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387
ISSN 1863-7221 (print)
|
eISSN 1864-8312 (online)
© Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2017.
75
(3): 387 – 415
20.12.2017
A revision of the wolf spider genus Diapontia Keyserling,
and the relationships of the subfamily Sosippinae
(Araneae: Lycosidae)
L N P *
, 1
, C L S
1
, M N C
2
,
R O
3
, A D B
4
& M J R
1
1
División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” – CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos
Aires, Argentina; Luis Norberto Piacentini [piacentini@macn.gov.ar]; Cristina Luisa Scioscia [scioscia@macn.gov.ar]; Martín Javier Ramírez
[ramirez@macn.gov.ar] —
2
Fundación Inalafquen. H. Yrigoyen 792. 8520 San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina; Mirta Noemí Carbajal
[diapontia@gmail.com] —
3
Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Dr. Salvador França, 1427, 90690-
000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Ricardo Ott [rott@fzb.rs.gov.br] —
4
Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital
Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, CEP 05503-900; Antonio Brescovit [adbresc@terra.com.br] — *Corresponding author
Accepted 21.vi.2017.
Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on 11.xii.2017.
Editors in charge: Lorenzo Prendini & Klaus-Dieter Klass
Abstract
The South American genus Diapontia is revised to include nine species: Diapontia uruguayensis Keyserling, 1877 ( = Diapontia senescens
Mello-Leitão, 1944 syn.n.; D. infausta Mello-Leitão, 1941 syn.n.; D. pourtaleensis Mello-Leitão, 1944 syn.n.; D. albopunctata Mello-
Leitão, 1941 syn.n.) from northern Paraguay, southeastern Brazil, southern Uruguay, southern to northeastern Argentina and southern
Chile; D. niveovittata Mello-Leitão, 1945 from southern Paraguay, north-central Argentina and southern Brazil; D. anbia (Zapfe-Mann,
1979) comb.n. ( = Lycosa artigasi Casanueva, 1980 syn.n.) from central and southern Chile and southwestern Argentina, transferred from
Pardosa C.L. Koch, 1847; D. securifera (Tullgren, 1905) comb.n. from northern Chile and northwestern Argentina, transferred from Ori-
nocosa Chamberlin, 1916; D. arapensis (Strand, 1908) comb.n., from Peru, transferred from Hippasella Mello-Leitão, 1944; D. calama
sp.n. from northern Chile; D. songotal sp.n. from southern Bolivia; D. chamberlini sp.n. from central and southern Peru; and D. oxapampa
sp.n. from northern Peru. The sister-group relationship between Diapontia and Hippasella, and their placement in the subfamily Sosip-
pinae, were supported by phylogenetic analyses based on four molecular markers (28S, 12S, NADH1 and COI), using Bayesian inference
and maximum-likelihood. We tested whether DNA barcoding techniques were able to corroborate the identity of four Diapontia species.
Diapontia securifera and D. anbia were successfully identied using COI; however, D. niveovittata and D. uruguayensis were found to
share identical haplotypes and thus could not be discriminated.
Key words
Lycosids, DNA barcoding, systematics, new species, South America, Andean, Neotropical, Bayesian analysis, natural history.
1. Introduction
New exciting developments in spider phylogenetics
(RamíRez 2014; Polotow et al. 2015; wheeleR et al. 2017)
have brought many neglected groups into the bigger pic-
ture of spider evolution. In this contribution, we speci-
cally trace the evolutionary history of one peculiar genus,
Diapontia Keyserling, 1877, that belongs to the family
Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833, which is commonly known
as the wolf spiders. This family represents a relatively
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
388
recent radiation of arachnids (Jocqué & aldeRweiReldt
2005; GaRRison et al. 2016) and has a worldwide distri-
bution. The Lycosidae are clearly delimited from other
families based on somatic, behavioural and molecular
characters (dondale 1986; wheeleR et al. 2017) and
exhibit a wide range of prey-capture strategies includ-
ing burrow-dwelling, vagrant, and web building species
(dondale & RedneR 1990). In the Americas, two web
building genera have been reported: Sosippus Simon,
1888 from North and Central America (see BRady 2007),
and Aglaoctenus Tullgren, 1905 from South America
(see santos & BRescovit 2001; santos et al. 2003; Pia-
centini 2011). dondale (1986) recognized the close rela-
tionship between Sosippus and Aglaoctenus and erected
the subfamily Sosippinae for these two genera, placing
them as the sister-group to all other lycosids. Although
the subfamily was recovered as monophyletic in a mo-
lecular analysis using two markers (12S and NADH1),
the relationships among subfamilies remained uncertain
and had little support (muRPhy et al. 2006: gs. 2, 3).
The 28S marker was excluded of the analysis performed
by muRPhy et al. (2006: g. 6) who suspected that there
were paralogous copies of 28S due to the implausible
trees it produced.
Three characters of the male bulb were proposed by
dondale (1986) as diagnostic for Sosippinae: the loss of
the terminal apophysis, a tegular groove functioning as a
conductor, and the embolus lying among a cluster of tegu-
lar processes. However, sieRwald (2000) later questioned
those characters pointing out that the loss of the terminal
apophysis can be a plesiomorphy and the conductor func-
tion cannot be evaluated since the function of various parts
of the palp is unclear. In a redescription of Aglaoctenus
oblongus (C.L. Koch, 1847), the curved apo physis at the
base of the embolus (labeled as “apophy sis b” by sieRwald
2000) was proposed as an additional dia gnostic character
(santos et al. 2003). The composition of the subfamily
was later modied by ÁlvaRes & BRescovit (2007) who
redescribed Hippasella guaquiensis (Strand, 1908), the
type species of the genus Hippasella Mello-Leitão, 1944
and placed it in Sosippinae; they also suggested that Dia-
pontia should be placed in the same subfamily.
KeyseRlinG (1877) described the genus Diapontia to
accommodate three new species of South American ly-
cosids, but he did not designate a type species. The genus
was considered a junior synonym of Lycosa by simon
(1898). However, PetRunKevitch (1911) rejected the syn-
onymy, revalidated the genus, and established Diapontia
uruguayensis Keyserling, 1877 as the type species.
Lycosid species are often distinguished by small dif-
ferences in the genitalia which presents a challenge to
the identication of species, particularly for non-taxono-
mists. Recent studies have begun to use DNA barcoding
as a tool to help identify species of wolf spiders (Bla-
Goev et al. 2013; sim et al. 2014; BlaGoev & dondale
2014; astRin et al. 2016; nadonly et al. 2016). Although
barcoding methods seem to work well in general, each of
these studies identied groups of closely related species
that exhibited low genetic distances and subtle morpholo-
gical differences, suggesting a recent di ver gence. This
agrees with the ideas proposed by Jocqué & aldeRweiReldt
(2005), namely that Lycosidae is a family with a recent
origin, based on characteristics of the morphology, habi-
tat preference and the scarce fossil record. In a phylo-
genomic analysis, age estimates suggest that Lycosidae
are among among the most recently derived families of
spiders, having separated from pisaurids about 37 mil-
lion years ago (GaRRison et al. 2016); however, because
Trechaleidae, the sister family of Lycosidae (wheeleR
et al. 2017; alBo et al. 2017), was not included in the
analysis, an estimated age for the origin of lycosids is
not available.
The aim of this study is to review the genus Diapon-
tia and describe four new species, test the subfamiliar
placement of the genus and the relationships of Sosip-
pinae among wolf spiders, and evaluate DNA barcoding
as a method for species identication within this genus.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Figures
Drawings were made using a camera lucida mounted on
an Olympus BH – 2 compound microscope or a Leica
M165 C stereoscopic microscope. The internal genitalia
were cleared in clove oil and, in the case of non-type spec-
imens, digested with Enzymatic Cleaner (Ultrazyme®).
When several males were available for study, the male
bulb was removed to clarify the morphology of its scle-
rites. Photographs of preserved specimens were taken
with a Leica DFC 290 digital camera mounted on a Leica
M165 C stereoscopic microscope. Images taken in differ-
ent focal planes were combined with Helicon Focus 4.62
Pro (www.heliconsoft.com). Measurements are given in
millimetres. Distribution maps were compiled with Sim-
ple Mappr (http://www.simplemappr.net). Geographic
coordinates of localities were estimated in Google Earth
(www.google.com/earth) if not otherwise provided.
2.2. Abbreviations
Morphology: A, atrium; Ac, aciniform gland spigot;
AER, anterior eye row; AL, abdomen length; ALE, an-
terior lateral eye; ALS, anterior lateral spinneret; AME,
anterior median eye; BS, base of the spermatheca; C,
conductor; c, ventral projection of tegulum; CH, cara-
pace height; CL, carapace length; CP, copulatory plug;
Cy, cylindrical gland spigot; CW, carapace width, taken
in the fovea zone; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; HS,
head of spermatheca; LAC, lateral apophysis of conduc-
tor; MA, median apophysis; PLE, posterior lateral eye;
PLER, posterior lateral eye row; PLS, posterior lateral
spinneret; PME, posterior median eye; PMER, posterior
median eye row; PMS, posterior median spinneret; MAP,
389
ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY — 75
(3) 2017
mayor ampullate gland spigot; mAP, minor ampullate
gland spigot; S, septum; SS, stalk of spermatheca; TL,
total length; VC, vulval chamber.
Collections: AMNH, American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York, USA; CASENT, California Academy of
Sciences, California, USA; FCE, Facultad de Ciencias,
Montevideo, Uruguay; IBSP, Instituto Butantan, São
Paulo, Brazil; MACN-Ar, Museo Argentino de Ciencias
Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argen-
tina; MCN, Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação
Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Bra-
zil; MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Massa-
chusetts, USA; MLP, Museo de La Plata, Argentina;
MNHN, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago,
Chile; MUSM, Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru;
MZUC-UCCC, Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de
Concepción, Chile; NHAM, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet,
Stockholm, Sweden; BMNH, Natural History Museum,
London, England; USNM, National Museum of Natural
History, Washington, USA.
2.3. Terminology
Species descriptions and measurements follow Piacen-
tini & GRismado (2009). The notation for macrosetae fol-
lows RamíRez (2003). The nomenclature of the genital
elements follows sieRwald (2000), lanGlands & FRame-
nau (2010) and loGunov (2010). Details of the non-type
specimens that were examined are listed in Electronic
Supplement File 1 with a summary of localities provided
in the Distribution section for each species.
2.4. Molecular data
Sequence data from previous work on lycosids (muRPhy
et al. 2006; Polotow et al. 2015; wheeleR et al. 2017)
were accessed via GenBank and new sequence data were
generated in the molecular lab at the MACN. Nine of the
eleven currently recognized lycosid subfamilies, as well
as exemplars of the Pisauridae, Trechaleidae, Thomisidae
and Oxyopidae, were represented in the dataset (see Ta-
ble 1 for accession numbers and specimen details). The
sequences of COI used in the DNA barcoding analyses
were from specimens submitted by us to the Barcode of
Life Data System (BOLD; Ratnasinham & heBeRt 2007)
(see Table S2.4 in Electronic Supplement File 2 for acces-
sion numbers and specimen details). Genomic DNA was
extracted from muscle tissue taken from the leg of each
specimen using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit
or with the Chelex extraction following the protocol pro-
posed by casquet et al. (2012) modied by an additional
nal step of heating the samples for 20 min at 100ºC.
Table 1. List of GenBank or BOLDSYSTEM reference numbers of terminals used in the Bayesian analysis.
Family Species 28S 12S NADH COI
Lycosidae Allocosa senex MF410705 MF410703 MF410712 SPDAR375-14
Lycosidae Gnatholycosa spinipalpis MF410707 — MF410714 SPDAR973-15
Lycosidae Anoteropsis adumbrata DQ019749 DQ019762 DQ019650 AY059962
Lycosidae Artoria separata DQ019748 DQ019772 DQ019659 AY059993
Lycosidae Xerolycosa nemoralis MF410710 DQ019821 DQ019710 NOARA114-11
Lycosidae Geolycosa missouriensis DQ019727 DQ019775 DQ019662 —
Lycosidae Lycosa erythrognatha DQ019729 DQ019782 DQ019670 SPDAR371-14
Lycosidae Pardosa astrigera JN816974 DQ019792 DQ019685 AY836013
Lycosidae Pardosa californica DQ019719 DQ019794 DQ019687 —
Lycosidae Pirata subpiraticus JN816979 DQ019804 DQ019698 JN817187
Lycosidae Piratula hygrophila MF410708 DQ019801 DQ019696 NLARA214-12
Lycosidae Aglaoctenus lagotis — DQ019753 DQ019640 ACI9466
Lycosidae Diapontia uruguayensis MF410706 MF410704 MF410713 ACY4931
Lycosidae Hippasella alhue MF461286 — MF410715 SPDAR956-15
Lycosidae Sosippus placidus DQ019752 DQ019808 DQ019702 DQ151823
Lycosidae Anomalosa kochi DQ019722 DQ019761 DQ019649 —
Lycosidae Venonia micaroides DQ019738 DQ019819 DQ019709 —
Lycosidae Zoica sp. MF410711 — MF410717 —
Pisauridae Dolomedes sp. DQ019726 DQ019774 DQ019661 KX537485
Pisauridae Thaumasia velox MF410709 — MF410718 SPDAR967-15
Trechaleidae Paratrechalea ornata KY190293 — MF410716 —
Trechaleidae Trechaleoides biocellata KY017475 KY015653 — SPDAR403-14
Thomisidae Tmarus sp. KM225076 — — SPDAR844-14
Oxyopidae Oxyopes sp. KM225064 KY016011 — SPDAR550-14
Table 2. Primers used for the amplication and sequencing of DNA
in this study.
