Peltigericolous fungi from Finland: three genera and six species new to Finland

Full text

Karstenia 52:1–50, 2012
Peltigericolous fungi from Finland – three genera
and six species new to Finland.
ARTO PUOLASMAA, ANNE TOIVANEN, TARJA MARSH, SEPPO HUHTINEN and SOILI
STENROOS
PUOLASMAA, A., TOIVANEN, A., MARSH, T., HUHTINEN, S. & STENROOS, S.
2012: Peltigericolous fungi from Finland – three genera and six species new to Finland.
– Karstenia 52: 1–50. HELSINKI. ISSN 0453-3402.
Over 2500 Finnish herbarium specimens of the lichen genus Peltigera were screened in
search for lichenicolous fungi. A total of ca 1200 records of 41 species in 27 genera was
made. The species Dacampia rufescentis, Hawksworthiana peltigericola, Hobsoniopsis
santessonii, Phoma epiparmelia, Stigmidium peltideae and Xenonectriella lutescens, as
well as the genera Hawksworthiana, Hobsoniopsis and Xenonectriella are reported as
new to Finland. Species descriptions with illustrations are provided along with habitat
descriptions and known distribution in the Nordic countries.
Key words: Ascomycetes, lichenicolous, lichen-forming fungi, Peltigera, peltigeri-
colous.
Arto Puolasmaa & Tarja Marsh & Seppo Huhtinen, Herbarium, University of Turku,
FI-20014 Turku, Finland; e-mails: arto.puolasmaa@utu.; tarja.marsh@utu.; seppo.
huhtinen@utu.
Anne Toivanen, Iisakintie 34, FI-14200 Turenki, Finland; e-mail: anne.j.toivanen@
gmail.com
Soili Stenroos, Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 Finland; e-mail: soili.stenroos@helsinki.
Introduction
Lichenicolous fungi are an ecologically dened
group of species that form obligate, often host
specic associations with lichens. Their mode of
nutrition ranges from pathogenity to commen-
salism; with saprotrophism or mild parasitism
probably being the most common. Over 1800
species have been described and a checklist of
species described so far, with an extensive list
of cited literature, has been compiled by Law-
rey and Diederich (2003, 2011). The genus
Peltigera Willd. is known to host an unusually
large number of lichenicolous fungi, many of
which are known only from this host genus (e.g.
Hawksworth 1980, Vitikainen 1994, Hawsworth
& Miadlikowska 1997, Martínez & Hafellner
1998). The knowledge of peltigericolous micro-
fungi and microlichens in Finland was previous-
ly scanty and this is the rst systematic attempt
to resolve the diversity and distribution of spe-
cies assiociated with Peltigera in Finland. The
genus Peltigera is common and widespread on
most continents with 28 species reported from
Finland (Stenroos et al. 2011). It includes large,
foliose lichens that are mainly muscicolous or

2 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
terricolous. The thallus of Peltigera is broad and
lobed, the ventral surfaces lack a cortex, thus
leaving the lower medulla exposed (Vitikainen
1994). The lichenicolous microfungi usually oc-
cupy species-specic infection sites on the host.
Material and methods
Herbarium specimes of Peltigera from TUR, TUR-V and
H were scanned for lichenicolous fungi. The host material
consisted of ca 2500 specimens. Separation and identi-
cation of species were done by Arto Puolasmaa during
2003–2010. Searching microfungi from the dried speci-
mens was done using a Leica S6E StereoZoom -micro-
scope. Microscopical characteristics were studied with a
Leica DMLB2 -microscope. Drawings were made using
a drawing tube attached to the microscope. All measure-
ments and drawings were made from dried material which
was rst mounted in water and subsequently in Congo
Red (CR) to provide contrast. All species descriptions are
based on measurements made during these examinations.
Mean values of the length and width of spores, number
of spores measured and number of collections studied are
given. The specimens which were studied microscopical-
ly, and on which the species descriptions or drawings are
based, are marked with an asterisk in the list of examined
specimens. The reported occurrence of species in Swe-
den and Norway is derived from Santesson´s Checklist of
Fennoscandian Lichen-forming and Lichenicolous Fungi
(Nordin et al. 2010). The species are presented in alpha-
betical order.
Results and discussion
The search of Finnish herbarium material yield-
ed ca 1200 records of peltigericolous microfun-
gi. In all, 41 species in 27 genera were identi-
ed. Six species and three genera are reported
as new to Finland. Species are presented below
with species descriptions, illustrations and distri-
bution maps.
Arthonia fuscopurpurea (Tul.) R. Sant.
– Figs. 1, 44 A
Ascomata apothecioid, arthonioid, 0.5–2 mm
diam. Asci 20–34 × 12–18 µm, mean 28.8 ×
14.9, (n=17, one collection), bitunicate, sack-
shaped, often prominently thickened at the apex,
foot slender, 8-spored. Ascospores 10–14 × 4–5
µm, mean 11.6 × 4.4 µm (n=32, one collection),
septate, upper cell shorter, broader and more
rounded than the lower cell, may contain gut-
tules and appear dark-coloured inside. Paraphys-
oids of ascal length or longer, 2–3 µm diam, sep-
tate, branched. Excipulum composed of rounded,
thin-walled cells, 0.5 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera hymenina (Ach.) Delise,
P. canina (L.) Willd. and P. rufescens (Weiss)
Humb. Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon
and P. scabrosa Th. Fr. have also been reported as
hosts for A. fuscopurpurea (Nordin et al. 2010).
Zhurbenko & Grube (2010) list lichens in genera
Dactylina Nyl., Lecania A. Massal., Lecanora
Ach., Nephroma Ach., Pseudocyphellaria Vain.,
Psoroma Ach. ex Michx. and Solorina Ach. that
have also been reported as hosts, but consider
those accounts doubtful.
Arthonia fuscopurpurea forms dark-brown,
rough-surfaced, 0.5–2 mm wide, elevated patch-
es on the dorsal thallus of the host. Sometimes
these patches merge forming larger areas. Often
these patches are surrounded by a white ring of
bleached host tissue. May be confused with A.
peltigerea.
A. fuscopurpurea is an easily visible parasite
whose host species are widely distributed and
abundant, therefore we conclude that the sole
record indicates genuine rarity of the species
in Finland. The species was rst recorded from
Finland by Toivanen (2008). Reported also from
Norway and Sweden.
Specimen studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Naantali, Rymät-
tylä, Pakinainen, 17.V.1937 Auer (TUR)*.
Arthonia peltigerea Th. Fr. – Figs. 2, 44 B
Ascomata apothecioid, arthonioid, 0.5 mm diam.
Asci 31–59 × 15–23 µm, mean 48.2 × 18.7 µm
(n=10, two collections), bitunicate, ellipsoid, of-
ten prominently thickened at the apex, 8-spored.
Ascospores 14–19 × 4–6 µm, mean 16.9 × 5.6
µm (n=20, two collections), ellipsoid-elongate,
septate, upper cell slightly broader and more
rounded than the lower cell, no guttules ob-
served. Paraphyses of same lenght as the asci,
2–3 µm diam, septate, sometimes branched.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 3
Hosts: Peltigera rufescens. Arthonia peltigerea
has also been reported from the thalli of P. leu-
cophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln., Solorina saccata (L.)
Ach., S. bispora Nyl. and S. octospora Arnold
(Nordin et al. 2010).
Arthonia peltigerea forms dark-brown, either
rough- or smooth-surfaced, partly immersed,
0.5 mm wide patches on the dorsal thallus of
the host. It differs from A. fuscopurpurea by its
darker apothecia and larger ascospores. The spe-
cies was rst recorded from Finland by Toivanen
(2008). It has been classied as NT (Near Threat-
ened) in the 2010 Red List of Finnish Species
(Jääskeläinen et al. 2010). Reported also from
Norway and Sweden.
Specimens studied: Keski-Pohjanmaa. Kokkola, Käl-
viä, 2.VIII.1923 Kujala (H). Kittilän Lappi. Kolari,
Äkäsjokisuu 13.VII.2003 Haikonen 22560 (H). Enonte-
kiön Lappi. Enontekiö, Kilpisjärvi, Jehkats 30.VII.1956
Huuskonen (H, TUR); N-Jehkats, 15.VIII.1958 Huusko-
nen (H)*; Toskalharji, 6.VIII.1947 Huuskonen (H); Tos-
kaljärvi, VIII.1947 Huuskonen (H)*.
Capronia peltigerae (Fuckel) D. Hawksw.
– Figs. 3, 44 C
Ascomata perithecioid, partly immersed when
young, with only the ostiole visible as a black
spot, supercial at maturity, black, setose. Asci
43–84 × 8–20 µm, mean 65.9 × 13.6 µm (n=20,
three collections), bitunicate, spindle- to sack-
shaped, wide at the base, elongated internal ca-
nal, 8-spored. Ascospores 14–22.5 × 3.5–8 µm,
mean 17.7 × 5.7 µm (n=30, three collections),
spindle-shaped, with the other end wider than the
other, 3-septate, with or without guttules. Para-
physes and periphyses absent. Outer excipulum
of textura angularis, cells thick-walled. Medul-
lary excipulum of textura globulosa, cells thin-
walled,10 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera canina, P. didactyla, P. praetex-
tata (Sommerf.) Zopf., P. rufescens.
Capronia peltigerae has dark, setose perithecia,
which form more or less supercially on the dor-
Fig. 1. Arthonia fuscopurpurea (1937 Auer), A = spores, B = asci, C = a discharging,
bitunicate ascus, D = paraphyses, E = excipulum, F = asci, paraphyses and medullary
excipulum, G = elevated patches on host thallus caused by A. fuscopurpurea. Bars
(A–F) 10 μm, (G) 1 mm.

4 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Fig. 2. Arthonia peltigerea (A, C–F = 1947 Huuskonen; B, E = 1958 Huuskonen),
A = ascospores, B–C = asci, D–E = paraphyses, F = elevated patches on host thal-
lus caused by A. fuscopurpurea. Bars (A–E) 10 μm, (F) 1 mm.
sal side of the host. Reported also from Norway
and Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Kemiönsaari,
Dragsfjärd, Tynglax, 22.IV.1981 Kvist (H). Lohja, Kuk-
kumäki, 16.VII.2007 Pykälä 31459, 31460 (H); Num-
menkylä, 28.IV.2007 Pykälä 30767 (H). Uusimaa.
Kirkkonummi 1864 Kullhem (H). Vantaa, Kopparberg
15.VI.1948 Lyyra (H, two specimens)*. Etelä-Karja-
la. Miehikkälä, Kirkonkylä, 12.IX.1967 Rintanen (H).
Satakunta. Kullaa, Joutsijärvi, 23.VIII.1939 Laurila (H).
Etelä-Häme. Asikkala, Viitaila, 17.V.1985 Ahti 43915 &
Daniëls (H). Hämeenlinna, Lammi, Evo, 1976 Lång (H).
Kuhmoinen, Tehi, 18.X.1911 Linkola (H). Etelä-Savo.
Imatra, Sienimäki, 16.IV.1988 Thurén 616 (H)*. Pohjois-
Savo. Jäppilä, 18.VII.1964 Takala (H). Varkaus, Könön-
pelto, 9.V.2003 Haikonen 22255 (H)*. Pohjois-Karjala.
Pielisjärvi, Koli, 24.VIII.1966 Vitikainen 2153a (H).
Koillismaa. Salla, Oulankajoki, 17.VII.1939 Laurila (H).
Corticifraga fuckelii (Rehm) D. Hawksw. &
R. Sant. – Figs. 4, 44 D
Ascomata apothecioid, immersed when young,
emerging through cortex at maturity, round or
irregular shaped, 0.3–0.5 mm, lighter than host
thallus when young, almost black at maturity.
Asci 45–78 × 10–21 µm, mean 59.5 × 13.6 µm
(n=20, three collections), elongate, thick-walled,
thickened at the apices, 8-spored. Ascospores
12–21 × 4–7 µm, mean 16.0 × 5.5 µm (n=28,
three collections), septate, occasionally with two
septa, slightly constricted, the other cell often
rounded and larger than the other. Paraphyses of
ascal length, ca 5 µm wide, septate, sometimes
branched. Excipular cells rounded, 0.5–1 µm
diam, thin- and dark-walled.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 5
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd., P. canina,
P. collina (Ach.) Schrad, P. didactyla, P. extenu-
ata (Nyl. ex Vain.) Lojka, P. hymenina, P. lepi-
dophora (Nyl.) Bitter, P. leucophlebia, P. neo-
polydactyla (Gyeln.) Gyeln., P. praetextata, P.
rufescens. Reported also on P. neckeri Hepp ex
Müll. Arg. (Nordin et al. 2010).
The apothecia of Corticifraga fuckelii arise scat-
tered from the host thallus, immersed in the be-
ginning and emerging through the dorsal host
cortex, surrounded by the jagged edges of the
ruptured cortex. It does not induce necrotic or
bleached patches on the host. Reported also from
Norway and Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Kustavi, Kun-
narainen, 11.X.1983 Alava 20751 (TUR). Lohja,
Kirkonkylä, 20.VII.2004 Pykälä 25169 (H), 13.V.2006
Pykälä 28515, 28516, 28517 (H), 16.VII.2007 Pykälä
31451 (H), 17.X.2007 Pykälä 32230, 32235 (H); Storön,
Hermala, 21.VII.1890 Boldt (H)*. Parainen, Houtskär,
Hyppeis, 9.VII.1992 Bruun (H)*; Ersby, 7.IX.1912
Linkola (TUR-V); Sattmark, 23.IX.1978 Alava 18322
(TUR); Pyhänsuu, 29.VII.1911 Linkola (TUR). Paimio,
Askala, 4.IX.1971 Alava (TUR), 5.X.1969 Alava 8404
(TUR). Turku, Katariinanlaakso, 6.VII.1934 Auer (TUR).
Uusimaa. Helsinki, Munkkiniemi, 10.X.1948 Takala
(TUR). Mäntsälä, Sahajärvi-SW, 12.VII.1964 Suominen
(H). Pornainen, Hevonselkä, 4.VIII.2001 Ahti 61502c
(H). Sipoo, Träskby, 13.X.2006 Pykälä 28850 (H). Van-
taa, Korso 3.X.1915 Häyrén (TUR-V, two specimens).
Satakunta. Rauma, Sorkka, 25.VII.1935 Kari (TUR).
Etelä-Häme. Asikkala, Kissakallio 8.I.1863 Norrlin (H).
Heinola, Lusi, 12.III.1997 Haikonen 18375 (H). Hollola,
Upila, VII.1883; Vaania 4.VIII.1874 Vainio (TUR-V).
Hämeenlinna, Evo,Valkjärvi, 26.VII.1909 Lång (H)*;
Mustajärvi 30.VII.1909 Lång (H). Jyväskylä, Korpilahti,
Vaarunvuori, 1873 Wainio (TUR-V). Kuhmoinen, Tehi,
18.X.1911 Linkola (H)*. Lempäälä, Rikala, 25.IX.1988
Kääntönen (H)*. Nokia, Siuro, 27.VII.1990 Kääntönen
(H)*. Pälkäne, Luopioinen, 1.VIII.1926 Linkola (H).
Fig. 3. Capronia peltigerae (A, D = Haikonen 22255; B, E = 1948 Lyyra; C, F–H Thurén 616), A–C = ascospores, D,
E = asci, F, G = excipulum, H = perithecia. Bars (A–G) 10 μm, (H) 1 mm.

