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Comparative Study of Volatile Constituents from two Iranian Endemic Mint ( Mentha mozaffarianii Jamzad) Ecotypes
Abstract
Mentha mozaffarianii is an endemic mint species from Iran. In this research essential oil composition from fresh and dry samples of two ecotypes of this species from Iran were studied. The results showed, essential oil yields of M. mozaffarianii in dry samples were 1.98 % and 2.28 % (v/w) in ecotypes (ECTPs) A and B respectively, while essential oil content in fresh samples were 2.88 % and 2.43 % (v/w) respectively. The main constituents of essential oil of ECTP A on dry and fresh samples respectively were piperitone (12 and 27 %), piperitenone (22.4 and 9.9 %), piperitenone oxide (15.4 and 11.4 %), trans-piperitone epoxide (5.2 and 15.6 %) and pulegone (9.2 and 3.4 %). Whereas the major oil components of dry and fresh sample of ECTP B were menthone (21.7 and 48.5 %), pulegone (38.8 and 22.5 %) 1,8-cineole (7.5 and 5.1 %) and borneol (6 and 4.3 %) respectively. The results showed that piperitenone and pulegone in both ECTPs were as major compounds. Also identified major constituents strongly affected by ecotype and drying treatment.
... spicata, M. aquatica, M. longifolia and M. mozaffarianii), the species M. mozaffarianii was placed in a separate cluster compared to other species. The main compounds of this plant include piperitone, piperitenone, piperitenone oxide, 1,8-cineol, linalool, pulegone and menthone (Arman et al. 2011;Sam-Daliri et al. 2016;Ghani and Rowshan, 2017). The distribution of this plant species is in most of the dry and semi-desert areas. ...
... Vegetative growth development increases biomass and production yield; therfore, it is important to consider vegetative growth as a valuable factor for superior ecotype selection. In M. mozaffarianii, the highest amount of essential oil existed in the leaves, stems, and inflorescences (Sam-Daliri et al. 2016;Ghani and Rowshan 2017). These traits were considerable for selecting and changing the best ecotypes for medicinal, ornamental, and vegetable uses. ...
Genetic variation, as a multi-scalar variable, is important to genetic resource and conservation programs. M. mozaffarianiiMentha mozaffarianii Jamzad is an aromatic, medicinal and endemic plant in southern Iran. However, the genetic information of M. mozaffarianii is lacking. The study presented here is one of the first investigations to survey the genetic diversity of this valuable plant using Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and morphological traits. This study also performed an association analysis to provide any correlation between the markers mentioned above. Individuals revealed by morphological features were divided into two major groups using cluster analysis based on Ward’s method. Results of ISSR analysis revealed genetic variations within and between populations to be 54% and 46%, respectively. In addition, 24 selected ISSR primers produced 343 polymorphic bands (Nei’s genetic diversity 0.146–0.427, Shannon’s information index 0.240–0.614). Cluster analysis using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean divided all individuals into two major groups and a high co-phenetic correlation coefficient (r = 0.850) was observed. The study of population structure as a prerequisite for correlation analysis showed two subgroups (K = 2). In mixed linear model analysis, 249 sites were identified to be related to the studied traits (p ≤ 0.02). The site ISSR42-20 was found to be associated with six features. This characterization could improve our understanding of the relationships among the evaluated traits. Flower diameter had the highest number of related markers (17 locations). Results showed that ISSRs were successful markers to show genetic diversity among populations. Results of the current study provided valuable information regarding M. mozaffarianii, which could be helpful in genetic studies, conservation, reproduction, breeding programs, and production of cultivars with high biomass contents.
Background: In the recent decade, artificial drying has been one of the most important needs of the pharmaceutical industries. In addition, different drying methods have different effects on the quantity and quality of the essential oils produced from medicinal plants.
Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different drying methods (shade and oven drying at 35 °C and 55 °C) in comparison with the fresh sample on the essential oil yield and volatile composition of M. officinalis.
Methods: This experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with three replicates. The essential oil samples were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC–MS methods.
