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Implementation of Smart LED Lighting and Efficient Data Management System for Buildings

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Arun Kumar at National Institute of Technology Rourkela
Arun Kumar
Pushpendu Kar at University of Nottingham UK (China campus)
Pushpendu Kar
  • University of Nottingham UK (China campus)
Rakesh Warrier
Rakesh Warrier
Rakesh Warrier
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Aditi Kajale
Aditi Kajale
Aditi Kajale
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Abstract

Recent studies have shown that energy-efficient smart LED lighting systems provide a better visual comfort-working environment at a reduced energy consumption compared to existing lighting systems. Present daylighting systems are able to regulate the light intensities via communication technologies utilizing smart sensors. This paper presents implementation of a smart LED lighting system utilizing different energy-efficient techniques without compromising the visual comfort of occupants. The proposed lighting system uses ZigBee and Wi-Fi communication protocols to control the lights of commercial/residential buildings according to natural daylight, occupancy or as per the requirements of the inhabitants of the building. The lighting system can be operated in three different modes: Manual, Auto, and Hybrid to account for various applications. A wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) is used to collect available data, regarding the usage of personalised smart LED lights by occupants in the building. A complete design and implementation of the smart lighting system are presented in the paper. The paper also presents the detailed test-bed implementation of the proposed smart lighting technique and data management system to illustrate the impact of the proposed lighting system on energy consumption and occupants’ visual satisfaction. The proposed lighting system aims to reduce energy consumption by 60-70% compared to the existing lighting system while satisfying the visual comfort of the occupants. The proposed work also suggests the guidelines to incorporate intelligence into the system such that it can automatically predict the occupant preferences in a decentralized framework for better visual comfort and improved energy utilization in existing buildings.
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ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1876-6102 © 2017The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
aIN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research -Instituto Superior Técnico,Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
bVeolia Recherche & Innovation,291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
cDépartement Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement -IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
prolonging the investment return period.
The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand –outdoor temperature function for heat demand
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
Cooling.
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 173–178
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium & Forum: Low
Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.667
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.667 1876-6102
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium &
Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference.
World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium & Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban
Energy Joint Conference, WES-CUE 2017, 19–21 July 2017, Singapore
Implementation of Smart LED Lighting and Efficient Data
Management System for Buildings
Arun Kumar, Pushpendu Kar, Rakesh Warrier, Aditi Kajale, Sanjib Kumar Panda
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
National University of Singapore,
119077, Singapore
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that energy-efficient smart LED lighting systems provide a better visual comfort-working
environment at a reduced energy consumption compared to existing lighting systems. Present daylighting systems are able to
regulate the light intensities via communication technologies utilizing smart sensors. This paper presents implementation of a
smart LED lighting system utilizing different energy-efficient techniques without compromising the visual comfort of occupants.
The proposed lighting system uses ZigBee and Wi-Fi communication protocols to control the lights of commercial/residential
buildings according to natural daylight, occupancy or as per the requirements of the inhabitants of the building. The lighting
system can be operated in three different modes: Manual, Auto, and Hybrid to account for various applications. A wireless sensor
and actuator network (WSAN) is used to collect available data, regarding the usage of personalised smart LED lights by
occupants in the building. A complete design and implementation of the smart lighting system are presented in the paper. The
paper also presents the detailed test-bed implementation of the proposed smart lighting technique and data management system to
illustrate the impact of the proposed lighting system on energy consumption and occupants’ visual satisfaction. The proposed
lighting system aims to reduce energy consumption by 60-70% compared to the existing lighting system while satisfying the
visual comfort of the occupants. The proposed work also suggests the guidelines to incorporate intelligence into the system such
that it can automatically predict the occupant preferences in a decentralized framework for better visual comfort and improved
energy utilization in existing buildings.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the World Engineers Summit – Applied Energy Symposium &
Forum: Low Carbon Cities & Urban Energy Joint Conference.
Keywords: visual comfort; wireless sensor and actuator network; database management system; personal and automatic control
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +65-6516 2106; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
E-mail address: elearun@nus.edu.sg
174 Arun Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 173–178
2 Arun Kumar, Pushpendu Kar, Rakesh Warrier, Aditi Kajale, Sanjib Kumar Panda/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
1. Introduction
The automation of devices and systems are changing the lives of ordinary people gradually. Smart devices and
systems are gaining popularity due to the introduction of Internet of Things (IoT). As present devices and systems
are smarter than their previous counterparts, nowadays smart buildings [1, 2] employ the recent advancement of
modern technologies. In a smart building, devices are controlled automatically and intelligently as per the
occupant’s preference. A smart lighting system is an essential part of a smart building. The smart lighting system [3]
employs techniques to control the lights automatically or semi-automatically and to adjust the light intensities based
on occupant’s visual comfort. The smart lighting system may also comprise of heterogeneous lights and can be
controlled using the same unified controlling system. Harnessing daylight makes a lighting system more energy-
efficient. The main goal of a smart lighting system is to achieve energy efficiency without sacrificing the visual
comfort of the occupants. A smart lighting system considers several parameters, including natural daylight available
in the building, user preferences, user movement, and occupancy in the building to control illuminance.