6 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Etelä-Savo. Kangasniemi, Rutakoski, 29.VI.2003
Haikonen 2248 (H). Kerimäki, Viitamäki, 24.VIII.1991
Haikonen 13336 (H). Puumala, Saha, 21.IX.2002 Vitikai-
nen 16476 (H). Mäntyharju, Parish village, 9.VIII.1964
Suominen (H)*. Pohjois-Häme. Jyväskylä, Sulkula,
29.VII.1946 Hakulinen (TUR). Pohjois-Karjala. Ilo-
mantsi, Ritovaara, 17.VII.1936 Laurila (TUR). Koil-
lismaa. Kuusamo, Iivaara, 1877 Wainio (TUR-V);
Kiutaköngäs, 30.VI.1949 Takala (TUR). Inarin Lappi.
Utsjoki, Kevo, 2.VII.1967 Såltin & Roms (TUR); Kevo,
Kotkapahta, 6.VIII.1964 Hakulinen (TUR).
Corticifraga peltigerae (Fuckel) D.
Hawksw. & R. Sant. – Figs. 5, 44 E
Ascomata apothecioid, immersed when young,
supercial and rupturing host cortex at maturi-
ty, 0.2–0.3 mm, dark-brown, almost black. Asci
41–65 × 7–20 µm, mean 53.8 × 12.8 µm (n=20,
three collections), clavate to cylindrical, thick-
ened at the apices, 8-spored. Ascospores 10–25
× 4–7 µm, mean 15.4 × 5.4 µm (n=30, three col-
lections), septate with 1–3 thick septa, end cells
tapering. Paraphyses of ascal length or longer,
1–1.5 µm wide, remotely septate, the apical cell
expanded, sometimes with a guttule. Excipular
cells rounded, 3–5 µm diam, thin-walled, dark.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. canina, P. didacty-
la, P. horizontalis (Huds.) Baumg., P. leucophle-
bia, P. malacea (Ach.) Funck, P. neopolydactyla,
P. polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm., P. praetextata,
P. rufescens, P. scabrosa, Lobaria linita.
Corticifraga peltigerae is a parasitic fungus,
which causes irregula, 1–2 mm wide, bleached
or necrotic patches on the host thallus. The
apothecia are formed in this patch, scattered or
in circular formation, immersed in the beginning,
rupturing the cortex unevenly, as they mature.
Reported also from Norway and Sweden.
Selected specimens studied (out of 63): Ahvenanmaa.
Sottunga, 26.VIII.1952 af Hällström (H)*. Varsinais-
Suomi. Parainen, Ersby, 9.IX.1912 Linkola (H)*. Uusi-
kaupunki, W of Käätyjärvi, 25.XII.1951 Laine (TUR).
Uusimaa. Helsinki, Oulunkylä, 5.VI.1916 Rainio (H)*;
Orimattila, Pennala, 26.IV.2002 Haikonen 21207 (H)*.
Fig. 4. Corticifraga fuckelii (A, D = 1911 Linkola; B, E = 1890 Boldt; C, F, G = 1992 Bruun; H = 1988 Kääntönen; I =
1909 Lång), A–C = ascospores, D–F = asci, G, H = paraphyses, I = apothecia. Bars (A–H) 10 μm, (I) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 7
Etelä-Karjala. Hamina, Vehkalahti, 18.VII.1914 Krohne
(H). Satakunta. Kankaanpää, Luomajärvi, 29.VI.1935
Laurila (H)*. Rauma, Lappi, Kivikylä, 1.VIII.1957 Såltin
(H)*. Etelä-Häme. Hollola, Upila, VII.1883 Vainio (H).
Urjala, Kivijärvi, 10.IX.1950 Fagerström (H). Etelä-
Pohjanmaa. Kristiinankaupunki, Lappfjärd, Torngrund,
1.VIII.1953 Railonsala (TUR). Pohjois-Häme. Tuomio-
niemi, 29.IV.1951 Valovirta (H). Äänekoski, Piilola,
3.V.1947 Klingstedt (H)*. Pohjois-Savo. Kuopio, Korsu-
mäki, 19.V.1946 Sepponen (TUR). Pohjois-Karjala. Ilo-
mantsi, Koitere, Laitasaari, 11.X.1948 Leppälä (TUR).
Keski-Pohjanmaa. Kruunupyy, Söderpåras, Storbacken
Fig. 5. Corticifraga peltigerae (A, D, F, G = 1947 Klingstedt; B, E, H, J, M = Vitikainen 9973; C = Haikonen 21207; I =
1916 Rainio; L = 1912 Linkola; K = 1935 Laurila), A–C = ascospores, D, E = asci, F–H = paraphyses, I, J = excipulum,
K = infection patch on host thallus with a cracking cortex caused by emerging apothecia, L = dark patches on the host
thallus caused by apothecia, M = mature apothecia. Bars (A–J) 10 μm, (K–M) 1 mm.

8 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
13.V.1962 Krokfors (H). Oulun Pohjanmaa. Hailuoto,
Marjaniemi 10.IX.1994 Vitikainen 13290 (H). Koillis-
maa. Kuusamo, Juuma, 12.VI.1980 Vitikainen 9973 (H)*.
Sodankylän Lappi. Sodankylä, Sattanen, 18.VI.1980
Kvist (H). Enontekiön Lappi. Enontekiö, Toskalharji,
18.VII.2006 Syrjänen (TUR) on Lobaria linita. Inarin
Lappi. Utsjoki, Kevo, 16.VIII.1965 Ahti 21042a (H).
Dacampia rufescentis (Vouaux) D.
Hawksw. – Figs. 6, 44 F
Ascomata pseudoperithecioid, immersed. Asci
93–178 × 18–35 µm, mean 127.5 × 22.1 µm
(n=17, three collections), bitunicate, cylindrical,
thick-walled, rounded at the apex, 8-spored. As-
cospores 22–29(–40) × 9–14.5 µm, mean 26.5 ×
11.8 µm (n=31, three collections), elongate, mu-
ricate, constricted at septa, brown. Pseudopara-
physes 2–3.5 µm diam., septate, branching. Ec-
tal excipulum composed of dark, thick-walled,
elongate or cubiform cells, 6.5–15 × 1.5–5 µm.
Medullary excipulum composed of reddish, thin-
walled cells, 4–6 µm diam.
Host: Peltigera rufescens. The species has also
been reported from P. didactyla (Nordin et al.
2010).
Dacampia rufescentis is reported as new to Fin-
land. It forms necrotic, decolourized, circular,
2–3 mm wide infection areas on the host thallus.
The infected area is elevated while the margins
are delimited by a at, brown ring. The ascomata
are scattered in the elevated infection area, im-
mersed, often in concentric rings, with only the
ostiolar regions visible as dark spots. D. rufes-
centis is a parasitic fungus (Hawksworth 1986).
All of the localities from which the host species
had been collected were either in the immediate
vicinity of old limestone quarries or otherwise
calcareous areas. Reported also from Norway
and Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Lohja, Vappula,
20.V.2006 Pykälä 28555 (H). Parainen, Ersby, 12.X.1969
Alava 8392a (TUR); 9.IX.1912 Linkola (H)*. Keski-
Pohjanmaa. Alajärvi, Kuparikallio, 26.VI.1907 Back-
man (H)*. Kainuu. Paltamo, Melalahti, 28.VII.1970
Alava (TUR)*. Perä-Pohjamaa. Rovaniemi, Taipale,
2.IX.1981 Kytövuori 811028 (H)*.
Graphium aphthosae Alstrup & D.
Hawksw. – Figs. 7, 44 G
Synnemata small, dark, shiny, composed of an
erect bunch of conidiophores that splay out at
the apex. Conidia 6.5–9 × 3–4.5 µm, mean 7.6 ×
3.7 µm (n=33, three collections), simple, cubi-
form, broader at the upper end.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. canina, P. leu-
cophlebia. Reported also from P. rufescens (Nor-
din et al. 2010).
Species in the genus Graphium Corda are an-
amorphs of Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd. The ge-
nus was rst recorded from Finland by Toivanen
(2008). Reported also from Norway and Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Lohja, Lylyinen,
21.VI.1947 af Hällström (H); Varola, Päivärinteenkallio,
1.X.2005 Pykälä 28096 (H); Immula, 6.IX.2008 Pykälä
33669 (H). Turku, Kakskerta, 17.VIII.1934 Kari (TUR);
Ruissalo, 29.X.1933 Seppä (H)*; Uusimaa. Helsinki,
Oulunkylä, 26.I.1930 Häyrén (H). Orimattila, Niemi,
2.IX.1914 Linkola (H)*. Etelä-Häme. Hämeenlinna,
Lammi, Evo, 28.VI.1967 Pankakoski (H)*. Koillismaa.
Kuusamo, Liikasenvaara, 15.VI.1980 Vitikainen 10103
(H)*; Rukajärvi, 11.VI.1980 Vitikainen 9931b (H). Ina-
rin Lappi. Paatsjoki, 1909 Renvall (H).
Hawksworthiana peltigericola (D.
Hawksw.) U. Braun – Figs. 8, 44 H
Hawksworthiana peltigericola induces semiglo-
bose, gall-like deformations on the host thallus.
Conidiogenous cells are located immediately on
the surface of the galls, giving the surface a matt
appearance. Conidia 13–21(–33) × 6–10 µm,
mean 17.6 × 7.5 µm (n=32, three collections),
spindle-shaped, 0–1 -septate, thin-walled, at-
tenuated with a thickened scar at the site of at-
tachment.
Hawksworthiana U. Braun is a monotypic ge-
nus, which accommodates the mitosporic species
H. peltigericola. The positioning of the genus is
unclear.
Hosts: Peltigera canina, P. collina, P. didac-
tyla, P. neopolydactyla, P. polydactylon, P. pra-
etextata, P. rufescens.
Hawskworthiana is reported as a new genus for
Finland. Reported also from Sweden.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 9
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Lohja, Ojamo,
6.X.2004 Pykälä 25983 (H); Parish village, 13.V.2006
Pykälä 28516 (H). Turku, Katariinanlaakso, 7.V.1959
Mäkinen (TUR)*, 6.VI.1934 Auer (TUR)*; Tähtitornin-
mäki, 26.IX.1926 Suza (TUR-V). Uusimaa. Pernaja,
Hardom, 20.VIII.1912 Klingstedt (TUR)*. Pornainen,
Fig. 6. Dacampia rufescentis (A, D, F, G, I = 1907 Backman; B, H = Kytövuori 811028; C, E = 1912 Linkola), A–C
= ascospores, D = asci in different stages of maturity, E = pseudoparaphyses, F = medullary excipulum, G, H = ectal
excipulum. I = elevated patch on cortex of host thallus caused by D. rufescentis. Bars (A–H) 10 μm, (I) 1 mm.