Results: Different drying treatments had a significant effect on the content of M. officinalis essential oil (ranging from 0.08 to 0.3 % v/w; overall average of 0.22% v/w). The main components of the essential oil of shade dried, oven-dried at 35 °C and oven-dried at 55 °C samples were β-caryophyllene, geranial and γ-cadinene, respectively. Oven drying at 55°C resulted in disappearance of neral, geranial and neryl acetate. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted the principal fraction of all samples, followed by oxygenated monoterpenes, except the oil of oven dried sample at 55°C in which oxygenated sesquiterpene represented as the second main fraction.
Conclusion: The highest essential oil yield was obtained from oven drying at 35°C which conserves the characteristic aroma of the spice, so this method seems to be more advisable for drying of M. officinalis.
The essential oil components of the Mentha Pulegium were isolated via hydrodistillation and analyzed by using GC-MS. The oil was found to contain 53 components. The main compounds were, pulegone (43.5 %), piperitone (12.2 %), p-menthane-1,2,3-triol (6.5 %), γ-elemenene (3.6 %), guaiene (cis-β) (3.0 %), carvacrol acetate (2.6 %) and phenyl ethyl alcohol (2.4 %).The essential oil of Mentha pulegium L. belonged to pulegone chemotype because, the oil is rich in pulegone (43.5 %).
The antioxidant activities of essential oil, dichloromethane and ethanol extracts of Mentha pulegium L. leaves were examined using hexanal/hexanoic and DPPH assays. Dichloromethane extracts exhibited the highest activity, inhibiting hexanal oxidation by 94 ± 5 % at the 200μg/mL level over 40 days. As well as ethanol extract exhibited the greatest scavenging activities among the all extracts 79.3 ± 3 % which extracted from the Mentha pulegium L. leaves at the 500 μg/mL level.
It was found that the two different methods exhibited consistent antioxidant activities in the present study. We can conclude that the Mentha pulegium L. could be used as potential sources of safe and inexpensive flavour as well as antioxidants to prevent oxidation in different food products.
The genus Mentha L. (Lamiaceae) is represented in the world by 62 taxa including 18 species and 11 hybrids. In Turkey, 15 taxa exist. In the course of the present work, 90 samples belonging to 11 Mentha taxa collected from the Marmara region of Turkey in north western Turkey were hydrodistilled to obtain essential oils, which were then subjected to gas chromatographic (GC) and GC/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analyses. Fifty-six percent of the samples contained 3-oxo-1,2-epoxy type compounds (piperitenone oxide, cis- and trans-piperitone oxide) as the main constituents in their oils, whereas 25% contained 3-oxo compounds (menthone, isomenthone, pulegone, menthofuran, piperitone, piperitenone and isopulegol). Ten percent of the samples comprised 2-oxo compounds such as carvone, cis- and trans-dihydrocarvone; 2% contained 1,8-cineole and 1% contained trans-sabinene hydrate as the main constituent in the oils; 5% belonged to an unknown category found in the five oils of Mentha longifolia.
Essential oils from aerial parts of Mentha piperita, M. spicata, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, O. applii, Aloysia triphylla, Ocimum gratissimum, O. basilicum were obtained by steam destillation using a Clevenger-type system. These oils were screened for antibacterial and anti-Candida albicans activity using bioautographic method. Subsequently, minimal inhibitory concentration from oils was determined by microdilution method. Most essential oil studied were effective against Enterococcus faecium and Salmonella cholerasuis. Aloysia triphylla and O. basilicum presented moderate inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus while only A. tryphila and M. piperita were able to control the yeast Candida albicans. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS techniques in order to determine the majoritary compounds.
The air-dried aerial parts of M.spicata L. subsp. spicata, which were collected from eastern Turkey, were subjected to hydrodistillation and the essential oil was obtained in a yield of 3.24% (v/w). The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-seven constituents, accounting for more than 95.3% of the total oil composition, were identified. The main compounds of the essential oil were carvone (48.4%), 1,8-cineole (21.3%), β-pinene (3.5%), β-caryophyllene (3.3%) and trans-dihydrocarvone (2.9%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was studied. It was evaluated against six microorganisms using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The oil showed great potential for its antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and moderate activities against Staphylococcus aureus.
