higher risk of introduction with fruit. In addition, the pest was

intercepted on blueberries. It is not clear if this reflects its growing importance on this crop, but it may be an

emerging pest.

Recorded impact: Unknown

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Biosecurity Australia, 2005. Revised Draft Import Risk Analysis Report for Table Grapes from Chile. Part B. Commonwealth of

Australia.

BlueberriesChile, 2011-2012. Estadisticas De Inspecciones De Arandanos. Temporada 2011/2012. Programa De Pre-Embarque.

Sag/Usda-Aphis/Asoex. Powerpoint presentation.

Brown JW, Robinson G, Powell JA. 2008. Food plant database of the leafrollers of the world (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Version 1.0).

http://www.tortricid.net/foodplants.asp.

Brown JW. 1999. A new genus of tortricid moths (Tortricidae: Euliini) injurious to grapes and stone fruits in Chile. Journal of the

Lepidopterists' Society, 53 (2), 60-64.

Cepeda DE. 2014. Descripción del Último Estado Larvario de Accuminulia buscki, Especie de Tortricidae (Lepidoptera: Euliini) de

Importancia Económica en Chile. Rev. Chilena Ent. 2014, 39: 23-27.

Clarkeulia bourquini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed externally on fruit (for Vaccinium) (Rocca and Brown, 2013). There is an

uncertainty as this is indicated for four species of Tortricidae together (newly recorded on V. corymbosum).

Other pathways: plants for planting; larvae also feed on buds and flowers (Rocca and Brown, 2013, for four

species of Tortricidae).

Uncertain pathway: herbs.

Hosts: Vaccinium corymbosum (new host; Rocca and Brown, 2013); Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens,

Mentha sauveolens, Ligustrum sinense, Malus domestica, Prunus domestica, Citrus sinensis, Verbenaceae

(Brown et al., 2008).

Distribution: South America: Argentina (Rocca and Brown, 2013); Brazil (Gilligan et al., 2014).

Damage: No details on damage was found. However, Vaccinium corymbosum was recently identified as a

new host (Rocca and Brown, 2013).

Other information: Although no information on damage was found, and there is an uncertainty on its

association with fruit, there is a risk that this pest may be harmful on this crop.

Recorded impact: Unknown

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Brown JW, Robinson G, Powell JA. 2008. Food plant database of the leafrollers of the world (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Version 1.0).

http://www.tortricid.net/foodplants.asp.

Gilligan TM, Baixeras J, Brown JW, Tuck KR. 2014. T@rts, Online world catalogue of the Tortricidae. Version 3.0 (December, 2014)

- Current through early 2014 http://www.tortricidae.com/catalogue.asp (accessed August 2015)

Rocca M, Brown JW. 2013. New Host Records for Four Species of Tortricid Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Cultivated

Blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae), in Argentina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington

115(2):167-172.

Clarkeulia deceptiva (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed externally on Vaccinium fruit (Rocca and Brown, 2013). There is an uncertainty

as this is indicated for four species of Tortricidae together (newly recorded on V. corymbosum).

Other pathways: plants for planting; larvae also feed on buds and flowers (Rocca and Brown, 2013, for four

species of Tortricidae).

Hosts: Vaccinium corymbosum (new host, Rocca and Brown, 2013). No data was found on other hosts (in

particular, this species is not listed in the catalogue of Brown et al., 2008).

Distribution: Argentina (Rocca and Brown, 2013); Brazil (Gilligan et al., 2014).

Damage: No details on damage was found. However, Vaccinium corymbosum was recently identified as a

new host (Rocca and Brown, 2013).

Other information: Although no information on damage was found, and there is an uncertainty on its

association with fruit, there is a risk that this pest may be harmful on this crop.

Recorded impact: Unknown

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Brown JW, Robinson G, Powell JA. 2008. Food plant database of the leafrollers of the world (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Version 1.0).

http://www.tortricid.net/foodplants.asp.

Gilligan TM, Baixeras J, Brown JW, Tuck KR. 2014. T@rts, Online world catalogue of the Tortricidae. Version 3.0 (December, 2014)

- Current through early 2014 http://www.tortricidae.com/catalogue.asp (accessed August 2015)

Rocca M, Brown JW. 2013. New Host Records for Four Species of Tortricid Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Cultivated

Blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae), in Argentina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington

115(2):167-172.

Hylamorpha elegans (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fruit pathway: There is an uncertainty on whether adults feed on fruit. However, there are records of

interceptions (4 on Vaccinium fruit, 30 on fruit, leaves and stems of various species) and the pest may

become associated with fruit at harvest and packing (USDA, 2007, 2008).

Other pathways: soil (on its own and associated with plants for planting; eggs, larvae and pupae are in soil;

larvae are reported to feed on roots of gramineas or on decomposing material (UDEC, no date) and roots of

blueberry (Larrain et al., 2007). Adults feed on leaves (UDEC, nd).

Uncertain pathway: plants for planting.

Hosts: Polyphagous, incl. Vaccinium (Larrain et al., 2007), cereals, grasses (larvae), Prunus (as 'cerezo'

[cherry]), Nothofagus, Quercus (as 'robles' [oak]) and other trees (adults) (Gonzalez, 1989). The main hosts

are native South American species (such as Nothofagus), and this pest has probably moved to Vaccinium.

Distribution: South America: Argentina, Chile (UDEC, no date; Gonzalez, 1989).