The proposed smart lighting system comprises of designing a Wireless Sensor Actuator Network (WSAN) [4, 5]
involving ZigBee wireless communication between sensors and actuators. Personal agents are used by occupants to
vary the light illuminance based on individual preferences and are connected to the network through Wi-Fi [6]. A
Graphical User Interface (GUI); an android app; runs on personal agents, by which occupants can input their
preferences into the system. The proposed lighting system is a decentralized system. Occupants have individual
control of their surrounding environment while the central server can override the user commands, if any conditions
are violated like overuse of energy at peak times. The central server collects sensor values via coordinator and user
preferences values from personal agents. A JAVA agent runs on the central server to store the collected information
in structured formation into a database. The data collection is carried out over a period of time. An intelligent tool is
used to derive predicted actuator values to automatically control light intensities for better visual comfort. With the
use of these advanced technologies, in this research work, a novel framework is presented to control lights within a
smart building based on individual occupant preferences and natural daylight available.
Conventionally, the mechanically-conditioned spaces [7, 8] are designed and operated to provide a visually
comfortable environment to a maximum number of people. Visual comfort is not only dependent on the
environmental factors, but also on factors such as the user’s requirements and expectations [9, 10]. With the
paradigm shift from a uniform lighting environment for all occupants to an individual preference based visual
comfort system, there is a need to conduct large-scale experiments in the field to establish new user-centric models
and their applications.
2. Smart Lighting System
The proposed framework enables changing the brightness of lights to provide satisfactory visual comfort to the
users at a lesser energy cost. In addition, the framework provides the methodology to integrate visual comfort
devices with WSAN in the built environment. A schematic of the proposed WSAN framework is shown in Fig. 1
(a). To account for different types of experiments (both with personal control and centralized control), the
framework is designed to operate in three different modes; Manual Mode - the users can interact with the lights
according to their preference. Auto Mode - the lights are actuated according to a model-based or data-driven control
based on the sensor measurements. Hybrid Mode - the lights can be actuated automatically but the users can interact
with the device in case they feel discomfort.
Modern bidirectional communication networks can control sensor activities and put them into SLEEP state after
receiving data from them. Therefore, the smart lighting system is designed using the WSAN. The WSAN is widely
used in many applications to analyze physical and environmental parameters. The structure of the WSAN comprises
of nodes where each node represents an autonomous entity in the network. The sensor network in this system
comprises of sensor nodes, which transmit measured sensor values to the coordinator. A Gateway node facilitates
connectivity of the WSAN with the other nodes involved within it. Actuation nodes work based on the instructions
from the coordinator. The lighting system implements the proposed actions. A Personal Agent enables external
preferences of the individual users to control the system. The architecture of a sensor node is illustrated in Fig. 1 (b).
Arun Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 173–178 175
2 Arun Kumar, Pushpendu Kar, Rakesh Warrier, Aditi Kajale, Sanjib Kumar Panda/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
1. Introduction
The automation of devices and systems are changing the lives of ordinary people gradually. Smart devices and
systems are gaining popularity due to the introduction of Internet of Things (IoT). As present devices and systems
are smarter than their previous counterparts, nowadays smart buildings [1, 2] employ the recent advancement of
modern technologies. In a smart building, devices are controlled automatically and intelligently as per the
occupant’s preference. A smart lighting system is an essential part of a smart building. The smart lighting system [3]
employs techniques to control the lights automatically or semi-automatically and to adjust the light intensities based
on occupant’s visual comfort. The smart lighting system may also comprise of heterogeneous lights and can be
controlled using the same unified controlling system. Harnessing daylight makes a lighting system more energy-
efficient. The main goal of a smart lighting system is to achieve energy efficiency without sacrificing the visual
comfort of the occupants. A smart lighting system considers several parameters, including natural daylight available
in the building, user preferences, user movement, and occupancy in the building to control illuminance.
The proposed smart lighting system comprises of designing a Wireless Sensor Actuator Network (WSAN) [4, 5]
involving ZigBee wireless communication between sensors and actuators. Personal agents are used by occupants to
vary the light illuminance based on individual preferences and are connected to the network through Wi-Fi [6]. A
Graphical User Interface (GUI); an android app; runs on personal agents, by which occupants can input their
preferences into the system. The proposed lighting system is a decentralized system. Occupants have individual
control of their surrounding environment while the central server can override the user commands, if any conditions
are violated like overuse of energy at peak times. The central server collects sensor values via coordinator and user
preferences values from personal agents. A JAVA agent runs on the central server to store the collected information
in structured formation into a database. The data collection is carried out over a period of time. An intelligent tool is
used to derive predicted actuator values to automatically control light intensities for better visual comfort. With the
use of these advanced technologies, in this research work, a novel framework is presented to control lights within a
smart building based on individual occupant preferences and natural daylight available.