Locus Primer Reference Size of
fragment
28S 28S “O” H M 2001 800 bp
28S “C”
12S 12S-ai K et al. 1989 335 bp
12S-bi
NADH1 TL-1-N-12718 H 1997 600 bp
M510 M et al. 2006
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
390
Four gene loci were selected to test the subfamily place-
ment of Diapontia because they evolve at different rates
and provide phylogenetic resolution at different, overlap-
ping taxonomic levels. Primers for each locus are given in
Table 2. The barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase
subunit I (COI) gene obtained from BOLD was 658 bp.
Details of PCR conditions, such as reagent mix composi-
tion and thermal proles follows muRPhy et al. (2006)
except for 28S, for which a double cycle was performed
with an initial step of 95°C for 5 min, followed by 10
cycles of 95°C for 30 s, an annealing temperature of 56°C
for 30 s and an extension temperature of 72°C for 45 s,
then 25 cycles with an anneling temperature of 54°C.
Bioedit v. 7.2.5 (hall 1999) was used to view chro-
matograms and edit raw sequence data for the four gene
loci. Alignments of protein-encoding genes (COI and
NADH1) were trivial due to the lack of gaps. To align the
ribosomal genes, we used the online version of MAFFT
v.7 (Katoh & standley 2013), by applying the “Auto”
strategy and a gap-opening penalty of 1.53 and the out-
put alignment was processed with the online version of
GBlocks (castResana 2000) to remove positions of am-
biguous homology. Nucleotide composition homogene-
ity tests were conducted separately on the alignments of
each locus (and codon position for COI and NADH1)
using Tree-Puzzle v. 5.2 (schmidt et al. 2002) to verify,
based on a chi-squared test, whether all partitions were
appropriate for phylogenetic reconstruction (RosenBeRG
& KumaR 2003). The program Partitionnder v 1.1.1
(lanFeaR et al. 2012) was used to select the best partition
schema and the tting model of evolution for each parti-
tion using the Akaike’s information criterion. Bayesian
analysis was performed using MrBayes 3.2.6 (Ronquist
et al. 2012) through on the CIPRES Science Gateway
(milleR et al. 2010). The tree search was conducted
with two independent analyses consisting of one cold
and three heated MCMC chains with 20.000.000 gen-
erations and sampling every 2000 generations (ngen =
20.000.000 printfreq = 2.000 samplefreq = 2000 nruns = 2
nchains = 4). The rst 25% of each search was discarded
as ‘burn-in’ (burninfrac = 0.25). The program TRACER
ver. 1.6 (RamBaut et al. 2014) was used to ensure that
the Markov chains had reached stationarity by examining
the effective sample size values (above 200). Maximum
likelihood analysis was performed with RAxML version
8.2.9 (stamataKis 2014) through the CIPRES Science
Gateway (milleR et al. 2010) with default settings. For
the DNA barcoding analysis, we used the tools provided
by the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD; Ratnasin-
Gham & heBeRt 2007) to perform the nearest neighbour
analyses as in nadolny et al. (2016).
3. Results
3.1. Subfamily placement
The molecular markers 28S, 12S and COI passed the ho-
mogeneity test and therefore did not require any trans-
formation. However, the third codon position of NADH1
Fig. 1. Bayesian inference tree of Lycosidae and outgroup taxa, based on a combined analysis of 28S, 12S, NADH and COI gene fragments
(2,132 base pairs). Values above branches are posterior probabilities, below branches are ML bootstrap values (support values below 0.95
and 50, respectively, are not shown).
391
ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY — 75
(3) 2017
failed the test for homogeneity and therefore we substi-
tuted R for adenine and guanine and Y for cytosine and
thymine after which it passed the homogeneity test. Re-
sults of the PartitionFinder analysis indicated that the
best partition scheme for COI was to model each codon
position independently. Thus, we ran six partitions: 28S,
12S, NADH1, COI_1, COI_2 and COI_3. For 28S, 12S
and NADH1 the best-t model GTR+G was applied. The
best t model TVM + I + G was selected for COI_1 and
COI_3, and F81 + I for COI_2.
muRPhy et al. (2006) questioned the utility of 28S in
their lycosid phylogeny due to the presence of paralogous
copies in some of their terminals; however, for the taxa
selected in this study, the 28S gene tree topology agreed
with those obtained using the mithochondrial markers,
thus we used the marker in our analyses.
The nal matrix was composed of 24 taxa and
2132 characters (583 from 28S, 279 from 12S, 613 from
NADH1, and 657 from COI). The resulting tree had high
posterior support for the monophyly of families and sub-
families (Fig. 1) and supports the placement of Diapontia
in Sosippinae. The tree obtained in the maximum like-
lihood analysis (Fig. S2.5 in Electronic Supplement File
2) has a topology similar to that of the Bayesian tree,
except for the relative position of three groups with low
support: Xerolycosa as sister group of Venoniinae + Pi-
ratinae + Zoicinae instead of sister of Allocosinae; Al-
locosinae as sister group of Lycosinae + Pardosinae in-
stead of Xerolycosa; and Aglaoctenus, which emerged in
a clade with Sosippus instead of sister to Hippasella +
Dia pontia. High boostrap values were obtained for fami-
lies and subfamilies, which are summarized in the Bayes-
ian tree (Fig. 1).
3.2. DNA barcode analysis
For the DNA barcode analysis, we obtained twenty se-
quences from four Diapontia species, with a length of
658 bp (except MACN-Ar 31393, with 624 bp). The
four species for which barcode data were examined were
separated on four BINs (RatnasinGham & heBeRt 2013)
(Fig. 2): ACI9545, composed of specimens of D. anb-
ia; ACY3741, composed of specimens of D. securifera;
ACY4930, composed of two specimens of D. niveovit-
tata; and ACY4931, composed of specimens of D. uru-
guayensis and D. niveovittata.
The mean intraspecic divergence (MID) and the
maximum intraspecic divergence (MXID) are summa-
rized in Table S2.2 in Electronic Supplement File 2. Dia-
Fig. 2. Neighbour-joining tree obtained of the analysis of COI gene fragment through of BOLDSYSTEM platform showing the relation-
ships for species of Diapontia Keyserling. Data presented as: Species name | BOLD Process ID | BIN number. Each color represents a
different species.
Diapontia anfibia|SPDCH355-13|ACI9545
Diapontia niveovittata|SPDAR243-13|ACY4931
Diapontia uruguayensis|SPDAR1437-16|ACY4931
Diapontia niveovittata|CORAR057-13|ACY4930
Diapontia niveovittata|SPDAR337-14|ACY4931
Diapontia niveovittata|SPDAR234-13|ACY4931
Diapontia uruguayensis|SPDAR287-13|ACY4931
Diapontia anfibia|SPDAR944-15|ACI9545
Diapontia niveovittata|MULAD295-16|ACY4931
Diapontia anfibia|SPDCH354-13|ACI9545
Diapontia niveovittata|SPDAR236-13|ACY4930
Diapontia securifera|SPDAR928-15|ACY3741
Diapontia securifera|SPDAR926-15|ACY3741
Diapontia uruguayensis|SPDAR288-13|ACY4931
Diapontia niveovittata|SPDAR814-14|ACY4931
Hippasella alhue|SPDAR956-15|ACY3716
Diapontia niveovittata|SPDAR323-14|ACY4931
Diapontia uruguayensis|SPDAR610-14|ACY4931
Diapontia niveovittata|SPDAR382-14|ACY4931
Diapontia niveovittata|SPDAR339-14|ACY4931
Diapontia uruguayensis|SPDAR258-13|ACY4931
Diapontia anfibia|SPDAR989-15|ACI9545
Diapontia niveovittata|SPDAR857-14|ACY4931
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
392
pontia anbia is recovered in two groups, one composed
of specimens from the Argentinian provinces of Chubut
and Río Negro, with identical sequences and the other of
two specimens of Bío Bío, Chile, and these groups are
separated by 1.23% of divergence. The specimens of Dia-
pontia uruguayensis emerged in a clade that also contains
representatives of D. niveovittata, and the mean diver-
gence of the group is 1.12% with a maximum divergence
of 2.49%. The minimal divergence observed between the
D. niveovittata and D. uruguayensis was zero since there
were specimens with identical sequences. As founded on
other lycosids (coRRea-RamíRez et al. 2010), most of the
differences on the sequences are silent mutations, except
for three on D. securifera specimens and the other in one
specimen of D. niveovittata (MACN-Ar 31348).
Results of the nearest neighbour analysis (Fig. S2.3
in Electronic Supplement File 2) showed the presence of
DNA barcoding gap between D. securifera and D. an-
bia, and its absence between D. uruguayensis and D.
niveovittata, as expected due to the existence of identical
sequences for those species (heBeRt et al. 2003; meyeR
& Paulay 2005).
3.3. Taxonomy
Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833
Sosippinae Dondale, 1986
3.3.1. Genus Diapontia Keyserling, 1877
Diapontia Keyserling, 1877: 675 (type species D. uruguayensis
Keyserling, subsequent designation by PetRunKevitch 1911:
553). RoeweR 1955: 240. RoeweR 1960: 756. PetRunKevitch
1911: 553 (Reval.).
Lycosa: Simon, 1898: 347 (Syn.).
Differential diagnosis. The absence of terminal apophy-
sis and the presence of a lateral apophysis on the con-
ductor identify Diapontia as a member of the lycosid
subfamily Sosippinae. Within this subfamily, males can
be distinguished from the remaining Sosippinae by the S-
shaped trajectory of the sperm duct (Fig. 7C) and females
by the short stalk of the spermatheca (Fig. 7G).
Description. Medium-sized wolf spiders. Total length
6.52 – 18.36; carapace length 2.93 – 7.71, width 2.00 – 5.60,
Fig. 3. Diapontia niveovittata Mello-Leitão female. A: Spinnerets posteroventral view. B: ALS spinning eld. C: PMS spinning eld, bot-
tom left, mAP eld detail. D: PLS spinning eld — Abbreviations: Ac, aciniform spigot; ALS, anterior lateral spinnerets; Cy, cylindrical
spigot; mAP, minor ampullate gland; MAP, mayor ampullate gland; Pi, piriform gland spigots; PLS, posterior lateral spinnerets; PMS,
posterior median spinnerets. — Scale bars: A 0.50 mm; B 0.10 mm; C,D 0.20 mm.
393
ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY — 75
(3) 2017
dorsal prole straight in lateral view. Carapace with two
longitudinal submarginal pale bands enhanced by white
setae (Fig. 10A), cephalic region narrowest in dorsal
view, additionally in D. niveovittata and occasionally
on D. uruguayensis there is a thin median pale band ex-
tending from the fovea to the PLER (Fig. 10C). Caput
anks gently sloping in frontal view, AER slightly pro-
curved, somewhat wider than PMER but narrower than
PLER, ALE disposed on small tubercles. Sternum longer
than wide, reddish or yellowish-brown: D. uruguayen-
sis, D. ni veovittata and D. anbia usually have a darker
median band, also with dark areas opposing the coxae
juntions (Fig. 10J). Chelicerae robust, reddish-brown or
brown with three promarginal and three retromarginal
teeth of the same size. Labium and endites yellowish
brown or brown. Legs uniform light yellow-brown (Fig.
10J) to yellowish brown with darker areas (Fig. 16H), leg
formula IV-I-II-III or IV-I-III-II. Tarsi with dense scop-
ula, metatarsi I and II with weak scopula on the distal
end (Fig. 4A). Tarsus with three claws, intertarsal claw
with a single tooth (Fig. 4B). Abdomen ovoid, cardiac
area usually marked, and two lines of white setae, either
continuous or formed by spots (Fig. 10D), sometimes
with broad light yellow-brown bands (Fig. 10B) or with-
out any mark (Fig. 16E). Lateral margins of the abdo-
men uniform except in D. uruguayensis, D. niveovittata
and D. anbia which have numerous tufts of white setae
ventrally yellowish brown (Fig. 16I), sometimes with
obscure bands from the epigastric furrow to the spinner-
ets (Fig. 10I). Colulus as a eshy triangular lobe, with
several setae. The spinnerets have a similar conformation
to that reported for other Lycosidae species (santos &
BRescovit 2001; townley & tillinGhast 2003; doleJ et
al. 2014; Piacentini 2014): ALS and PLS two-segment-
ed, basal segment of PLS elongated (Fig. 3A). Anterior
lateral spinnerets with two major ampullate gland spigots
on the mesal margin (the posterior one reduced to a nub-
bin in the male) and about 60 piriform gland spigots (Fig.
