Available via license: CC BY 4.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
REVIEW
141
1 Faculdade de Enfermagem,
Universidade Federal de
Goiás. R. 227 s/n Qd. 68,
Setor Leste Universitário.
74605-080 Goiânia
GO Brasil.
euridesenf@gmail.com
Working processes of professionals at Psychosocial Care Centers
(CAPS): an integrative review
Abstract This is an integrative review of the li-
terature on the working processes of professionals
staffing the Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS),
reflecting on service practices, in particular social
reinsertion of service users from the bio-psycho-
social perspective. The literature review aims to
show how working processes are being developed
by CAPS professionals, and the repercussions for
service users. This literature review used the Li-
lacs, SciELO and PubMed databases in Portugue-
se, English and Spanish, selecting 57 articles that
were analyzed and organized using an Excel spre-
adsheet. This study revealed shortcomings in the
amount and quality of physical, human and ma-
terial resources, a fragile mental health network,
and dissonances in the care provided to users and
their families, reducing the quality of the working
processes. The outcomes mentioned most often
were intake, unique therapeutic project and ter-
ritory as dissonant components of the de-institu-
tionalization proposal. This work combines the
experience and knowledge of professionals across
the country, with score to guide the re-direction of
care practices.
Key words Mental health, Community mental
health services, Mental health services, Process
evaluation
Eurides Santos Pinho 1
Adrielle Cristina Silva Souza 1
Elizabeth Esperidião 1
DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018231.08332015
142
Pinho ES et al.
Introduction
Given the current psychiatric hospital model,
which resulted in Law 10,216/2001, known as
the Psychiatric Reform Law, which governs the
National Mental Health Policy (NMHP), the
emphasis is on care using substitute, communi-
ty-based services, with visits and the social rein-
sertion of people with mental disease1.
In light of the psychosocial care model, Psy-
chosocial Care Centers (CAPS) were created,
which differ from each other depending on the
clientele served (mental disorders, alcohol and
other drugs, and youth and children). These are
ranked by increasing order of complexity and
populational scope2.
Such services have their own culture, and the
working processes are developed by multi-pro-
fessional teams. They offer diversified activities,
including individual and group care. The family
is considered an essential component of treat-
ment, receiving specific care and free access to
the service as required3-5.
In the NMHP rationale, serving all users is
one of the major challenges facing area profes-
sionals, given the shortage of service resources,
which has a direct impact on their working pro-
cesses.
Seeking to give visibility to this theme, this
article describes the output of the working pro-
cesses performed by CAPS professionals, accord-
ing to NMHP guidelines.
Methodology
We opted for an integrative review, an important
tool to communicate study results, providing a
summary of the knowledge produced and pro-
viding subsidies for improved healthcare. This
process could make it easier to incorporate ev-
idence, making the transfer of knowledge more
agile to re-direct the care practices.
The purpose of this methodology is to com-
bine and summarize the results of studies on a
given theme in a systematic and ordered way,
contributing to deeper knowledge of the theme
under investigation.
The literature survey was done in July 2014
used the Lilacs, Scielo and PubMed databases,
as these are the most widely used in the field of
healthcare. We looked at articles published in
Portuguese, English and Spanish between 2001
and 2014. We used 2001 as the starting year as it
coincides with the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform
Law. We used the following keywords in English
and Portuguese: mental health, CAPS, working
processes, Substitute services in mental health,
community services in mental health, as well as
the Boolean operator AND for combinations of
these groups of words.
As a result, we included articles addressing
the working processes used by those providing
care, developed exclusively at the CAPS.
We excluded monographies, dissertations
and theses, as it would be impractical to analyze
them systematically. We also excluded reflexion-
al and review articles, and those dealing with the
experiences of a single category of professionals,
as the object of this study was the work of the
Psychosocial Care team.
A first cut of the articles looked at the titles
and abstracts, using the key words mentioned
above. When the title and/or abstract were not
informative enough we looked at the entire ar-
ticle, trying not to leave important studies out of
this integrative review.
After eliminating all the duplicate abstracts, a
careful reading of the other articles revealed 153
papers that we read in their entirety, excluding 96
that did not meet the objectives of this article.
We reiterate that the entire data capture
process was performed by two researchers who
searched the databases independently, using the
same criteria. After discussing the previous anal-
yses, we took 57 articles and organized them in
an Excel spreadsheet by year the study was per-
formed, author, year of publication, outcome
and method. After this we submitted the results
to a third researcher.
Results and discussion
Data was organized using the working themes
and processes in the articles analyzed, and
grouped into three categories and 18 sub-catego-
ries, representing the outcomes mentioned by the
authors (Chart 1).
In order to point out the articles and their
outcomes, Table 1 shows the frequency at which
they appear in the 57 publications analyzed
We found that all the studies used a qualitative
approach, while 38.6% referred to questions relat-
ed to CAPS practices. The outlook in terms of Ter-
ritoriality and Intake PNSM/Care were the most
frequent, followed by the Unique Therapy Project.
Up until 2007, few publications mentioned
CAPS working processes. Most of these appeared
between 2009 and 2012, declining sharply in
143
Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 23(1):141-151, 2018
2013 and 2014, although the last year is not yet
complete.