Conventionally, the mechanically-conditioned spaces [7, 8] are designed and operated to provide a visually
comfortable environment to a maximum number of people. Visual comfort is not only dependent on the
environmental factors, but also on factors such as the user’s requirements and expectations [9, 10]. With the
paradigm shift from a uniform lighting environment for all occupants to an individual preference based visual
comfort system, there is a need to conduct large-scale experiments in the field to establish new user-centric models
and their applications.
2. Smart Lighting System
The proposed framework enables changing the brightness of lights to provide satisfactory visual comfort to the
users at a lesser energy cost. In addition, the framework provides the methodology to integrate visual comfort
devices with WSAN in the built environment. A schematic of the proposed WSAN framework is shown in Fig. 1
(a). To account for different types of experiments (both with personal control and centralized control), the
framework is designed to operate in three different modes; Manual Mode - the users can interact with the lights
according to their preference. Auto Mode - the lights are actuated according to a model-based or data-driven control
based on the sensor measurements. Hybrid Mode - the lights can be actuated automatically but the users can interact
with the device in case they feel discomfort.
Modern bidirectional communication networks can control sensor activities and put them into SLEEP state after
receiving data from them. Therefore, the smart lighting system is designed using the WSAN. The WSAN is widely
used in many applications to analyze physical and environmental parameters. The structure of the WSAN comprises
of nodes where each node represents an autonomous entity in the network. The sensor network in this system
comprises of sensor nodes, which transmit measured sensor values to the coordinator. A Gateway node facilitates
connectivity of the WSAN with the other nodes involved within it. Actuation nodes work based on the instructions
from the coordinator. The lighting system implements the proposed actions. A Personal Agent enables external
preferences of the individual users to control the system. The architecture of a sensor node is illustrated in Fig. 1 (b).
Arun Kumar, Pushpendu Kar, Rakesh Warrier, Aditi Kajale, Sanjib Kumar Panda/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3
MICRO-CONTROLLER
(ARDUINO)
ZigBe e
TRANSCEIVER
(XBee)
Motor Shield
SENSOR MODULES
(Occupancy and
Illumination sensor ,
User Input)
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. (a) WSAN framework for personalized visual comfort; (b) Architecture of a sensor node for personal visual comfort.
Lights are used in this setup those are turned ON or OFF and their brightness are changed with the help of an
actuator. The user can provide his/her input of the light intensity directly via a mobile application. The occupancy
sensor and illumination sensor are used in this case.
3. Data Management System
The Building Management System (BMS) gathers a large amount of data from its surrounding environment.
These data are related to ambient temperature, humidity, illuminance, level of carbon dioxide. The BMS system
gathers these data periodically using sensors and stores into the data storage. To systematically store and retrieve the
gathered data, the database is used. In this work to develop a BMS system, MySQL database is used. MySQL is
chosen as a preferred database as it is an open source relational database management system. The proposed BMS
system stores environmental data into the database over a period of time and performs statistical analysis on the
stored data to generate intelligence for predicting future action of the system.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. (a) overview of database connectivity of smart lighting system; (b) flow diagram of the smart lighting system.
The coordinator is the main agent to collect data from all the sensors, actuators, and personal agents via ZigBee
and Wi-Fi network, and send the collected data to the server. The data management system architecture is shown in
Fig. 2 (a). The coordinator collects data from sensor and actuator nodes. A JAVA based agent is developed to read
data from the coordinator via serial port and then store it into the database. The JAVA agent establishes connectivity
176 Arun Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 173–178
4 Arun Kumar, Pushpendu Kar, Rakesh Warrier, Aditi Kajale, Sanjib Kumar Panda/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
with the database by Java DataBase Connectivity (JDBC) agent. A personal agent directly communicates with the
JAVA agent and send preferred light intensity value to the server. Coordinator collects data from sensor and actuator
nodes in every second. So the JAVA agent also reads from the coordinator in every second to synchronize with the
coordinator. Thereafter, it compares the data with the data of previous second. If there is a change in data, the JAVA
agent stores the new data into the database.
The system flow diagram for the proposed BMS system is shown in Fig. 2 (b). The proposed BMS system has
two modes: (i) Automatic mode and (ii) User Control Mode. In automatic mode, sensors collect ambient illuminance
and send to the coordinator. In user control mode, a user selects an illumination level based on their personal visual
satisfaction from their personal mobile agent. The selected illuminance value goes to the coordinator. In both the
cases, based on the received illuminance value, the coordinator calculate actuator values and send to the respective
actuators for adjusting light intensities of the room. The illuminance value and the corresponding actuator values are
getting stored into MySQL database in a structured format. The stored data will be used further for calculating
energy consumption by the proposed system and perform statistical analysis to infer intelligence from the historical
data.