3B). Posterior median spinnerets with aciniform and cy-
lindrical gland spigots (absent in male), with a few setae
between them, one minor ampullate gland spigot with
a nubbin and a tartipore close to it PMS (Fig. 3C) with
about 30 aciniform and six cylindrical gland spigots (ab-
sent in male), with few setae among them. Female PMS
with two minor ampullate gland spigots with a tartipore
close to them on the PMS (Fig. 3C) and only one minor
ampullate gland spigot in the male. Posterior lateral spin-
nerets long, tubular, distal segment short, conical, with
aciniform and cylindrical gland spigots (absent in male),
with setae among them (Fig. 3D).
Palp of males with tibia longer than wide, without any
apophysis or stridulatory organ, cymbium longer than the
tibia, without macrosetae on its tip (Fig. 4D); conductor
and lateral apophysis of the conductor fused, arising from
Fig. 4. Diapontia uruguayensis Keyserling A – C female, D,E male. A: Left tarsus of leg I, ventral view. B: Intertarsal claw left leg I. C:
Trichobothrial socket. D: Tip of cymbium. E: Chelicera anterior view. — Scale bars: A 0.50 mm; B,C 0.02 mm; D 0.20 mm; E 0.40 mm.
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
394
the retrolateral side of the bulb, with a rugose surface on
the retrolateral and dorsal sides (Fig. 7C,D). Median apo-
physis laminar, poorly developed and retrolaterally (Fig.
7A – C) or longitudally directed (Fig. 13B). The ventral
section of the bulb has an outgrowth of the tegular wall
(Fig. 7B), labeled as apophysis c as in sieRwald (2000).
Embolic division without apophysis, embolus C-shaped,
pars pendula developed (Fig. 7B).
Epigyne of the female with a well-developed septum
of different shapes, with lateral projections on D. uru-
guayensis (Fig. 7F) and D. anbia (Fig. 9G). Atria shal-
low (Fig. 7F) or deep (Fig. 15D), limiting with bracket-
like lateral lobes (Fig. 9G), the vulval chamber can be
observed due to the transparency of the lateral lobes (Fig.
9G). Vulvar chamber developed (Fig. 7G), connected to
the base of the spermatheca, stalk of the spermatheca
usually short and straight, head of the spermatheca of
the same width as the stalk, recognized by its pores (Fig.
18E). Bennet’s gland present (Fig. 6G).
Distribution. Peru, Bolivia, Chile, southern Brazil, Para-
guay, Uruguay and Argentina (Fig. 20).
Fig. 5. Male genitalia. A,D: Diapontia uruguayensis Keyserling. B,E: Diapontia niveovittata Mello-Leitão. C,F,I: Diapontia anbia
(Zapfe-Mann) comb.n. G,H: Diapontia securifera (Tullgren) comb.n. A – C,G,H: Ventral view. D – F: Apical view. I: Retrolateral view. —
Abbreviations: c, ventral projection of tegulum; E, embolus; LAC, lateral apophysis of conductor; MA, median apophysis. — Scale bars:
A – C,F,H 0.20 mm; D,E 0.50 mm; G 0.40 mm; I 0.10 mm.
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ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY — 75
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3.3.2. Diapontia uruguayensis Keyserling, 1877
Figs. 4, 5A,D, 6A,E, 7, 10A,B,G – H, 11B – D, 20
Diapontia uruguayensis Keyserling, 1877: 675, plate 8, g. 48.
Lycosa uruguayensis: simon 1898: 347.
Tarentula uruguayensis: stRand 1908: 255 (likely a misidentica-
tion, see remark below).
Diapontia pourtaleensis Mello-Leitão, 1944: 341, g. 30. Syn.n.
Diapontia senescens Mello-Leitão, 1944: 342, g. 31. Syn.n.
Diapontia albopunctata Mello-Leitão, 1941: 123, g. 20, plate 4,
g. 15. Syn.n.
Trochosa albopunctata: RoeweR 1955: 301.
Diapontia infausta Mello-Leitão, 1941: 123, g. 21, plate 4, g.
16. Syn.n.
Trochosa infausta: RoeweR 1955: 301.
Remarks. stRand (1908) described males and females
of D. uruguayensis from Guaqui, Peru (currently Boliv-
ia); at the end of the description, the author notes that the
female epigyne had some differences to that described by
KeyseRlinG (1877), but considered these differences as a
consequence of secretions. Since these specimens were
destroyed during the World War II (in letter from Otto
Kraus to María E. Galiano, November 1983), and there
are no other records of D. uruguayensis from Guaqui or
nearby localities, we consider it unlikely that the speci-
mens examined by Strand were D. uruguayensis, but
probably D. securifera that are morphologically similar
and occur in nearby localities.
Differential diagnosis. Males of Diapontia uruguayen-
sis resemble those of D. anbia and D. niveovittata by
the embolus running almost perpendicular to the longitu-
dinal axis of the bulb on retrolateral view (Figs. 7A, 8A,
9A) and females by the presence of lateral projections on
the septum (reduced on D. niveovittata); males can be
differentiated by those of D. anbia by the straight shape
of the LAC (Figs. 5D, 7E) and from D. niveovittata by
the elongated apophysis c (Fig. 7B). Females differ from
those of D. anbia by the absence of the incision on the
septum (Figs. 6A, 7F) and from D. niveovittata in the
lateral projections of the septum (Figs. 6A, 7F).
Synonymy. The holotype female of D. uruguayensis was
compared with the type of Diapontia pourtaleensis Mello-
Leitão, 1944, D. senescens Mello-Leitão, 1944, D. albopunc-
tata Mello-Leitão, 1941 and D. infausta Mello-Leitão, 1941
and showed no signicant morphological differences.
Description. Male (MACN-Ar 31393): Carapace brown
with pale submarginal bands, radial pattern indistinct (Fig.
10B). Sternum light yellow-brown, with a dark brown lon-
gitudinal median band and irregular dark marks opposing
the coxae junctions (Fig. 10H). Labium and endites light
yellow-brown (Fig. 10H). Chelicerae light yellow-brown;
covered with brown bristles. Abdomen dark brown with
two parallel longitudinal white bands, venter light yellow-
brown with two central dark bands (Fig. 10H). Lateral
margins of the abdomen with numerous tufts of white se-
tae. Legs light yellow-brown without annulations.
Pedipalp as in Fig. 7A – E. Subtegulum small, located
medially on the resting bulb. Tegulum large with a well-
developed conductor, fused with the lateral apophysis
(Fig. 7C, LAC). Lateral apophysis of the conductor trian-
gular in apical view, with rounded tip (Fig. 7E). Apophy-
sis c triangular (Fig. 7B, c). Median apophysis laminar,
longitudinally directed (Fig. 7B, MA); sperm duct with
an S-shaped trajectory in retrolateral view; embolic di-
vision without apophysis (Fig. 7E); embolus C-shaped
with pars pendula well-developed (Fig. 7E, Pp).
Leg formula 4123. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
0-d2 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, II p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-
Fig. 6. Female genitalia. A,E: Diapontia uruguayensis Keyserling. B,F,G: Diapontia anbia (Zapfe-Mann) comb.n. C: Diapontia secu-
rifera (Tullgren) comb.n. D,H: Diapontia oxapampa sp.n. A – D: Epigyne, ventral view. D – H: Vulva, dorsal view. — Abbreviations:
A, atrium; BG, Bennet’s gland; CP, copulatory plug; FD, fertilization ducts; HS, head of spermatheca; LL, lateral lobes of epigyne; LP,
lateral projections of septum; S, septum; SS, stalk of spermatheca; VC, vulval chamber. — Scale bars: B,C,D,F,H 0.20 mm; G 0.10 mm;
A 0.30 mm; E 0.50 mm.
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
396
0-1, III p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, IV p 0-1-0-1 d
1-0-1-1 r 0-0-0-1; patellae I p 1 r 1, II p 1 r 1, III p 1 r 1,
IV p 1 r 1; tibiae I p d1-d1 r d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap, II p d1-d1
d 0-1 r d1-d1 v r1-2-2ap, III p d1-d1 d 1-1 r 1-1 v p1-2-
2ap, IV p 1-1 d 1-1 r 1-1 v p1-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 1-1ap
r 0-1ap v 2-2-3ap, II p 1-1-1ap r 1-1-1ap v 2-2-3ap, III
p d1-d1-d1ap r d1-d1-d1ap v 2-2-3ap, IV p d1-d1-d1ap
r d1-d1-d1ap v 2-2-3ap.
Female (FCE 3866): Carapace brown with pale sub-
marginal bands, radial pattern indistinct (Fig. 10A). Ster-
num dark brown (Fig. 10G). Labium and endites brown
(Fig. 10G). Chelicerae brown; covered with brown bris-
Fig. 7. Diapontia uruguayensis Keyserling, genitalia. A – E: Male bulb (MACN-Ar 31393): A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dorsal;
E apical. F: Epigyne ventral (FCE 3866). G: Vulva (FCE 3866). H: Epigyne ventral (MACN-Ar 23523). I: Epigyne ventral (MACN-Ar
7765). J: Epigyne ventral (MACN-Ar 7766). K: Epigyne ventral (FCE 3867). — Abbreviations: A, atrium; C, conductor; c, ventral projec-
tion of tegulum; CP, copulatory plug; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; HS, head of spermatheca; LAC, lateral apophysis of conductor;
MA, median apophysis; S, septum; SS, stalk of spermatheca; VC, vulval chamber. — Scale bars: A – F,H – K 0.20 mm; G 0.50 mm.
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ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY — 75
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tles. Abdomen dark brown with two parallel longitudinal
white bands, venter light yellow-brown with two central
dark bands (Fig. 10A). Lateral margins of the abdomen
with numerous tufts of white setae. Legs light yellow-
brown without annulations.
Epigyne as in Fig. 7F, atria comma-shaped (Fig. 7F,
A) septum broad with rounded lateral projections; copu-
latory openings located on or at lateral margins of the
septum. Vulva as in Fig. 7F, head of spermathecae (Fig.
7G, HS) similar in width to the short and straight stalk,
vulval chambers rounded (Fig. 7G, VC).
Leg formula 4123. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
0-d2 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, II p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-
0-1, III p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, IV p 0-1-0-1 d
1-0-1-1 r 0-0-0-1; patellae I r 1, II p 1 r 1, III p 1 d 1-1
r 1, IV p 1 d 1-1 r 1; tibiae I p 0-d1 v 2-2-2ap, II p d1-d1
v p1-2-2ap, III p d1-d1 d 1-1 r 1-1 v p1-2-2ap, IV p d1-
d1 d 1-1 r d1-d1 v p1-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 1-1ap r 0-1ap
v 2-2-3ap, II p 1-1ap r 0-1ap v 2-2-3ap, III p 1-1-1ap r
1-1-1ap v 2-2-3ap, IV p 1-1-1ap r 1-1-1ap v 2-2-3ap.
Measurements: Female, FCE 3866 (male, MACN-Ar
31393): TL 9.58 (7.85), PL 4.93 (4.13), PW 3.93 (3.27),
PH 1.87 (1.47), AL 5.33 (3.67). Eyes: AME 0.22 (0.17),
ALE 0.18 (0.15), PME 0.32 (0.25), PLE 0.33 (0.27). Row
of eyes: AER 1.08 (0.92), PMER 0.92 (0.77), PLER 1.42
(1.20). Sternum (length/width) 2.33/2.07 (1.93/1.60). La-
bium (length/width) 0.83/0.68 (0.55/0.58). Legs: length
of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tar-
sus = total length): I 3.67 + 4.80 + 2.73 + 1.53 = 12.7,
II 3.47 + 4.27 + 2.80 + 1.60 = 12.14, III 3.33 + 4.00 +
2.93 + 1.53 = 11.79, IV 4.53 + 5.93 + 4.33 + 2.07 = 16.86
(I 3.33 + 4.33 + 2.73 + 1.60 = 11.99, II 3.27 + 4.27 +
2.73 + 1.53 = 11.80, III 3.27 + 3.93 + 3.00 + 1.60 = 11.80,
IV 4.27 + 5.07 + 4.67 + 2.07 = 16.08).
Variation: Female (male) (range, mean ± s.d.): TL
7.28 – 14.10, 10.28 ± 2.02; CL 3.68 – 5.99, 4.88 ± 0.65; CW
3.02 – 5.00, 3.85 ± 0.55; n = 10 (TL 6.09 – 10.70, 7.40 ±
1.47; CL 3.25 – 4.92, 3.88 ± 0.61; CW 2.43 – 3.95, 3.14 ±
0.46; n = 10). Some colour variation was recorded. The
carapace of males and females can have occasionally a
ne light median band enhanced by white setae and the
sternum varies from dark brown to light yellow-brown,
with a dark brown longitudinal median band and irreg-
ular dark marks opposite the base of each coxa. Some
specimens have three retromarginal teeth on one cheli-
cera and four on the other, or 4 – 4 (left – right); in only
one case, we recorded 6 – 4. Variations in the shape of the
median septum are illustrated in Fig. 7H – K.