There is a significant difference by study ge-
ography. The south, southeast and northeast
publish more on the theme, with 16, 13 and 11
articles respectively. Only 3 and 1 articles respec-
tively were published in the middle-west and
north.
Chart 1. Working process categories and outlooks.
Category Outoput
Factors that intervene in working processes • Inadequate materials and physical infrastructure
• Insufficient training for the job
• Precarious link with the service and low wages
• Difficulty handling teamwork
• Continued hegemony of the medical specialty
• Medicalized care
Practices developed by the CAPS • Intake/care
• Unique Therapeutic Project
• Technical reference
• Therapy groups and workshops
• Matrix Support
• Home Visits
• Family service
• Handling crisis situations
• Reinsertion in the job market
• Team Meetings and Assemblies
Dissonances in the de-institutionalization proposal • Ineffective network articulation
• Institutionalization within CAPS
Table 1. List of articles analyzed and their outcome.
Categories Outcomes Frequency
(n) %
Factors that intervene in working
processes
Inadequate materials and physical infrastructure 13 22.8
Insufficient training for the job 10 17.5
Precarious link with the service and low wages 5 8.8
Difficulty handling teamwork 8 14
Continued hegemony of the medical specialty 9 15.8
Medicalized care 7 12.3
Practices developed by the CAPS Receiving/care 21 36.8
Unique Therapeutic Project 16 28
Therapy groups and workshops 5 8.8
Therapy groups and workshops 15 26.3
Matrix Support 5 8.8
Family service 8 14
Home Visits 5 8.8
Handling crisis situations 6 10.5
Reinsertion in the job market 5 8.8
Team Meetings and Assemblies 8 14
Dissonances in the
de-institutionalization proposal
Territoriality 22 38.6
Institutionalization 14 24.5
144
Pinho ES et al.
Considering that the three categories emerg-
ing from an analysis of the articles made import-
ant contributions to identifying the working pro-
cesses of the CAPS, the content they submitted
will be detailed, in an attempt to learn specifically
what they were about.
Factors that intervene in working processes
Publications on the factors that intervene in
CAPS working processes signal the difficulties
normally linked to a shortage of materials and
physical infrastructure for the workshops6,7. They
also reveal a shortage of human resources com-
patible with the needs of the service, profession-
al turnover, disordered files, and long working
hours8-10
Rearrangements made by professionals to
overcome the absence of the tools they need to do
their jobs affect their job stisfaction or, in other
words, their satisfaction in providing care11, and
also compromises planning from the psychoso-
cial perspective12.
Poor or limited training for working in com-
munity services is also listed as an issue that
makes the working processes harder. To provide
care under the psychosocial model, training
should focus on the social reinsertion of users,
with a strong position against putting these in-
dividuals in psychiatric institutions7,10. Many
professionals working in the CAPS were trained
under the previous care model. Consequently,
they have problems doing their jobs based on
psychosocial care13.
The reality in this country shows a need to
train mental health human resources14, which
often does not happen due to a shortage of fund-
ing12. Lack of awareness of the role of CAPS is
an obstacle to the progress of Psychiatric Reform,
making comprehensive care difficult and reduc-
ing the changes in the care model to the simple
opening of new services. Professionals must be-
lieve in, and defend the psychosocial model15,16.
Other elements that impact working pro-
cesses are also addressed in the literature. These
include the precarious nature of the employ-
ment bond (temporary contracts), limited or no
experience in mental health17, and low wages15,
discouraging care and investment in professional
training18. Such conditions can result in profes-
sionals who are not prepared to care for the users
of this service, often leading to feelings of frustra-
tion and guilt among workers19.
Medical hegemony and medicalized care were
mentioned as outcomes, suggesting these are fac-
tors that often make it difficult or impossible to
implement the working processes of multidisci-
plinary teams in the alternative services, from the
point of view of psychosocial care.
The National Mental Health Policy has bro-
ken with the model centered exclusively on the
physician, including professionals from several
health related areas20. With this change come dif-
ficulties in teamwork, communication and even a
lack of communication among the professionals
involved21.
The persistence of medical hegemony is per-
ceived as over-valuation of medical knowledge,
to the detriment of knowledge in other areas.
Traditional medicine gives physicians social pres-
tige20,21, further reinforced by the fact that often,
access to the multi-professional team requires a
referral, so care continues to depend on a psy-
chiatric consult before other forms of care can
be provided. This situation is a strong contrib-
utor to the waiting lines and medicalized care22,
widely discussed in the literature and often men-
tioned as one of the major hurdles of the Psychi-
atric Reform.
Professionals, users and family members
admit that failure to adhere to drug treatment
means failure to adhere to treatment, and res-
olution is left up to medication only. In this re-
gard, medical treatment is considered absolutely
essential, while psychosocial rehabilitation is un-
der-valued and viewed only as a possibility20,23.
This analysis reveals a need to overcome the
biomedical and mental hospital models, still
prevalent in mental health situations23.