During the process of distillation, the hydrophilic part of the essential oil dissolves in the aqueous distillate that is generally considered waste and discarded. The decanted (main essential oil) and hydrophilic (recovered essential oil) fractions of peppermint (Mentha piperita cv Kukrail) and spearmint (Mentha spicata cv MSS-5) essential oils were investigated by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The decanted essential oils of spearmint and peppermint were richer in monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons compared to the recovered essential oils. In peppermint, oxygenated monoterpenes (82.85–85.59%), especially alcohols, were higher in recovered essential oil (58.22%) than decanted essential oil (41.03%). Similarly, in spearmint, the percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes was higher in recovered essential oil (83.08%) than decanted oil (59.84%). The recovered and decanted essential oils of both Mentha species demonstrated low to moderate antimicrobial activity against five bacterial strains.
In this study, antioxidant properties of Thymus sipyleus. Boiss. subsp. sipyleus. var. sipyleus., Teucrium chamaedrys L.., Mentha longifolia. (L.) Hudson subsp. longifolia., Salvia limbata. C.A. Meyer, and Thymus fallax. Fisch. & Mey. were investigated. Antioxidant and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, reducing powers, and the amount of total phenolic compounds of the extracts were studied. The highest antioxidant activity was shown by T. chamaedrys. (decoction, IC50: 9.2 µg/ml), and the lowest one was S. limbata. (decoction, IC50: 619.5 µg/ml). The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was shown by T. fallax. [decoction, IC50S: 56 µg/ml (IC50S is the extract concentration (µg/ml) required for 50% inhibition of the DPPH solution absorbance at 517 nm)] while the lowest one was S. limbata. (decoction, IC50S: 335.8 µg/ml). The highest reducing power and amount of total phenolic compounds was shown by T. chamaedrys. (decoction, 29.9 µg/ml ascorbic acid equivalent, 27.9 µg/ml gallic acid equivalent, respectively), and the lowest one was S. limbata. (decoction, 5.1 µg/ml ascorbic acid equivalent, 9.9 µg/ml gallic acid equivalent, respectively) at 250 µg/ml extract concentration.
The chemical composition and the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Mentha longifolia L. ssp longifolia are being investigated in the present work. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this oil against four gram+ and gram-reference bacteria including Salmonella typhimurium LT2, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Microccus luteus NCIMB 8166 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was used to study the morphological alteration of bacterial wall cell visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The chemical analysis of the essential oil showed the presence of 34 compounds. The most important ones were: menthol (32.51%), menthone (20.71%), pulegone (17.76%), 1,8-cineole (5.61%), terpineol-4 (4.87%) and piperitone (2.16%). The MIC for bacteria ranged from 0.19 to 1.56 mg/ml. We found that M. longifolia (Menthol chemotype) has a high antibacterial effect. Cell wall of the tested bacteria was damaged at MIC concentrations. This susceptibility is more accentuated in S. typhimurium and E. coli (rod bacteria), whereas the damage is less important in coccoid bacteria (S. aureus and M. luteus).
Mint (Mentha spicata L.) is a European aromatic plant, with its essential oil used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Supercritical
fluid extraction (SFE) is important for natural products, because it is residue free and preserves thermolabile compounds
and product characteristics. The aim of this work was to obtain mint essential oil by sub-/supercritical extraction, with
and without modifier and in different operational conditions, by hydro-distillation and by Soxhlet with different solvents.
The results indicated the SFE highest yield (2.38%w/w) was obtained at 50°C and 300bar, with the crossover of yield isotherms occurring between 140 and 170bar. When using a
cosolvent for SFE, the ethanol showed the highest yield, compared to ethyl acetate. The mint essential oil was rich in compounds
with therapeutic activities and several substances of industrial interest, such as carvone, cineol, and pulegone, presenting
also good antioxidant activity performance.
KeywordsMint–Supercritical fluid extraction–Chemical profile–Antioxidant activity
A distinguishable chemotype of spearmint (Mentha spicata) was found in Siwa Oasis, Egypt. The locals in very limited areas grow this type. Stolones of this type were transplanted to some other locations in Egypt namely; Owainate, Kharga, Samallot, and Arish. The oil content in the air-dried herb grown in Siwa reached 2.93 and 2.99% in the seasons of 2001 and 2002, respectively. The oil content of that type increased to 3.85 and 3.90%, in the two seasons when it was cultivated in Owainat territory, while it decreased to 1.59 and 1.61% when cultivated in Arish territory. These two geographical locations greatly differed in the average, maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, sunshine duration, and solar radiation. Samples of spearmint distributed in the local market and cultivated around Cairo contained only 1.28% oil. In oils of Siwa mint cultivated in the different locations, carvone was the main constituent; its content ranged between 42.23 and 57.61%, while limonene came in the second rank ranging between 26.15 and 34.83%. In contrast, oil of spearmint collected from the local market (grown in Cairo) was characterized by higher carvone (73.18%) and lower limonene (5.00%) contents. Siwa mint is a distinguishable type of spearmint regarding its oil content and composition.