Type material examined. HOLOTYPE of D. uruguayensis ♀,
‘URUGUAY, 2010-19 | Diapontia uruguayensis type’, (BMNH
2010-19). HOLOTYPE of D. pourtaleensis ♂, ‘ARGENTINA,
Buenos Aires, Pourtalé II-1941, M. Birabén leg.’ | ‘16025’, (MLP-
16025). HOLOTYPE of D. senescens ♀, ‘ARGENTINA, Buenos
Aires, General Guido II-1941, M. Birabén leg’ | ‘16030’, (MLP-
16030). HOLOTYPE of D. albopunctata ♀, ‘ARGENTINA, Cór-
doba, Anisacate I-1939, M. Birabén leg.’ ‘14675’, (MLP-14675).
HOLOTYPE of D. infausta ♀, ‘ARGENTINA, Córdoba, Río Seg-
undo’ | ‘14676’, (MLP-14676).
Other material examined. See Electronic Supplement File 1.
Distribution. Northern Paraguay (recorded from Con-
cepción Province), southeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do
Sul), southern Uruguay (Maldonado, Rocha and Canelo-
nes Provinces), southern to northeastern Argentina (Cha-
co, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Córdoba, Entre Ríos,
Buenos Aires, Neuquén and Chubut) and southern Chile
(Aysén and Palena Provinces) (Fig. 20A).
Natural history. Many specimens were collected from
marshy vegetation in open spaces. Females and imma-
tures construct a funnel web between low vegetation or
at ground level using holes in the mud as retreats (Fig.
11A – C). The web consists of a woven sheet with a fun-
nel retreat leading into the ground or dense vegetation.
Adult males and females are collected throughout the
year, near water bodies, on webs or running over the wa-
ter. Eggsacs were recorded in spring and summer; a fe-
male was collected with 93 spiderlings in April (MACN-
Ar 34175) and another with 108 spiderlings in November
(FCE 3866).
In August 2015 during oods in Paraje el Destino,
Lezama (Buenos Aires Province) a mass accumulation of
spiders covered the vegetation on the road embankment
with a dense sheet of white silk. Diapontia uruguayensis
was the second most abundant species following the ly-
cosine Alopecosa moesta (Holmberg, 1876) in the sam-
ples, and we observed many specimens ballooning.
We observed four sexual encounters. In three cases the
male tried to copulate without any courtship when it was
introduced to the female container. In the fourth encounter
the male began a courtship with short steps raising the ab-
domen and moving it from side to side and elevating both
legs I. While approaching to the female the male moved
the palps resembling pedaling. This kind of courtship was
also observed in a male placed in an empty female cage,
suggesting that chemical cues are involved, as is common
in Lycosidae (RyPstRa et al. 2003; RoBeRts & uetz 2005).
In two cases the male mounted the female from behind
and tried to introduce the embolus in the epigyne from
this position and then turned 180 degrees. In the other
two cases the male mounted the female from the front and
locking the rst pair of legs of the female with its own legs
(Fig. 11D), adopting the typical position described for ly-
cosids (FaRley & sheaR 1973). The duration of copula-
tions ranged from 1 hour and 42 minutes to 4 hours and
23 minutes. In the longest copulation the female became
active ve times and walked around with the male still on
her dorsum; when the female stopped, the male touch the
female with his legs I and II across the abdomen. After
mating nished the females remained motionless for sev-
eral minutes since the males move away. The insertions
series (as dened in RovneR 1974) consisted of 67 inser-
tions in the shortest encounter and 53 in the longest.
One month and seven days after mating, one of the
females made an eggsac. The rst step of the eggsac
construction was a creation of a dense circular white silk
platform over the sheet web; on this, she laid the eggs in
two layers, and then covered the eggs with another cir-
cular dense white web. The female did this by stra d d-
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
398
ling the eggs, with the palps touching the borders of the
semicircular web and moving the abdomen from left to
right, applying silk lines on the borders and then elevat-
ing the pedicelum and touching the opposite side of the
web. Once the eggs were covered, the female started to
cut the borders with the chelicerae, pulling the eggsac
and picking up it with the legs III – IV. When the eggsac
was almost released the female pulled very strongly, with
the eggsac already attached to the spinnerets; as the egg-
sac did not release she turned the carapace and cut the
attachment with the chelicerae. The leftover of the cir-
cular valves were bent by the female with the chelicerae
and palps, all in the same direction. Once the eggsac was
fully released from the web, the mother remained still for
18 minutes, then picked up the eggsac with the chelicerae
and turned it upside down. The side of the eggsac that
was facing up acquired an aquamarine colour (Fig. 12B).
After ten minutes, the bottom half also become aquama-
rine; the only part that remained white was on the union
of the two valves. The eggsac was lenticular in shape and
about 6 mm in diameter; the next day the eggsac had a
dark green colour (Fig. 12C).
3.3.3. Diapontia niveovittata Mello-Leitão, 1945
Figs. 3, 5B,E, 8, 10C,D,I,J, 11A, 12B,C, 20A
Diapontia niveovittata Mello-Leitão, 1945: 248.
Remarks. mello-leitão (1945) described this species
based on one male and one female from Curuzu Cuatiá,
Corrientes, without providing illustrations or description
of the genitalia and indicating that the specimens were
deposited on the Museo de La Plata in the vial MLP
14490. We examined the vial and found only a subadult
male in very bad condition, with the carapace, append-
ages and abdomen separated. We recognize this species
through material collected near the type locality and the
original description.
Differential diagnosis. Males of Diapontia niveovittata
resemble those of D. anbia and D. uruguayensis by the
embolus running almost perpendicular to the longitudi-
nal axis of the bulb in retrolateral view (Figs. 7A, 8A,
9A) and females by the broad and shallow atria (Fig. 7F,
8F, 9F); males can be differentiated by small apophysis c
(Figs. 5B, 8B) and females by the reduction of the lateral
projections of the septum (Fig. 8F).
Description. Male (MACN-Ar 28793): Carapace brown
with a ne light median band enhanced by white setae
and pale submarginal bands, radial pattern indistinct
(Fig. 10D). Sternum pale, with a dark brown longitudi-
nal median band and irregular dark marks opposite to the
base of the coxae (Fig. 10J). Labium and endites light
yellow-brown (Fig. 10J). Chelicerae light yellow-brown;
covered with brown bristles. Dorsum of abdomen dark
brown with two parallel longitudinal white bands (Fig.
10D), venter light yellow-brown with two central dark
bands (Fig. 10J). Lateral margins of the abdomen with
numerous tufts of white setae. Legs light yellow-brown
without annulations.
Pedipalp as in Fig. 8A – E. Subtegulum small, locat-
ed medially on the resting bulb. Tegulum large with a
well-developed conductor, fused apically with the lateral
apophysis (Fig. 8C, LAC), lateral apophysis of the con-
ductor triangular in apical view, with an acute tip (Fig.
8E). Apophysis c as a small tegular projection (Fig. 8B).
Median apophysis laminar, longitudinally directed (Fig.
8B, MA); sperm duct with an S-shaped trajectory in ret-
rolateral view; embolic division without apophysis (Fig.
8C, SD); embolus with pars pendula (Fig. 8C, Pp).
Leg formula 4132. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
0-d2 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, II p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-
0-1, III p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, IV p 0-1-0-1 d
1-0-1-1 r 0-0-0-1; patellae I r 1, II p 1 r 1, III p 1 r 1, IV
p 1 r 1; tibiae I p 0-d1 v 2-2-2ap, II p d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap r
d1-d1, III p d1-d1 d 1-1 r 1-1 v 2-2-2ap, IV p d1-d1 d
1-1 r d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 1-1ap r 0-1ap v 2-2-
3ap, II p 1-1ap r 1-1ap v 2-2-3ap, III p 1-1ap r 1-1ap v
2-2-3ap, IV p 1-1ap r 1-1ap v 2-2-3ap.
Female (MACN-Ar 13301): Colour in ethanol as in
male (Fig. 10C,I).
Epigyne as in Fig. 8F, septum triangular shape with-
out projections; copulatory openings located on or at lat-
eral margins of the septum. Vulva as in Fig. 8G, head
of spermathecae (Fig. 8G, HS) similar in width to the
short and straight stalk, vulval chambers rounded (Fig.
8G, VC).
Leg formula 4132. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
0-d2 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, II p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-
0-1, III p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, IV p 0-1-0-1 d
1-0-1-1 r 0-0-0-1; patellae II p 1, III p 1 r 1, IV p 1 r 1;
tibiae I p 0-d1 v 2-2-2ap, II p d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap r 0-d1, III
p d1-d1 d 1-1 r 1-1 v p1-2-2ap, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1 r d1-d1
v p1-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 0-1ap r 0-1ap v 2-2-3ap, II p
d1-1ap r 0-1ap v 2-2-3ap, III p 0-1ap r 0-1ap v 2-2-3ap,
d 2-2-1ap, IV d 2-2-2ap, v 2-2-3ap.
Measurements: Male, MACN-Ar 28793 (Female,
MACN-Ar 13301): TL 7.32 (8.91), PL 3.73 (4.67),
PW 2.87 (3.60), PH 1.47 (1.67), AL 3.27 (4.13). Eyes:
AME 0.15 (0.20), ALE 0.13 (0.17), PME 0.32 (0.30),
PLE 0.23 (0.27). Row of eyes: AER 0.85 (1.25), PMER
0.73 (0.93), PLER 1.33 (1.42). Sternum (length/width)
2.07/1.53 (2.47/2.00). Labium (length/width) 0.58/0.55.
(0.75/0.72) Legs: length of segments (femur + patella/
tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): I 2.93 + 3.93
+ 2.40 + 1.53 = 10.79, II 2.80 + 3.73 + 2.47 + 1.40 =
10.40, III 3.07 + 3.53 + 2.73 + 1.40 = 10.73, IV 3.60 +
4.73 + 3.87 + 1.93 = 14.13 (I 4.00 + 5.00 + 3.00 + 1.67 =
13.67, II 3.47 + 5.20 + 2.87 + 1.60 = 13.14, III 3.33 +
4.07 + 3.07 + 1.40 = 11.87, IV 4.67 + 5.87 + 4.80 + 2.13 =
17.47).
Variation: Male (female) (range, mean ± s.d.): TL
6.52 – 7.32, 6.86 ± 0.29; CL 2.87 – 3.33, 3.45 ± 0.17; CW
2.53 – 2.87, 2.71 ± 0.13; n = 6 (TL 8.91 – 10.91, 9.58 ± 1.15;
CL 4.67 – 5.40, 4.98 ± 0.38; CW 3.60 – 4.13, 3.84 ± 0.27;
n = 10).
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ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY — 75
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Type material examined. SYNTYPE of D. niveovittata subadult
male, ‘ARGENTINA, Corrientes, Curuzú-Cuatiá, XI-1941, M. Bi-
rabén leg.’ | ‘14490’, (MLP 14490).
Other material examined. See Electronic Supplement File 1.
Distribution. Southern Paraguay (Asunción), North-
Central Argentina (Salta, Formosa, Corrientes, Santa Fe,
San Juan, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires Provinces) and
southern Brazil (São Paulo) (Fig. 20A).
Natural history. Most specimens were collected in fun-
nel webs similar to those of D. uruguayensis or running
over the water surface. Adult males and females were
collected throughout the year, females with eggsac were
recorded in spring, summer and autumn. One female was
collected with 115 spiderlings in autumn.
Fig. 8. Diapontia niveovittata Mello-Leitão, genitalia. A – E: Male bulb (MACN-Ar 30520): A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral; D dor-
sal; E apical. F: Epigyne ventral (MACN-Ar 28615). G: Vulva (MACN-Ar 28615). — Abbreviations: A, atrium; C, conductor; c, ventral
projection of tegulum; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; HS, head of spermatheca; LAC, lateral apophysis of conductor; MA, median
apophysis; S, septum; SS, stalk of spermatheca; VC, vulval chamber. — Scale bars: 0.20 mm.
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
400
3.3.4. Diapontia anfibia (Zapfe-Mann, 1979)
comb.n.
Figs. 5C,F,I, 6B,F,G, 12A, 9, 10E,F,K,L, 20A
Pardosa anbia Zapfe-Mann, 1979: 3, gs. 3, 4.
Lycosa artigasi Casanueva, 1980: 25, gs. 22 – 25. Syn.n.
Differential diagnosis. Males of Diapontia niveovittata
resemble those of D. anbia and D. uruguayensis by the
embolus running almost perpendicular to the longitu -
dinal axis of the bulb in retrolateral view (Figs. 7A, 8A,
9A) and females by the broad and shallow atria (Figs.