Damage: On Vaccinium, the pest may cause death of plants by feeding on roots (Larrain et al., 2007). It is a

primary pest for the hosts mentioned in Gonzalez (1989) (see Hosts).

Recorded impact: Moderate

Intercepted: Yes

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

González R. 1989. Insectos y ácaros de importancia agrícola y cuarentenaria en Chile. Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias

Agrarias y Forestales. Santiago de Chile. Ograma. 310 p.

Larraín PS, Salas CF, Graña FS. 2007. Región de Coquimbo. Plagas del arándano y generalidades de manejo. Técnico Agrícola.

IniaTierraAdentro, noviembre-diciembre 2007.

UDEC. No date. Hylamorpha elegans. [online data sheet]. Universidad de Concepción, Chile. http://www2.udec.cl/entomologia/H-

elegans.html (accessed August 2015)

USDA. 2007. Importation of fresh highbush and rabbit-eye blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L & V. virgatum Aiton) fruit into the

Continental United States from Uruguay. A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment April 2007. USDA-APHIS.

USDA. 2008. Pathway-Initiated Risk Analysis of the Importation of Vaccinium spp. Fruit from Countries in Central and South America

into the Continental United States. February 5, 2008. Revision 003. USDA-APHIS.

Hyphantus sulcifrons (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Fruit pathway: No information was found on the life stages associated with different parts of the blueberry

plants. However, association with fruit was not excluded as this is a new pest for this crop, and that some

other Curculionidae also feed on fruit.

Other pathways: soil, plants for planting with roots; larvae of weevils feed on roots, adults on leaves (Del

Rio et al., 2010).

Hosts: Vaccinium corymbosum (new host), Citrus, Fragaria (Del Rio et al., 2010, citing others).

Distribution: South America: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay (Del Rio et al., 2010).

Damage: No information was found on impact, nor if it is caused by larvae (on roots) or adults (on leaves or

fruits). For the related species H. olivaea, damage to grapevine is done by adults on foliage (Botton et al.,

2003).

Other information: Little information was found on this pest. As it is a new pest of Vaccinium, and

association with fruit was not excluded, it was considered that there may be a risk.

Recorded impact: Unknown

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Botton M, Scoz PL, Arioli CJ. 2003. Hyphantus olivae Vaurie (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Como Praga da Videira (Vitis spp.) na

Região da Serra Gaúcha. Neotropical Entomology 32(3):515-516 (2003)

Del Río MG, Klasmer P, Lanteri AA. 2010. Gorgojos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) perjudiciales para “frutos rojos” en la Argentina.

Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 69 (1-2): 101-110, 2010

Plagiognathus repetitus (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Fruit pathway: possibly nymphs or adults, if present in the crop at the time of harvest. This is not known.

Little is known of the biology of the pest (Rodriguez-Saona, 2014).

Other pathways: plants for planting; nymphs and adults attack young leaves and flower buds (Rodriguez-

Saona, 2014).

Hosts: Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ericaceae (incl. Kalmia angustifolia, Vaccinium) (Rodriguez-Saona, 2014),

Ledum, possibly Rhododendron (Schuh, 2001).

Distribution: North America: Canada (Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec; Schuh 2002-2013), USA

(Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, south to Virginia; Rodriguez-Saona, 2014;

Schuh 2002-2013).

Damage: P. repetitus may be an emerging pest on cranberry. It was observed causing damage in New Jersey

for the first time in 2014, causing serious damage and yield reduction in that year (Rodriguez-Saona, 2014).

No other information on impact was found.

Other information: The biology of this pest is reviewed in Wheeler (1996) [cited in Schuh (2001) but not

available to the assessor]. This pest was found on cranberry recently, and may present a risk.

Recorded impact: Moderate

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Rodriguez-Saona C. 2014. Bug Damaging Cranberries Identified: Plagiognathus repetitus. Plant & pest advisory. October 2, 2014.

Rutgers Cooperative Extension. Rudgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA.

http://plantpestadvisory.rutgers.edu/bugdamagingcranberrieshasbeenidentified/

Schuh RT. 2001. Revision of New World Plagionathus Fieber, with comments on the Paleartic fauna and the description of a new

genus (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 266, 267 pp., 40

figures, 1 table, Issued November 8, 2001

Schuh RT. 2002-2013. On-line Systematic Catalog of Plant Bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae).

http://research.amnh.org/pbi/catalog/

Proeulia chrysopteris (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae feed on fruit (CABI CPC, Cubillos Vallejos, 2011). No specific information was

found for Vaccinium. However, there are many interceptions of Proeulia spp. on blueberries (630 in the

USA, 6 in Japan in BlueberriesChile, 2011-2012).

Other pathways: plants for planting, cut flowers and branches; larvae also feed on buds, flowers, leaves and

shoots, and overwinter on bark; eggs are laid on leaves (CABI CPC; Cubillos Vallejos, 2011).

Hosts: Polyphagous, hosts incl. Vaccinium corymbosum, Corylus avellana (new hosts in Cubillos Vallejos,

2011), Vitis vinifera, Actinidia deliciosa, Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus domestica, Prunus

persica, Pyrus communis (CABI CPC), Citrus sinensis, Acer, Diospyros (Koch and Waterhouse, 2000),

Euonymus, Cotoneaster, Lonicera japonica, Prunus cerasifera, Viburnum, Platanus orientalis, Rosa (Cubillos

Vallejos, 2011), Pinus radiata, Pinus, Eriobotrya japonica, Prunus avium, Juglans regia, Acer buergerianum,

Ulmus, (Cepeda and Cubillos, 2011).