10 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Fig. 7. Graphium aphthosae (A, E = 1914 Linkola; B, D, F = 1967 Pankakoski; C = 1933 Seppä), A–C = conidia, D =
conidiophores, E = detail of synnema stipe, F = synnemata on host thallus. Bars (A–E) 10 μm, (F) 1 mm.
Fig. 8. Hawksworthiana peltigericola (A, D = 1959 Mäkinen; B, E, H = 1912 Klingstedt; C, F = 1934 Auer), A–C =
conidia, D–F = conidiophores, G = excipulum, H = gall caused by H. peltigericola on host thallus. Bars (A–G) 10 μm,
(H) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 11
Hevonselkä, 4.VIII.2001 Ahti 61502c (H). Tuusula, Kle-
metskog, 13.VIII.1941 Häyrén (H). Vihti, Vihtijärvi,
10.VI.2003 Haikonen 22424 (H). Etelä-Savo. Kangas-
niemi, Rutakoski, 29.VI.2003 Haikonen 22483 (H). Kit-
tilän Lappi. Kolari, Teuravuoma, VII.1933 Vaasio (H).
Hobsoniopsis santessonii (Lowen & D.
Hawksw.) D. Hawksw. – Figs. 9, 44 I
Sporodochia erumpent through the dorsal cortex
of the host thallus, grey to yellowish. Conidia
7–14 × 6–12 µm, mean 10.2 × 8.5 µm (n=30,
three collections), solitary, light brown to orange,
lament helicoid, multicellular, walls sparsely
darkly verrucose.
Host: Peltigera scabrosa.
Hobsoniopsis D. Hawksw. is reported as a new
genus for Finland. Reported also from Norway
and Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Turku, Kakskerta,
21.VIII.1934 Kari (TUR). Uusimaa. Hanko, Tvärminne,
6.VII.1911 Linkola (H). Pyhtää, Mogenpörtö, 11.VI.1941
Fagerström (H). Etelä-Häme. Jämsä, Seppola,
3.IX.1933 Koskinen (H). Hämeenlinna, Lammi, Vähä-
Evo, 22.VI.1986 Haikonen 7417 (H). Luhanka, Jutin-
salo, 1873 Vainio (TUR-V). Pohjois-Karjala. Ilomantsi,
Kuuksen vaara, 2.IX.1958 Klingstedt (H). Perä-Pohjan-
maa. Kemijärvi, Jumisko, 18.VII.1966 Rintanen (H).
Koillismaa. Kuusamo, parish village, 16.VI.1962 Ahti
11624 (H). Enontekiön Lappi. Enontekiö, Kaaresuvan-
to, 3.VII.1957 Hämet (H), 4.VII.1957 Hämet (H); Kilpis-
järvi, Jehkats, 27.VII.1956 Huuskonen (H), 18.VIII.1958
Huuskonen (TUR)*. Inarin Lappi. Utsjoki, Kevo,
6.VII.1984 Alava 20924 (TUR)*, 16.VIII.1965 Ahti
21042a (H); N-slopes of Ailigas, 24.VIII.1974 Vitikainen
8361 (H).
Illosporium carneum Fr. – Figs. 10, 44 J
Sporodochia erumpent through the dorsal cortex
of the host thallus, white to pink. Conidia 5–10 ×
3.5–7 µm (mean 7.2 × 4.9 µm (n=30, four collec-
tions), 0–1 -septate, may contain guttules, a scar
may be visible.
Hosts: Peltigera canina, P. didactyla, P. hymeni-
na, P. lepidophora, P. rufescens.
Illosporium carneum is easily identied by the
sporodochia it forms on the dorsal host thallus.
It resembles supercially Hobsoniopsis santes-
sonii, but their shape of conidia and choices of
host differ from each other. Illosporium carneum
has been usually accepted as the conidial state
of Pronectria (Lawrey & Diederich 2011), with
recent molecular analyses conrming its position
in the Hypocreales (Sikaroodi et al. 2001). Re-
ported also from Norway and Sweden.
Selected specimens studied (out of 66): Ahvenanmaa.
Sottunga, 8.VIII.1952 af Hällström (H). Varsinais-
Suomi. Kustavi, Iso-Varestus, 25.V.1988 Mäkinen 88-65
(TUR). Turku, Kärsämäki 1.VI.1936 Auer (TUR). Uusi-
maa. Hanko, railway station, 23.VII.1911 Linkola (H).
Raasepori, Tammisaari, Strömsö 30.V.1984 Murto 3115
(H). Etelä-Karjala. Lappeenranta, Ylämaa, 4.VII.1965
Vitikainen 317 (H). Satakunta. Kankaanpää, Luomajärvi,
29.VI.1935 Laurila (H); Etelä-Häme. Orivesi, Siitama,
19.V.1974 Mikkola (H); Yliskylä, 8.VI.1982 Thuneberg
(H)*. Etelä-Savo. Juva, Kaihunmäki, 1.V.1983 Viti-
kainen 10461 (H). Etelä-Pohjanmaa. Kurikka, Mieto,
2.VII.1965 Suominen (H)*. Pohjois-Häme. Jyväskylä,
Ristikivenlaakso, 18.VI.1912 Linkola (H). Pohjois-Sa-
vo. Kuopio, Suovu, 3.VI.1906 Linkola (TUR). Keski-
Pohjanmaa. Siikajoki, Ruukki, 19.VI.2001 Ahti 60896
(H). Kainuu. Suomussalmi, Ala-Vuokki, 5.VII.1936
Auer (TUR). Oulun Pohjanmaa. Hailuoto, Marjaniemi
10.IX.1994 Vitikainen 13290 (H). Perä-Pohjanmaa.
Kemijärvi, Joutsijärvi, 30.VII.1964 Suominen (H). Koil-
lismaa. Salla, Pieni Pyhätunturi, 4.VII.1981 leg. ? (H).
Kittilän Lappi. Kolari, Äkäsjokivarsi, Kelokämppä,
20.VII.1978 Huuskonen (H). Sodankylän Lappi. Sodan-
kylä, Peurasuvanto, 18.VI.1980 Kvist (H). Enontekiön
Lappi. Enontekiö, Kuonjarvarri, 2.VIII.1947 Huuskonen
(H). Inarin Lappi. Inari, Inarinjärvi, 1910? Renvall (H).
Utsjoki, Niemelä, 17.VI.1980 Kvist (H).
Karsteniomyces peltigerae (P. Karst.) D.
Hawksw. – Figs. 11, 44 K
Conidiomata globose, 0.1–0.15 mm diam, grey-
ish to pale or yellowish brown. Macroconidia
11.5–20 × 3.5–5 , mean 15.9 × 4.6 µm (n=30,
Fig. 9. Conidia of Hobsoniopsis santessonii (A = 1958 Huuskonen; B = 1934 Kari; C = 1984 Alava). Bar 10 μm.

12 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Fig. 10. Illosporium carneum (A, D = 1982 Thuneberg; B = 1965 Suominen; C, E = 1910 Renvall), A–C = conidia, D =
conidiogenous cells, E = guttulate cells from soralia. Bar 10 μm.
Fig. 11. Karsteniomyces peltigerae (A, D = 1965 Vitikainen; B, E = 1955 Kukkonen; C, F, G = 1911 Linkola; H, I =
1912 Linkola), A–C = conidia, D–F = conidiophores and conidiogenous cells, G, H ectal excipulum, I = pycnidia. Bars
(A–H) 10 μm, (I) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 13
three collections), ellipsoid-elongate, often
slightly curved, 0–1 -septate. Conidiophores 2–3
µm wide, branching, septate, often constricted
at septa. Ectal excipulum composed of densely
packed, dark, thick-walled, cubiform cells, 7–15
µm diam. Medullary excipulum composed of
thin-walled, more loosely packed cells 3.5–6.5
µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera canina. P. leucophlebia, P.
prae textata, P. rufescens.
Karsteniomyces peltigerae is the macroconidia-
producing anamorph of Scutula miliaris (Wallr.)
Trevis. It is often found without the teleomorph
producing quite large amounts of aggregated
pycnidia. Reported also from Norway and Swe-
den.
Specimens studied: Ahvenanmaa. Finström, Björkö,
28.V.1976 Alava 15890 (TUR). Varsinais-Suomi. Ke-
miönsaari, Västanfjärd, 29.IX.1988 Laine (TUR). Loh-
ja, Paloniemi, 28.IV.2005 Pykälä 26717 (H). Parainen,
Ersby, 3.IX.1912 Linkola (H)*; Lampis, 10.VI.1911
Linkola (H). Paimio, Hirvonpään Alitupa, 27.VI.1955
Kukkonen (H)*. Raasepori, Bromarv 20.V.1927 Linkola
& Häyrén (H); Hållonästrakten, 8.VIII.1890 Boldt. Tur-
ku, Ispoinen, 22.V.1912 Linkola (TUR-V); Kakskerta,
Monnonen, 12.VII.1934 Kari (TUR); Katariinanlaak-
so, 23.VII.1922 Räsänen (TUR); Muhkuri, 24.IX.1945
Kallio (TUR). Uusikaupunki, 24.II.1951 Laine (TUR);
Käätyjärvi-W, 25.XI.1951 Laine (TUR). Vihti, Vanjär-
vi, 1896 Lång (TUR). Uusimaa. Helsinki, Fredriksberg,
1874 Vainio (TUR-V); Meilahti, 7.XII.1929 Häyrén (H);
Toivola, 16.VII.1874 Collin (H). Hanko, Tvärminne,
1907 Brofeldt (TUR, two specimens); Kragen, 3.VII.1911
Linkola (H)*; Långholmen, 7.VIII.1908 Rancken (H).
Espoo, Railway station, 12.XI.1911 Linkola (TUR-V);
Kasaberg 31.VIII.1913 Linkola ( TUR-V). Satakunta.
Sastamala, Karkku, Koski, 23.VI.1967 Suominen (H,
two specimens). Etelä-Häme. Kuhmoinen, Ansiolahti,
Myysälä, 10.VIII.1948 Norrlin (H); Päijälä, Rumavuo-
ri, 14.IV.1974 Oittinen 5 (H). Tammela, Mustiala 1867
Kullhem (H). Etelä-Savo. Savitaipale, Kärnäkoski,
13.VIII.1981 Vitikainen 10521, 10521b (H). Taipalsaari,
Paakkola, 5.XI.1966 Vitikainen (H)*. Etelä-Pohjanmaa.
Alavus, Sapsalampi, 11.VII.1948 Leppälä (TUR, two
specimens). Pohjois-Savo. Kuopio, 22.VI.1909 Heikin-
heimo (H).
Lasiosphaeriopsis salisburyi D. Hawksw.
& Sivan. – Figs. 12, 44 L
Stromata superacial, carbonaceous, 0.4–0.6
mm. Asci 31–62 ×15–17 µm, mean 46.7 × 15.1
µm (n=7, one collection), clavate, rounded at the
apex, 3–6 -spored. Ascospores 19–24 × 4.5–7
µm, mean 21.5 × 5.4 µm (n=23, one collection),
3-septate, thick-walled, the 2 middle cells thicker
walled and darker than the apical cells. Unripe
spores rich with small guttules. Paraphyses
1.5–2 µm wide, branching, septate. Excipular
cells 10–17 µm diam., round to irregular, brown,
thick-walled. In many cells a circular, ca 1.5 µm
diam, pore (munk pore) was observed.
Host: Peltigera leucophlebia.
Lasiosphaeriopsis was reported as a new genus
to Finland by Toivanen (2008). Lasiosphaeriop-
sis salisburyi forms distinctive, carbonaceous,
black, verrucose, erumpent and supercial stro-
mata. It appears to be parasitical, damaging the
thallus on the site of formation, but apparently
not harming the host seriously as whole. Report-
ed also from Sweden.
Specimens studied: Pohjois-Savo. Suonenjoki, Keurun-
mäki, 10.VII.2008 Hyvärinen. Kittilän Lappi. Kittilä,
Kiistala, 24.VII.1963 Haapasaari 383 (H)*.
Libertiella curvispora D. Hawksw. &
Miądl. – Figs. 13, 45 M
Pycnidia 0.09–0.12 mm diam, attened-globose,
pale to translucent orange, ostiole visible as a
light spot. Conidia 6–8.5 × 1.5–2 µm, mean 6.6
× 1.9 µm (n=30, three collections), simple, of-
ten curved, rounded at both ends, thin-walled,
may contain guttules. Conidiophores 2 µm wide,
small-celled, branched, septate. Ectal excipulum
composed of dark, thick-walled cells. Medullary
excipulum composed of more loosely packed an-
gular cells.
Hosts: Peltigera canina, P. membranacea (Ach.)
Nyl., P. praetextata, P. rufescens.
Libertiella curvispora does not seem to harm its
host; groups of pycnidia may be nd scattered on
the dorsal or ventral side of the host thallus.The
genus Libertiella Speg. & Roum. is considered to
be the anamorph genus of Scutula Tul. (Triebel
et al. 1997). The species was rst recorded from
Finland by Toivanen (2008).