7F, 8F, 9F); males can be differentiated by the hook-like
lateral apophysis of the conductor (Figs. 5F, 9F) and fe-
males by the deep lateral incisions in the septum (Figs.
6B, 9G).
Synonymy. The holotype female of D. anbia was com-
pared with the type of Lycosa artigasi Casanueva, 1980
and show no signicant morphological differences.
Description. Male from Concepción Province, Río An-
dalien (AMNH): Carapace brown with pale submarginal
bands, radial pattern indistinct (Fig. 10F). Sternum, la-
Fig. 9. Diapontia anbia (Zapfe-Mann) comb.n., genitalia. A – E: Male bulb (male from Concepción, Chile; AMNH): A prolateral; B ven-
tral; C retrolateral; D dorsal; E apical. F: Epigyne ventral (female from Concepción, Chile AMNH). G: Epigyne ventral (female from
Concepción, Chile AMNH). H: vulva (female from Concepción, Chile AMNH). — Abbreviations: A, atrium; C, conductor; c, ventral
projection of tegulum; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; HS, head of spermatheca; LAC, lateral apophysis of conductor; LL, lateral lobes
of epigyne; MA, median apophysis; S, septum; SS, stalk of spermatheca; VC, vulval chamber. — Scale bars: 0.20 mm.
401
ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY — 75
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bium and endites dark brown (Fig. 10L). Chelicerae light
yellow-brown; covered with brown bristles. Abdomen
dark brown with two parallel longitudinal thin white
bands (Fig. 10F), venter dark brown with two central
light yellow-brown bands (Fig. 10L). Legs brown with
some paler areas.
Pedipalp as in Fig. 9A – E. Subtegulum small, lo-
cated medially in the resting bulb. Tegulum large with
a well-developed conductor, fused apically with the lat-
eral apophysis (Fig. 9C, LAC), lateral apophysis of the
conductor hook-like in apical view (Fig. 9E). Apophy-
sis c triangular (Fig. 9B, c). Median apophysis laminar
and longitudinally directed (Fig. 9B, MA); sperm duct
with an S-shaped trajectory in retrolateral view (Fig. 9C,
MA); embolic division without apophysis (Fig. 9E); em-
bolus with pars pendula (Fig. 9B, Pp).
Leg formula 4123. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
0-d2 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, II p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-
0-1, III p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, IV p 0-1-0-1 d
1-0-1-1 r 0-0-0-1; patellae II p 1, III p 1 r 1, IV p 1 r 1;
tibiae I p 0-d1 v 2-2-2ap, II p d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap r 0-d1, III
p d1-d1 d 1-1 r 1-1 v p1-2-2ap, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1 r d1-
d1 v p1-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 1-1ap v 2-2-3ap, II p 1-1ap
r 1-1ap v 2-2-3ap, III p 1-1ap r 1-1ap v 2-2-3ap, IV p
1-1ap r 1-1ap v 2-2-3ap.
Female (same data as male): Colour in ethanol as in
male (Fig. 10E,K).
Epigyne as in Fig. 9G, atria in the shape of comma
septum board with a deep middle incision and rectangu-
lar lateral projections; copulatory openings located on
or at lateral margins of the septum. Vulva as in Fig. 9H,
head of spermatheca (Fig. 9H, HS) similar in width to the
short and straight stalk, vulval chambers rounded (Fig.
9H, VC).
Leg formula 4123. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
0-d2 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, II p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-0-
0-1, III p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, IV p 0-1-0-1 d
1-0-1-1 r 0-0-0-1; patellae II p 1, III p 1 r 1, IV p 1 r
1; tibiae I v 2-2-2ap, II p d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap, III p d1-d1
d 1-1 r 1-1 v p1-p1-2ap, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1 r d1-d1 v p1-
2-2ap; metatarsi I v 2-2-3ap, II p 1-1ap v 2-2-3ap, III p
d1-1-1ap r d1-1-1ap v 2-2-3ap, IV p 1-1-1ap r 1-1-1ap v
2-2-3ap.
Measurements: Male (female): TL 9.44 (10.37), PL
4.67 (4.67), PW 3.60 (3.67), PH 1.60 (1.73), AL 4.60
(5.33). Eyes: AME 0.22 (0.18), ALE 0.18 (0.17), PME
0.28 (0.25), PLE 0.32 (0.28). Row of eyes: AER 1.03
(1.12), PMER 0.93 (0.93), PLER 1.37 (1.33). Sternum
(length/width) 2.27/1.93 (2.33/1.87). Labium (length/
width) 0.68/0.65 (0.70/0.67). Legs: length of segments
(femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length):
I 3.47 + 4.33 + 2.60 + 1.47 = 11.87, II 3.40 + 4.00 + 2.47
+ 1.47 = 11.34, III 3.33 + 3.67 + 2.60 + 1.40 = 11.00, IV
3.93 + 4.40 + 4.00 + 2.00 = 14.33 (I 3.13 + 4.07 + 2.27
+ 1.40 = 10.87, II 3.27 + 3.80 + 2.33 + 1.40 = 10.80, III
2.80 + 3.67 + 2.40 + 1.40 = 10.27, IV 3.87 + 4.67 + 3.67
+ 1.93 = 14.14).
Variation: Male (female) (range, mean ± s.d.): TL
6.65 – 9.44, 7.74 ± 0.92; CL 2.93 – 4.73, 3.99 ± 0.58; CW
2.00 – 3.80, 3.00 ± 0.53; n = 10 (TL 9.31 – 13.30, 10.63 ±
1.36; CL 4.27 – 5.67, 4.90 ± 0.39; CW 3.20 – 4.67, 3.79 ±
0.41; n = 10). The shape of the lateral projections of the
epigynal septum has some variations (Fig. 9F).
Type material examined. HOLOTYPE of D. anbia ♂ ‘Pardosa
anbia Isla de Maipo 17-iv-1977’ | ‘M.N.H.N. Tipo Nº 3618’ |
‘HOLOTIPO’, PARATYPES of D. anbia 5 ♂ and 6 ♀ in 11 vi-
als each vial with a label ‘Isla de Maipo 17-iv-1977’, males with a
label ‘Pardosa anbia ♂ Zapfe 1979’, females with a label ‘Pardosa
anbia ♀ Zapfe 1979’ and each vial with a label ‘M.N.H.N. Tipo
Nº’ with numbers from 3619 to 3624 with one female and 3625 to
3628 with one male each. HOLOTYPE of L. artigasi ♂ ‘CHILE,
Región de la Araucanía, Provincia de Malleco, Parque Nacional
Tolhuaca, Laguna Malleco’ (MHNC).
Other material examined. See Electronic Supplement File 1.
Fig. 10. Habitus, A – F dorsal; G – L ventral. A,B,G,H: Diapontia uruguayensis Keyserling. A,G female; B,H male. C,D,I,J: Diapontia
niveovittata Mello-Leitão. C,I female; D,J male. E,F,K,L: Diapontia anbia (Zapfe-Mann) comb.n. E,K female; F,L male. — Scale
bars: 2.00 mm.
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
402
Distribution. Chile and southwestern Argentina (Fig.
20A).
Natural history. Adults and immatures of this species
live on the shoreline vegetation of lakes and rivers where
they spin a small retreat; some specimens were collected
under rocks. Adult males and females were collected
throughout the year; there are only two records of egg-
sacs, in July and November.
Fig. 11. Live specimens. A: Diapontia niveovittata Mello-Leitão from Corrientes, Argentina, hunting at night, on a web over the vegeta-
tion. B – D: Diapontia uruguayensis Keyserling: B immature from P.N. Pre-Delta, Entre Ríos, Argentina on a web on the grass; C immature
from P.N. El Palmar, Entre Ríos, Argentina on a web on the mud; D male and female during copula.
Fig. 12. Live specimens. A: female of Diapontia anbia (Zapfe-Mann) comb.n. (MACN-Ar 34761). B – C: female of Diapontia niveovit-
tata Mello-Leitão with eggsac (MACN-Ar 32213).
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ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY — 75
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3.3.5. Diapontia securifera (Tullgren, 1905),
comb.n.
Figs. 5G,H, 6C, 13, 16A,B,G,H, 20B
Lycosa securifera Tullgren, 1905: 66, pl. 8, f. 32 (Dj).
Isohogna securifera: RoeweR 1955: 262.
Porrimosa securifera: caPocasale 1982: 154.
Orinocosa securifera: santos & BRescovit 2001: 81.
Remarks. chamBeRlin (1916) cited two females from
Peru, Cuzco, but upon re-examination, those specimens
belong to D. chamberlini, a new species described below.
Differential diagnosis. Males of Diapontia securifera
resemble those of D. calama and D. songotal by the en-
larged and digitiform apophysis c (Figs. 13B, 14B, 15B)
and females by the deep atria (Figs. 13D, 14D, 15D);
males can be differentiated by the apical part of the con-
ductor, with a straight end (Fig. 13C, C). Females are
very hard to distinguish, but can be separated by the
rectangular shape of the posterior part of the septum and
by the borders of the median part of the septum having
only the borders sclerotized (Fig. 13D) instead of all
the anterior part of the septum as in on D. calama (Fig.
14D).
Description. Male from Chile, Concepción, Río Ana-
dalién (AMNH): Carapace brown with pale submargin-
al bands (Fig. 16B). Sternum, labium and endites dark
brown (Fig. 16H). Chelicerae dark brown. Dorsum of ab-
domen brown with two broad parallel longitudinal white
bands (Fig. 16B), venter brown with two central paler
bands (Fig. 16H). Legs setose, light yellow-brown with
darker areas.
Pedipalp as in Fig. 13A – C. Subtegulum small, lo-
cated medially on the resting bulb. Tegulum large with a
well-developed conductor, fused apically with the lateral
apophysis (Fig. 13C). Apophysis c nger-like (Fig. 13B,
c). Median apophysis laminar and obliquely oriented
(Fig. 13B, MA); sperm duct with an S-shaped trajectory
Fig. 13. Diapontia securifera (Tullgren) comb.n., genitalia. A – C: Male from Parinacota, Chile (AMNH), palp: A prolateral; B ventral;
C retrolateral. D,E: Female from Parinacota, Chile (AMNH): D epigyne ventral; E vulva. — Abbreviations: A, atrium; BS, base of the
spermatheca; C, conductor; c, ventral projection of tegulum; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; HS, head of spermatheca; LAC, lateral
apophysis of conductor; MA, median apophysis; S, septum; SD, sperm duct; SS, stalk of spermatheca; VC, vulval chamber. — Scale bars:
0.20 mm.
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
404
in retroventral view (Fig. 13B, SD); embolic division
without apophysis; embolus with pars pendula.
Leg formula 4123. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
0-d2 d 1-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, II p 0-1-0-1 d 1-1-1 r 0-1-0-1,
III p 0-1-0-1 d 1-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, IV p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1
r 0-0-0-1; patellae II r 1, III p 1 r 1, IV p 1 r 1; tibiae I
p d1-d1 r d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap, II p d1-d1 r d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap,
III p d1-d1 d 1-1 r d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1 r
d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 1-1ap r 1-1ap v 2-2-3ap,
II p 1-1-1ap r 1-1-1ap v 2-2-3ap, III p 1-1-1ap r 1-1-1ap
v 2-2-3ap, IV p 1-1-1ap r 1-1-1ap v 2-2-3ap.
Female from Chile, Concepción, Río Anadalién
(AMNH): Colour in ethanol as in male but dark, submar-
ginal bands of the carapace and parallel bands of abdo-
men indistinct (Fig. 16A,G).
Epigyne as in Fig. 13D with two deep atria divided by
the anterior part of the septum, posterior part of the sep-
tum broad and square (Fig. 13D, S). Vulva as in Fig. 13E,
base of the spermatheca enlarged centrally (Fig. 13E, BS),
head of spermathecae (Fig. 13E, HS) of variable shape and
short stalk, vulval chambers rounded (Fig. 13E, VC).
Leg formula 4123. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
d2 d 1-1-1, II p 0-1-0-1 d 1-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, III p 0-1-0-1
d 1-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, IV p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-0-0-1; pa-
tellae II r 1, III p 1 r 1, IV p 1 r 1; tibiae I v p1-0-2ap,
II v 2-2ap, III p d1-d1 d 0-1 r d1-d1 v p1-p1-2ap, IV p
d1-d1 d 0-1 r d1-d1 v p1-2-2ap; metatarsi I v 2-2-3ap, II
p 1-1ap r 0-1ap v 2-2-3ap, III p 1-1-1ap r 1-1-1ap v 2-2-
3ap, IV p 1-1-1ap r 1-1-1ap v 2-2-3ap.