Practices developed by the CAPS
Intake, which presumes qualified listening
and bonding, was the most frequent outcome in
articles published in the past five years and in-
cluded in our analysis. It addresses the essence
and skills for its true value, surpassing the con-
cept of screening. Intake is associated with a
warmer tone at first contact24. Patient intake or
welcome is viewed as an intervention tool char-
acterized as being inclusive, one where profes-
sionals listen to the needs that emerge from the
life histories and circumstances experienced by
users and their families25-27.
Intake, in terms of valuing the knowledge
held by the other, implies in producing a thera-
peutic effect in subjects who are in the throes of
psychiatric suffering, favoring an understanding
of their demands27,28, providing relief and devel-
oping a relationship of care and support29.
145
Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 23(1):141-151, 2018
It also enables building trust-based relation-
ships between workers and users, based on devel-
oping bonds of affection, and gradually building
other links as achievements, facilitating treat-
ment and favoring the relationship between users
and the healthcare team11,26.
Intake and bonding must involve the family,
which starts to view CAPS as a suitable resource
to meet their needs and those of their family
members30.
Viewed as interdependent tools, intake, lis-
tening and bonding only work if the team is
committed25. Thus, the CAPS should also en-
able communication and the exchange of infor-
mation, considering the subjectivities of each
one, where the challenge is to meet the unique
demands of the individual within the collective
environment20.
The third outcome mentioned most often
among the articles we reviewed was the Unique
Therapy Project, considered a care guideline.
This must be developed together with the user, as
a strategy of co-responsibility and stimulus to the
person’s autonomy, enabling people to recover
their identity and self-esteem, and the power to
enter into a contract, based on the life project of
each one31. The UTP seeks to create actions that
address the inabilities, needs, fears, anxieties and
dreams that enable people to retake the reigns of
their own lives26.
From time to time, it is essential that the team
discuss among itself and check with the user and
his/her family members to adjust any emerging
needs32.
Camatta and Schneider’s33 study of family
members found that they did not recognize the
UTP as a team effort, questioning if they were
included in designing and developing the ther-
apeutic proposal.
Figueiró and Dimenstein34 mentioned the
rigid structure of the service as a UTP disso-
nance, where workshop planning and strate-
gy rescheduling is something done only by the
technical team, thus voiding user ability to think
about their day-to-day lives and their treatment,
and manage their very existence.
Working together with the user and family
members to develop the therapeutic process is
monitored by the technical reference or refer-
ence team, and is led by professionals who are
in constant dialog with the various social play-
ers, enabling bonds and establishing account-
ability across healthcare services and the user’s
relationship network. The reference emerges as
a strong influencer of the behavior of users and
family members, and actually mediates some sit-
uations35.
These publications discuss their performance
and how, at times, professionals institutionalize
care, confusing the role of reference with that of
guardian. One must be careful not to establish a
relationship of dominance over the subject, lest
one risk applying controlling practices36.
The model of a reference team shifts the fo-
cus from a single individual to a group of techni-
cians. It is considered an advantage, as it enables
more comprehensive care such as inter-disci-
plinary discussions, avoids centralizing the case
in a single individual, shares responsibility and
helps users expand their emotional ties21,36.
Among the practices developed at the CAPS,
publications focus on group activities and work-
shops, demonstrating an interest in analyzing
their efficacy as therapy.
A study of users found that the group is con-
sidered a place to get support, where people dis-
cuss the need to help themselves and ask for sup-
port as necessary. The recommendations shared
in the group contribute to increasing the value of
a positive mindset among its members and how
they position themselves in the world37. On the
other hand, among care-givers, workshops are
viewed leisure, although they have a degree of
understanding of their therapeutic value20.
The fact that groups and workshops do not
take into account subject ability to symbolize and
develop is a source of disquiet, as these become
merely operational and populated by users with
no desire to participate34.
Activities should not be considered some-
thing merely to pass the time, but as important
spaces to work on concentration, creativity and
the anxieties of the individual or group. Thus,
they should extend into the socioeconomic field,
as opportunities for learning artisanal techniques
that may later be used to generate income38.
Vocational workshops are associated with so-
cial inclusion in the sense of Psychosocial Reha-
bilitation, as they promote a change in the social
role of the users by providing them with tools to
produce and sell their wares independently39.
Tavares40 listed a number of possible artis-
tic groups and workshops, believing them to
be powerful therapeutic tools as they favor user
communication and the exchange of affection,
enabling them to express emotions and feelings.
They also foster rehabilitation, provide new ex-
periences and enable subjective construction.
The CAPS art and culture workshop have just
such a role, as they are therapeutic devices capa-
146
Pinho ES et al.
ble providing not only mental health, but an area
where users can be together and integrate with
society, resulting in partnerships with cultural
spaces in the region, where participants work on
themes related to their desires, projects and cre-
ations, recognizing themselves as creative, com-
petent and productive individuals41.
The matrix outcome was found as the main
object of study in publications after 2010, not be-
ing found before this period.
Matrix su
pport is a practice where the men-
tal health team supports the Family Health team,
promoting the horizontal articulation of special-
ized services for deeper interlocution between
healthcare services, providing increased capillar-
ity to mental health activities within the region,
articulating with other social sectors
23
.