The composition of the essential oil of fresh and air-dried Salvia palaestina Benth. (Lamiaceae) growing wild in Jordan has been studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The essential oils of fresh and air-dried S. palaestina were mainly composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (52.66% and 65.98%, respectively). The major component detected in the oils of fresh and dry S. palaestina was germacrene D (21.18% and 26.02%, respectively). Air drying resulted in a general increase of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and a great decrease in the percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons.
Labiatae family is well represented in Iran by 46 genera and 410 species and subspecies. Many members of this family are used in traditional and folk medicine. Also they are used as culinary and ornamental plants. There are no distinct references on the ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of the family in Iran and most of the publications and documents related to the uses of these species are both in Persian and not comprehensive. In this article wereviewed all the available publication on this family. Also documentation from unpublished resources and ethnobotanical surveys has been included. Based on our literature search, out of the total number of the Labiatae family in Iran, 18% of the species are used for medicinal purposes. Leaves are the most used plant parts. Medicinal applications are classified into 13 main categories. A number of pharmacological and experimental studies have been reviewed, which confirm some of the traditional applications and also show the headline for future works on this family.
Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Mentha pulegium L. and Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds. from Uruguay were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Oxygen-containing monoterpenes were the main group of constituents in both oils. Pulegone, isomenthone and menthone were the major components in the oil of M. pulegium, whereas piperitenone oxide and (Z)-sabinene hydrate were the major ones in M. rotundifolia. Enantiomerically pure (-)-menthone, (+)-isomenthone, (+)-isomenthol, (-)-menthol and (+)-pulegone were detected by multidimensional gas chromatography in the case of M. pulegium oil.
The essential oil from spearmint {Mentha spicata L., Labiatae) was extracted by hydrodistillation, and analysed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty eight components were identified representing 90.14% of total oil composition. The major constituents were carvone (22.40%), linalool (11.25%) and limonene (10.80%). The essential oil showed good activity against larvae of Anophel stephensi and Artemia salina.
Abstract
The objects of the studies were 4 species of mint: Mentha aquatica L., peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), spearmint (Mentha spicata var. crispa L.) and a variety of pineapple mint (Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.) - ‘Variegata’. Phenotype differences between the studied species were determined on the basis of morphometric measurements of the length of the longest sprout, the plant diameter, the number of sprouts as well as length and width of the leaf. To determine the genotype differences, an ISSR-PCR technique was used. The ISSR reactions were carried out using 20 microsatellite primers and their products were separated in 2% agarose gel. It was found that the studied genotypes of mint differ significantly from one another, both in relation to the analyzed morphologic and genetic features. For genotypes characterized in the experiment, a number of mono- and polymorphic products were amplified and among them there were a series of species specific ISSR products. Phylogenetic similarity of the compared species varied from 53.3% between M. x piperita and M. aquatica to 82.2% between M. suaveolens ‘Variegata’ and Mentha spicata var. crispa.
In this study, the effects of pressure (100-300 bar), temperature (40-60°C) and co-solvent flow rate (3-9 g/min) on antioxidant activities of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extracts of spearmint leaves were determined using full factorial in the frame of complete randomize design (CRD). The antioxidant activity of SC-CO2 extracts was determined by DPPH radical scavenging method. The results showed that extraction pressure, temperature and co-solvent flow rate had significant effect (P < 0.05) on antioxidant activity of extracts obtained. The highest antioxidant activity (71.00 ± 2.65%) was obtained at 200 bar pressure, 50°C and 6 g/min co-solvent flow rate. However, all of the extracts obtained in this study had significantly higher antiradical activities varying from 35.62 ± 0.34% to 72 ± 3.17% compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as a reference. These results indicated that supercritical carbon dioxide is a promising alternative process for recovering compounds of high antioxidant activities from spearmint leaves.