Measurements: Female, AMNH (male, AMNH): TL
7.45 (8.65), PL 3.80 (4.47), PW 2.80 (3.20), PH 1.33
(1.40), AL 3.40 (3.87). Eyes: AME 0.13 (0.18), ALE 0.12
(0.15), PME 0.25 (0.32), PLE 0.23 (0.20). Row of eyes:
AER 0.83 (0.90), PMER 0.75 (0.83), PLER 1.12 (1.25).
Sternum (length/width) 1.80/1.53 (2.00/1.80). Labium
(length/width) 0.55/0.60 (0.58/0.67). Legs: length of
seg ments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus =
total length): I 2.40 + 3.00 + 1.80 + 1.20 = 8.40, II 2.33
+ 2.87 + 1.73 + 1.20 = 8.13, III 2.27 + 2.40 + 1.73 + 1.20
= 7.60, IV 2.80 + 3.40 + 2.67 + 1.60 = 10.47 (I 3.33 +
3.93 + 2.67 + 1.67 = 11.6, II 3.13 + 3.73 + 2.53 + 1.67 =
11.06, III 2.93 + 3.40 + 2.53 + 1.53 = 10.39, IV 4.27 +
4.40 + 3.40 + 2.00 = 14.07).
Variation: Female (male) (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 7.45 –
12.90, 10.71 ± 2.18; CL 3.80 – 6.33, 5.20 ± 1.00; CW 2.80 –
4.67, 3.89 ± 0.77; n = 6 (TL 8.65 – 10.37, 9.51 ± 1.22; CL
3.33 – 4.47, 3.90 ± 0.81; CW 2.53 – 3.20, 2.86 ± 0.47; n = 2).
Some females have 0-r1-2ap on the ventral tibia I
(MACN-Ar 23954).
Type material. HOLOTYPE of D. securifera ♀ ‘ARGENTINA,
Moreno puna de Jujuy’ (NHAM).
Other material examined. See Electronic Supplement File 1.
Distribution. Northern Chile (Parinacota) and north-
western Argentina (Jujuy) (Fig. 20B).
Natural history. Some specimens were collected under
rocks. A female with spiderlings were collected in Janu-
ary at Salar de Jama (at 4200 m a.s.l).
3.3.6. Diapontia calama sp.n.
Figs. 14, 16C,D,I,J, 20B
Differential diagnosis. Males of Diapontia calama re-
semble those of D. songotal and D. securifera by the en-
larged and digitiform apophysis c (Figs. 13B, 14B, 15B)
and females by the deep atria (Fig. 13D, 14D, 15D);
males can be differentiated by the gently curved apical
part of the conductor (Fig. 14C, C) and females by hav-
ing a setose triangular area on the posterior part of the
epigynal septum (Fig. 14D, S).
Description. Male (holotype): Carapace brown, pale
submarginal bands almost indistinct (Fig. 16D). Ster-
num, labium and endites dark brown (Fig. 16J). Cheli-
cerae dark brown. Dorsum of abdomen brown with two
parallel longitudinal pale bands (Fig. 16D), venter light
yellow-brown (Fig. 16J). Legs with femur and patella
light yellow-brown, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus brown.
Pedipalp as in Fig. 14A – C. Subtegulum small, lo-
cated medially in the resting bulb. Tegulum large with a
well-developed conductor, fused apically with the lateral
apophysis (Fig. 14C). Apophysis c nger-like (Fig. 14B,
c). Median apophysis laminar and obliquely oriented
(Fig. 14B, MA); sperm duct with an S-shape starting in
the retroapical part of the tegulum and ending ventrally
(Fig. 14B, SD); embolic division without apophysis; em-
bolus with pars pendula.
Leg formula 412 (Leg III missing). Spination pattern:
femora I p 0-0-0-d2 d 1-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, II p 0-1-0-1 d
1-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, IV p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r 0-0-0-1; patel-
lae I p 1 r 1, II p 1 r 1, III - IV p 1 r 1; tibiae I p d1-d1 v
2-2-2ap r d1-d1, II p d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1
r d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 1-1ap v 2-2-3ap r 1-1ap,
II p 1-1-1ap v 2-2-3ap r 1-1-1ap, IV p 1-1-1ap r 1-1-1ap
v 2-2-3ap.
Female from Chile, Calama (MNHN 903): Colour
in ethanol as in male, but less contrasting (Fig. 16C,I).
Epigyne as in Fig. 14B with the atria deep and sepa-
rated by a narrow septum with a sclerotised border, pos-
terior part of the septum enlarged, triangular in shape
(Fig. 14D, S). Vulva as in Fig. 14E, head of spermathecae
round (Fig. 14E, HS), sligtly wider than the short stalk,
vulval chambers round (Fig. 14E, VC).
Leg formula 4132. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
d2 d 1-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, II p 0-1-0-1 d 1-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, III
p 0-1-0-1 d 1-1-1 r 0-1-0-1, IV p 0-1-0-1 d 1-0-1-1 r
0-0-0-1; patellae III r 1, IV p 1 r 1; tibiae I v 2-2ap r
d1-d1, II p d1-d1 v 2-2ap, III p d1-d1 d 1-1 r d1-d1 v
p1-2-2ap, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1 r d1-d1 v p1-2-2ap; metatarsi
I p v 2-2-3ap II p 1-0 v 2-2-3ap r 1-0, III p 1-1-1ap r
1-1-1ap v 2-2-3ap, IV p 1-1-1ap r 1-1-1ap v 2-2-3ap.
Ventral spines of tibia I and II small.
Measurements: Female. MNHN 903 (male, holo-
type): TL 13.03 (11.04), PL 7.32 (5.67), PW 4.07 (4.07),
PH 2.00 (1.87), AL 7.85 (4.67). Eyes: AME 0.20 (0.18),
ALE 0.23 (0.20), PME 0.33 (0.32), PLE 0.35 (0.33). Row
of eyes: AER 1.18 (1.08), PMER 1.07 (0.97), PLER 1.63
(1.47). Sternum (length/width) 2.47/2.20 (2.47/2.07). La-
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ARTHROPOD SYSTEMATICS & PHYLOGENY — 75
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bium (length/width) 0.92/0.90 (0.75/0.77). Legs: length
of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus =
total length): I 3.47 + 4.33 + 2.67 + 1.73 = 12.2, II 3.33 +
4.33 + 2.47 + 1.73 = 11.86, III 3.33 + 3.93 + 2.73 + 1.73
= 11.72, IV 4.07 + 5.13 + 4.13 + 2.13 = 15.46 (I 3.87 +
5.47 + 3.60 + 2.13 = 15.07, II 3.73 + 5.27 + 3.67 + 2.00 =
14.67, IV 4.67 + 5.60 + 5.33 + 2.33 = 17.93).
Variation: Female (male) (range, mean ± s.d.): TL
9.31 – 14.76 12.37 ± 1.42; CL 5.07 – 7.71, 6.33 ± 0.73; CW
3.93 – 5.53, 4.73 ± 0.45; n = 10 (TL 11.04 – 11.44, 11.24 ±
0.28; CL 5.67 – 6.33, 6.00 ± 0.47; CW 4.047 – 4.06, 4.33 ±
0.37; n = 2).
Etymology. The specic epithet is a noun in apposition
referring to the type locality.
Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ and ♂ PARATYPE ‘Calama,
i.1983, Arriaga coll’ | ‘Diapontia sp. Éder Álvares det.’ | ‘MNHN
680’. PARATYPE 10 ♀ two eggsacs, ‘La Cascada, 10.i.1984, Ar-
riaga coll’ | ‘MNHN 904’.
Other material examined. See Electronic Supplement File 1.
Distribution. Northern of Chile (Calama Province) and
an uncertain locality in Bolivia (“El Cumbre”) (Fig. 20B).
3.3.7. Diapontia songotal sp.n.
Figs. 15, 16E,F,K,L, 20B
Differential diagnosis. Males of D. songotal resemble
those of D. calama and D. securifera by the enlarged
and digitiform apophysis c (Figs. 13B, 14B, 15B) and
females by the deep atria (Figs. 13D, 14D, 15D); males
can be differentiated by the curved apical part of the con-
ductor (Fig. 15C, C). Females can be distinguished by
the lateral lobes reach the median part of septum (Fig.
15D, LL).
Description. Male (holotype): Carapace reddish-brown
with pale submarginal bands (Fig. 16F). Sternum, labi-
um and endites dark brown (Fig. 16L). Chelicerae dark
brown. Dorsum of abdomen brown with two parallel
longitudinal pale bands lined by dark brown (Fig. 16F),
Fig. 14. Diapontia calama sp.n., genitalia. A – C: Male from Calama, Chile (holotype), palp: A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral. D – E:
Female from Calama, Chile (MHN 903): D epigyne ventral; E vulva. — Abbreviations: A, atrium; BS, base of the spermatheca; C, conduc-
tor; c, ventral projection of tegulum; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; HS, head of spermatheca; LAC, lateral apophysis of conductor;
MA, median apophysis; S, septum; SD, sperm duct; SS, stalk of spermatheca; VC, vulval chamber. — Scale bars: 0.20 mm.
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
406
venter light yellow-brown (Fig. 16L). Legs light yellow-
brown with dark areas.
Pedipalp as in Fig. 15A – C. Subtegulum small, locat-
ed mesally in the resting bulb (Fig. 15B). Tegulum large,
with a well-developed conductor, fused apically with the
lateral apophysis of the conductor (Fig. 15B). Apophysis
c strongly developed, nger-like (Fig. 15B). Median apo-
physis laminar and obliquely oriented (Fig. 15B); sperm
duct with a S-shape curve starting on the retroapical part
of the tegulum and ending ventrally (Fig. 15B,C, SD);
embolic division without apophysis; embolus with a pars
pendula well-developed (Fig. 15B).
Leg formula 4132. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-d2
d 1-1-1 r 0-1-1, II p 0-0-1 d 1-1-0 r 0-2-1, III p d1-d1 d
1-1-1 r d1-d1, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1-1 r 0-d1; patellae II p 1 r
1, III p 1 r 1, IV p 1 r 1; tibiae I p 1-1 v 2-2-2ap r 1-1, II p
d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap, III p 1-1 d 1-1-1 r 1-1 v 2-2-2ap, IV p 1-1
d 1-1-0 r 1-1 v p1-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 0-1-1ap r 0-1-1ap v
2-2-1ap, II p 0-1-2ap r 0-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap, III p 1-1-2ap r
1-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap, IV p 1-1-2ap r 1-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap.
Female (paratype): Colour in ethanol as in male but
with less contrasting, the submarginal bands of the cara-
pace lost most of the pale setae and the abdomen lacks
the dorsal bands (Fig. 16E,K).
Fig. 15. Diapontia songotal sp.n., genitalia. A – C: Male holotype, palp: A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral. D: Epigyne ventral (fe-
male paratype). E vulva (female paratype). F: Epigyne ventral (female from Chacaltaya). G: Epigyne ventral (female from Songotal).
H: Epigyne ventral (female from Chacaltaya). I: Epigyne ventral (female from Cuticucho). — Abbreviations: A, atrium; BS, base of the
spermatheca; C, conductor; c, ventral projection of tegulum; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; HS, head of spermatheca; LAC, lateral
apophysis of conductor; LL, lateral lobes of epigyne; MA, median apophysis; S, septum; SD, sperm duct; SS, stalk of spermatheca; VC,
vulval chamber. — Scale bars: 0.20 mm.
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Epigyne as in Fig. 15D, septum with an anchor shape
(Fig. 15D), anterior part of septum limited by two deep
atria, lateral lobes reach the septum in the middle part
(Fig. 15D, LL). Vulva as in Fig. 15E with the base of
the spermatheca broader centrally, head of spermathecae
(Fig. 15E, HS) slightly larger than the short stalk, vulval
chambers rounded (Fig. 15E, VC).
Leg formula 4132. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
d2 d 0-1-1, II p d1-d1 d 1-1-1 r d1-d1, III p d1-d1 d
1-1-1 r d1-d1, IV p 0-d1 d 1-1-1 r 0-d1; patellae III p 1
r 1, IV p 1 r 1; tibiae I v 2-2-2ap, II p 0-d1 v 2ap, III p
d1-d1 r d1-d1 v p1-p1-2ap, IV p d1-d1 d 0-1 r d1-d1 v
p1-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 0-0-1ap r 0-0-1ap v 2-2-1ap, II
p 0-1-1ap r 0-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap, III p 1-1-2ap r 1-1-2ap v
2-2-1ap, IV p 1-1-2ap r 1-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap.
Measurements: Female paratype (male holotype):
TL 12.5 (12.64), PL 4.93 (6.67), PW 4.27 (5.40), PH 1.73
(1.87), AL 6.67 (6.47). Eyes: AME 0.17 (0.22), ALE 0.17
(0.20), PME 0.32 (0.43), PLE 0.25 (0.35). Row of eyes:
AER 1.17 (1.35), PMER 0.97 (1.20), PLER 1.52 (1.80).