Chiavagatti et al.
42
found that this articulation
consists basically of team supervision and train-
ing, as well as a system of references and count-
er-references, often masked behind the logic of
referrals.
He we point to the fact that for this matrix
system to be effective, dialog networks must be
created, covering all the services in the care net-
work. This is the responsibility of the workers,
and also requires effort and involvement of gov-
ernment managers to make the NMHP effective
27
.
Home visits (HV) are a tool within matrix
support that can be used together with the Family
Health and CAPS teams. As a care device, home
visits tend to strengthen links and build bridges
between subjects, services and society. Although
mentioned in only 5 of the articles selected, it is
considered an important therapeutic mechanism,
allowing the professionals to understand family
dynamics and how the user is inserted into the
family. It also provides family support, valuing
the family as part of treatment, and may even
improve any conflicts that may exist within fam-
ilies
16,30
.
The literature does not question the impor-
tance of family involvement in the proposed ther-
apy, and considers it to be a backup to bear the
burden of mental suffering, stressing that many
times the family is also responsible for the success
of the therapy. User reinsertion in the commu-
nity and resumption of day-to-day activities are
facilitated when family members believe in the
improvement of the user’s health.
Wetzel et al.
43
defend the family as the care
unit. Its inclusion is essential for the proposed
psychosocial rehabilitation, requiring that the
team be responsible for the family as well, as it is
equally affected by the disease condition. Howev-
er, family members are still absent from the ser-
vice activities. This may be related to difficulties
accepting responsibility for the treatment, justi-
fied
by the feeling of being overburdened by the
users3.
One must view the family as a partner in ad-
dressing and experiencing mental illness beyond
the confines of the hospital, avoiding fragmenta-
tion of care, and facilitating continuity and com-
plicity among those involved in all possible social
spaces, in line with the psychosocial proposal of
rehabilitation44,45.
Before including the family in the treatment,
it must be fully aware of its biographical situa-
tion. Understanding the family history may be
a powerful strategy for the CAPS mental health
team, and could enable facing the adversities im-
posed on day-to-day activities, allowing them to
tread a less painful path and overcome moments
of crisis33.
Handling crisis situations was mentioned in
some of the articles, and has a direct impact on
quality of life, as intense suffering leads to the
de-structuring of psychiatric, family and social
life, leading to a break with the socially accepted
reality. Moments of crisis are not limited to the
acute phase, when all symptoms are present, but
are a complex moment involving the existence of
the subject and his/her family, social, relationship
and emotional issues. Therefore, one must listen
to express the subjectivities, and interventions to
provide tools so the person may respond to the
situations that trigger a crisis46.
This moments requires intense support and
responsible and human care that respects indi-
viduality and values subjectivity. The approach
should also include, in addition to the empathet-
ic professional/user relationship, concerns with
the environment and with making it safe for all
those involved46.
A study by Lima et al.47 showed that during
a crisis, the solution of choice is psychiatric hos-
pitalization, often mediated by the police. This
practice is questionable, as a solid bond and lis-
tening to the subject may enable stabilizing the
critical situation without the mandatory use of
medication or even police force.
Here we realize the feeling of danger present
in the social imaginary and among some profes-
sionals makes it harder to properly address the
crisis. One must abandon the rationale that con-
siders the mentally ill as a threat46.
There is a need to invest in training so that
the CAPS may handle crises, introducing tech-
nologies for expanded clinical activities so that
147
Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 23(1):141-151, 2018
users and their families may have support at
these times. Professionals recognize they are not
prepared, which in turn generates a sense of inse-
curity, fear and difficulty when working, as CAPS
users may, at any time, enter a crisis48,49.
Lima et al.47 also address other aspects that
make it harder to handle crises, such as the lack of
backup and the resistance of other healthcare fa-
cilities to receive users [of mental health services]
at these times, no institutional capacity to meet
the demand for psychotherapy, and material and/
or emotional shortcomings of the families. Fail-
ure to be responsible for [support during] crises
may result in users being referred to psychiatric
hospitals, which in turn could result in CAPS be-
coming a supplementary and parallel facility to
these institutions, rather than a repacement48.
Here we point out the crisis handling expe-
rience under partial hospitalization described by
Willrich et al.50, where users in crisis spend the
night at a General Hospital and during the day
are followed by the CAPS, as services qualified
to handle urgencies and accept users in crisis,
as recommended by the National Mental Health
Policy.
The importance and advantages of work for
individuals were also addressed in three of the
articles included in the study. Work is an element
of social inclusion, it implies in exercising citi-
zenship and insertion in the job market, unlike
humanist or care and therapy activities. The ex-
perience of generating income has been shown
as one way to intervene on the aspect of work in
the context of social inclusion, although it is not
viewed as a target, as healthcare professionals be-
lieve it is not their provenance to promote activ-
ities in this area51.
Given the difficulty inserting service users in
the formal job market, the Brazilian psychiatric
reform created protected work as one more ther-
apeutic resource aimed at socialization, expres-
sion and social insertion with vocational work-
shops52.