14 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Fig. 12. Lasiosphaeriopsis salisburyi (Haapasaari 383), A = ascospores, B = asci in different stages of maturity, C =
paraphyses, D = excipular cells with ”Munk pore”, E = stromata caused by L. salisburyi on host cortex. Bars (A–D) 10
μm, (E) 1 mm.
Fig. 13. Libertiella curvispora (A, D, I, J = 1964 Kytövuori & Kytövuori; B, E= Toivonen & Uotila
23449; C, G = 1937 Hiitonen; F = Kuusinen 2502; H = Vitikainen 6076), A–C = conidia, D–H = conidi-
ophores and conidiogenous cells, I = medullary excipulum, J = pycnidia. Bars (A–I) 10 μm, (J) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 15
Selected specimens studied (out of 75): Ahvenanmaa.
Finström, Björkö, 30.V.1976 Alava 16033 (TUR); Grels-
by, Mangelbo, 17.V.1989 Alava 22546 (TUR). Varsinais-
Suomi. Karjalohja, Karkali, 14.V.1962 Koponen 3613
(H). Turku, Muhkuri, 6.X.1951 Lindgren (TUR). Uusi-
maa. Pernaja, Tervik, 25.VII.1992 Piirainen & Piirai-
nen 2398 (H). Vantaa, Kårböle, 1.V.1942 Marklund (H).
Etelä-Karjala. Hamina, Vehkalahti, Pyhältö, 12.VI.1947
Fagerström (H). Satakunta. Karkku, Koski, 23.VI.1967
Suominen (H). Pomarkku, Sulkjärvi, 9.VI.1937 Lauri-
la (H). Etelä-Häme. Kuhmoinen, Tapiola, 7.VIII.1937
Norrlin (H)*; S of Isojärvi, 5.VIII.1949 Hiitonen (H)*;
Ruovesi, Haukkamaa, 9.VI.1964 Kytövuori & Kytövuo-
ri (H).* Valkeakoski, Sääksmäki, Kärsä, 31.VIII.1917
Norrlin (H). Etelä-Savo. Juva, Kaihunmäki, 8.X.1978
Vitikainen 8658 (H). Etelä-Pohjanmaa. Kristiinan-
kaupunki, Lappfjärd, 25.VI.1946 Railonsala (TUR)*.
Mustasaari, Hospital, 1.IV.1953 Suominen (H). Pohjois-
Häme. Jyväskylä, Tuomioniemi, 29.IV.1951 Valovirta
(H). Pohjois-Savo. Pieksämäki, Jäppilä, 18.VII.1964
Takala (H). Vieremä, Karankamäki, 10.-12.VIII.1989
Kuusinen 2502 (H)*. Pohjois-Karjala. Juankoski, Säy-
neinen, 29.VII.1970 Vitikainen 6076 (H)*. Keski-Poh-
janmaa. Evijärvi, Järvelä, 21.VI.1907 Backman (H).
Vimpeli Västerbacka, 25.IX.2003 Haikonen 22976 (H).
Kainuu. Hyrynsalmi, Väisälä, 18.IX.2000 Vitikainen
16001 (H). Oulun Pohjanmaa. Haukipudas, Niemelän-
törmä, 28.VII.1974 Toivonen & Uotila 23449 (H)*. Perä-
Pohjamaa. Simo, Pahnila, 4.VI.1931 Räsänen (H, two
specimens). Koillismaa. Kuusamo, Juuma, 6.VII.1981
Vitikainen 10137a (H).
Libertiella fennica Alstrup – Figs. 14, 45 N
Pycnidia 0.1–0.12 mm diam, globose, yellowish
brown to dark brown, dark around the ostiolar
area. Thallus light coloured, grainy, visible on
the host thallus. Conidia 3.5–6 × 2.5–4.5 µm,
mean 4.8 × 3.2 µm (n=30, three collections),
rounded, simple, may contain a guttule, scar con-
spicuous. Conidiophores 2 µm wide, branched,
septate. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical, with
a collarette. Excipular cells small and rounded,
cells 2–3.5 µm diam.
Host: Peltigera didactyla.
Libertiella fennica appears to be commensalistic
(Hawksworth & Miadlikowska 1997). Its pyc-
nidia form on the dorsal side of the host thallus.
Reported also from Norway.
Specimens studied: Etelä-Häme. Nastola, Immilä,
15.XI.2003 Haikonen 23113 (H)*. Etelä-Savo. Kouvo-
la, by the railway, 20.VIII.1949 Klingstedt (H). Mikkeli,
Häppälä, 19.IX.2004 Haikonen 23669 (H)*.
Libertiella malmedyensis Speg. & Roum.
– Figs. 15, 45 O
Pycnidia supercial, 0.12–0.2 mm diam, glo-
bose, pale yellowish to darker, ostiole dark. Co-
nidia 4–7 × 2–4.5 µm, mean 5.8 × 4.5 µm (n=30,
three collections), rounded to elongate, may
contain guttules. Conidiophores 1.5–2 µm wide,
sometimes branched. Ectal excipulum composed
of dark- and thick-walled cells, 3.5–6 µm diam.
Medullary excipulum composed of rounded,
thin-walled cells, 4–4.5 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera didactyla, P. rufescens.
Libertiella malmedyensis may be found either on
the dorsal or the ventral side of its host. It does
not seem to cause any apparent harm to its host.
The species was reported as new to Finland by
Alstrup (2004) and is reported also from Swe-
den.
Specimens studied: Uusimaa. Hanko, Tvärminne,
3.VI.1929 Pohjala (H)*. Vantaa, Backas, 14.V.1905
Sola (H)*; Kårböle, Kopparberget, 1.V.1942 Marklund
(H)*. Satakunta. Kokemäki, 1859 Malmgren (H). Etelä-
Häme. Hollola, Kalliola, 7.IV.1985 Haikonen 5532 (H).
Orivesi, Längelmäki, 24.VIII.1987 Miekk-oja (H). Poh-
jois-Häme. Saarijärvi, Mahlu, 17.VIII.1933 Koskinen
(H)*.
Lichenopeltella peltigericola (D. Hawksw.)
R. Sant. – Figs 16, 45 P
Ascomata catathecioid, supercial, 40 µm diam,
almost black, with setae around the ostiole. Asci
24–35 × 9–13 µm, mean 30.8 × 11.1 µm (n=16,
three collections), bitunicate, thin-walled, some-
times thickened at the apex, 4-spored. Ascospores
14–22 × 3.5–5 µm, mean 18.3 × 4.4 µm (n=30,
three collections), allantoid to almost straight,
one end tapering, septate, slightly constricted at
septum, with or without guttules. Paraphyses or
periphyses not observed. Setae surrounding the
ostiole, 18–26 × 5–9 µm, dark-coloured, thick-
walled.
Hosts: Peltigera canina, P. didactyla, P. leu-
cophlebia, P. membranacea, P. praetextata, P.
scabrosa. Records were made during this study
also on Lobaria linita and Nephroma arcticum

16 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Fig. 14. Libertiella fennica (A, C, E = Haikonen 23113; B, D = Haikonen 23669),
A, B = conidia, C, D = conidiophores and conidiogenous cells, E = pycnidia and
thallus on dorsal cortex of host thallus. Bars (A–D) 10 μm, (E) 1 mm.
Fig. 15. Libertiella malmedyensis (A = 1905 Sola; B, D, E = 1942 Marklund; C, F = 1929 Pohjala), A–C = conidia, D
= conidiophores and conidiogenous cells, E = excipulum, F = pycnidia on host thallus. Bars (A–E) 10 μm, (F) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 17
(L.) Torss. Reported also on Peltigera rufescens
(Spooner & Kirk 1990).
Lichenopeltella peltigericola forms ascomata
on the older thalli of several Peltigera species,
usually in groups on the veins of the underside
thallus lobes, but occasionally also on the upper
surface. May be confused with Lichenopeltella
santessonii. The species was rst recorded from
Finland by Toivanen (2008). Reported also from
Sweden and Norway.
Selected specimens studied (out of 105): Ahvenanmaa.
Finström, Grelsby, 26.IX.1992 Bruun (H). Varsinais-
Suomi. Kemiönsaari, Dragsfjärd, 21.IV.1981 Kvist (H)*.
Masku, Karevanrahka, 18.V.1946 Kukkonen (H)*. Uusi-
maa. Espoo, Vällskog, 3.IV.1964 Takala (TUR). Etelä-
Karjala. Hamina, Vehkalahti, Kannusjärvi, 14.VIII.1968
Fagerström (H). Satakunta. Ikaalinen, Uuraslahti
31.VIII.1935 Laurila (H, two specimens). Etelä-Häme.
Lammi, Kannaila, 12.VII.1967 Pankakoski (H)*. Sysmä,
Mynnilä, 19.X.1991 Haikonen 13629 (H)*. Etelä-Savo.
Mikkeli, Anttola, 12.VIII.1983 Vitikainen 10877 (H).
Pohjois-Häme. Jyväskylä, 12.XI.1944 Klingstedt (H)*.
Pohjois-Karjala. Lieksa, Pielisjärvi 24.VIII.1966 Viti-
kainen 2153 a (H). Ilomantsi, Ilaja, 17.VIII.1925 Waris
(TUR, on Nephroma arcticum). Pohjois-Savo. Kuopio,
Levänen, 5.V.1946 Leppälä (TUR, on Nephroma arcti-
cum). Etelä-Pohjanmaa. Laihia, Pappila, 27.VI.1960
Takala (TUR). Perä-Pohjanmaa. Keminmaa, Kemi rural
commune, 23.VII.1964 Suominen (H). Koillismaa. Kuu-
samo, Liikanen, 23.VII.1949 Kari (TUR, on Nephroma
arcticum); Rukajärvi, 19.VII.1949 Koskinen (TUR, on
Nephroma arcticum). Kittilän Lappi. Kittilä, Isovaara,
8.VIII.1877 Hjelt & Hult (H). Enontekiön Lappi. Enon-
tekiö, Jollonoaivi, 25.VII.1957 Huuskonen (TUR, on
Lobaria linita). Inarin Lappi. Utsjoki, Kevojoki valley,
20.VIII.1965 Ahti 20775 (H).
Lichenopeltella santessonii (P.M. Kirk &
Spooner) R. Sant. – Figs. 17, 45 Q
Ascomata catathecioid, supercial, 100–120
µm diam, dark brown, sometimes with short se-
tae around the ostiole. Asci 34–50 × 11–12 µm,
mean 41.9 × 11.4 µm (n=14, two collections), bi-
tunicate, wall CR–, 8-spored. Ascospores 12–17
× 3–5 µm, mean 14.1 × 3.5 µm (n=33, two col-
Fig. 16. Lichenopeltella peltigericola (A, D, H = 1967 Pankakoski; B, E, G = 1944 Klingstedt; C, F =
Haikonen 13629; I = 1981 Kvist; J = 1946 Kukkonen), A–C = ascospores, D–F = asci in different stages of
maturity, G = ectal excipulum, H, I = setae and cells surrounding the ostiole, J = catathecia on ventral side of
host thallus. Bars (A–I) 10 μm, (J) 1 mm.

18 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
lections), septate, slightly constricted at septum,
may contain guttules. Paraphyses or periphyses
not observed. Setae surrounding the ostiole, 15 ×
4 µm, thick-walled.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. canina, P. leu-
cophlebia, P. praetextata, P. rufescens, P. scab-
rosa. Also found on Lobaria linita, L. pulmo-
naria (L.) Hoffm., and Nephroma expallidum
(Nyl.) Nyl. during this study.
Lichenopeltella santessonii appears to be wide-
spread and frequent. The catathecioid ascomata
form on the older thalli of several Peltigera spe-
cies, usually on the veins of the underside thallus
lobes, but occasionally also on the upper surface.
Distinguished from L. peltigericola by larger
ascomata, asci and ascospores. The species was
rst recorded from Finland by Toivanen (2008).
Reported also from Sweden.
Selected specimens studied (out of 37): Ahvenanmaa.
Jomala, Kungsö, 14.VIII.1945 Fagerström (H). Var-
sinais-Suomi. Lohja, Jalassaari, 10.IX.1917 Lindberg
(H)*. Parainen, Ålö, 7.1916 Pesola (H)*. Uusimaa. Es-
poo, Nuuksio, 18.XI.1934 Puolanne (H, two specimens).
Etelä-Karjala. Miehikkälä, Virokoski, 29.VIII.1967 Fa-
gerström (H)*. Satakunta. Eura, Kauttua, 16.XI.1946
Klingstedt (H). Etelä-Häme. Hollola, Upila, 1876 Norr-
lin (H). Tampere, Teisko, 3.VIII.1967 Laine (TUR, on
Lobaria pulmonaria). Etelä-Savo. Mäntyharju, Haarala
railway stop, 9.VIII.1964 Suominen (H). Pohjois-Häme.
Fig. 17. Lichenopeltella santessonii (A, D, G–I, K = 1915 Räsänen; B, E = 1917 Lindberg; F = 1967 Fagerström; C,
J = 1965 Huuskonen; L = 1933 Häyrén), A–C = ascospores, D = mature asci with ascospores, E, F = empty asci, G
= opening, bitunicate ascus, H = medullary excipulum, I = seta, margin of ostiole, J = ectal excipulum, K = detail of
catathecium, L = catathecia on ventral side of host thallus. Bars (A–K) 10 μm, (L) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 19
Saarijärvi, Parish village, 15.VII.1933 Häyrén (H)*.
Pohjois-Savo. Juankoski, Säyneinen, 8.1965 Huuskonen
(H). Perä-Pohjanmaa. Simo, Syvälahti, 2.VIII.1915 Rä-
sänen (H)*. Koillismaa. Kuusamo, Juuma, 12.VI.1980
Vitikainen 9973 (H). Kittilän Lappi. Kolari, Teura-
vuoma, 7.1933 Vaasio (H). Enontekiön Lappi. Enon-
tekiö, Kilpisjärvi, SE-Saana 31.VII.1949 Huuskonen
(TUR, on Nephroma expallidum); Porojärvet, Anjelonji,
28.VII.1955 Henssen Le 169 (TUR, on Nephroma expal-
lidum). Inarin Lappi. Utsjoki, Linkkapahta, 12.VII.1964
Laine (TUR, on Nephroma expallidum).
Nanostictis peltigerae M.S. Christ.
– Figs. 18, 45 R
Ascomata apothecioid, 0.15–0.25 mm, super-
cial, disc-shaped, margin prominent, cracked,
white. Asci 39–59 × 4–6.5(–10) µm, mean 50.5
× 5.6 µm (n=20, three collections), cylindrical,
thin-walled, thickened at the apex. 8-spored. As-
cospores 32–69 × 1–2 µm, mean 49.9 × 1.5 µm
(n=30, three collections), hyaline, thread-like,
twisted together in a bundle. Paraphyses 1.5–2
µm thick, septate, branched, with the tips often
Fig. 18. Nanostictis peltigerae (A, D, I, L = Kytövuori & Suominen 916; B, E = 1979 Ervi; C, G, H, K = 1948 af Häll-
ström; F = Vänskä 3389; M = 1917 Lindberg), A–C = ascospores, D–G = asci in different stages of maturity, H = broken
asci with ascospores, commonly seen in squash mounts, I, J = paraphyses, K = setae, L = excipulum, M = apothecia.
Bars (A–L) 10 μm, (M) 1 mm.