Distribution: South America: Chile (Cepeda and Cubillos, 2011).

Damage: P.chrysopteris is native to Chile, and has moved from natural habitats into crop systems, including

exotic species of berries and ornamental trees; it was recently recorded on Vaccinium corymbosum (Cubillos-

Vallejos, 2011). Direct damage is due to larvae feeding on buds, leaves, flowers and fruit; fruits are cut and

pierced with large galleries. On apple, fruits may be emptied, on kiwi, fruit pedicels are attacked; on

grapevine, it is harmful to buds; on orange, it bores into the rind and may reach the pulp (Cubillos Vallejos,

2011). P.chrysopteris has infested kiwifruit orchards in less than a decade. It is considered as a secondary or

incidental pest problem in fruit trees, but the whole genus is considered as an emergent pest problem of fruit

trees and vineyards (CABI CPC). It is occasionally important, especially on apple, and is of quarantine

importance on kiwi as larvae are present at the time of harvest (Cubillos Vallejos, 2011). It is a significant

pest of table grapes (Biosecurity Australia, 2005).

Other information: The pest is of quarantine concern to some countries, such as the USA, China, Korea

Rep, Japan, Mexico (CABI CPC). Although P. arauria is the most common species of the genus in Chile and

other Proeulia spp. are considered to be of less significance (Biosecurity Australia, 2005), P.chrysopteris

seems to have passed recently onto Vaccinium, and may present a risk for that crop.

Recorded impact: Moderate

(on another crop)

Intercepted: Yes (as genus)

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Biosecurity Australia, 2005. Revised Draft Import Risk Analysis Report for Table Grapes from Chile. Part B. Commonwealth of

Australia.

CABI CPC. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, UK. http://www.cabi.org/cpc

BlueberriesChile, 2011-2012. Estadisticas De Inspecciones De Arandanos. Temporada 2011/2012. Programa De Pre-Embarque.

Sag/Usda-Aphis/Asoex. Powerpoint presentation.

Cepeda DE, Cubillos GE. 2011. Descripción del último estado larvario y recopilación de registros de hospederos de siete especies

de Tortrícidos de importancia económica en Chile (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Gayana 75(1): 39-70, 2011

Cubillos Vallejos GE. 2011. Caracterización Taxonómica Del Último Estado Larvario De Proeulia auraria (Clarke) Y Proeulia

chrysopteris (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) [thesis]. Universidad de Chile, Santiago.

Koch KC, Waterhouse DF. 2000. The distribution and importance of arthropods associated with agriculture and forestry in Chile

(Distribucion e importancia de los artropodos asociados a la agricultura y silvicultura en Chile). ACIAR Monograph No. 68,

234 pp.

Proeulia triquetra (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Fruit pathway: larvae of Proeulia spp. feed on fruit (Gilligan and Epstein, 2014); on grapes, larvae feed on

berries (Biosecurity Australia, 2005). No specific information was found for Vaccinium. However, there are

many interceptions of Proeulia spp. on blueberries (630 in the USA, 6 in Japan in BlueberriesChile, 2011-

2012).

Other pathways: plants for planting; larvae also feed on leaves, eggs are on leaves, flowers, buds (Gilligan

and Epstein, 2014).

Hosts: Polyphagous, incl. Vaccinium (Gilligan and Epstein, 2014), Vitis vinifera (Brown et al., 2008), Malus

domestica, Hebe, Rubus occidentalis. New host records on Citrus reticulata, Myoschilus oblonga,

Convolvulus arvensis, Maytenus boaria, Lonicera japonica, Prunus cerasifera, Buddleja davidii, Fuchsia

magellanica (Cepeda and Cubillos, 2011).

Distribution: South America: Chile (Cepeda and Cubillos, 2011).

Damage: Little information on impact was found, and none specific to Vaccinium. The pest causes direct

damage to buds, flowers, leaves and fruit (Gilligan and Epstein, 2014). On grape, berries can be damaged

superficially or completely destroyed (Biosecurity Australia, 2005).

Other information: Although P. arauria is the most common species of the genus in Chile and other

Proeulia spp. are considered to be of less significance (Biosecurity Australia, 2005), P. triquetra seems to

have passed recently onto Vaccinium, and may present a risk for that crop.

Recorded impact: Unknown

Intercepted: Yes (as genus)

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Biosecurity Australia, 2005. Revised Draft Import Risk Analysis Report for Table Grapes from Chile. Part B. Commonwealth of

Australia.

Brown JW, Robinson G, Powell JA. 2008. Food plant database of the leafrollers of the world (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Version 1.0).

http://www.tortricid.net/foodplants.asp.

Cepeda DE, Cubillos GE. 2011. Descripción del último estado larvario y recopilación de registros de hospederos de siete especies

de Tortrícidos de importancia económica en Chile (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Gayana 75(1): 39-70, 2011

Gilligan TM, Epstein M. 2014. Tortricids of Agricultural Importance. Interactive Keys developed in Lucid 3.5. Last updated August

2014. http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/index.html

Tolype innocens (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Fruit pathway: possibly larvae; in the publications available, there is no information regarding association

with Vaccinium fruit. However, the pest is present at the time of fruiting (Muller et al., 2009), and it is a new

pest of Vaccinium. Information is lacking on whether it could become associated with fruit.

Other pathways: Larvae feed on leaves (Louzada et al., 2011; Diez Rodriguez et al., 2012).