4. Smart Lighting Test-bed
A test-bed is being developed and smart lighting system is extensively being tested. The test bed consists of
means to vary the room luminance. The illumination levels can be set by the user with the help of sliders on the
smart App on a mobile phone or desktop, and can be controlled for the individual user based on his\her position.
Fig. 3. (a) Components of sensor node (b) components of actuator node; (c) LED lamps in test bed.
The test-bed consists of a voltage controlled SrCoO2 film, which can be electronically controlled to limit or vary
the amount of natural daylight entering the room. There is also a remote controlled roller blind available which
when switched ON can reduce the room illuminance by 50%. Finally, there is also a manually controlled blind to
change the luminance of the room. Fig. 3 (a) shows the components of a sensor node and Fig. 3(b) shows an actuator
node with all their components, respectively. Actuator node varies the LED brightness based on the sensor nodes’
output signal and the signal received from the coordinator. The coordinator runs a control algorithm and maintains
the room luminance to the set point. The test-bed is shown in Fig. 3 (c).
Fig. 4 (a) shows the spatial representation of the test bed, while Fig. 4 (b) and (c) show the two test bed scenarios
with smart glass transparent, pull cord blinds and roller blinds. The test bed has four primary lights, which are
supplemented with the LED lights of the smart lighting system. The recommended lighting requirement for a
meeting room is between 300 to 750 lux. Fig. 5 (a) illustrates the lux values at eight corners of the test bed with all
three blinds closed and all three blinds open when the smart lighting system is not activated. It can be noticed that
the room luminance is less than the recommended value, when all the three blinds are closed.
LIGHT 1 LIGHT 2
LIGHT 3 LIGHT 4
(c)
(b)
(a)
Arun Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 173–178 177
4 Arun Kumar, Pushpendu Kar, Rakesh Warrier, Aditi Kajale, Sanjib Kumar Panda/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
with the database by Java DataBase Connectivity (JDBC) agent. A personal agent directly communicates with the
JAVA agent and send preferred light intensity value to the server. Coordinator collects data from sensor and actuator
nodes in every second. So the JAVA agent also reads from the coordinator in every second to synchronize with the
coordinator. Thereafter, it compares the data with the data of previous second. If there is a change in data, the JAVA
agent stores the new data into the database.
The system flow diagram for the proposed BMS system is shown in Fig. 2 (b). The proposed BMS system has
two modes: (i) Automatic mode and (ii) User Control Mode. In automatic mode, sensors collect ambient illuminance
and send to the coordinator. In user control mode, a user selects an illumination level based on their personal visual
satisfaction from their personal mobile agent. The selected illuminance value goes to the coordinator. In both the
cases, based on the received illuminance value, the coordinator calculate actuator values and send to the respective
actuators for adjusting light intensities of the room. The illuminance value and the corresponding actuator values are
getting stored into MySQL database in a structured format. The stored data will be used further for calculating
energy consumption by the proposed system and perform statistical analysis to infer intelligence from the historical
data.
4. Smart Lighting Test-bed
A test-bed is being developed and smart lighting system is extensively being tested. The test bed consists of
means to vary the room luminance. The illumination levels can be set by the user with the help of sliders on the
smart App on a mobile phone or desktop, and can be controlled for the individual user based on his\her position.
Fig. 3. (a) Components of sensor node (b) components of actuator node; (c) LED lamps in test bed.
The test-bed consists of a voltage controlled SrCoO2 film, which can be electronically controlled to limit or vary
the amount of natural daylight entering the room. There is also a remote controlled roller blind available which
when switched ON can reduce the room illuminance by 50%. Finally, there is also a manually controlled blind to
change the luminance of the room. Fig. 3 (a) shows the components of a sensor node and Fig. 3(b) shows an actuator
node with all their components, respectively. Actuator node varies the LED brightness based on the sensor nodes’
output signal and the signal received from the coordinator. The coordinator runs a control algorithm and maintains
the room luminance to the set point. The test-bed is shown in Fig. 3 (c).
Fig. 4 (a) shows the spatial representation of the test bed, while Fig. 4 (b) and (c) show the two test bed scenarios
with smart glass transparent, pull cord blinds and roller blinds. The test bed has four primary lights, which are
supplemented with the LED lights of the smart lighting system. The recommended lighting requirement for a
meeting room is between 300 to 750 lux. Fig. 5 (a) illustrates the lux values at eight corners of the test bed with all
three blinds closed and all three blinds open when the smart lighting system is not activated. It can be noticed that
the room luminance is less than the recommended value, when all the three blinds are closed.