20 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
somewhat swollen. Excipular cells rounded, ca
5 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. canina, P. leu-
cophlebia, P. neckeri, P. neopolydactyla, P. poly-
dactylon, P. scabrosa, P. praetextata, P. rufes-
cens. Reported also from Peltigera malacea.
The white, thick-rimmed apothecia of Nanostic-
tis peltigerae are usually crowded on the ventral
side of the host thallus, partly immersed in the
hyphae. Occasionally the apothecia may form
on the dorsal side, partly immersed when young,
supercial at maturity. Microscopically easily
identied by the vermiform ascospores. Report-
ed also from Norway and Sweden.
Selected specimen studied (out of 77): Varsinais-Suomi.
Lohja, Jalassaari, 19.IX.1917 Lindberg (H, two speci-
mens)*. Uusimaa. Kirkkonummi, Porkkala, 3.V.1970
Alanko 14709 (H)*. Kouvola, Elimäki, 23.IX.1958
Klingstedt (H). Mäntsälä, Ohkola, 13.X.1963 Kytövuori
& Suominen 916 (H)*. Sipoo, Mårtensby, 24.VII.1948
af Hällström (H, two specimens)*. Siuntio, Övitsby,
27.VIII.1968 Vänskä 3389 (H)*. Etelä-Karjala. Mie-
hikkälä, Hauhia, 8.VII.1968 Fagerström (H). Satakunta.
Kankaanpää, Venesjärvi , 2.VII.1934 Laurila (H). Etelä-
Häme. Jyväskylä, Korpilahti, Putkilahti, 15.VIII.1979
Ervi (H)*. Etelä-Savo. Hirvensalmi, Kilkinkylä,
22.VI.1958 Räsänen (TUR). Etelä-Pohjanmaa. Alavus,
Keskikylä, 2.VI.1947 Leppälä (H). Pohjois-Häme. Kan-
nonkoski, Lakomäki, VI.1894 Kihlman (H). Äänekoski,
Kuhnamojärvi-W, 11.V.1947 Klingstedt (H). Pohjois-
Savo. Heinävesi, Tyvi, 7.VI.2002 Haikonen 21373 (H).
Pieksämäki, Jäppilä, 18.VII.1964 Takala (H). Pohjois-
Karjala. Joensuu, Tuupovaara, Rekivaara, Takala 3650
(H). Polvijärvi, Sotkuma, 11.X.1964 Lehväslaiho (H).
Keski-Pohjanmaa. Kokkola, Kälviä, Peitso, 1.VIII.1923
Kujala (H). Kainuu. Kajaani, Nuasjärvi, 6.VIII.1921
Huuskonen (H). Perä-Pohjanmaa. Simo, Syvälahti,
23.IX.1922 Räsänen (H). Koillismaa. Kuusamo, Pal-
jakka, 8.VII.1981 Alava 19635, 19636, 19638 (TUR).
Enontekiön Lappi. Enontekiö, between Palojoensuu and
Muotkajärvi, 22.VII.1956 Huuskonen (H). Inarin Lappi.
Inari, Sarviniemi, 7.VII.1910 Renvall (H).
Nectriopsis lecanodes (Ces.) Diederich &
Schroers – Figs. 19, 45 S
Ascomata perithecioid, 0.18–0.26 mm, globose
to subglobose, white, hairy or pruinose. Asci 39–
70 × 4–8 µm, mean 53.4 × 6.0 µm (n=14, three
collections), cylindrical, very thin-walled but
slightly thickened at apex, 8-spored. Ascospores
8–11 × 2.5–4 µm, mean 9.6 × 3.5 µm (n=30,
three collections), ellipsoid, slightly verrucu-
lose, septate, sometimes slightly constricted at
septum, may contain guttules. Setae 2 µm diam,
septate. Excipular cells rounded, thin-walled,
4–8 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. canina, P. collina,
P. malacea, P. neopolydactyla, P. praetextata, P.
rufescens. Also found during this study on Neph-
Fig. 19. Nectriopsis lecanodes (A = 1951 Klingstedt; B, E = Vitikainen 8680; C, D = 1945 af Hällström), A = ascospores,
B = asci with unripe ascospores, C = hairs, D = excipulum, E = perithecia. Bars (A–D) 10 μm, (E) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 21
roma resupinatum (L.) Ach. and Lobaria scro-
biculata (Scop.) DC.
The ascomata of Nectriopsis lecanodes are su-
percial and scattered on the dorsal cortex of
the host thallus. Reported also from Norway and
Sweden.
Specimens studied: Ahvenanmaa. Kökar, 15.VI.1934
Kari, on Lobaria scrobiculata (TUR). Varsinais-Suomi.
Lohja, 6.IX.2008 Pykälä 33671 (H). Salo, Särkisalo, För-
by, 1.VIII.1985 Alava 21256 (TUR). Turku, 15.X.1938
Laurila (H); Ispoinen, 8.IX.1908 Linkola (H); Kakskerta,
17.VIII.1934 Kari (TUR), 15.VII.1934 Kari (TUR); Ruis-
salo, 11.IX.1932 Kari (TUR). Vihti, Olkkala, 2.IV.1897
Lång (H). Uusimaa. Hanko, Tvärminne, 9.VIII.1978
Vitikainen 8680 (H)*. Tuusula 12.X.1941 Häyrén (H).
Etelä-Häme. Hartola, 23.VII.1945 af Hällström (H)*.
Fig. 20. Niesslia peltigericola (A, E, L, N = 1958 Huuskonen; B, F = Takala 1271; C, G = 1936 Auer; D, H, J, M =
1873 Lang; I = 1981 Kvist; K = 1955 Henssen), A–D = ascospores, E–I = asci in different stages of maturity, J = setae,
K = cells on excipulum, L = medullary excipulum, M = ectal excipulum, N = perithecia. Bars (A–M) 10 μm, (N) 1 mm.

22 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Jyväskylä, Korpilahti, 1873 Vainio, on Nephroma resu-
pinatum (TUR). Koski 1871 Vainio (TUR). Etelä-Savo.
Kouvola, 14.X.1951 Klingstedt (H)*.
Niesslia peltigericola (D. Hawksw.) Etayo
– Figs. 20, 45 T
Ascomata perithecioid, supercial, globose,
black, 40–80 µm diam, setose. Setae prominent,
20–48 µm long, usually in the upper part of the
perithecium. Asci 40–58 × 10–14 µm, mean 49.7
× 12.7 µm (n=20, three collections), bitunicate,
cylindrical or sack-shaped, hyaline, CR–. As-
cospores 10–15 × 4–4.5 µm, mean 13 × 4.8 µm
(n=30, three collections), spindle-shaped, thin-
walled, septate, sometimes slightly constricted
at septum, with or without guttules. Paraphyses
not present. Ectal excipulum of textura angularis,
cells thick-walled, 4–6 µm diam. Medullary ex-
cipulum of textura globosa, cells 4–6 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. leucophlebia, P.
malacea, P. scabrosa. Reported also on P. bri-
tannica (Gyeln.) Holt.-Hartw. & Tønsberg (Nor-
din et al. 2010).
Niesslia peltigericola has a typical pyrenomyc-
etous appearance, with its dark, setose, perithe-
cia, which form in abundance both on the dorsal
and ventral sides on older, dying or dead lobes
of the host thalli. The species is common and
widespread in Finland. It was rst recorded from
Finland by Toivanen (2008).
Selected specimens studied (out of 113): Ahvenanmaa.
Hammarland, Signilskär, 15.VI.1969 Björkwall (H)*.
Varsinais-Suomi. Karjalohja, Karkali, 31.V.1962 Suo-
minen & Koponen 4148 (H). Uusikaupunki, Arvassalo,
8.IV.1981 Laine (TUR). Uusimaa. Askola, Monninkylä,
25.VII.1940 Tynni (H). Raasepori, Tammisaari, Öster-
by, 23.XI.1929 Häyrén (H). Etelä-Karjala. Kouvola,
Anjalankoski, 21.VII.1969 Fagerström (H). Ylämaa,
Hujakkala, 29.IV.1941 Laurila (H). Satakunta. Kan-
kaanpää, Venesjärvi, 8.VII.1934 Laurila (H). Etelä-
Häme. Luhanka, Parish village, 1873 Lang (H)*. Ypäjä,
Vähäsuo, 4.XII.1966 Kantee (H). Etelä-Savo. Luumäki,
Harattalanjärvi-N, 4.VII.1965 Takala 1271 (H)*. Suo-
menniemi, Kiesilä, 8.VIII.1983 Vitikainen 10725 (H).
Laatokan Karjala. Parikkala, Kolmikanta, 18.IV.1987
von Bach 139 (H). Etelä-Pohjanmaa. Isokyrö, Orisberg,
12.VI.1903 Rancken (H). Kristiinankaupunki, Lappfjärd,
Pyhävuori, 3.V.1953 Railonsala (TUR). Pohjois-Häme.
Jyväskylä, 21.VI.1912 Leino (H); Saarijärvi, Parish vil-
lage, 23.IX.1959 Ahti 9011 (H). Pohjois-Savo. Kuopio,
Neulamäki, 11.V.1947 Huuskonen (TUR). Pohjois-
Karjala. Ilomantsi, Hattu, Ahopelto, 5.VIII.1968 Mak-
simainen (H). Keski-Pohjanmaa. Kokkola, Kaarlela,
23.V.1967 Takala 3197 (H). Kainuu. Ristijärvi, Musta-
vaara, 27.VI.1936 Auer (H*, TUR). Oulun Pohjanmaa.
Oulunsalo, Sanginjoki, 8.X.1973 Ulvinen (H). Perä-
Pohjanmaa. Pello, Juoksenjoki, 19.VIII.1970 Vitikainen
6622 (H). Koillismaa. Salla, NE of church, 31.VII.1964
Suominen (H); Ruuhijoki, 5.VII.1981 Kvist (H)*. Kitti-
län Lappi. Kittilä, Alakylä, 20.IX.1956 Ahti (H); Isovaa-
ra, 17.VI.1908 Lång (H). Sodankylän Lappi. Sodankylä,
Nattastunturit, 10.VI.1959 Ahti 10156 (H). Enontekiön
Lappi. Kilpisjärvi, Saana, 18.VI.1955 Henssen (H, two
specimens)*; Ropinsalmi, 17.VIII.1958 Huuskonen (H)*.
Inarin Lappi. Utsjoki, Sujala, 11.VIII.1964 Hakulinen
(TUR).
Pezizella epithallina (W. Phillips & Plowr.)
Sacc. – Figs. 21, 45 U
Ascomata apothecioid, supercial, disc-shaped,
plane, 0.2–0.34 mm diam, colour varies from
very pale to darker orange, translucent, margins
often paler than the disc, very shortly stipitate,
often appearing sessile. Asci cylindrical-clavate,
unitunicate, 63–105 × 10–15 µm, mean 84.7 ×
12.4 µm (n=20, one collection), thickened at
the apex, 8-spored. Ascospores 10–14 × 4–7
µm, mean 11.3 × 4.6 µm (n=30, one collection),
elongate-ellipsoid, simple, occasionally septate,
slightly attenuated at the other end. Paraphy-
ses of ascal length, 2 µm wide, septate, slightly
swollen at the apices. Ectal excipulum parenchy-
matous, composed of thin-walled cells, 5–7 µm
diam.
Hosts: Peltigera rufescens. Reported also on P.
lepidophora and P. membranacea.
The supercial orange apothecia of Pezizella
epithallina on the dorsal cortex of the host make
this lichenicolous microfungus easily visible.
This rare species was rst recorded from Finland
by Toivanen (2008). Reported also from Norway
and Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Parainen, 9.X.1969
Alava (TUR). Etelä-Häme. Kuhmoinen, Puukkos tenkylä,
21.X.1911 Linkola (H)*.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 23
Phoma epiparmelia Vouaux – Figs. 22, 45 V
Pycnidia globose, black, immersed, with only
the ostiole visible. Conidia 4–6.5 × 2–4 µm,
mean 5.2 × 2.9 µm (n=30, one collection), glo-
bose-ellipsoid. Pycnidial wall pseudoparenchy-
matous, cells 4–8 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. leucophlebia.
Fig. 21. Pezizella epithallina (1911 Linkola), A = ascospores, B = asci in different stages of maturity, C = paraphyses,
D = paraphyses and unripe asci, E = detail of apothecial margin, F = excipulum, G = apothecia. Bars (A–F) 10 μm, (G)
1 mm.