Hosts: Vaccinium ashei (Louzada et al., 2011). This was the first record of a Tolype on a crop. Other host

are not mentioned, but larvae of Tolype spp. are characteristically polyphagous, feeding on leaves and

sprouts of forest plants (Louzada et al., 2011).

Distribution: South America: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay (Diez Rodriguez et al., 2012; Louzada

et al., 2011).

Damage: Damage to fruit was not observed, but defoliation up to 10% (Louzada et al., 2011). T. innocens

has urticating caterpillars, which was of concern as those were present in the crop at the time of harvest

(Muller et al., 2009).

Other information: This pest was detected recently in Vaccinium, which is also the first record on a crop.

Although damage reported so far seems minor, it is not excluded that it evolves. This pest may present a risk.

Recorded impact: Minor

Intercepted: Not known

Spreading/invasive: Not

known

References:

Diez-Rodríguez GI, Hübner LK, Bisognin M, Antunes LEC, Nava DE. 2012. Levantamento de Insetos em Pomares de Mirtileiro

(Vaccinium ashei) na Região de Pelotas, RS. In: Congresso brasileiro de entomologia, 24., 2012, Curitiba. SEB - 40 anos de

avanços da Ciência Entomológica Brasileira. Curitiba: SEB, 2012.

Louzada RS, Müller FA, Gonçalves RS, Nava DE. Occurrence and biology of Tolype innocens (Burmeister) on blueberry. Rev. Bras.

Frutic., Jaboticabal - SP, v. 33, n. 1, p. 061-065, Março 2011

Muller FA, Louzada RS, Gonçalves RS, Nava DE. No date. Biologia e tabela de vida de fertilidade de Tolype innocens (Burmeister,

1878) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) em mirtileiro (Vaccinium ashei) (Ericaceae) Conference abstract. XIII CIC, XI Enpos i

mostra scientífica.

ANNEX 6. Pests of interest with records in fewer than 3 EU countries

The records for the EU are from the literature and have not been checked with the NPPOs of the countries concerned.

References are given below only for EU records. References for other information as well as additional details are given in the Step 2 List.

Name

(taxonomy)

Pathways

Hosts

Summary of information

Distribution

Blueberry red

ringspot virus

(Caulimoviridae

: soymovirus)

Fruit? (if

vector),

plants for

planting

Vaccinium corymbosum, V.

macrocarpon

- An emerging virus in the USA. Graft transmissible, but also actively

moving (natural spread); a mealybug may be involved.

- Causes red ringspots/ blotches on stems, leaves and on some cultivars

also on fruits. Occasionally reddish rings on green fruit, usually not

apparent on ripe fruits.

- 25% crop loss in one cultivar, others yet to be documented.

EU: Poland (Paduch-Cichal, 2011; Kalinowska et al., 2012). Very limited

presence in Slovenia and Czech Rep (few plants, no natural spread,

infected plant material suspected; Spak et al., 2014). There is possibly no

vector in Europe.

Doubtful record. Slovakia: from CABI distribution map, which refers to

Paduch-Cichal et al. (2011), which in turn refers to Plesko et al. (2010),

which relates to Slovenia.

Others: Asia: Japan, Korea; North America: USA

Blueberry

shoestring virus

(sobemovirus)

Fruit? (if

vector),

plants for

planting

Vaccinium corymbosum, V.

angustifolium

- Transmitted by Illinoia pepperi, mechanical inoculation, grafting; not

transmitted by contact, seeds, pollen. Long latent period.

- Causes reddish-purple discoloration on leaves.

- In severe cases, extensive losses (yield reduction, unmarketable fruit).

Reported as causing several millions of losses annually in Michigan.

EU: Poland (Paduch-Cichal et al., 2011).

Others: North America: Canada, USA; South America: eradicated in Chile?

(Medina et al., 2006; found in one farm and infected plants eliminated).

Calonectria

colhounii

(Ascomycota)

Fruit?,

plants for

planting

Polyphagous on woody

plants, incl. Vaccinium,

Annona cherimoya, Ficus,

Rhododendron, Castanea

vulgaris, Camellia sinensis,

Eucalyptus.

- Causes root rot on some hosts, necrotic stems and leaves; leaf spot and

basal stem rot on blueberry. On atemoya and sugar apple, causes leaf

and fruit spot.

- Normally a common but secondary foliage disease, which may cause

serious losses in periods with heavy rainfalls. First report on blueberry in

the USA, mortality of 80-100% observed in some cases. Intercepted on

Vaccinium seedlings.

EU: Belgium (Inghelbrecht et al., 2011).

Others: Africa: Mauritius, South Africa; Asia: China, India, Japan, Thailand;

North America: USA; Central America: Costa Rica; South America:

Colombia.

Ceroplastes

cirripediformis

(Hemiptera:

Coccidae)

Fruit?,

plants for

planting

Polyphagous incl.

Vaccinium, Citrus, Coffea

arabica, Ipomoea batatas,

Manihot esculenta,

Tamarindus indica,

Psidium guajava,

Diospyros kaki, many

ornamentals, Vitis vinifera.

- No data found on the location of the different life stages, but the related

species C. rusci can attack fruit.

- Introduced into Egypt, where it cause serious damage on Psidium

guava. A pest of Citrus and many ornamentals, occasionally serious in

Mexico and Caribbean. Serious pest of avocado in Bolivia in the 1970s.

- In the USA, intercepted on variety of hosts.

- No data found on hosts and pest status in Italy and Greece.