LIGHT 1 LIGHT 2
LIGHT 3 LIGHT 4
(c)
(b)
(a)
Arun Kumar, Pushpendu Kar, Rakesh Warrier, Aditi Kajale, Sanjib Kumar Panda/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5
Fig. 4. (a) Spatial representation of the test bed (b) Complete testing system with smart glass transparent, pull cord blinds and roller blinds
completely up; (c) Complete testing system with smart glass translucent, pull cord blinds and roller blinds completely lowered down.
When the smart lighting system is activated, it can be noticed that there is a considerable improvement in the
room luminance. In this case, the lux value lies within the recommended range of luminance at all the eight corners
of the test bed. Fig. 5 (b) illustrates this improved luminance in lux.
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. (a) Illuminance in test bed without Smart Lighting System; (b) Illuminance in test bed with Smart Lighting System
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
ILLUMINANCE (LUX)
Blinds are closed Blinds are open
(a)
(b)
Voltage Film
(Transparent)
Manua l Blinds
(Open)
Motoriz ed
Blinds (Open)
(c)
Voltage Film
(Translucent)
Manual Blinds
(Closed)
Motoriz ed
Blinds (Closed)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
ILLUMINANCE (LUX)
All blinds closed Two blinds opened All blinds opened
178 Arun Kumar et al. / Energy Procedia 143 (2017) 173–178
6 Arun Kumar, Pushpendu Kar, Rakesh Warrier, Aditi Kajale, Sanjib Kumar Panda/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
5. Conclusion
This paper presented the Implementation of Smart LED Lighting and Efficient Data Management System for
Smart Buildings without compromising the visual comfort of occupants. The proposed lighting system used ZigBee
and Wi-Fi communication to control the lights of commercial/residential buildings according to natural available
daylight, occupancy or as per the requirements of the inhabitants of the building. The lighting system can be
operated in three different modes: Manual, Auto, and Hybrid to account for various applications. A wireless sensor
and actuator network (WSAN) is used to collect available data, regarding the usage of personalised smart LED
lights by occupants in the building. The paper also presented the detailed test-bed implementation of the proposed
smart lighting technique and data management system to illustrate the impact of the proposed lighting system on
energy consumption and occupants’ visual satisfaction. The results show that when the proposed lighting system is
applied, the lux values lies within the recommended range of luminance in the entire the test bed. In future, we plan
to enhance the capabilities of the proposed system in terms of self-learning of user preferences and accuracy.
Acknowledgements
This research work is funded by the Republic of Singapore’s Building and Construction Authority (BCA) on
behalf of National Research Foundation (NRF) of Singapore through a grant call on Energy Innovation Research
Programme (NRF2013EWT-EIRP004-044). This research work is done in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.
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... Lighting: Lighting is required in a physical workspace environment to provide safety and allow all tasks to be completed timely and efficiently (Kumar et al., 2017). Inadequate lighting is also a source of stress, leading to poor administrative employees' productivity when they are exposed to an uncomfortable physical workspace environment characterized by excessive glare, dull, bulk, or a lack of natural light (Galanti et al., 2021). ...
Optimising Administrative Employees’ Productivity in XYZ District of Sarawak: The Role of Physical Workspace Environments
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
A pleasant physical working environment is essential to prevent unnecessary stress among administrative employees. This is because administrative employees spend most of their working hours within a building or a physical workspace environment. With these routine tasks and the extensive time spent in the workspace, discomfort can easily arise in their productivity and performance. Therefore, this study aims to identify the impact of the physical workspace environment on administrative employees’ productivity at XYZ district, Sarawak, by employing four dimensions of the physical workspace environment: temperature, noise level, lighting, and color. This study employs a quantitative methodology, and questionnaires were used to collect the data by utilizing the e-survey. The data was gathered from 81 administrative employees via convenience sampling from private and public organizations located in XYZ district, Sarawak, and analyzed using reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that this study’s four dimensions of the physical workspace environment, i.e., temperature, noise level, lighting, and color, have a significant relationship with administrative employees’ productivity in XYZ district, Sarawak. The study concludes that organizations can significantly boost the productivity and performance of administrative employees by optimizing the physical workspace environment. It also suggests that organizations should not only aim to create a conducive workspace but also consider the preferences and well-being of their employees. This research contributes to a better understanding of the environmental factors affecting employee productivity and offers practical insights for organizational improvement in physical workspace design.
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... Compared to previous studies, this work addresses a substantial gap by addressing the often-disregarded aspect of particulate matter detection in environmental monitoring. While many studies have investigated many environmental variables, the use of PM sensors, notably the DSM501A, provides a more nuanced perspective on air quality assessment [18]. Using Raspberry Pi as a central hub for various sensors increases the system's versatility, displaying a dedication to technological efficiency and agility necessary for successful environmental monitoring [19]. ...