The chemical composition of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium from Bulgaria has been determined by GC and GC/MS. The yields of oil obtained by water and steam distillation were 1.54% and 1.48%, respectively. The basic components, among the identified 21 were pulegone (42.9–45.4%), piperitenone (21.7–23.1%) and isomenthone (11.3–12.8%). There were no substantial qualitative differences between the oils obtained by water or steam distillation.
Different bioactive flavonoid compounds including catechin, epicatechin, rutin, myricetin, luteolin, apigenin and naringenin were obtained from spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves by using conventional soxhlet extraction (CSE) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction at different extraction schemes and parameters. The effect of different parameters such as temperature (40, 50 and 60°C), pressure (100, 200 and 300bar) and dynamic extraction time (30, 60 and 90min) on the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of spearmint flavonoids was investigated using full factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD). The extracts of spearmint leaves obtained by CSE and optimal SC-CO2 extraction conditions were further analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify and quantify major bioactive flavonoid compounds profile. Comparable results were obtained by optimum SC-CO2 extraction condition (60°C, 200bar, 60min) and 70% ethanol soxhlet extraction. As revealed by the results, soxhlet extraction had a higher crude extract yield (257.67mg/g) comparing to the SC-CO2 extraction (60.57mg/g). Supercritical carbon dioxide extract (optimum condition) was found to have more main flavonoid compounds (seven bioactive flavonoids) with high concentration comparing to the 70% ethanol soxhlet extraction (five bioactive flavonoids). Therefore, SC-CO2 extraction is considered as an alternative process compared to the CSE for obtaining the bioactive flavonoid compounds with high concentration from spearmint leaves.
Mentha is a genus of aromatic perennial herbs belonging to the family Lamiaceae. It is distributed mostly in the temperate and sub-temperate regions of the world. Several Mentha species are considered industrial crops as they are a source of essential oils enriched in certain monoterpenes, widely used in food, flavour, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Mentha has a large number of species that differ widely in their characteristics and polyploidy level. It is known to comprise about forty recognizable species. Utilizing crosses between Mentha species, it has been shown that single Mendelian gene(s) control the presence or absence of major compounds such as carvone, menthone, menthol and piperitone. The monogenic basis for conversion of menthone to menthol showed that gene R, either homozygous (RR) or heterozygous (Rr), is responsible for the reduction of menthone to menthol or carvone to carveol. Enzymes involved in monoterpene biosynthesis are described. Pests and pathogens of Mentha that cause substantial damage to the crop and considerable loss in oil yield are also described. Termites, cutworms, whitefly and semiloopers damage different parts of the Mentha plant. A number of microbes, viz. Macrophomia phaseoli and Puccinia menthae, also damage the Mentha plant. Control measures such as the use of insecticides, disease-inhibiting chemicals, and breeding of pest and pathogen resistant plants are reviewed. Agrobacterium genes responsible for the transfer of DNA, and selectable marker genes are discussed. Plant transformation technology has not only played an important role in introducing insecticidal genes into relevant crops but also has become a versatile platform for cultivar improvement as well as for studying gene function in plants.
The composition of the essential oils from three Labiatae species from Iran—Nepeta heliotropifolia Lam. and Mentha mozaffariani Jamzad, which are endemic to Iran, and Ziziphora persica Bunge.—were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS.
1,8-Cineole (16.8%), 4aα,7α,7aβ nepetalactone (16.3%), cis-sabinene hydrate (16.1%) and linalool (11.9%) were the main components among the 23 constituents characterized in the oil of Nepeta heliotropifolia, representing 92.8% of the total components detected. Twenty compounds were identified in the oil of M. mozaffarianii, representing 83.6% of the total oil, with 1,8-cineole (53.5%) being the major constituent.
The oil of Z. persica was characterized by high amount of pulegone (27.8%), neomenthol (22.5%) and p-menth-3-en-8-ol (18.1%) among the 34 components, comprising 94.7% of the total oil detected. All three oils were richer in oxygenated monoterpenes than sesquiterpenes.
Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Salvia officinalis essential oil (EO) were studied under different drying methods of plant material. Results obtained showed that dried plant
material yielded more essential oils than did the fresh one. The highest EO yields were obtained by infrared drying at 45 °C
(0.39%) followed by air drying (0.30%) and oven drying at 45 °C (0.26%). The analysis of EOs by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry,
showed in each of 55 identified compounds belonging mostly to oxygenated monoterpenes. This class of compounds was significantly
affected by following drying methods: oven at 65 °C, microwave (500 W), and infrared at 45 °C. The main components of sage
EO, 1,8-cineole, α and β-thujone, camphor, viridiflorol, and manool showed significant variation (p
This experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factor studied included mint species (Mentha longifolia var. amphilema (from Qazvin and Ardabil localities), Mentha spicata (from Tehran and Yazd localities), Mentha piperita (from Tehran and Ardabil localities) and Mentha aquatica (from guilan and Ardabil localities) that were collected at end of flowering stage in Iran during 2007. the results showed that mint species had significant effect on shoot yield, plant height, lateral stem number and leaf width (p � 0.01) and leaf length and stem diameter (p < 0.05). M. longifalia var. amphilema from Qazvin locality was provided highest shoot yield (2,656 kg/ha), plant height (70.67 cm) and stem diameter (4.1 mm). Longest leaf length (4.01 cm) and widest leaf width (2.32 cm) were achieved by M. piperita from Tehran locality and highest lateral stem number (39 stem per plant) was obtained by M. aquatica from guilan locality. Our findings indicated that were significant difference between morphological values and shoot yield in mint species. Therefore, the selection of species that perform well over a wide range of environments can increase quantity and quality yields of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Fourteen Tunisian Mentha pulegium L. populations were assessed for their extract composition by GC and GC/MS. They were collected in different geographical areas corresponding with their bioclimates.Thirty-four components representing 78.4% of the total extract were identified. Pulegone (41.8%), followed by isomenthone (11.3%) and carvone (6.2%) were the main compounds. The amounts of menthofuran and menthol did not exceed 3.7% and 2.8%, respectively.Differences in the extract compositions were recorded among populations, and three bioclimate related chemotypes were identified.
The composition of the inforescence (I), leaf (L) and stem (S) essential oils of wild Mentha pulegium plants from three populations (1–3) on the island of Zakynthos were examined. Pulegone (32.8 %, S1 to 75.8 %, I3) was the major constituent of all of the oils. The other main constituents were piperitenone (5.1 %, L3 to 35 %, I2), isomenthone (4.3 %, I2 to 28.6 %, L3) and piperitone (0.5 %, I3 to 5.2 %, L2). In total, C-3-oxygenated p-menthane compounds constituted from 73.0 % (S1) to 96.2 % (I2) of the oils. The piperitenone content of the inforescence oils was up to 2.4 (Loc 3) times higher than that of the leaf oils. Correspondingly, the isomenthone content of the leaf oils was up to 4.2 (Loc 2) times higher than that of the inforescence oils. The ratio of the isomenthone:piperitenone content of the oils (n=3) was markedly different for the inforescence (mean 0.31 ±SD 0.21), leaf (mean 2.91 ± SD 2.37) and stem (mean 1.12 ± SD 0.68) oils. The essential oil yields (mL/100g DW) were for the inforescences 3.1–5.0 %, leaves 3.1–4.0 %, stems
Mentha spicata L. (spearmint) was collected from different sub-tropical and temperate zones of North-West Himalayan region of India. Plants were collected during the flowering stage and essential oil was extracted using Clevenger-type apparatus for 2.5 h and analyzed. GC–MS analysis reveals that carvone was major part which varied between 49.62%–76.65%, second major component was limonene that varied between 9.57%–22.31%. 1,8-cineole varied between 1.32%–2.62%, whereas trans-carveol varied between 0.3%–1.52%. Out of 26 collections, one accession was found rich in carvone (76.65%) along with low limonene content (9.57%). Chemical composition of this accession is described in detail.