EU: Greece, Italy (Ben-Dov et al., 2006 onwards; Longo et al., 1995;

Milonas et al., 2006).

Others: Africa: Egypt; North America: Mexico, USA; South America:

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Peru; Caribbean:

Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique,

Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos,

Barbados, Bermuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis,

Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Asia: Indonesia, Philippines;

Oceania: Marshall Islands, Wake Isl..

Colletotrichum

karstii

(Ascomycota)

Fruit,

plants for

planting,

cut flowers

and

branches?

Polyphagous, incl.

Vaccinium, Malus

domestica, Carica papaya,

Mangifera indica, Citrus

sinensis, Vitis vinifera,

Orchidaceae, Capsicum,

Solanum lyciopersicum,

Olea europaea.

- Described recently.

- Causes an emerging disease of apple in Brazil. Affects fruit of mango

fruit, Citrus sinensis, Passiflora edulis.

- Necrotic leaf spots on blueberry seedlings in a nursery, severe

defoliation in 100% of the seedlings, leading to serious losses for the

nursery.

Europe: Italy (Aiello et al., 2014; Schena et al., 2014). Hypothesis is made

that it was introduced to Italy (Ismail et al., 2015). Uncertain record:

Germany (Damm et al., 2012, mention 3 strains from Germany: 2 from

Gossypium hirsutum [collection place not accessible], the 3rd from Lupinus

albus, collected in Gülzow, DE).

Others: Africa: South Africa?, Zimbabwe?; Asia: China, India, Japan?,

Taiwan?, Thailand, Vietnam?; Central America: Panama?; North America:

Mexico, USA; South America: Brazil, Colombia?; Oceania: Australia, New

Zealand. Madeira? (Portugal).

Name

(taxonomy)

Pathways

Hosts

Summary of information

Distribution

Diaspidiotus

ancylus

(Hemiptera:

Diaspididae)

Fruit,

plants for

planting

Polyphagous, incl. Malus,

Prunus, Pyrus, Vaccinium

corymbosum, Quercus,

Ribes, Juglans, Olea

europaea, Tilia, Rosa.

- Most common scale attacking blueberry (for Connecticut). Damage

worst on older bushes/branches. Also occurs on forest trees.

- Crawlers on bark, but also leaves and fruits. Occasionally an economic

pest.

- Causes reduced plant vigour, death of branches, deformed fruit,

discoloration on leaves. A single scale attachment per fruit can completely

distort the fruit at harvest. Honeydew covers leaves and fruits, interrupting

growth. Sooty mould may develop on honeydew.

EU: Portugal (Franco et al., 2011).

Uncertain records: France, Germany, Spain. Mentioned in general

publications (Ben-Dov et al., 2006 onwards – Scalenet; Miller and Davidson,

2005; de Jong et al., 2014 – Fauna Europaea), but no specific record found.

For Germany, only a mention in a website:

http://www.beerendoktor.de/index.php?d=1&f_id=6&kr_id=396. This species

is not mentioned as introduced in European countries in Pellizzari and

Germain (2010).

Others: Africa: South Africa; Asia: Japan; South America: Argentina, Brazil,

Chile; North America: Canada?, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Australia.

Epiphyas

postvittana

(Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae)

Fruit,

vegetables,

plants for

planting,

cut flowers

Polyphagous, incl

Vaccinium, Malus

domestica, Citrus,

Diospyros kaki, Fragaria x

ananassa, Myrtus

communis, Prunus, Pyrus

communis, Rosmarinus

officinalis, Rubus idaeus,

Vitis vinifera.

- Native from Australia, and has spread extensively.

- Amongst the main pests of blueberry in New South Wales.

- Eggs on leaves, larvae feed on leaves, buds, fruits, sometimes tunnel

into the fruit (incl. ripening fruit); pupae on leaves.

- May also cause post-harvest damage when in consignments.

Intercepted.

EU: Ireland, UK (PQR)

Uncertain records: Sweden, Jersey, Guernsey, Netherlands. Sweden in

CABI CPC refers to Svensson (2009, [Remarkable records of

Microlepidoptera in Sweden during 2008] Entomologisk Tidskrift, 130(1):61-

72]. The full article was not available, but no confirming record was found,

and it is also indicated as absent in Fauna Europaea). Jersey and

Guernesey are mentioned in Fauna Europaea (no details) and Société

Guernesiaise (2009) reports 21 findings in 2009. However it is not clear if it

is established. Finally, the pest is mentioned as ‘intermittently recorded from

continental Europe, most recently in the Netherlands and Sweden (Gilligan

and Epstein, 2012). This may refer to interceptions only.

Others: North America: USA (established in Hawaii, ‘found’ in Oregon,

California); Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, also 'Pacific

Isl.; Azores (Portugal).

Gloeosporium

minus

(Ascomycota)

Fruit,

plants for

planting

Vaccinium

- Causes stem canker, leaf spot, dieback, storage rot of fruit.

- Common in South-East USA, and often results in defoliation and

reduced yield. In Canada, 3 fungi (incl. Gloeosporium minus) previsouly

considered as minor pests to wild blueberry production have begun to

cause significant yield losses.

EU: Estonia (at the location [‘Järvselja’] in article on seasonal dynamics in

forest; Pisek et al., 2015).

Uncertain records: Latvia, Lithuania. Lithuania is mentioned in Kacergius et

al. (2004 - article on Diaporthe vaccini), but it is not clear if G. minus is

present. For Latvia, it is mentioned in the abstract of Vilka et al. (2009)

amongst fungi of Vaccinium in Latvia, but is not named in the article itself; it

is also in APP (2010), but it is not clear if it is present.