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... In addition, applications in areas related to energy management subsystems are expanding owing to more detailed studies on improving the energy efficiency of building energy subsystems. The Smart LED Lighting and Efficient Data Management System, which combines lighting and building management systems, not only improves visual comfort but also increases energy utilization [40]. Reducing the energy consumption and carbon emissions of buildings has become a hot research topic in the construction field as research deepens, and it continues to be corroborated by pointers. ...
Incentive Mechanism and Subsidy Design for Continuous Monitoring of Energy Consumption in Public Buildings (CMECPB): An Overview Based on Evolutionary Game Theory
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2023
Rapid urbanization and the continued expansion of buildings have resulted in a consistent rise in the energy consumption of buildings. At the same time, the monitoring of building energy consumption has to achieve the goals of an “Emission peak” and “Carbon neutrality”. Numerous energy consumption monitoring systems have been established in several types of public buildings. However, there is a need to ensure that the data are continuously acquired and of superior quality. Scholars have noted that the in-depth research connected to the continuous monitoring of energy consumption in public buildings (CMECPB) is currently sparse. As a result, additional precise quantitative studies targeting the behavior of various stakeholders are also lacking. Hence, there is a need to explore the definition of value and the dynamic benefits of relevant subjects in continuous energy consumption monitoring based on evolutionary game theory and to propose incentive policies. This paper constructs an evolutionary game model for CMECPB between an energy service company (ESCO) and its owner to study the dynamic evolution path of a game system and the evolutionarily stable strategy under market-based mechanisms. Furthermore, by introducing government actions, the incentive policies and subsidy strategy for different subjects of interest are probed in detail by developing a principal-agent model to explore the incentive strength. The following conclusions can be reached: (1) it is inefficient and risky to rely only on the owner and the ESCO in achieving the optimal Pareto equilibrium; (2) the optimal incentives are “fixed incentives” in the case of information symmetry and a “fixed incentive + variable incentive” in the case of information asymmetry; (3) the choice of optimal incentive strategy is also influenced by the cost effort coefficient, risk aversion, external uncertainty, and integrated value transformation coefficient; (4) the incentive intensity and subsidy should be determined by comprehensive analysis with multiple indicators based on the conventional value of a project and the external value of a particular project. An in-depth understanding of each component of the CMECPB pathway yields insights into overcoming the challenges of building energy saving. Furthermore, the results may be useful in developing targeted, effective incentive policies for different disciplines and promoting the continued progress of monitoring building energy consumption and building energy efficiency.
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... Furthermore, its main objective is to provide an energy-efficient consumption without affecting the eye comfort of the people within the building. The eye comfort of a person does not only depend on environmental factors alone, but also on their own preferences [8]. In addition, a building needs a security system to secure physical and IT property, and the personal well-being of the residents. ...
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Design and Application of Indoor Intelligent Light Emitting Diode Lighting
Article
  • May 2024
In this research, an indoor intelligent light emitting diode (LED) lighting device is designed, which includes environmental brightness detection module, temperature detection module, display module and LED driving module. S5052 photodiode is selected for environmental brightness level, which can work normally in the environment of −25 °C to 75 °C, and the analog signal is converted into recognizable digital signal through MCP3204 A/D converter. The DS18B20 sensor is selected to measure the temperature, which is connected with the single chip microcomputer to collect the indoor temperature signal. Adopting constant current drive mode, HV9910 LED driver chip is selected to convert 220 V AC power supply into 5 V DC power supply, and AD1585 chip is used as reference power supply to suppress the fluctuation of DC power supply. The display module takes STC12C5A60S2 single chip microcomputer as the control module, and integrates MAX810 special reset circuit, 2-channel PWM and 8-channel 10-bit A/D converter, thus simplifying the peripheral circuit. During the test, the single chip microcomputer is initialized, the intelligent control part is embedded with data analysis technology, and the modular debugging method is adopted, and the illumination brightness value meets the expectations under different conditions. The ambient temperature is compared with the test temperature to keep consistent. Based on PWM method, dimming is carried out, and two environments are set (the first one is to maintain the ambient light illumination of 300lx, and the other one is to maintain the ambient light illumination of 100lx). The results show that the designed system is suitable for different lighting environments and can adjust the indoor lighting brightness adaptively.
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ANALYSIS AND METHODS ANALYSIS AND METHODS WILL CITIES SURVIVE? WILL CITIES SURVIVE? PLEA SANTIAGO 2022 Lighting and daylight control strategies using LabVIEW for optimizing visual comfort and energy savings
Conference Paper
  • Jun 2023
This study presents control strategies based on the National Instrument Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (NI LabVIEW) platform to reduce energy consumption as well as maintain visual comfort by controlling lighting fixtures and window blinds. A model prototype is presented equipped with motorized blinds and dimming lights controlled by NI LabVIEW, and light sensors for monitoring the indoor illuminance value. The results show that the model prototype performs well in maintaining uniformity of illuminance value. An annual simulation using Rhino/Grasshopper predicted that visual comfort can be well maintained by window blinds that rotate 45 0 (half-closed) without turning on one lamp, mostly during the daytime when the sky condition is clear; therefore, lighting energy consumption can be reduced by around 16%.