24 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Phoma epiparmelia lives on the dorsal host thal-
lus and does not harm its host. May be confused
with Phoma peltigerae. The species is reported
as new to Finland.
Specimens studied: Ahvenanmaa. Jomala, Kungsö,
13.V.1940 Fagerström (H). Uusimaa. Pernaja, Hardom,
3.VIII.1956 Klingstedt (H). Koillismaa. Salla, Kaunis-
harju, 18.VII.1981 Kvist (H).
Phoma peltigerae (P. Karst.) D. Hawksw.
– Figs. 23, 45 W
Pycnidia globose, black, immersed, only the osti-
ole visible. Conidia 3.5–6.5 × 1.5–2 µm, mean
5.1 × 1.7 µm (n=30, three collections), elongate,
hyaline. Pycnidial wall pseudoparenchymatous,
cells 6–9 µm diam.
The pycnidia of Phoma peltigerae form mostly
on the dorsal host thallus either scattered or in
groups. The infected area is darker than the nor-
mal colour of the host thallus. Phoma peltigerae
differs from Phoma epiparmelia by its more
elongate conidia and larger cells.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. canina, P. didac-
tyla, P. leucophlebia, P. praetextata, P. rufes-
cens.
Specimens studied: Ahvenanmaa. Lemland, Nåtö,
30.VIII.1968 Hæggström (H). Lohja, Jantoniemi
28.V.1951 Pusa (H); Varola, 1.X.2005 Pykälä 28096 (H);
Immula, 6.IX.2008 Pykälä 33666 (H). Turku, Ispoinen
8.IX.1908 Linkola (H); Ruissalo 11.IX.1932 Kari (TUR):
Uusimaa. Espoo, Westend 11.XI.1936 Malmström (H).
Helsinki, X.1896 Lång (H). Nurmijärvi, Kiljava rail-
way stop, 15.VI.1964 Suominen (H). Orimattila, Niemi,
2.IX.1914 Linkola (H). Sipoo, Råberget 23.VIII.1944
af Hällström (H). Vantaa, Kårböle, 1.V.1942 Marklund
(H). Satakunta. Pori, Toukari, 12.V.1950 Isoviita (H).
Etelä-Häme. Hämeenlinna, Aulangonvuori, 6.VIII.1933
Häyrén (H); Lammi, Evo, 1874 Norrlin 248b (H); Evo,
Vahtervehmas, 25.X.1964 Koponen & Suominen (H).
Orivesi, Längelmäki, 18.VIII.1952 Pusa (H). Nokia,
Siuro, 27.7.1990 Kääntönen (H). Urjala, Kivijärvi,
10.IX.1950 Fagerström (H). Etelä-Savo. Kouvola, Val-
keala, 16.VI.1990 Kuusinen 2700 (H). Etelä-Pohjan-
maa. Alavus, Keskikylä, 2.VI.1947 Leppälä (H). Poh-
jois-Häme. Ähtäri 5.VII.1940 Tynni (H). Pohjois-Savo.
Mikkeli, Haukivuori, 6.VI.1965 Takala 954 (H). Iisalmi
20.VI.1945 Huuskonen (H). Pohjois-Karjala. Juuka,
Polvela, 7.VIII.1971 Takala 7511 (H). Lieksa, Paha-Koli,
19.VIII.1983 Kvist (H). Ruunaa, Tienpää 31.V.1938 Löm-
fors (H). Juankoski, Säyneinen, 29.VII.1970 Vitikainen
6076 (H). Joensuu, Tuupovaara, 29.VIII.1967 Takala
3591 (H); Tuupovaara, Öllölä, 29.X.1967 Takala 3738
(H). Tohmajärvi, Värtsilä, 17.VI.1915 Linkola (H). Perä-
Pohjanmaa. Simo, Pahnila, 24.VII.1951 Hakulinen (H).
Fig. 22. Phoma epiparmelia (1925 Linkola), A = conidia, B = detail of host cortex cells, C = openings of pycnidia on
dorsal side of host cortex. Bars (A, B) 10 μm, (C) 1 mm.
Fig. 23 Phoma peltigerae (1950 Fagerström), A = conidia, B = detail of host cortex cells. Bar 10 μm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 25
Koillismaa. Kuusamo, Paljakka, 14.VI.1980 Vitikainen
10072 (H). Inarin Lappi. Inari, E of Sevettijärvi road,
22.VII.1974 Kvist (H). Utsjoki, Kevo, Könkäänpahta,
21.VIII.1974 Ahti & Vitikainen 8284 (H).
Plectocarpon peltigerae Zhurb., Ertz,
Diederich & Miądl. – Figs. 24, 45 X
Ascomata stromatic, gall-forming, 0.5 mm diam.
Asci 44–66 × 13–16 µm, mean 55.8 × 14.5 µm
(n=12, one collection), clavate with thick and
hyaline walls, thickened at the apex, 4-spored.
Ascospores 19–24 × 4.5–7.5 µm, mean 21.2 ×
5.9 µm (n=30, one collection), 3-septate, slightly
constricted at septa, cell walls thick and hyaline
(CR–), slightly verrucose at surface, young spores
smooth, with or without guttules. Paraphyses 2
µm diam, longer than asci, apices slightly swol-
len. Ectal excipulum composed of dark, almost
black, thin-walled cells, 3–5 µm diam.
Host: Peltigera leucophlebia. The species has
also been reported from Peltigera aphthosa
(Nordin et al. 2010).
Plectocarpon peltigerae forms black, stromatic,
elevated ascomata on the dorsal cortex of its
host. The ascomata are surrounded by a circu-
lar depression and a at, brown, external ring.
Supercially this species may be confused with
Arthonia fuscopurpurea or A. peltigerea which
Fig. 24. Plectocarpon peltigerae (Haikonen 21623), A = ascospores, B = asci, C = paraphyses, D = excipulum, E =
elevated patch on host thallus caused by P. peltigerae. Bars (A–D) 10 μm, (E) 1 mm.

26 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
have a somewhat similar growth manner also
on Peltigera. However, its ascomata are more
gall-like and in the presence of mature asci, it is
easily distinguished by its 3-septate ascospores.
The species was rst recorded from Finland by
Toivanen (2008). Reported also from Norway
and Sweden.
Specimen studied: Pohjois-Karjala. Juuka, Pääkylä,
13.VIII.2002 Haikonen 21623 (H)*.
Fig. 25. Polycoccum peltigerae (A, C = 1915 Räsänen; B, D, I = 1935 Laurila; E–H, J = 1937 Häyrén; K = 1966 Roi-
vainen), A, B = ascospores, C = mature asci, D, E = young asci, F = ascus base, G = pseudoparaphyses, H = medullary
excipulum, I = ectal excipulum, J, K = ostioles of perithecia visible in host cortex. Bars (A–I) 10 μm, (J, K) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 27
Polycoccum peltigerae (Fuckel) Vězda
– Figs. 25, 46 Y
Ascomata immersed, globose, dark-brown to
black, ostiolar area erumpent. Asci 65–111 ×
8–11 µm, mean 87.5 × 9.5 µm (n=20, three col-
lections), bitunicate, elongate-clavate. 8-spored.
Ascospores 10–16 × 4.5–6 µm, mean 13.5 × 5.2
µm (n=30, three collections), ellipsoid, thin-
walled, septate, slightly constricted at septum.
Pseudoparaphyses branched, septate, 2 µm
diam. Ectal excipulum of textura angularis, cells
thick-walled, 10 µm diam. Medullary excipulum
of textura globulosa, cells 4–10 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera didactyla, P. praetextata, P.
rufescens, P. polydactyla. Reported also from P.
canina (Hawksworth 1978).
Polycoccum peltigerae causes necrotic, 2–3 mm
wide, gall-like swellings on the dorsal thallus
of the host. The ascomata are immersed but the
papillate ostioles break through the cortex and
are visible either in a scattered fashion or in cir-
cular formations. Polycoccum peltigerae has a
Cyclothyrium-type anamorph (Kirk et al. 2001).
Reported also from Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Lohja, Jalassaari,
19.IX.1917 Lindberg (H); Muijala, 18.V.2003 Pykälä
22765, 22769 (H), 28.IV.2007 Pykälä 30831 (H); Ojamo,
18.IV.2005 Pykälä 26582, 26584, 26600 (H). Paimio,
Huso, 9.XI.1972 Alava 11422 (TUR). Parainen, Ersby,
12.X.1969 Alava 8379a, 8392a (TUR). Raasepori, Poh-
ja, Ekerö, 12.IX.1937 Häyrén (H)*. Turku, Ispoinen,
29.IV.1923 Vainio (TUR); Muhkuri, 8.VI.1936 Auer
(TUR); Ruissalo, 22.VII.1922 Kari (TUR). Kemiön-
saari, Västanfjärd, Västerillo, 5.X.1966 Roivainen (H)*.
Uusimaa. Helsinki, Laajasalo, 5.X.1924 Häyrén (H).
Lapinjärvi, Käkikoski, 23.IX.1989 Haikonen 10952
(H). Vantaa, Korso, 3.X.1915 Räsänen (H)*. Satakun-
ta. Kankaanpää, Luomajärvi, 29.VI.1935 Laurila (H*,
TUR). Etelä-Häme. Hattula, Ellilä, 22.VIII.1933 Linkola
(H). Hollola, Harsala, 1872 Vainio (TUR). Etelä-Savo.
Imatra, Linnankoski, 24.IV.1991 Thurén 1473 (H). Poh-
jois-Häme. Jyväskylä, Tourujoki, 21.VI.1913 Linkola
(H). Pohjois-Savo. Kuopio, Särkilahti, 30.VII.1935
Linkola (H).
Polycoccum superciale D. Hawksw. &
Miądl. – Fig. 46 Z
Ascomata perithecioid, supercial, dark-brown
to blackish. Asci bitunicate, 8-spored. As-
cospores elongate-ellipsoid, septate, constricted
at septum, brown, smooth. Pseudoparaphyses
branched and septate.
Host: Peltigera canina. Reported also from
Peltigera malacea.
Polycoccum superciale forms supercial dark-
coloured perithecia on the dorsal side of the host
thallus. The species was rst recorded from Fin-
land by Toivanen (2008). Reported also from
Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Parainen, Hout-
skär, Hyppeis, 1.VII.1991 Bruun (H). Uusimaa. Tam-
misaari, Alglo 2.VIII.1978 Vitikainen 9706 (H).
Polydesmia lichenis Huhtinen & R. Sant.
– Figs. 26, 46 AA
Ascomata apothecioid, supercial, 0.16–0.34
mm diam. from light yellow to light brown, mar-
gins often paler than the disc, pruinose, margin
and anks hairy, sessile. Asci 83–120 × 9–13 µm,
mean 101.7 × 10.2 µm (n=31, two collections),
cylindric-clavate, abundant. Ascospores 10–25 ×
3–5 µm, mean 15.9 × 4.1 µm (n=31, two collec-
tions), ellipsoid to elongate, length varies, 0–3
-septate, may contain greenish guttules. Para-
physes ca 2 µm wide, thin, undulating, septate,
branching. Ectal excipulum of textura angularis,
cells 2–5 µm diam. Hairs thin, undulating.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. leucophlebia.
Polydesmia lichenis has a very characteristic
apperance, with its supercial, white, pruinose
apothecia, that usually occur in groups on the
older parts of the host, usually on the dorsal side,
but occasionally also ventrally. The species was
rst recorded from Finland by Toivanen (2008).
Reported also from Norway and Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Lohja, Immu-
la, 6.IX.2008 Pykälä 33668 (H). Uusimaa. Helsinki,
Huopalahti, 8.X.1911 Kivenheimo (H). Kirkkonummi,
Porkkala, 13.XII.1987 Heino 170 (H)*. Etelä-Häme.
Hattula, Pekola, 20.IX.1931 Häyrén (H)*. Kuhmoinen,
Tehi, 18.X.1911 Linkola (H)*. Hämeenlinna, Lammi,
Evo, 25.X.1964 Koponen & Suominen (H)*. Etelä-Savo.
Suomenniemi, Kiesilä, 8.VIII.1983 Vitikainen 10712
(H)*. Pohjois-Karjala. Juuka, Tahkovaara, 22.VIII.1960
Huuskonen (H)*. Joensuu, Tuupovaara, Töppyniemi,
13.X.1967 Takala 3710 (H)*.