Sternum (length/width) 2.80/2.07 (3.47/2.47). Labium
(length/width) 1.00/0.90 (1.28/1.07). Legs: length of
segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus =
total length): I 4.12 + 5.05 + 2.93 + 2.00 = 14.10, II 3.99 +
4.66 + 2.79 + 1.73 = 13.17, III 3.99 + 4.52 + 3.33 + 1.86 =
13.70, IV 4.66 + 5.85 + 4.52 + 2.66 = 17.69 (I 5.59 + 7.85 +
5.32 + 2.66 = 21.42, II 5.45 + 6.52 + 4.92 + 2.66 = 19.55,
III 5.45 + 6.52 + 5.32 + 2.53 = 19.82, IV 6.52 + 8.38 +
7.05 + 3.46 = 25.41).
Variation: Female (male) (range, mean ± s.d.): TL
11.04 – 18.36, 12.90 ± 0.1.96; CL 3.33 – 6.67, 5.51 ± 0.89;
CW 4.27 – 5.60, 4.85 ± 0.68; n = 10 (TL 9.58 – 12.64,
11.11 ± 2.16; CL 4.67 – 6.67, 5.67 ± 1.41; CW 3.67 – 5.40,
4.53 ± 1.22; n = 3). Variations on the shape of the median
septum are illustrated in Fig. 15F – I.
Etymology. The specic epithet is a noun in apposition
referring to the type locality.
Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ and ♂ ♀ PARATYPE ‘AMNH
Bolivia: Chacaltaya, alt. 4700 m, 24 – 25.iv.1954, in a small eld
under rock, Forster & Schindler.’ ♀ PARATYPE ‘AMNH Bolivia,
Songotal, 1.xii.1953, Forster & Schindler, under rock’
Other material examined. See Electronic Supplement File 1.
Distribution. West central Bolivia (La Paz province)
(Fig. 20B).
Natural history. Adult males were recorded in January,
March and December, and adult females from Novem-
ber to March; there are only two records of eggsacs from
February and November. Some specimens were collected
under stones (data from label).
3.3.8. Diapontia arapensis (Strand, 1908)
comb.n.
Tarentula arapensis Strand 1908: 245.
Lycosa arapensis: PetRunKevitch 1911: 555; Bonnet 1957: 2633.
Mimohogna arapensis: RoeweR 1955: 279.
Lycosa arapensis: Fuhn & niculescu-BuRlacu 1971: 193.
Hippasella arapensis: BRescovit & ÁlvaRes 2011: 57.
Remark. The S-shaped trajectory of the sperm duct
(ÁlvaRes & BRescovit 2007: gs. 17, 18) on the male
bulb and the short stalk of the spermatheca (ÁlvaRes &
BRescovit 2007: g. 21) of females justies the transfer
of the specimen from Hippasella to Diapontia.
Description. See BRescovit & ÁlvaRes (2011).
Fig. 16. Habitus, A – F dorsal, G – L ventral. A,B,G,H: Diapontia securifera (Tullgren) comb.n.: A,G female; B,H male. C,D,I,J: Diapon-
tia calama sp.n.: C,I female; D,J male. E,F,K,L: Diapontia songotal sp.n.: E,K female; F,L male. — Scale bars: A – D,G – H 2.00 mm;
E – F,K – L 5.00 mm.
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408
Differential diagnosis. Males of Diapontia arapensis re-
semble those of D. chamberlini and D. oxapampa by the
thin embolus and poorly developed apophysis c (BRes-
covit & ÁlvaRes 2011: g. 17) and females by the broad
and setose septum (BRescovit & ÁlvaRes 2011: g. 19);
males can be differentiated by the strong develop of the
LAC and C (BRescovit & ÁlvaRes 2011: g. 17); females
by the long anchor-shaped of the septum (BRescovit &
ÁlvaRes 2011: g. 19).
Material examined. See Electronic Supplement File 1.
3.3.9. Diapontia chamberlini sp.n.
Figs. 17, 19A,B,E,F, 20C
Lycosa securifera: chamBeRlin 1916: 282. Misidentication.
Differential diagnosis. Males of D. chamberlini resem-
ble those of D. arapensis and D. oxapampa by the thin
embolus and poor developed apophysis c (BRescovit &
ÁlvaRes 2011: g. 17) and females by the broad and se-
tose septum (BRescovit & ÁlvaRes 2011: g. 19); by the
elongated apophysis c (Fig. 17B); females have a broad
Fig. 17. Diapontia chamberlini sp.n., genitalia. A – E: Male from Andahuaylas, (holotype), bulb: A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral;
D dorsal; E apical. F,G: Female from Andahuaylas, Perú (paratype): F epigyne ventral; G vulva. — Abbreviations: A, atrium; BS, base of
the spermatheca; C, conductor; c, ventral projection of tegulum; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; HS, head of spermatheca; LAC, lateral
apophysis of conductor; LL, lateral lobes of epigyne; MA, median apophysis; S, septum; SD, sperm duct; VC, vulval chamber. — Scale
bars: 0.20 mm.
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septum with a sclerotised border in the posterior part of
the epigyne (Fig. 17F).
Description. Male (holotype): Carapace brown with pale
submarginal bands (Fig. 19A). Sternum, labium and en-
dites brown (Fig. 19E). Chelicerae brown. Dorsum of ab-
domen brown with two parallel longitudinal pale bands
(Fig. 19A), venter light yellow-brown (Fig. 19E). Legs
light yellow-brown with dark areas.
Pedipalp as in Fig. 17A – E. Subtegulum small, locat-
ed mesally in the resting bulb (Fig. 17B). Tegulum large
with a small conductor, fused with the lateral apophysis
(Fig. 17C, LAC), apophysis c enlarged (Fig. 17B, c). Me-
dian apophysis laminar and longitudinally directed (Fig.
17B, MA); sperm duct with an S-shaped trajectory in ret-
roventral view (Fig. 17B, SD); embolic division without
apophysis (Fig. 17E); embolus with a pars pendula well-
developed (Fig. 17E).
Leg formula 4123. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
d2 d 1-1, r d1-d1, II p d1-d1 d 1-1-1 r d1-d1, III p d1-d1
d 1-1-1 r d1-d1, IV p 1-d1 d 1-1-1 r 0-d1; patellae II p
1 r 1, III p 1 r 1, IV p 1 r 1; tibiae I p 1-1 v 2-2-2ap r
1-1, II p 1-d1 v p1-2-2ap r 1-1, III p d1-d1 d 1 r d1-d1 v
2-2-2ap, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1 r d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap; metatarsi I
p 1-1ap r 1-1ap v 2-2-1ap, II p 0-1-2ap r 0-1-2ap v 2-2-
1ap, III p 1-1-2ap r 1-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap, IV p 1-1-2ap r
1-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap.
Female (paratype): Colour in ethanol as in male but
less contrasting, the submarginal bands of the carapace
very indistinct, and the abdomen lacks the dorsal pale
bands (Fig. 19B,F).
Epigyne as in Fig. 17F, septum broad and setose, lat-
eral lobes slightly sclerotised (Fig. 17F, LL). Vulva (Fig.
17G), stalk of the spermatheca short, head of spermathe-
cae round (Fig. 17G, HS), vulval chamber rounded (Fig.
17G, VC).
Leg formula 4123. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-0-
d2 d 1-1, II p d1-d1 d 1-1-1 r 0-d1, III p d1-d1 d 1-1-1 r
d1-d1, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1-1 r 0-d1; patellae III p 1 r 1, IV
p 1 r 1; tibiae I p 1-d1 v 2-0-2ap, II p d1-1 v r1-0-2ap,
III p d1-d1 d 1 r d1-d1 v p1-p1-2ap, IV p d1-d1 d 0-1 r
d1-d1 v p1-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 0-1ap r 0-1ap v 2-2-1ap,
II p 0-1ap r 0-1ap v 2-2-1ap, III p 1-1-2ap r 1-1-2ap v
2-2-1ap, IV p 1-1-2ap r 1-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap.
Measurements: Female paratype (male holotype):
TL 14.23 (7.58), PL 6.00 (3.80), PW 4.73 (3.00), PH
2.27 (1.40), AL 7.98 (3.53). Eyes: AME 0.18 (0.13), ALE
0.18 (0.13), PME 0.35 (0.25), PLE 0.33 (0.23). Row of
eyes: AER 1.32 (0.87), PMER 1.08 (0.80), PLER 1.67
(1.15). Sternum (length/width) 2.87/2.33 (2.00/1.67). La-
bium (length/width) 1.00/0.97 (0.58/0.60). Legs: length
of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus =
total length): I 4.33 + 4.73 + 3.07 + 2.00 = 14.13, II 4.13 +
4.73 + 2.93 + 1.67 = 13.46, III 4.00 + 4.40 + 2.87 + 1.67 =
12.94, IV 4.87 + 5.67 + 4.40 + 2.33 = 17.27 (I 3.00 + 3.93 +
2.67 + 1.67 = 11.27, II 3.00 + 3.67 + 2.53 + 1.60 = 10.80,
III 2.73 + 3.20 + 2.53 + 1.60 = 10.06, IV 3.53 + 4.27 + 3.87 +
1.87 = 13.54).
Variation: Female (male) (range, mean ± s.d.): TL
9.58 – 14.23, 11.62 ± 1.68; CL 4.67 – 6.00, 5.35 ± 0.45;
CW 3.07 – 4.87, 4.22 ± 0.57; n = 8 (TL 7.58 – 10.91, 9.27 ±
1.66; CL 3.80 – 5.00, 4.60 ± 0.69; CW 3.00 – 4.33, 3.78 ±
0.69; n = 3).
Etymology. The specic name is a patronym in honor of
the late Dr. R.V. Chamberlin, in recognition of his pio-
neering work on lycosid genitalia and taxonomy.
Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂ ‘43 km. N. Andahuaylas PERU
III-7-51 3500 m Ross & Michelbacher’ | ‘CASENT 9047116’ and 2
♂ 5 ♀ 3 immatures PARATYPES ‘43 km. N. Andahuaylas PERU
III-7-51 3500 m, Ross & Michelbacher’ | ‘CASENT 9039903’
Other material examined. See Electronic Supplement File 1.
Distribution. Central and southern Peru (Fig. 20C).
Natural history. The only data available are from the
records of Chamberlin (1911) who noted that the speci-
mens were collected under rocks. Adult males were re-
corded in March and October; females in March to May,
in July and October; and there is only one record of a
female with eggsac in July.
3.3.10. Diapontia oxapampa sp.n.
Figs. 6D,H, 18, 19C,D,G,H, 20C
Differential diagnosis. Males of Diapontia oxapampa
resemble those of D. arapensis and D. chamberlini by
the thin embolus and poorly developed apophysis c (Fig.
18B) and females by the broad and setose septum (Fig.
18D); differentiated by the triangular shape of apophy-
sis c (Fig. 18B, c); females by the triangular shape of the
posterior part of the septum (Figs. 6H, 18D).
Description. Male (holotype): Carapace brown with
pale submarginal bands (Fig. 19C). Sternum, labium and
endites brown (Fig. 19G). Chelicerae brown. Dorsum
of abdomen brown with two parallel longitudinal pale
bands (Fig. 19C), venter light yellow-brown (Fig. 19G).
Legs light yellow-brown with dark areas.
Pedipalp as in Fig. 18A – C. Subtegulum small, locat-
ed mesally, slightly displaced prolaterally on the resting
bulb (Fig. 18B). Tegulum large with a small conductor,
fused with the lateral apophysis (Fig. 18C, LAC). Apo-
physis c triangular (Fig. 18B, c). Median apophysis lami-
nar and obliquely directed (Fig. 18B, MA); sperm duct
with a S-shape starting on the retroapical part of the tegu-
lum and nishing ventrally (Fig. 18B,C, SD); embolic
division without apophysis.
Leg formula 4132. Spination pattern: femuora I p
0-d2 d 1-1-1 r 1-1, II p d1-d1 d 1-1-0 r d1-d1, III p d1-
d1 d 1-1-1 r d1-d1, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1-1 r 0-d1; patellae
I p 1, II p 1, III p 1 r 1, IV p 1 r 1; tibiae I p d1-d1 v
2-2-2ap r d1-d1, II p d1-d1 v 2-2-2ap r d1-d1, III p 1-1
d 1-1 r 1-1 v r1-2-2ap, IV p 1-1 d 1-1 r 1-1 v 2-2-2ap;
metatarsi I p 0-1-1ap r 0-1-1ap v 2-2-1ap, II p 0-1-2ap r
0-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap, III p 1-1-2ap r 1-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap, IV
p 1-1-2ap r 1-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap.
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
410
Female (paratype): Colour in ethanol as in male, ex-
cept for the abdomen, which is dorsally brown, without
the clear bands (Fig. 19D,H).
Epigyne as in Fig. 18D, with the septum enlarged
posteriorly, triangular in shape (Fig. 18D, S). Vulva as
in Fig. 18E, head of spermathecae similar in width to the
short stalk, vulval chamber round (Fig. 18E, VC).