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Designing of Efficient Lighting System for Smart Homes
Chapter
  • Jun 2023
Lighting is a prerequisite of any facility, and it has an effect on people’s regular lives. This accounts for a significant portion of overall energy consumption in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. Lighting accounts for 19% of worldwide power use and 25–30% of household energy consumption. Light quality and quantity have an effect on health, leisure, security, life style, performance, as well as the economy. Lighting has accounted for a considerable amount of many nations’’ energy budgets. As a result, especially in the household sector, it becomes an important area for energy saving. Lighting management systems are crucial for maximizing energy savings.One of the simplest ways to reduce energy bills is to switch to energy-efficient lighting. The term “efficient” refers to how much light is emitted for a given amount of power input. The energy efficiency of the lighting loads provide the adequate illumination output of the lighting devices for the purpose for which the product was developed while using the least amount of energy possible. Lighting that is energy efficient conserves energy while providing a high degree of illumination quality and quantity. Traditional lights not only consume a lot of electricity, but they also waste a lot of it by producing heat rather than light (for instance 90% of consumed energy in case of incandescent lamps). Energy-efficient lighting is required to minimize energy consumption, which lowers electricity costs, saves power rather than wasting it via losses, reduces carbon emissions (since typical lights release CO2), and reduces peak load demand.For lighting systems, conventional lights like incandescent lamps are substituted with energy-saving lamps such as fluorescent lamps, CFL lamps, and LED lamps. Lighting controls such as timers, motion sensors, and ultrasonic sensors are included in an energy efficient lighting system. These sensors detect the presence of humans and other living animals, as well as instructions for remote operation. It employs electronic circuitry to achieve light dimming when needed. GSM/SCADA/GPS-based centralized systems often easily and accurately track and automate the lighting system to save electricity. These energy-saving measures will help outdoor lighting, residential building’s in-house lighting, and indoor lighting for industrial structures. Aforesaid strategies not only minimize energy usage, but they also improve lighting efficiency, improve safety including employee well-being, and tackle climate change.KeywordsLEDSLSSmart homeLDRBlynkPIREfficient LightingIDELight ringSensor
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Design of energy efficient lighting system for educational laboratory
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Dec 2013
The power demand puts the world in energy crisis and to meet such a high requirement energy management has to be done. The energy management can be done by two ways; one is using the available energy in a judicious way and the other one is to seek new technologies for generating power. This paper aims at reducing the power consumption by using HBLED lights. Here, a lighting system is designed for laboratory using DIALux 4.11 which is illuminated with three different kinds of light sources such as FL, CFL and LED. A comparative analysis of energy evaluation between the light sources is made at the same standard of average illuminance and the results are presented here.
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A Review of Smart Homes – Past, Present, and Future
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2012
A smart home is an application of ubiquitous computing in which the home environment is monitored by ambient intelligence to provide context-aware services and facilitate remote home control. This paper presents an overview of previous smart home research as well as the associated technologies. A brief discussion on the building blocks of smart homes and their interrelationships is presented. It describes collective information about sensors, multimedia devices, communication protocols, and systems, which are widely used in smart home implementation. Special algorithms from different fields and their significance are explained according to their scope of use in smart homes. This paper also presents a concrete guideline for future researchers to follow in developing a practical and sustainable smart home.
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Energy Efficient Lighting System Design for Building
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Jan 2010
Lighting contributes the highest amount of electricity usage in a building. Generally, lighting will consume from 20% until 50% of the electricity consumption. The efficient and effective use of lighting can offer major energy and cost saving. This research investigates and analyses the energy management in a building and presents the design of energy efficient lighting systems. The first part propose a design of energy efficient lighting which will help users to determine the ideal number of luminaries needed in certain room without reducing the quality of lighting. The design was develop via Matlab. The second part is an audit and cost study to demonstrate the wastefulness of commercial, industrial, residential and community lighting. Based on the study, the design for improvement of current lighting system called Lamp Replacement had been proposed. The major findings in this project are that the energy-efficient lighting design could still be achieved without sacrificing the visual comfort and quality of lighting and replacement of older fixtures with new luminaries can greatly improve efficiency.