28 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Pronectria erythrinella (Nyl.) Lowen
– Figs. 27, 46 BB
Ascomata perithecioid, immersed in the host
thallus, with only the neck and ostiole erumpent,
white to yellowish, the exposed part ca 0.2 mm
diam. Asci 52–84 × 7.5–10 µm, mean 62.5 × 8.8
µm (n=20, three collections), cylindrical, thick-
ened at the apices, 8-spored. Ascospores 13–22
× 4–7 µm, mean 17.7 × 5.4 µm (n=30, three
collections), roundly ellipsoid, smooth, thin-
walled, septate, sometimes slightly constricted
at septum, may contain guttules. Periphyses thin,
short.
Hosts: Peltigera canina, P. didactyla, P. hymeni-
na, P. leucophlebia.
The ascomata of Pronectria erythrinella are im-
mersed in the dorsal host thallus in dense groups,
only the erumpent necks are visible through
Fig. 26. Polydesmia lichenis (A, D, F, L = 1960 Huuskonen; B, E, H, I = Heino 170; C, G, K = 1911 Linkola; J = 1931
Häyrén), A–C = ascospores, D–G = asci in different stages of maturity, H = ascogenous cells with croziers, J–L =
apothe cia, I = excipulum. Bars (A–I) 10 μm, (J–L) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 29
cracks in the host cortex. The infection sites are
grayish indicating that the species may be harm-
ful to its host. P. erythrinella has an Illosporium-
type anamorph.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Turku, Kärsämä-
ki, 1.VI.1936 Auer (TUR); Kaarinan hautausmaa,
29.VI.1950 Merisuo (TUR). Uusimaa. Espoo, railway
station, 12.XI.1911 Linkola (H). Sipoo, Träsk, 13.X.2006
Pykälä 29824 (H). Loviisa, Ruotsinpyhtää, Strömfors
industrial area, 11.X.1956 Klingstedt (H). Hanko, Tvär-
minne, 7.VIII.1907 Koponen (H); Långskär 11.VIII.1907
Brofeldt (TUR). Etelä-Häme. Kuhmoinen, Savi-Hukki
21.X.1911 Linkola (H). Kärkölä, Järvelä, 30.VII.1926
Peltomaa (H); Järvelä, Pappila, 30.VII.1926 Peltomaa
(H). Etelä-Savo. Imatra, Vuoksenniska, 19.VI.1922
Linkola (H). Etelä-Pohjanmaa. Kurikka, Mieto,
2.VII.1965 Suominen (H). Pohjois-Häme. Laukaa,
Karlvik 6.VII.1913 Linkola (H); Nurmijärvi, Saviniemi
17.VII.1962 Hakulinen (TUR). Pohjois-Savo. Kuopio,
Suovu, 3.VI.1906 Linkola (TUR). Kainuu. Suomussal-
mi, Ala-Vuokki, 5.VII.1936 Auer (TUR). Perä-Pohjan-
maa. Kemijärvi, Joutsijärvi, 30.VII.1964 Suominen (H);
Joutsijärvi railway yard, 30.VII.1964 Suominen (H). Ro-
vaniemi, Muurola, 27.VII.1964 Suominen (H). Kuusa-
mo. Salla, Kuoppasoja, 31.VII.1964 Suominen (H); Pieni
Pyhätunturi 4.VII.1981? (H). Kittilän Lappi. Kittilä, Te-
pasto, 25.VII.1977 Ulvinen (TUR). Inarin Lappi. Utsjo-
ki, Nuorgam, 12.VIII.1962 Hakulinen (TUR); Vetsikko,
17.VI.1980 Kvist (H).
Fig. 27. Pronectria erythrinella (A= 1956 Klingstedt; B, D, G = 1926 Peltomaa; C, E, F = 1964 Suominen; H = 1911
Linkola), A–C = ascospores, D, E = asci, F = tips of asci, G = periphyses, H = necks of ostioles rupturing the host cortex.
Bars (A–G) 10 μm, (H) 1 mm.

30 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Pronectria robergei (Mont. & Desm.)
Lowen – Figs. 28, 46 DD
Ascomata perithecioid, immersed in the host
thallus, with only the neck and ostiole erum-
pent, yellowish, the exposed part 0.15–0.2 mm
diam. Asci 42–67 × 7–12 µm, mean 59.1 × 9.4
µm (n=12, one collection), cylindrical, thin-
walled, 8-spored. Ascospores 6.5–11.5 × 3–6.5
µm, mean 9.7 × 5.2 µm (n=30, one collection),
roundly ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, septate,
sometimes slightly constricted at septum, may
contain guttules when young. Periphyses thin,
thread-like.
Hosts: Peltigera rufescens, P. didactyla. Re-
ported also from several other Peltigera species.
The ascomata of Pronectria robergei are im-
mersed in the host thallus in dense groups. The
infection sites are greyish, indicating that the
species may be harmful to its host. Reported also
from Norway and Sweden.
Specimens studied: Uusimaa. Helsinki, Pukinmäki,
5.V.1939 Fagerström (H)*; Santahamina, Österudden,
2.X.1979 Pekanpalo 349 (H). Etelä-Karjala. Lappeen-
ranta, Ylämaa, 4.VII.1965 Vitikainen 317 (H)*. Satakun-
ta. Eura, Kauttua, 27.X.1946 Klingstedt (H). Pohjois-
Häme. Jyväskylä, Tourujoki, 21.VI.1913 Linkola (H)*.
Pronectria tenuispora (D. Hawksw.)
Lowen – Figs. 29, 46 EE
Ascomata perithecioid, immersed in the host
thallus, with only the neck and ostiole erumpent,
yellowish to orange, visible part 0.12–0.22 mm
diam. Asci 68–105 × 8–12 µm, mean 83.9 × 9.9
µm (n=16, two collections), cylindrical, some-
what cubical and thickened at apex, 8-spored.
Ascospores 16–22 × 4.5–7 µm, mean 18.6 × 5.9
µm (n=19, two collections), ellipsoid, hyaline
(CR–), septate, septum may be thicker than cell
wall, may contain grayish guttules. Paraphyses
absent. Periphyses 1–1.5 µm diam. Ectal ex-
cipulum of textura angularis, cells thick-walled.
Medullary excipulum of thin-walled cells, 4–9
µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera didactyla, P. rufescens.
The ascomata of Pronectria tenuispora are im-
mersed in the host thallus with only the protrud-
ing neck and ostiole visible. The ascomata of are
usually found in the cracking cortex of the dorsal
side on older parts of the thallus. The species was
recorded as new to Finland by Alstrup (2004).
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Lohja,
4.VIII.2006 Pykälä 29194 & Jääskeläinen (H); Kutsila,
Fig. 28. Pronectria robergei (1939 Fagerström), A = ascospores, B = asci in different stages of maturity, C = periphyses.
Bar 10 μm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 31
9.VII.2004 Pykälä 25023, 27670, 27661, 26584, 27135
(H); Ojamo, 18.IV.2005 Pykälä 26584 (H), 22.VI.2005
Pykälä 27135 (H); Pitkäniemi industrial area, 22.VI.2005
Pykälä 27670, 27661 (H). Parainen, 12.X.1969 Alava
8378 (TUR). Uusimaa. Sipoo, 13.X.2006 Pykälä 29863,
29864, 29865 (H). Etelä-Häme. Kärkölä, Järvelä,
9.X.2005 Haikonen 24487*, 24487 (H). Nastola, Immilä,
15.XI.2003 Haikonen 23113 (H)*. Etelä-Savo. Mikkeli,
Häppälä, 19.IX.2004 Haikonen 23669 (H)*. Pohjois-Sa-
vo. Pieksämäki, Virtasalmi, Ankele, 18.VIII.2003 Haiko-
nen 22641 (H). Kittilän Lappi. Kolari, Äkäsjokisuu,
13.VII.2003 Haikonen 22557 (H).
Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. – Figs. 30, 46 FF
Ascomata perithecioid, immersed to partly erum-
pent, subglobose to obpyriform, dark-brown,
rough-surfaced, glabrous. Asci 63–99 × 12–16
µm, mean 83.2 × 13.7 µm (n=6, one collection),
bitunicate, cylindrical, thick-walled, bent and
tapering towards the base, 4-spored. Ascospores
18–26 × 7–10 µm, mean 21.6 × 8.3 µm (n=30,
two collections), elongate-ellipsoid, 3-septate,
constricted at septa, middle cells thick-walled
Fig. 29. Pronectria tenuispora (A, C, E–G, K = Haikonen 23669; B, D, H–J = Haikonen 24487), A, B = ascospores,
C, D = mature asci, E = unripe asci, F = periphyses, G, H = detail from neck of perithecium, I = ectal excipulum, J =
medullary excipulum, K = perithecia. Bars (A–J) 10 μm, (K) 1 mm.

32 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Fig. 30. Pyrenidium actinellum (A = 1964 Kytövuori & Kytövuori; B–F = 1986 Alava), A, B = ascospores, C = conidia,
D = asci in different stages of maturity, E = paraphyses, F = necks of ostioles in host cortex. Bars (A–E) 10 μm, (F) 1
mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 33
and dark, apical cells thin-walled and lighter,
with or without guttules. Pseudoparaphy-
ses abundant, of ascal length, 2–3 µm diam.,
branched, septate. Conidia 7.5–11 × 3–4.5 µm,
drop-shaped, thin-walled, with a thickening at
the site of attachment.
Hosts: Peltigera collina, P. rufescens, P. venosa
(L.) Hoffm. Also found during this study on Ne-
phroma expallidum. Pyrenidium actinellum oc-
curs also on several other Peltigera species, as
well as the lichens Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Körb.
var. calcarea, Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent,
Diploschistes caesioplumbeus (Nyl.) Vain., Mas-
salongia carnosa (Dicks.) Körb., Solorina cro-
cea (L.) Ach., S. saccata and Toninia squalida
(Ach.) A.Massal. (Hawksworth 1980).
Pyrenidium actinellum forms dark swellings,
1–2 mm in diam, on the dorsal side of the host
thallus, in which the ascomata are crowded. The
black perithecia are from immersed to partly
erumpent. Reported also from Norway and Swe-
den.
Specimens studied: Ahvenanmaa. Finström, Grelsby,
9.VI.1986 Alava 21566 (TUR)*. Etelä-Häme. Ruovesi,
SE of Helvetinkolu, 9.VI.1964 Kytövuori & Kytövuori
(H)*. Pohjois-Savo. Kuopio, Korsumäki, 19.V.1946
Räsänen (TUR). Koillismaa. Salla, Jyrhämä, 6.VIII.1937
Lehtonen & Pankakoski (H). Enontekiön Lappi. Enon-
tekiö, Porojärvet, 21.VII.1955 Henssen (H); Kaaresu-
vanto 7,5 km N, Ikäjärvi-Laivaara, 2.VII.1974 Laine
(TUR, on Nephroma expallidum). Inarin Lappi. Utsjoki,
Kotka pahta, 6.VII.1964 Laine (H).
Rhagadostoma brevisporum (Nav.-Ros. &
Hladún) Nav.-Ros. – Figs. 31, 46 GG
Ascomata perithecioid. Asci 93–134 × 13–21
µm, mean 111.3 × 16.8 µm (n=20, three collec-
tions), unitunicate, clavate, thin-walled, 4-celled.
Ascospores 26–40 × 6–9.5 µm, mean 30.8 × 7.3
µm (n=30, three collections), elongate-cylindri-
cal, thin-walled, 0-1 septate, may contain dark
or hyaline guttules. Paraphyses length of asci or
shorter, septate, constricted at septa, branching.
Host: Peltigera rufescens. Reported also from P.
lepidophora.
Rhagadostoma brevisporum forms dark-brown,
subglobose to globose, irregular-surfaced infec-
tion areas, in which the perithecia are situated.
The species was rst recorded from Finland by
Toivanen (2008). Reported also from Sweden.
Specimens studied: Ahvenanmaa. Kökar, Finnö NW,
3.VII.1979 Kvist (H)*. Kainuu. Paltamo, Melalahti,
28.VII.1970 Alava (TUR)*. Oulun Pohjanmaa. Kii-
minki, 25.VII.1952 Bäck (H)*. Enontekiön Lappi. SE-
Malla, 9.VIII.2009 Rämä.
Scutula dedicata Triebel, Wedin &
Rambold – Figs. 32, 33, 34, 46 HH
Thallus epikapylic. Ascomata apothecioid, su-
percial, 0.2 mm diam., disc yellowish-brown
to black, the margin distinctively black. Asci
30–45 × 8–15 µm, mean 37.7 × 10.4 µm (n=15,
three collections), ellipsoid-cylindrical, thick-
walled, strongly thickened at apex, abundant. As-
cospores 8–14 × 2.5–4 µm, mean 10.1 × 3.0 µm
(n=30, three collections), ellipsoid, 1-septate,
may contain guttules. Paraphyses of ascal length
or longer, 2–2.5 µm diam, septate, branching,
sometimes constricted and swollen at apices.
Macroconidia 5.5–9.5 × 2–3 µm, mean 7.2 × 2.2
µm (n=30, one collection), elongate-ellipsoid,
may contain guttules. Mesoconidia 5–7 × 2–3
µm, mean 6.2 × 2.5 µm (n=30, three collections)
ellipsoid, may contain greenish guttules.
Hosts: Peltigera didactyla, P. neckeri, P. rufes-
cens.
Scutula dedicata forms an epikapylic thallus on
its host, which is visible as a somewhat grainy,
lighter area on which the brownish to dark apoth-
ecia are formed. It may be present on either the
dorsal or ventral sides of the host thallus. Scutula
dedicata has three different pycnidial mitosporic
states of which the microconidial state has been
found only once (Triebel et al. 1997) while the
macroconidia producing Karsteniomyces state
and the mesoconidia producing Libertiella states
are more common. May be confused with Scu-
tula heeri. The species was rst recorded from
Finland by Toivanen (2008). Reported also from
Sweden.