Leg formula 4123. Spination pattern: femora I p 0-d2
d 1-1-1, II p d1-d1 d 1-1-1 r d1-d1, III p d1-d1 d 1-1-1
r d1-d1, IV p d1-d1 d 1-1-1 r 0-d1; patellae II p 1, III
p 1 r 1, IV p 1 r 1; tibiae I v 2-2-2ap, II p d1-d1 v 0-r1-
2ap, III p d1-d1 d 0-1 r d1-d1 v p1-2-2ap, IV p 1-1 d
0-1 r 1-1 v p1-2-2ap; metatarsi I p 0-0-1ap r 0-0-1ap v
2-2-1ap, II p 0-1-1ap r 0-1-1ap v 2-2-1ap, III p 1-1-2ap
r 1-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap, IV p 1-1-2ap r 1-1-2ap v 2-2-1ap.
Measurements: Female paratype (male holotype):
TL 8.25 (7.45), PL 3.80 (3.67), PW 3.07 (3.00), PH 1.47
(1.73), AL 4.00 (4.07). Eyes: AME 0.15 (0.10), ALE 0.17
(0.13), PME 0.28 (0.25), PLE 0.23 (0.27). Row of eyes:
AER 0.95 (0.82), PMER 0.87 (0.77), PLER 1.25 (1.17).
Sternum (length/width) 2.00/1.60 (2.00/1.47). Labium
(length/width) 0.67/0.70 (0.58/0.67) Legs: length of seg-
ments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total
length): I 2.80 + 3.47 + 2.00 + 1.20 = 9.47, II 2.67 + 3.33
+ 2.00 + 1.20 = 9.20, III 2.33 +3.07 + 2.07 + 1.20 = 8.67,
IV 3.33 + 4.47 + 3.27 + 1.40 = 12.47 (I 2.93 + 3.80 + 2.47
+ 1.40 = 10.60, II 2.80 + 3.47 + 2.47 + 1.33 = 10.07, III
2.67 + 3.00 + 2.47 + 2.40 = 10.54, IV 3.47 + 4.33 + 3.67
+ 1.73 = 13.20).
Variation: Female (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 7.98 –
13.17, 9.88 ± 1.79; CL 3.80 – 5.33, 4.69 ± 0.52; CW
3.07 – 4.07, 3.53 ± 0.40; n = 7.
Etymology. The specic epithet is a noun in apposition
referring to the type locality.
Type material. ♂ HOLOTYPE and 7 ♀ PARATYPES ‘Peru: Pasco:
Oxapampa, tanque de agua, alt. 1909 m, 10°34′50.5″S, 75°23′46.5″W,
15.i.2004, Silva, Granes & Böttger, J. MUSM-ENT 0505181’.
Other material examined. See Electronic Supplement File 1.
Distribution. Only know from the type locality in Oxa-
pampa at northern of Peru (Fig. 20C).
Fig. 18. Diapontia oxapampa sp.n., genitalia. A – C: Male from Oxapampa, Perú (holotype), bulb: A prolateral; B ventral; C retrolateral.
D,E: Female from Oxapampa, Perú (paratype). D epigyne ventral. E vulva. — Abbreviations: BS, base of the spermatheca; c, ventral
projection of tegulum; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; HS, head of spermatheca; LAC, lateral apophysis of conductor; MA, median
apophysis; S, septum; SD, sperm duct; SS, stalk of spermatheca; VC, vulval chamber. — Scale bars: 0.20 mm.
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4. Discussion
4.1. Phylogeny of Lycosidae
Lycosidae and Trechaleidae were recovered with high
posterior probability and strong bootstrap support, and
the relationships between Lycosidae, Pisauridae and
Trechaleidae corroborate the ndings of studies based on
morphological (GRiswold 1993) and molecular (wheel-
eR et al. 2017; alBo et al. 2017) analyses, in which the
Trechaleidae is the sister-group of Lycosidae (Fig. 1).
The intrafamiliar relationships of Lycosidae that
were recovered in this study generally agree with the to-
pology of the Bayesian tree obtained by muRPhy et al.
(2006: g. 3) although we obtained greater support for
Sosippinae and Artoriinae. The subfamily Allocosinae
(Allocosa and Gnatholycosa), included here for the rst
time in a molecular phylogeny, were strongly supported
as monophyletic, but the relationship with other lycosid
subfamilies was not conclusive in our analysis. For ex-
ample, the Allocosinae were recovered as sister to Xero-
lycosa (Evippinae) (Bayesian tree, with low support) or
sister to Lycosinae + Pardosinae (maximum likelihood,
with moderate bootstrap support; Figs. S2.5) as dondae
(1986) suggested. The subfamily Zoicinae, represented
by the type genus Zoica Simon, 1898 was nested within
Piratinae, represented by Pirata Sundevall, 1833 and Pi-
ratula Roewer, 1960, suggesting that Piratinae may be
a junior synonym of Zoicinae. However, we have post-
poned a decision on this issue until a broader analysis,
which is in progress by the rst and last authors, is con-
cluded.
4.2. Subfamily placement
Our molecular phylogenetic analyses recovered the ge-
nus Diapontia within Sosippinae, as suggested by Álva-
Res & BRescovit (2007), and this was conrmed by mor-
phological characters, including the absence of a terminal
apophysis and the presence of a lateral apophysis of the
conductor. The characters regarding the tegular groove
and the position of resting embolus, proposed by don-
dale (1986) as diagnostic for Sosippinae are, however,
absent in Diapontia and Hippasella (Piacentini 2011: g.
2). Therefore, the diagnostic characters proposed for So-
sippinae must be re-evaluated – a task that is beyond the
scope of the present work.
4.3. Web evolution
The internal structure of Sosippinae that was recovered
in our analyses indicates a tendency toward the loss of
the funnel web in the subfamily. Independent multiple
Fig. 19. Habitus, A – D dorsal, E – F ventral. A,B,E,F: Diapontia chamberlini sp.n.: A,E male; B,F female. C,D,G,H: Diapontia oxa-
pampa sp.n.: C,G male; G,H female. — Scale bars: A,C – E,G,H 2.00 mm; B,F 5.00 mm.
P et al.: The South American genus Diapontia
412
loss of the funnel web on the different subfamilies of
Lycosidae was suggested as a plausible scenario on the
different subfamilies of Lycosidae by the reconstruction
of ancestral states performed by muRPhy et al. (2006).
Species of Aglaoctenus and Sosippus spin a dense fun-
nel web (santos & BRescovit 2001; BRady 2007). In
Diapontia we found that D. uruguayensis, D. niveovit-
tata and D. anbia spin a weak funnel web, while other
representatives such as D. chamberlini, D. songotal and
D. securifera were collected under stones without any
trace of webs. Although there are little data on the natural
history of Hippasella, the presence of adult males and
females of Hippasella alhue in pitfall traps suggests a
vagrant lifestyle (Piacentini 2011).
4.4. Biogeography
Although interpretations of biogeographical patterns for
Lycosidae are usually difcult (FRamenau 2010) the gen-
era of Sosippinae show an interesting geographic struc-
ture. Sosippus, sister to all other sossippines, is restricted
to Southern part of North America and Central America
(BRady 2007), and the rest of the subfamily is exclusive-
ly South American Within these, Aglaoctenus (santos
& BRescovit 2001; santos et al. 2003; Piacentini 2011)
and Diapontia are known from Neotropical and Andean
regions sensu moRRone (2014). The remaining genus,
Hippasella, is restricted to the Andean region (ÁlvaRez
& BRescovit 2007; Piacentini 2011).
Fig. 20. Distribution records of Diapontia species. A: Diapontia uruguayensis Keyserling (black circle); Diapontia niveovittata Mello-
Leitão (magenta triangle); Diapontia anbia (Zapfe-Mann) comb.n. (green square). B: Diapontia securifera (Tullgren) comb.n. (red cir-
cle); Diapontia calama sp.n. (blue triangle); Diapontia songotal sp.n. (black invered triangle). C: Diapontia arapensis (Strand) comb.n.
(black square); Diapontia chamberlini sp.n. (red circle); Diapontia oxapampa sp.n. (blue triangle).
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4.5. DNA barcode analysis
As was previously found in other wolf spider genera
(nadonly et al. 2016; BlaGoev et al. 2013; sim et al.
2014), the genetic barcode marker COI is not able to dif-
ferentiate all species of Diapontia. We could successfully
identify D. securifera and D. anbia as denite BINs,
but D. niveovittata and D. uruguayensis were not unam-
biguously separated. One BIN (ACY4930) is composed
by two D. niveovittata from Entre Ríos and the other
(ACY4931) by the remaining specimens of D. niveovit-
tata and D. uruguayensis mixed together. Remarkably,
one exemplar of BIN ACY4930 (MACN-Ar 30520) was
collected at the same time and place as one exemplar
of BIN ACY4931 (MACN-Ar 30519); both exemplars
were re-examined and their identications were con-
rmed D. niveovittata by morphological characters. The
split in two BINs of D. niveovittata may be explained by
the small size of the sample which has great impact on
the power of resolution of the “barcode gap” (meyeR &
Paulay 2005). Despite the small sample size, the pres-
ence of identical sequences in specimens of D. niveovi-
tatta and D. uruguayensis indicate that this marker can-
not be used to distinguish one from the other – a problem
that is becoming more common as barcoding is applied
to a growing list of closely related taxa. For example, this
problem also occurs in two morphologically distinct wolf
spider species that have identical COI sequences, Par-
dosa lugubris (Walckenaer, 1802) and Pardosa alacris
(C.L. Koch, 1833), as reported by nadolny et al. (2016)
and the problem has also been realized for insects (he-
BeRt et al. 2003; BuRns et al. 2007; RauPach et al. 2010;
huemeR et al. 2014; KloPFstein et al. 2016). The identical
COI sequence may be the result of mitochondrial intro-
gression caused by ongoing hybridization (Petit & ex-
coFFieR 2009; KloPFstein et al. 2016) or, alternatively, by
maternally inherited symbionts such as Wolbachia, Rick-
ettsia or Spiroplasma, which were reported in spiders
(leRette et al. 2006; GoodacRe et al. 2006; ceccaRelli
et al. 2016) and results in a considerable underestimation
of species diversity using DNA barcoding (whitwoRth et
al. 2007). Improving methods to identify species of Dia-
pontia using molecular markers will require the inclusion
of more specimens and the use of nuclear markers such
as ITS2 or rDNA that have been demonstrated to be good
complements to COI (RauPach et al. 2010; KloPFstein et
al. 2016).
5. Acknowledgements
We are indebted to all curators, collection managers and other
museum staff who have contributed to this study by making their
collections and specimens accessible: Norman Platnick (AMNH),
Charles Griswold (CAS); Miguel Simó (FCE); Laura Leipisberger
MCZ); Luis Pereira and Mónica Tassara (MLP); Mario Elgeta
(MNHN); Diana Silva (MUSM); Jorge Artigas (MZUC-UCCC);
Janet Beccaloni (NHM); Jonathan Coddington (USNM) and An-
drés Taucare Ríos (Universidad de Chile). We thank Cristian Gris-
mado, Eduardo Soto and Sara Ceccarelli for helpful comments on
an earlier version of the manuscript. M.N. Carbajal would like to
thank María Elena Galiano, who directed her undergraduate thesis
on Diapontia, and Axel Bachmann who introduced her to this ge-
nus. L.N. Piacentini is especially thankful to Charles Griswold of
the California Academy of Sciences and the Lakeside Fellowship
that provided support to travel to San Francisco to participate in
the Lycosoidea Summit, and to the American Museum of Natural
History for a collection study grant. This study was primarily sup-
ported by grants from FONCyT PICT 2011-1007 and CONICET
PIP 2012-943 to MJR and CNPq 301776/2004-0 grant to ADB.
We thank the referees Petra Sierwald, Cor Vink and Volker Fra-
menau for their comments on the manuscript. We are specially
indebted to Dan Proud for his assistance with correcting the lan-
guage and grammar and providing other helpful comments on the
manuscript.
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Electronic Supplement Files
at http://www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics
File 1: piacentini&al-diapontiaspiders-asp2017-electronicsupple
ment-1.doc — Material examined: non-type specimens.
File 2: piacentini&al-diapontiaspiders-asp2017-electronicsupple
ment-2.doc — Data on barcode gap. — Table S2.1 Summary of
the genetic distances of Diapontia species, numbers on the middle
diagonal line correspond to the intraspecic variations. — Table
S2.2 Genetic divergence values for each species, the mean (MID)
and maximum intra-specic values are compared to the nearest
neighbor. — Fig. S2.3 A plot of the maximum intraspecic dis-
tance compared with distance to nearest neighbor of all species of
the genus Diapontia used in this study. — Table S2.4 List of speci-
mens of Diapontia used on the BARCODE DNA analysis. — Fig.
S2.5 Tree obtained under maximum likelihood analysis, values on
the nodes indicate the boostrap values.
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