Thus, productive activity is not the goal of
treatment, but an instrument of intervention
that seeks to add quality to the transformed life,
to the extent that work acquires a meaning as an
articulator with the world, related to access to cit-
izenship. A subject who works is paid at the end
of the month, must keep certain hours and enters
into new social relationships th
at indicate inter-
nal change, learning and an intense experience of
facing difficulties
53
.
The question of work must be recovered, ar-
ticulating clinical practice with an understanding
of work as a right and a concrete proposal for so-
cial reinsertion, in addition to the physical space
of CAPS54.
Finally, in light of the practices developed by
the CAPS, team meetings were suggested in the
literature as a formal moment of the technical
team to coordinate efforts. Not only because they
happen regularly, but because they bring together
all the technical staff, fostering discussions that
result in organizational arrangements regarding
the activities to be performed21. This is an area of
interdisciplinary work and a location for dialog
and discussion among the different professionals,
seeking interactions without any loss of specific-
ity, enabling a broader view of mental health11.
Assemblies on the other hand, are a space
where users, family members, professionals and
members of the community can openly com-
ment on matters related to the service, enabling
social reintegration and participation6,38.
Dissonance in the de-institutionalization
proposal
Most (63.1%) of the publications addressed
the dissonances regarding de-institutionalization
and chronicity in Mental Health, reiterating the
difficulties regarding territory, which clashes di-
rectly with the principles of the Psychiatric Re-
form.
Territoriality means articulating the service
with different purposes to help social reinser-
tion. In articulating the concept of network and
comprehensive care, we find that mental health
itself is part of a broad set of actions that include
Primary Care, reference teams, matrix support,
equity, intersectorality and community involve-
ment. Thus, the mental healthcare network also
depends on the progress made in each region11
The literature shows that this is relevant to
the issue that involves matters of territory, which
directly interfere in CAPS working processes. The
lack or limited training of social networks makes
it hard to create inter-sector efforts, resulting in
insufficient territory activities16,55,56.
Pinho et al.16 describe how professionals re-
alize the contradictory situation of the CAPS in
their territory, as the service was born in the com-
munity, but is not at all close to it. The literature
also states that the workers are responsible for
being limited to the internal spaces of the service.
Although the purpose of CAPS was to replace
psychiatric hospitals so as not to reproduce the
traditional care model, these services also have
mechanisms for institutionalization. Merely
148
Pinho ES et al.
opening a service within a given territory will
not lead to de-institutionalization of the prac-
tices involved in the culture of mental hospitals,
but rather the nature of the activities it provides.
Wetzel et al.48 coined the term enCAPSulated to
address the danger of reproducing old practices
in these new healthcare devices. Some studies
discuss the reasons for this situation as an at-
tempt to protect users of the challenges imposed
by society55,57.
There are challenges and obstacles for social
insertion. These are overcome as actions are no
longer performed exclusively inside CAPS, re-
membering that the inclusive process starts out-
side its walls58.
Another institutionalizing mechanism men-
tioned in some studies was failure to subscribe
to the UTP discharge project. Discharge should
not be viewed as absence of care, but as the possi-
bility to articulate with network services that can
meet user needs when the intensive services pro-
vided by the CAPS is not required. It essential to
discuss the benefits and opportunities users will
find when they are discharged, and that this is an
achievement of their rehabilitation process48,59.
Awareness and critique of institutionaliza-
tion processes by professionals is a necessary el-
ement of change in the process of transforming
the mental health model57.
Studies reveal that the CAPS should navi-
gate the community spaces, as this will further
de-mystify the figure of a person with mental
illness and show they can remain outside the
institutional walls. This will also allow those
with mental illness to become familiar with the
resources and demands of the community, and
encourage society to get to know him or her56,60.
This inclusion strategy helps the subject ad-
dress his/her fears and shames, with the discrim-
ination they are subject to. Society must learn to
live with these users in the street and understand
them in their uniqueness, without excluding
them. This will favor autonomy and mitigate the
risk of a new chronic situation.
Clearly the CAPS, via teamwork, has achieved
concrete results, reducing crises and psychiatric
hospitalizations61.
Final considerations
This effort goes beyond listing the working pro-
cesses of the CAPS in the past 13 years. Because
of their integrative nature, the CAPS in Brazil
combine the experience and professional knowl-
edge disseminated across the entire countries,
and guidelines for redirecting care practices.
Working processes were assessed based on
care reports that reflect the activities performed
in providing mental healthcare, and the develop-
ment of the intervening care factors. The integrat-
ed articles analyzed in this study use a qualitative
approach, giving voice to mental health authors,
be they users, family members or professionals.
These studies suggest additional scientific
publications on the theme of home visits, assem-
bly and team meetings, technical references, rein-
sertion through work and matrix support. These
are important tools in psychosocial care. We re-
iterate that matrix support is an emerging theme
that explains the limited number of publications
and points to the need for research.
Poor professional training, precarious em-
ployment bonds and low wages are the norm
across many mental health services in Brazil, and
are mentioned in several articles as factors that
discourage professionals. This reality demands
scientific and financial investment in the working
teams, so that they are motivated by the NMHP
proposal, and are able to expand the discussion
of how to improve care and reflect on the work-
ing processes developed.