Others: North America: Canada, USA

Uncertain record. Turkey: the distribution in Farr and Rossman (2015) is

indicated as ‘North America (USA: NC, WA)’, but a specific record is

indicated for Turkey (all others from the USA). The original source could not

be found, nor any other record for Turkey.

Neopestalotiop

sis clavispora

(Ascomycota)

Fruit,

plants for

planting

Polyphagous, incl.

Vaccinium corymbosum,

Persea, Quercus,

Mangifera indica,

Eriobotrya japonica, Carya.

- Causes symptoms on stems and branches (canker, dieback). Conidia

may be found on blueberry fruit. In experiments, shown to be pathogenic

on wounded fruit of blueberry, apple and kiwifruit.

- Causes a fruit rot of loquat, leaf spot of mango, stem-end rot of avocado.

One human eye infection in Japan.

EU: Italy, Spain (Ismail et al., 2012; Palou et al., 2013).

Others: Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, Sri Lanka; North America: USA;

South America: Brazil, Chile, Uruguay; Oceania: New Zealand.

Name

(taxonomy)

Pathways

Hosts

Summary of information

Distribution

Oligonychus

ilicis (Acarida:

Tetranychidae)

Fruit?

(incidental,

as nymphs

or adults,

mobile),

plants for

planting,

wood?

35 species in 14 families,

incl. Vaccinium

macrocarpon,

Rhododendron, Platanus

occidentalis, Buxus, Coffea

arabica, Juglans regia,

Eucalyptus, Psidium

guajava, Juniperus,

Quercus, Pyrus communis,

Picea, Rosa.

- causes discoloration, distortion and feeding damage on leaves, leading

to defoliation.

- Eggs on bark and leaves, mites feed primarily on the foliage of woody

ornamental plants.

- Important pest of broad-leaved evergreens in Southern and Eastern

USA, incl. Ericaceae and Aquilafoliacae.

EU: Italy, Netherlands (de Jong et al., 2013, Fauna Europaea; INRA, 2006-

2015).

Others: North America: USA; South America: Brazil, Paraguay, Chile; Asia:

Japan, Korea Rep., Iran.

Absent, eradicated: Australia.

Prodiplosis

vaccinii

(Diptera:

Cecidomyiidae)

Plants for

planting

Vaccinium

- Larvae feed inside vegetative meristems, on buds.

- Causes leaf distortion, blackening and death of young buds.

- In South-East USA, bud-infesting larvae of Dasineura oxycoccana &

Prodiplosis vaccinii destroy 20 to 80% of V. ashei crops.

EU: Spain (in 2001 - Calvo et al., 2006, DAISIE)

Uncertain record: The pest is included in the EPPO certification scheme

PM 4 /18(1998), and it is not clear if it is present elsewhere in Europe.

Others: North America: Canada, USA.

Pseudococcus

maritimus

(Hemiptera:

Pseudococcida

Fruit,

plants for

planting

Polyphagous, incl.

Vaccinium, Persea,

Passiflora, Malus, Pyrus,

Rubus, Citrus, Vitis,

Diospyros kaki, Passiflora

- Larvae and females feed mostly on leaves, but also on fruits and shoots.

- Intercepted on Malus fruits in EPPO.

- Causes feeding damage, honeydew and sooty moulds on fruit. Is a

vector of grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3).

EU: Poland (indoors; Goszczyński and Golan, 2011).

Doubtful records: Netherlands, Hungary (both from datamining in CABI

CPC). No specific records were found. The pest is not present in Hungary

according to Kozar et al. (2013).

Others: North America: Canada, Mexico, USA; Asia: Armenia, Indonesia;

South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, French Guiana;

Caribbean: Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico; Central America: Guatemala; Puerto

Rico

Uncertain record: Madeira (possibly misidentification), former-USSR.

Zaprionus

indianus

(Diptera:

Drosophilidae)

Fruit

Polyphagous, 74 species in

31 families, incl. Citrus,

Ficus carica, Psidium

guajava, Punica granatum,

Prunus persica, Actinidia,

Vitis, Musa. The pest has

passed onto many new

hosts. Adults were trapped

in other crops in North

America where it was

recently introduced, such

as Vaccinium, Rubus (as

raspberry, blackberry),

Fragaria (as strawberry),

Prunus (as cherry, plums).

- Ecologically versatile. Often associated with damaged or fallen rotting

fruit, but there are reports of infestation of tree-ripened fruit (e.g. figs,

Dimocarpus longan, Punica granatum, Eriobotrya japonica). Reported to

lay eggs in unripe fruits (possibly referring mostly to figs).

- Caused losses of 40% of fig harvest in Brazil when introduced. Reported

to infest ripened peaches in Brazil. Substantial losses reported for Citrus

(oranges), peach and fig. Uncertainty on importance and type of damage

on some crops, and whether it related to undamaged fruit.

- Recently found in crops of several hosts in the USA. On grapevine, crop

damage was reported in Virginia; in Michigan, it was still unclear Z.

indianus will become a pest or will attack only damaged fruit. For

Vaccinium in Mississippi, still uncertain whether it will attack blueberry in

the field, but there is also a concern for fruit in packing houses.

- In international trade, intercepted on fruits in the EU (incl. Citrus,

Diospyros kaki, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava).

EU: Spain (Carles-Tolra, 2009).