The phytoconstituents of essential oil and ethanol oleoresin of fresh and dry rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) were analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituents were aromatic-turmerone (24.4%), alpha-turmerone (20.5%) and beta-turmerone (11.1%) in fresh rhizome and aromatic-turmerone (21.4%), alpha-santalene (7.2%) and aromatic-curcumene (6.6%) in dry rhizome oil. Whereas, in oleoresins, the major components were alpha-turmerone (53.4%), beta-turmerone (18.1%) and aromatic-turmerone (6.2%) in fresh and aromatic-turmerone (9.6%), alpha-santalene (7.8%) and alpha-turmerone (6.5%) in dry rhizome. Results showed that alpha-turmerone, a major component in fresh rhizomes is only minor one in dry rhizomes. Also, the content of beta-turmerone in dry rhizomes is less than a half amount found in fresh rhizomes. The antioxidant properties have been assessed by various lipid peroxidation assays as well as DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating methods. The essential oil and ethanol oleoresin of fresh rhizomes have higher antioxidant properties as compared dry ones.
The use of plants is as old as the mankind. Natural products are cheap and claimed to be safe. They are also suitable raw material for production of new synthetic agents. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) is a common household plant grown in many parts of the world. It is used for flavouring food, a beverage drink, as well as in cosmetics; in folk.medicine it is used as an antispasmodic in renal colic and dysmenorrhoea, in relieving respiratory disorders and to stimulate growth of hair. Extract of rosemary relaxes smooth muscles of trachea and intestine, and has choleretic, hepatoprotective and antitumerogenic activity. The most important constituents of rosemary are caffeic acid and its derivatives such as rosmarinic acid. These compounds have antioxidant effect. The phenolic compound, rosmarinic acid, obtains one of its phenolic rings from phenylalanine via caffeic acid and the other from tyrosine via dihydroxyphenyl-lactic acid. Relatively large-scale production of rosmarinic acid can be obtained from the cell culture of Coleus blumei Benth when supplied exogenously with phenylalanine and tyrosine. Rosmarinic acid is well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and from the skin. It increases the production of prostaglandin E2 and reduces the production of leukotriene B4 in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and inhibits the complement system. It is concluded that rosemary and its constituents especially caffeic acid derivatives such as rosmarinic acid have a therapeutic potential in treatment or prevention of bronchial asthma, spasmogenic disorders, peptic ulcer, inflammatory diseases, hepatotoxicity, atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart disease, cataract, cancer and poor sperm motility.
Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae), an aromatic herb yielded a new halogenated chloro-derivative of menthone (longifone), two new derivatives of beta-sitosterol glycoside (longiside-A and -B) and a new flavanone-glycoside (longitin). The beta-sitosterol and flavanone glycosides were purified as their acetate derivatives. Structures of all the isolated constituents were elucidated with the aid of HMBC techniques. However, the structure of longifone was also determined through X-ray crystallography.
The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the fresh aerial parts of Mentha microphylla C. Kock (Lamiaceae) collected on the Gennargentu Mountains (Sardinia, Italy) has been investigated by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). The main constituents that resulted were pulegone (34.1%), piperitenone oxide (32.9%), and piperitenone (11.3%). The presence of small amounts of compounds such as ethyl hexanoate, 1-octen-3-ol, nonanal, and ethyl 2-methylbutanoate could justify the particular odorous profile of the plant, resembling the aroma of milk and other dairy products such as mozzarella.
A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Farhange Moaser: Tehran
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Antioxidant activity measured in different solvent fractions obtained from Mentha spicata Linn: an analysis by ABTS.+ decolorization assay
- P Arumugam
- P Ramamurty
- S T Santhiya
Constituents of the essential oil of Mentha mozaffarianii
- A H Rustaiyan
- M M Saberi
- A R Jasbi
Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity fresh and dry Ginger oil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
- I Sasidharan
- A N Menon
Comparison of different extraction techniques for isolation of major bioactive flavonoid compounds from spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves. Food and Bioproducts Processing
- M Bimakr
- A R Russly
- A Ganjloo
- F Saleena
- L Md Salleh
- J Selamat
- A Hamid
Qualitative and quantitative changes in the essential oil of sage (Salvia hydrangea DC ex Benth.) as affected by different drying methods
- F Mahdiyan
- A Ghasemi Pirbalouti
Morphological and genetic variability of chosen Mentha species
- M Smolik
- D Rzepka-Plevnes
- D Jadszak
- A Sekowska