Family members and users evaluate the Psy-
chosocial Care Centers in a positive manner,
showing that the NMHP is achieving its goals.
The experiences reported by mental health au-
thors are said to be transforming, towards inde-
pendent living and inclusion in society. However,
there is much to be perfected in this inclusion
process. In particular, reinsertion through work
and the articulation and effectiveness of Psycho-
social Care Network, integrating all healthcare
services to better care for mental health users and
their families.
This review shows shortcomings in the work-
ing processes that must be considered by service
149
Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 23(1):141-151, 2018
professionals and management, such as higher
value of the CAPS psychosocial activities to en-
able deconstructing medicalized care, developing
a matrix system and investing in studies that re-
veal the realities of mental health in Brazil.
Collaborations
ES Pinho and ACS Souza: design and data anal-
ysis and interpretation; drafting the article and
final approval of the version for publication. E
Esperidião: relevant critical review of the intel-
lectual content and final approval of the version
for publication.
150
Pinho ES et al.
References
1. Brasil. Lei nº. 10.216, de 6 de abril de 2001. Dispõe so-
bre a proteção e os direitos das pessoas portadoras de
transtornos mentais e redireciona o modelo assistencial
em saúde mental. Diário Oficial da União 2001; 7 abr.
2. Brasil. Portaria/GM nº 336, de 19 de fevereiro de 2002.
Portaria que define e estabelece diretrizes para o fun-
cionamento dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial. Estes
serviços passam a ser categorizados por porte e clien-
tela, recebendo as denominações de CAPS I, CAPS II,
CAPS III, CAPSi e CAPSad.Documento fundamental
para gestores e trabalhadores em saúde mental. Diário
Oficial da União 2001; 20 fev.
3. Mielke FB, Kantorski LP, Jardim VMR, Olschowsky A.
Avaliação de um serviço substitutivo em saúde mental.
Cogitare Enferm 2009; 14(1):52-58.
4. Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Revisão in-
tegrativa: método de pesquisa para a incorporação de
evidências na saúde e na enfermagem. Texto Contexto
Enferm 2008; 17(4):758-764.
5. Roman AR, Friedlander MR. Revisão integrativa de
pesquisa aplicada à enfermagem. Cogitare Enferm.
1998; 3(2):109-112.
6. Schneider JF, Camatta MW, Nasi C, Adamoli NA, Kan-
torski LP. Avaliação de um centro de atenção psicosso-
cial brasileiro. Ciencia y Enfermeria 2009; XV (3):91-
100.
7. Rézio LA, Oliveira AGB. Equipes e condições de tra-
balho nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial em Mato
Grosso. Esc Anna Nery 2010; 14(2):346-354.
8. Cedraz A, Dimenstein M. Oficinas terapêuticas no ce-
nário da Reforma Psiquiátrica: modalidades desinstitu-
cionalizantes ou não? Revista mal-estar e subjetividade
2005; V(2):300-327.
9. Filizola CLA, Milioni DB, Pavarini SCI. A vivência dos
trabalhadores de um CAPS diante da nova organização
do trabalho em equipe. Revista Eletrônica de Enferma-
gem 2008; 10(2).
10. Leão A, Barros S. As Representações Sociais dos Profis-
sionais de Saúde Mental acerca do Modelo de Atenção
e as Possibilidades de Inclusão Social. Saúde Soc. 2008;
17(1):95-106.
11. Mielke FB, Kantorski LP, Jardim VMR, Olschowsky A,
Machado MS. O cuidado em saúde mental no CAPS no
entendimento dos profissionais. Cien Saude Colet 2009;
14(1):159-164.
12. Colombarolli MS, Alves ACA, Soares AC, Souza JCPD,
Velasquez MV, Katsurayama M. Desafios e progressos
da reforma psiquiátrica no Amazonas: as perspectivas
baseadas no primeiro Centro de Atenção Psicossocial
(Caps) de Manaus. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática 2010;
12(3):22-33.
13. Milhomem MAGC, Oliveira AGB. O trabalho nos
Centros de Atenção Psicossocial: um estudo em Cuia-
bá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Rev Gaúcha Enferm 2009;
30(2):272-279.
14. Scandolara AS, Rockenbach A, Sgarbossa EA, Linke LR,
Tonini NS. Avaliação do centro de atenção psicossocial
infantil de Cascavel – PR. Psicologia & Sociedade 2009;
21(3):334-342.
15. Ballarin MLGS, Carvalho FB, Ferigato SH, Miranda
IMS, Magaldi CC. Centro de Atenção Psicossocial: con-
vergência entre saúde mental e coletiva. Psicologia em
Estudo 2011; 16(4):603-611.
16. Pinho L, Hernández A, Kantorski L. Serviços substi-
tutivos de saúde mental e inclusão no território: con-
tradições e potencialidades. Cienc Cuid Saude 2010;
9(1):28-35.
17. Pinho L, Hernández A, Kantorski L. Trabalhadores de
saúde mental:contradições e desafios no contexto da
Reforma Psiquiátrica. Esc Anna Nery Rev Enferm 2010;
14(2):260-267.