Absent, unreliable records: Italy, Austria (PQR).

Others: Africa: Benin, Cape Verde, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Kenya,

Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria,

Reunion, Sao Tome & Principe, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania,

Madeira (Portugal), Islas Canarias (Spain), Cameroon, Comoros, Gabon,

Guinea, Senegal, Sudan. Asia: India, Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon,

Jordan, Iraq, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, and

unpublished record for Azerbaijan; South America: Argentina, Brazil,

Uruguay, Ecuador?, Peru?, unpublished record for Venezuela; North

America: Canada (first records; uncertainty if will establish), Mexico, USA;

Central America: Panama; Caribbean: unpublished record for Cayman Isl.;

intercepted from the Dominican Rep. (but no published record).

Note: In Brazil, a single introduction in 1998, was followed by rapid spread

within the country, and subsequent spread within South and North America.

D1-3 Part 4 Vaccinium Deliverable

Data

January 2018

Muriel Suffert · Fabienne Grousset · Francoise Petter · Anne Wilstermann · Gritta Schrader

Download

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.

Species composition and abundance of leafrollers in a Canterbury pine plantation

Article

Aug 2002

Several leafroller species (Tortricidae) are known to occasionally cause considerable defoliation in Pinus radiata plantation forests We conducted pheromone trapping for five indigenous species Ctenopseustis herana Ctenopseustis obliquana Planotortrix excessana Planotortrix notophaea and Planotortrix octo and the exotic Epiphyas postvittana to determine their abundance in 20 P radiata stands in Eyrewell Forest North Canterbury Trapping from December 2001 to February 2002 indicated that E postvittana and C obliquana were very abundant (with mean catches of 077 and 044 moths/trap/day respectively) while the other species were rarely caught Results for the native leafrollers differ considerably from those reported from other plantation forests and other habitats in Canterbury such as apple orchards where P octo and C herana are generally more common

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of the tospoviruses

Article

Jul 2012

p>The European Commission requested EFSA’s Panel on Plant Health to perform the pest categorisation for the 24 viruses of the Tospovirus genus for the EU territory. The following tospoviruses were analysed: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV), Polygonum ringspot virus (PolRSV), Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), Alstroemeria necrotic streak virus (ANSV), Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), Melon severe mosaic virus (MSMV), Tomato yellow (fruit) ring virus (TYRV), Tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV), Groundnut yellow spot virus (GYSV), Groundnut chlorotic fan-spot virus (GCFSV), Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV), Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus (ZLCV), Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV), Watermelon bud necrosis virus (WBNV), Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV), Tomato necrotic ringspot virus (TNRV), Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV), Melon yellow spot virus (MYSV), Soybean vein necrosis associated virus (SVNaV), Bean necrotic mosaic virus (BeNMV) and Pepper necrotic spot virus (PNSV). In reaching its conclusions, the Panel considered four parameters to be of critical importance in the risk assessment area: (i) the presence of a tospovirus, (ii) the existence of host plants, (iii) the existence of thrips vector species and (iv) the potential for damage to crops grown in Europe. Based on its analysis, the Panel concluded that the 24 viruses analysed could be allocated to four different risk groups. Seven viruses (GRSV, TCSV, ANSV, CSNV, MSMV, TYRV, TZSV) for which both thrips species vectors and natural or experimental hosts crops are present in the EU territory were considered by the Panel to represent the highest risk to the EU territory. In contrast, three viruses (INSV, IYSV and PolRSV) already present in the risk assessment area were not considered by the Panel to pose a risk justifying the development of full risk assessments.</p

CHILEAN HAZELNUT SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES

Article

Sep 2014

Lingonberry yields in the Pacific Northwest

Article

Mar 2009

R.H. Penhallegon

Lingonberries, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., were studied as a possible new crop for the Pacific Northwestern, United States. Lingonberries are primarily grown in Scandinavian and European countries, namely Norway, Sweden, Germany, Finland, Estonia, and Russia. A number of European and a few North American cultivars have been released and this research aimed to determine the cultivars that were best adapted to the Pacific Northwest based on fruit yield, berry size, and berry soluble solids for fruit harvested during the summer and autumn seasons. Twenty-one genotypes were evaluated from 1999-2007. In a nine-year study, lingonberries were evaluated for summer yield (first week of August), autumn yield (the first week of November), total yield, individual berry weight, ripening date, and Brix (% soluble solids). Yields from several cultivars showed commercial potential. Some cultivars had excellent summer yield ('Erntesegen', 'Sanna' and 'Koralle') or autumn yield ('Erntesegen', 'Koralle-G', 'Ida'). 'Erntesegen' had the greatest total yield (342 kg•100 m-2) and 'Regal' had the lowest (50 kg•100 m-2). Cultivars ('Erntesegen', 'Ida' and 'Koralle-G') had excellent yield in both seasons and a high total yield. The Brix for summer and autumn harvest ranged from 13.9% for '87102-3' to 10.3% for 'Splendor'. Berry weight ranged from the largest in 'Erntesegen' (0.42 g) to the smallest in 'Erntedank' (0.18 g). 'Erntesegen' and 'Ida' rated well for yield, individual berry weight and Brix and are recommended for commercial planting in the Pacific Northwest. Data from these trials suggest that multiple cultivars should be grown in the Pacific Northwest.