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A ZigBee-Based Home Automation System
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2009
In recent years, the home environment has seen a rapid introduction of network enabled digital technology. This technology offers new and exciting opportunities to increase the connectivity of devices within the home for the purpose of home automation. Moreover, with the rapid expansion of the Internet, there is the added potential for the remote control and monitoring of such network enabled devices. However, the adoption of home automation systems has been slow. This paper identifies the reasons for this slow adoption and evaluates the potential of ZigBee for addressing these problems through the design and implementation of a flexible home automation architecture. A ZigBee based home automation system and Wi-Fi network are integrated through a common home gateway. The home gateway provides network interoperability, a simple and flexible user interface, and remote access to the system. A dedicated virtual home is implemented to cater for the system's security and safety needs. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system, four devices, a light switch, radiator valve, safety sensor and ZigBee remote control have been developed and evaluated with the home automation system.
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Design, fabrication and testing of smart lighting system
Conference Paper
  • Dec 2016
Smart lighting is an illumination technology designed for energy efficiency. This may include high efficiency features and automated controls that make adjustments in light intensity based on conditions such as availability of daylight or occupancy. Lighting is an application of light to realize both appeal and visual comfort. Nowadays, modern systems are able to reproduce intensities and pivot on smart sensors and actuators incorporating information and communication technologies. This research work aims at developing a smart lighting system that combines heterogeneous lighting technologies enabling intelligent functions. The light intensities can be shifted according to the visual comfort or control according to the occupant's activity based needs. This is achieved by design, development and testing of smart lighting system through ZigBee according to the availability of natural daylight, occupancy and required lighting level by the occupants.
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New task and ambient lighting system with dual light distributions
Conference Paper
  • Aug 2015
A new task and ambient solid-state lighting system with dual light distributions is embodied by a combination of optics techniques and appropriate illumination design. This system enables the emission of light that can be used comfortably in a working office environment with improved energy efficiency while simultaneously providing an urban landscape that enhances the overall value of the office building.
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Combined Visual Comfort and Energy Efficiency through True Personalization of Automated Lighting Control
Conference Paper
  • May 2015
Lighting consumes a sizable portion of the energy consumed in office buildings. Smart lighting control products exist in the market, but their penetration is limited and even installed systems see limited use. One of the main reasons is that they control lighting based on universal set-points agnostic to individual human preferences, thus hampering their comfort. This paper presents an automated lighting control framework which dynamically learns user lighting preferences, models human visual comfort and controls light dimming in a truly personalized manner so as to always control the comfort vs. energy efficiency trade-off. It effectively removes the most important complaint when using such systems - loss of comfort - and paves the way for their wider scale adoption in order to untap the energy reduction potential of commercial lighting.
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Design and Implementation of Smart Home Energy Management Systems based on ZigBee
Article
  • Sep 2010
Today, organizations use IEEE802.15.4 and ZigBee to effectively deliver solutions for a variety of areas including consumer electronic device control, energy management and efficiency home and commercial building automation as well as industrial plant management. The Smart home energy network has gained widespread attentions due to its flexible integration into everyday life. This next generation green home system transparently unifies various home appliances, smart sensors and wireless communication technologies. The green home energy network gradually forms a complex system to process various tasks. Developing this trend, we suggest a new Smart Home Energy Management System (SHEMS) based on an IEEE802.15.4 and ZigBee (we call it as a "ZigBee sensor network"). The proposed smart home energy management system divides and assigns various home network tasks to appropriate components. It can integrate diversified physical sensing information and control various consumer home devices, with the support of active sensor networks having both sensor and actuator components. We develop a new routing protocol DMPR (Disjoint Multi Path based Routing) to improve the performance of our ZigBee sensor networks. This paper introduces the proposed home energy control system's design that provides intelligent services for users. We demonstrate its implementation using a real environment.
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Smart home energy management system using IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee
Article
  • Sep 2010
Wireless personal area network and wireless sensor networks are rapidly gaining popularity, and the IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Working Group has defined no less than different standards so as to cater to the requirements of different applications. The ubiquitous home network has gained widespread attentions due to its seamless integration into everyday life. This innovative system transparently unifies various home appliances, smart sensors and energy technologies. The smart energy market requires two types of ZigBee networks for device control and energy management. Today, organizations use IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee to effectively deliver solutions for a variety of areas including consumer electronic device control, energy management and efficiency, home and commercial building automation as well as industrial plant management. We present the design of a multi-sensing, heating and airconditioning system and actuation application - the home users: a sensor network-based smart light control system for smart home and energy control production. This paper designs smart home device descriptions and standard practices for demand response and load management "Smart Energy" applications needed in a smart energy based residential or light commercial environment. The control application domains included in this initial version are sensing device control, pricing and demand response and load control applications. This paper introduces smart home interfaces and device definitions to allow interoperability among ZigBee devices produced by various manufacturers of electrical equipment, meters, and smart energy enabling products. We introduced the proposed home energy control systems design that provides intelligent services for users and we demonstrate its implementation using a real testbad.
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