18. Nunes M, Torrenté M, Ottoni V, Neto VM, Santana M.
A dinâmica do cuidado em saúde mental: signos, sig-
nificados e práticas de profissionais em um Centro de
Assistência Psicossocial em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Cad
Saude Publica 2008; 24(1):188-196.
19. Mello R; Furegato ARF. Representações de usuários,
familiares e profissionais acerca de um centro de
atenção psicossocial. Esc Anna Nery Rev Enferm 2008;
12(3):457-464.
20. Almeida MM, Schall VT, Martins AM, Modena CM.
Representações dos cuidadores sobre a atenção na es-
quizofrenia. Psicologia em Estudo 2010; 41(1):110-117.
21. Vasconcellos VC. Trabalho em equipe na saúde men-
tal:o desafio interdisciplinar em um CAPS. SMAD, Re-
vista eletrônica de Saúde Mental Álcool e Drogas 2010;
6(1).
22. Jorge MSB, Sales FDA, Pinto AGA, Sampaio JJC. Inter-
disciplinaridade no processo de trabalho em Centro de
Atenção Psicossocial. Revista Brasileira em Promoção da
Saúde, RBPS 2010; 23(3):221-230.
23. Quinderé PHD, Jorge MSB, Franco TB. Rede de Aten-
ção Psicossocial: qual o lugar da saúde mental? Revista
de Saúde Coletiva 2014; 24(1):253-271.
24. Jucá VJS, Lima M, Nunes MO. A (re) invenção de
tecnologias no contexto dos centros de atenção psi-
cossocial: recepção e atividades grupais. Mental 2008;
VI(11):125-143.
25. Coimbra VCC, Nunes CK, Kantorski LP, Oliveira MM,
Eslabão AD, Cruz VD. As tecnologias utilizadas no
processo de trabalho do Centro de Atenção Psicosso-
cial com vistas à integralidade. Rev pesqui cuid fundam
(Online) 2013; 5(2):3876-3883.
26. Jorge MSB, Pinto DM, Quinderé PHD, Pinto AGA,
Sousa FSP, Cavalcante CM. Promoção da Saúde Men-
tal – Tecnologias do Cuidado: vínculo, acolhimento,
co-responsabilização e autonomia. Cien Saude Colet
2011; 16(7):3051-3060.
27. Scheibel A, Ferreira LH. Acolhimento no CAPS: re-
flexões acerca da assistência em saúde mental. Revista
Baiana de Saúde Pública 2011; 35(4):966-983.
28. Ballarin MLGS, Ferigato SH, Carvalho FBD, Miranda
IMSD. Percepção de profissionais de um CAPS sobre as
práticas de acolhimento no serviço. O Mundo da Saúde
2011; 35(2):162-168.
29. Soares SRR, Saeki T. O centro de atenção psicossocial
sob a ótica dos usuários. Rev Latino-am Enfermagem
2006; 14(6):923-929.
30. Kantorski L, Machado R, Lemões M, Quadros L, Coim-
bra V, Jardim V. Avaliação da estrutura e processo na
visão dos familiares de usuários de saúde mental. Cienc
Cuid Saude 2012; 11(1):173-180.
31. Oliveira RF, Andrade LOM, Goya N. Acesso e integrali-
dade: a compreensão dos usuários de uma rede de saú-
de mental. Cien Saude Colet 2012; 17(11):3069-3078.
151
Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 23(1):141-151, 2018
32. Mororó MEML, Colvero LA, Machado AL. Os desafios
da integralidade em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial
e a produção de projetos terapêuticos. Rev Esc Enferm
USP 2011; 45(5):1171-1176.
33. Camatta MW, Schneider JF. A visão da família sobre o
trabalho de profissionais de saúde mental de um Cen-
tro de Atenção Psicossocial. Esc Anna Nery Rev Enferm
2009; 13(3):477-484.
34. Figueiró RA, Dimenstein M. O cotidiano de usuários
de CAPS: empoderamento ou captura? Fractal: Revista
de Psicologia 2010; 22(2):431-446.
35. Pinho L, Kantorski L, Wetzel C, Schwartz E, Lange C,
Zillmer J. Avaliação qualitativa do processo de trabalho
em um centro de atenção psicossocial no Brasil. Rev
Panam Salud Publica 2011; 30(4):354-360.
36. Miranda L, Onocko-Campos R. Análise das equipes de
referência em saúde mental: uma perspectiva de gestão
da clínica. Cad Saude Publica 2010; 26(6):1153-1162.
37. Cardoso C, Seminotti N. O grupo psicoterapêutico no
Caps. Cien Saude Colet 2006; 11(3):775-783.
38. Teixeira Júnior S, Kantorski LP, Olschowsky A. O Cen-
tro de Atenção Psicossocial a partir da vivência do
portador de transtorno psíquico. Rev Gaúcha Enferm.
2009; 30(3):453-460.
39. Pinho PH, Oliveira MAF, Vargas D, Almeida MM, Ma-
chado AL, Silva ALA, Colvero LA, Barros S. Reabilita-
ção psicossocial dos usuários de álcool e outras drogas:
a concepção de profissionais de saúde. Rev Esc Enferm
USP 2009; 43(Esp. 2):1261-1266.