Improving northern bilberry (vaccinium uliginosum) production

Article

Jan 2014

D.E. Yarborougha

Northern bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) has a circumboreal range occurring predominantly between 60 to 70 degrees north. It is harvested commercially from wild unmanaged stands in North America, Northern Europe and China. In Alaska, it is known as one of the huckleberry species V. occidentale. It is taxonomically distinct from the highbush V. corymbosum and lowbush V. angustifolium species of North America and the bilberry V. myrtillus of Europe as it resides in its own section of Vaccinium. This species has the potential for high value pharmaceutical uses since it has high antioxidant values. Northern bilberry has a growth form as a procumbent rhizomatous shrub capable of forming dense mats, so management techniques that have been successful in substantially increasing the production of wild blueberries (V. angustifolium) in North America could be adopted to increase the productivity of this species. If a site has sufficient bilberry cover, removing the overstory which has improved both European bilberry and wild blueberry production would improve yields. The close alternate year pruning, originally by fire and now by mowing to within a centimeter of the ground, is the principle means of enhancing and maintaining wild blueberry yields in North America. The reduction of weeds that shade the blueberry by cutting or wiping with herbicides has greatly improved production and the addition of mulch has enhanced blueberry plant spread. Importing pollinators and improving habitat for native pollinators has been essential in improving yields. Maintaining or planting wind rows has reduced winter injury, frost and improved pollination in wild blueberries. Some of these management inputs may be readily adopted for northern bilberry, but site specific information on pruning height and frequency of pruning needs to be determined for local conditions. In addition, the use of huckleberry rakes and better handling practices will improve efficiency of harvest, quality and marketability of the fruit.

Knowledge of the "cabrito del frambueso" weevil (CF) Aegorhinus superciliosus (Guérin) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Article

Apr 2009

The weevil Aegorhinus superciliosus is a serious pest in the south of Chile, affecting mainly the complex denominated berries, such as currant, strawberry, gooseberry, raspberry and blueberry. The larvae feeds on neck and roots, building superficial galleries, causing the death of the plant. In spite of the economic importance of this insect, there is not to much information referring to its biology and control. Therefore, the objective of this review is to give antecedent on the knowledge and its advance on biology and control of A. superciliosus.

EVALUATION OF THREE BIOINSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS IN CRANBERRIES

Article

Aug 1997

EFFECT OF CULTIVATION AREA ON LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY NECTAR PRODUCTION AND POLLINATOR COMPOSITION

Article

Jan 2014

'Hortblue Onyx' and 'Hortblue Petite': Two new ornamental blueberries from New Zealand

Article

Mar 2009

Blueberries are becoming increasingly popular for the home garden market in New Zealand, where belief in the health-giving properties of the fruit has led to unprecedented demand. Significant growth in sales of plants to the retail sector has occurred over recent years and this trend is predicted to continue. This is largely because of the current fashion among the gardening public for functional plants that produce fruit as well as having a decorative appearance. The ornamental market, although small in comparison with other markets, is becoming more important and warrants particular consideration for the selection of new cultivars. Two cultivars bred by HortResearch, 'Hortblue Onyx' and 'Hortblue Petite', have been evaluated and released as ornamentals over the past eight years. Trials have been conducted in New Zealand and Germany. 'Hortblue Onyx' is a selection from an open pollinated population from a seedling of Vaccinium simulatum Small while 'Hortblue Petite' was selected from open pollinated seedlings of V. corymbosum L. Both cultivars are semi-dwarf in stature with low chill requirements and produce small, dark blue fruit that are high in phytochemical composition.

The current status and future of the blueberry industry in China

Article

Mar 2009

In the past 7 years, the area planted to blueberries in China increased from 24 ha to 1,323 ha and is expected to increase to 17,200 ha by 2010. The average annual rate of increase was 70% for the years 2001 to 2005 and 161% for the years 2005 to 2010, respectively. So far, more than 10 provinces have begun commercial blueberry culture, ranging across China from the Northeast to the Southwest. However, different blueberry cultivars were chosen for different production areas based on climate. Lowbush blueberry and half-high blueberry, about 20% and 15% of the total area respectively, are mainly grown in the Northeast. Northern highbush, about 37% of the total production area, is mainly cultured along the coastal areas of Liaoning and Shandong provinces, the northern part of Jiangsu, and part of Yunan province. Occupying 28% of the total production area, rabbiteye and southern highbush are mainly grown in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guizhou, and part of Yunan provinces. Greenhouse and tunnel production areas in northern China increased from 0.13 to 30 ha from 2001 to 2007 and are expected to increase to 750 ha by 2010. With the use of greenhouses and high tunnels, fresh fruit could be harvested from early April to early June. Total production of blueberry in China increased from 2 to 340 metric tonnes between 2001 and 2007 and it is estimated to reach about 12,300 tonnes by 2010. More than 2/3rd of the fruit is used fresh and more than 80% is exported to Japan or Hong Kong, China. Less than 1/3 of the fruit was processed for IQF and export to other countries. Harvest of wild Vaccinium, V. uliginosum and V. vitis-idaea, increased from 400 to 7000 tonnes for V. uliginosum and from 1,200 to 4,000 tonnes for V. vitis-idaea, respectively from 2003 to 2007 in the Northeast. This fruit is processed IQF and is exported mainly to Europe. Major problems and other markets for blueberry production in China are also presented in this paper.

Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 4-REPORT on VACCINIUM-Fruit pathway and Alert List (Dropsa, EU project number 613678)

Figures

Supplementary resource (1)

Recommended publications

Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 5-REPORT...

Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 6-REPORT...

Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 7-REPORT...

Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 2-Analys...