40. Tavares CMM. O papel da arte nos centros de atenção
psicossocial – CAPS. Rev Bras Enferm 2003; 56(1):35-
39.
41. Galvanese ATC, Nascimento AF, D’Oliveira AFPL. Arte,
cultura e cuidado nos centros de atenção psicossocial.
Rev Saude Publica 2013; 47(3):360-367.
42. Chiavagatti FG, Kantorski LP, Willrich JQ, Cortes JM,
Jardim VMDR, Rodrigues CGSS. Articulação entre
Centros de Atenção Psicossocial e Serviços de Atenção
Básica de Saúde. Acta Paul Enferm 2012; 25(1):11-17.
43. Wetzel C, Schwartz E, Lange C, Pinho LB, Zillmer JGV,
Kantorski LP. A inserção da família no cuidado de um
centro de atenção psicossocial. Cienc Cuid Saude 2009;
8(Supl.):40-46
44. Schrank G, Olschowsky A. O centro de Atenção Psicos-
social e as estratégias para inserção da família. Rev Esc
Enferm USP 2008; 42(1):127-134.
45. Lavall E, Olschowsky A, Kantorski LP. Avaliação de fa-
mília: rede de apoio social na atenção em saúde mental.
Rev Gaúcha Enferm 2009; 30(2):198-205.
46. Willrich JQ, Kantorski LP, Chiavagatti FG, Cortes JM,
Pinheiro GW. Periculosidade versus cidadania: os sen-
tidos da atenção à crise nas práticas discursivas dos
profissionais de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial.
Revista de Saúde Coletiva 2011; 21(1):47-64.
47. Lima M, Jucá VJS, Nunes MO, Ottoni VE. Signos, sig-
nificados e práticas de manejo da crise em Centros
de Atenção Psicossocial. Interface (Botucatu) 2012;
16(41):423-434.
48. Wetzel C, Kantorski LP, Olschowsky A, Schneider JF,
Camatta MW. Dimensões do objeto de trabalho em um
Centro de Atenção Psicossocial. Cien Saude Colet 2011;
16(4):2133-2143.
49. Martinhago F, Oliveira WF. A prática profissional nos
Centros de Atenção Psicossocial II (CAPS II), na pers-
pectiva dos profissionais de saúde mental de Santa Ca-
tarina. Saúde em Debate 2012; 36(95):583-594.
50. Willrich JQ, Kantorski LP, Chiavagatti FG, Cortes JM,
Antonacci MH. Os sentidos construídos na atenção
à crise no território: o Centro de Atenção Psicosso-
cial como protagonista. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2013;
47(3):657-663.
51. Leão A, Barros S. Inclusão e exclusão social: as repre-
sentações sociais dos profissionais de saúde mental. In-
terface (Botucatu) 2011; 15(36):137-152.
52. Moll MF, Saeki T. A vida social de pessoas com diag-
nóstico de esquizofrenia, usuárias de um centro de
atenção psicossocial. Rev Latino-am Enfermagem 2009;
17(6):995-1000.
53. Silva ALA, Fonseca RMGS. O Projeto Copiadora do
CAPS: do trabalho de reproduzir coisas à produção de
vida. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2002; 36(4):358-366.
54. Rodrigues RC, Marinho TPC, Amorim P. Reforma psi-
quiátrica e inclusão social pelo trabalho. Cien Saude
Colet 2010; 15(Supl. 1):1615-1625.
55. Leão A, Barros S. Território e Serviço Comunitário de
Saúde Mental: as concepções presentes nos discursos
dos atores do processo da reforma psiquiátrica brasilei-
ra. Saúde Soc. 2012; 21(3):572-586.
56. Mielke FB, Olschowsky A, Pinho LB, Wetzel C, Kantor-
ski LP. Avaliação qualitativa da relação de atores sociais
com a loucura em um serviço substitutivo de saúde
mental. Rev Bras Enferm 2012; 65(3):501-507.
57. Pande MNR, Amarante PDC. Desafios para os Centros
de Atenção Psicossocial como serviços substitutivos: a
nova cronicidade em questão. Cien Saude Colet 2011;
16(4):2067-2076.
58. Lima M, Jucá VJS, Santos L. Produção de subjetividade
e estratégias de inserção social para usuários em um
Centro de Atenção Psicossocial, na Bahia. Mental 2011;
IX(16):327-352.
59. Mielke FB, Kantorski LP, Olschowsky A, Jardim VMR.
Características do cuidado em saúde mental em um
CAPS na perspectiva dos profissionais. Trab Educ Saú-
de. 2011; 9(2):265-276.
60. Azevedo EB, Filha MOF, Araruna MHM, Carvalho RN,
Cordeiro RC, Silva VCL. Práticas inclusivas extramuros
de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial: possibilidades
inovadoras. Saúde em Debate 2012; 36(95):595-605.
61. Camatta MW; Schneider JF. O trabalho da equipe de
um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial na perspectiva da
família. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2009; 43(2):393-400.
Article submitted 7/10/2015
Approved 17/12/2015
Final version submitted 19/12/2015