34 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Parainen, Hout-
skär, Hyppeis, 30.III.1991 Bruun (H); Parainen, Ålö,
9.X.1969 Alava (TUR). Lohja, Laakspohja, 18.IX.2004
Pykälä 25665, 25666 (H). Uusikaupunki, Käätyjärvi
W-side, 25.XII.1951 Laine (TUR). Uusimaa. Hanko,
Tvärminne, 14.VII.1929 Häyrén (H)*. Pornainen, Niini-
koski, 3.VIII.1976 Kvist (H)*. Raasepori, Tammisaari,
6.I.1937 Häyrén (H). Etelä-Karjala. Hamina, Vehka-
lahti, 15.VIII.1948 Fagerström (H, two specimens)*,
(TUR). Satakunta. Lappi, Kivikylä, 1.VIII.1957 Såltin
(H). Etelä-Häme. Hollola, Herala, 1874 leg.? (TUR-
V)*. Padasjoki, Nyystölä, 1872 leg.? (TUR-V)*; Sak-
sala, 1872 Lang (TUR-V)*. Pohjois-Häme. Saarijärvi,
Mahlu, 29.VI.1946 Koskinen (TUR). Pohjois-Savo. Lep-
pävirta, Kirkonkylä, 20.VIII.1927 Linkola (H). Oulun
Pohjanmaa. Ylikiiminki, Jokikokko, 22.VIII.1968 Uoti-
la (H). Koillismaa. Salla, Pieni Pyhätunturi, 4.VII.1981
leg.? (H). Sodankylän Lappi. Sodankylä, Sattanen,
18.VI.1980 Kvist (H)*.
Fig. 31. Rhagadostoma brevisporum (A = 1952 Bäck; B, F, G = 1979 Kvist; C–E, H = 1972 Alava), A–C = ascospores,
D = asci, E = paraphyses, F = excipulum, G, H = perithecia on host thallus. Bar (A–F) 10 μm, (G–H) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 35
Scutula epiblastematica (Wallr.) Rehm
– Figs. 35, 46 II
Thallus endokapylic. Ascomata apothecioid,
from light-brown to black; round, almost glo-
bose when young, supercially on the host thal-
lus. Asci 21–43 × 6–13(–17) µm, mean 29.7 ×
9.1 µm (n=20, three collections), ellipsoid to cy-
lindrical, sometimes very thick-walled, strongly
thickened at apex, hyaline, CR–, 8-spored. As-
cospores 6–10 × 3–5 µm, mean 7.9 × 4.0 µm
(n=30, three collections), aseptate or with 1–2
septa, slightly constricted at septa, usually thick-
walled. Paraphyses longer than asci, 3 µm diam,
sometimes thickened at apex, branching, septate,
and sometimes slightly constricted at septa. Ex-
Fig. 32. Scutula dedicata (A, D, J =1872 Lang; B, E, G, I = TUR-V 22518; C, F, H = TUR-V 22514), A–C = ascospores,
D–F = asci in different stages of maturity, G = paraphyses, H = excipulum, I = asci, paraphyses and excipular cells, J =
apothecia and thallus on dorsal side of host cortex. Bars (A–I) 10 μm, (J) 1 mm.

36 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
cipulum of textura globulosa, cells thick-walled,
4–10 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. canina, P. leuco-
phlebia, P. neckeri, P. praetextata, P. rufescens.
The pycnidia and apothecia of Scutula epiblaste-
matica appear in aggregations on distinct infec-
tion areas. The infection area is bleached, which
indicates a parasitic habit (Triebel et al. 1997). S.
epiblastematica has an anamorphic microconi-
dial state, and a mesoconidial Libertiella state
(cf. L. curvispora) May be confused with S. mil-
iaris. Reported also from Norway and Sweden.
Selected specimens studied (out of 97): Ahvenanmaa.
Finström, Grelsby, Mangelbo, 17.V.1989 Alava 22548
(TUR). Varsinais-Suomi. Raasepori, Bromarv, Solbö-
le, 19.V.1927 Linkola & Häyrén (H). Turku, Ispoinen,
29.V.1911 Linkola (TUR-V). Uusimaa. Espoo, Kauk-
lahti, Fiskarudden, 20.VI.1932 Linkola (H). Pernaja,
Hardom, VIII.1912 Klingstedt (H). Satakunta. Pori,
Noormarkku, Paasjoki, 24.VIII.1937 Laurila (H). Etelä-
Häme. Hämeenlinna, 30.IV.1925 Kalliola (H)*. Tam-
mela, Kankola 1870 Kullhem (H). Tampere, Messukylä,
29.V.1902 Högman (H)*. Etelä-Savo. Taipalsaari, Kar-
hunpää, 26.VI.1966 Vitikainen 1284 (H). Kuopio, Siika-
lahti, 5.V.1946 Sepponen (TUR, H) *. Etelä-Pohjanmaa.
Niinimaa, Mustaniemi, Mustakallio, 4.VII.1947 Leppälä
(H)*. Pohjois-Häme. Konnevesi, 1 km NW of village
school, 6.VIII.1964 Valovirta (H).* Saarijärvi, Mahlu,
9.VIII.1935 Koskinen (H, two specimens)*. Pohjois-
Savo. Kuopio, Neulaniemi, 9.XII.1945 Räsänen (H).
Pohjois-Karjala. Juankoski, Säyneinen, Pisankoski,
28.V.1853 Huuskonen (H). Keski-Pohjanmaa. Vimpeli,
Västerbacka, Huosianmaankallio 25.IX.2003 Haikonen
22976 (H). Kainuu. Kuhmo, Lentiira, Kylmälä, 1877
Vainio (TUR-V). Koillismaa. Kuusamo, Vuotunki, Kiu-
kaankorva, 12.VI.1960 Hämet (H). Kittilän Lappi. Muo-
nio, Äkässaivo, VIII.1976 Huuskonen (H)*.
Scutula heeri (Hepp ex A. Massal.) P.
Karst. – Figs. 36, 37, 46 JJ
Thallus epikapylic, homoiomerous, lighter than
host thalli. Ascomata apothecioid, disc plane to
convex, black. Ascospores 10–13.5(–18) × 4–5.5
µm, mean 12.5 × 5.0 µm (n=11, one collection),
ellipsoid, septate, may contain guttules. Paraphy-
ses 4 µm diam, branching, septate, slightly con-
stricted at septa. Macroconidia 10–14 × 2.5–3.5
µm, mean 11.8 × 3.1 µm (n=24, one collection)
elongate, septate, with or without guttules.
Fig. 33. Macroconidial state of Scutula dedicata (1976 Kvist), A = macroconidia, B = conidiophores and conidiogenous
cells, C = ectal excipulum. Bar 10 μm.
Fig. 34. Mesoconidial state of Scutula dedicata (A = 1980 Kvist; B, D, F = 1929 Häyrén; C, E = 1948 Fagerström), A–C
= mesoconidia, D, E = conidiophores and conidiogenous cells, F = excipulum. Bar 10 μm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 37
Host: Peltigera rufescens.
The supercial appearance of S. heeri is very
much like that of S. dedicata. They both form
an epikapylic thallus with dark apothecia on
the host. The Karsteniomyces state of S. heeri
develo ps a distinct thallus also in the absence of
the teleomorph. Microscopically S. heeri is dis-
tinguished from S. dedicata by its larger asco-
spores and much larger macroconidia. S. heeri
has been classied as NT (Near Threatened) in
the 2010 Red List of Finnish Species (Jääskel-
äinen et al. 2010). It was rst recorded from Fin-
land by Toivanen (2008). Previous reports of the
species (Santesson et al. 2004) have proved to be
misidentications. Reported also from Sweden.
Specimens studied: Uusimaa. Hanko, Tvärminne,
3.VII.1911 Linkola (H)*. Helsinki, Vuosaari, 20.IX.2005
Pykälä 27951 (H). Koillismaa. Salla, Oulankajoki,
13.VII.1937 Lehtonen & Pankakoski (H)*.
Fig. 35. Scutula epiblastematica (A, F = 1935 Koskinen; B, H, K = 1976 Huuskonen; C, G = 1947 Leppälä; D, I, J, M
= 1946 Sepponen; E, L = 1902 Högman; N = 1925 Kalliola; O = 1964 Valovirta), A–E = ascospores, F–I = asci in dif-
ferent stages of maturity, J, K = tips of paraphyses, L = asci, paraphyses and excipular cells, M = ectal excipulum, N, O
=apothecia. Bars (A–M) 10 μm, (N, O) 1 mm.

38 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Scutula miliaris (Wallr.) P. Karst.
– Figs. 38, 47 KK
Thallus endokapylic. Ascomata apothecioid, su-
percial, round, light-brown to blackish. Asci
28–58 × 8–14.5 , mean 39 × 10.9 µm (n=20, four
collections), ellipsoid, thickened at the apex,
8-spored. Ascospores 8–15 × 4–7 µm, mean 12.2
× 5.2 µm (n=30, four collections), ellipsoid to
spindle-shaped, non-septate or with one septum.
Paraphyses of ascal length or slightly longer,
1.5–3 µm diam, a little widened at the apex, sep-
tate, branched.
Hosts: Peltigera canina, P. rufescens, P. mala-
cea, P. leucophlebia.
The light brown apothecia of Scutula miliaris are
scattered or sometimes aggregated on the dor-
sal side of the host thallus. Scutula miliaris has
a microconidial state, and a well distinguished
macroconidial Karsteniomyces peltigerae an-
amorph. It differs from Scutula epiblastematica
by not causing visible damage on the host and by
its larger ascospores. The Karsteniomyces pelti-
gerae anamorph differs from the other Karsten-
iomyces types anamorphs by forming an endoka-
pylic thallus, and having large, septate conidia.
Reported also from Norway and Sweden.
Selected specimens studied (out of 90): Varsinais-Suo-
mi. Kemiönsaari, Dragsfjärd, Tynglax, 22.IV.1981 Kvist
(H)*. Paimio, Hirvonpään alitupa, 27.VI.1955 Kukkonen
(H)*. Uusikaupunki, Käätyjärvi-W, 25.XI.1951 Laine
(TUR, two specimens). Uusimaa. Helsinki, Meilahti
5.XI.1911 Linkola ( TUR-V). Etelä-Häme. Kuhmoi-
nen, Päijälä, Rumavuori, 14.IV.1974 Oittinen 5 (H)*.
Tammela, Mustiala, 1869 Kullhem (H, four specimens).
Pohjois-Häme. Jyväskylä, Ristikivenlaakso, 2.VIII.1912
Linkola (TUR-V). Pohjois-Savo. Kuopio, Neulamä-
ki, 14.XII.1933 Lumiala (H)*. Kainuu. Suomussalmi,
Kianta, Parish village, 25.VI.1877 leg.? (TUR-V). Pe-
rä-Pohjanmaa. Kemijärvi, Pyhätunturi, 12.VIII.1925
Linkola (H). Koillismaa. Kuusamo, Juuma, Jäkälävuo-
ma, 6.VII.1981 Lempiäinen (TUR). Salla, Savinajoki,
8.VII.1939 Laurila (H). Sodankylän Lappi. Pelkosen-
niemi, Pyhätunturi, 12.VIII.1925 Linkola (H). Inarin
Lappi. Utsjoki, Kevo, Keneskoski E, 25.VIII.1974 Ahti
29796 & Santesson (H).
Fig. 36. Scutula heeri (1937 Lehtonen & Pankakoski), A = ascospores, B = paraphyses. Bar 10 μm.
Fig. 37. Macroconidial state of Scutula heeri (1911 Linkola), A = macroconidia, B = conidiophores and conidiogenous
cells, C = ectal excipulum, D = pycnidia and thallus of Scutula heeri on host. Bars (A–C) 10 μm, (D) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 39
Stigmidium leucophlebiae Cl. Roux &
Triebel – Figs. 39, 47 LL
Ascomata pseudoperithecioid, immersed, black,
globose, 50–70 µm. Asci 22–30 × 9–14 µm,
mean 26.5 × 11.9 µm (n=8, two collections),
clavate, thickened at the apex, only few (4–5) in
each fruit body, 8-spored. Ascospores 12–16 ×
3–4 µm, mean 12.9 × 3.3 µm (n=13, two col-
lections), septate, upper cell slightly broader and
more rounded than the lower cell, may contain
greenish guttules. Paraphyses or periphyses not
observed (contra to Roux & Triebel 1994). Ec-
tal excipulum of textura angularis, cells thick-
walled, densely packed, 5–8 µm diam. Medu-
llary excipulum of textura globulosa, cells
thin-walled, 2–5 µm diam.
Host: Peltigera leucophlebia.
The only visible signs of S. leucophlebiae on
the host thallus are the ostioles of the ascomata,
which appear as tiny, circular pores, while the
rest of the fruit bodies are completely immersed
in the matrix. Can be confused with S. peltideae.
The species was rst recorded from Finland by
Toivanen (2008). Reported also from Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Salo, Kisko,
1.IX.1971 Laine (TUR); 1.IX.1971 Alava & Alho (TUR).
Etelä-Häme. Hollola, Upila, 1876 Norrlin (H). Oulun
Pohjanmaa. Kiiminki, Talkkunamaa, 5.VI.1923 Räsä-
nen (H)*. Koillismaa. Kuusamo, Juuma, 14.VII.1951
Bäck (H)*.
Stigmidium peltideae (Vain.) R. Sant.
– Figs. 40, 47 MM
Ascomata pseudoperithecioid, immersed, glo-
bose, 50–70 µm, black. Asci 22–39 × 10–18
µm, mean 28.3 × 13.9 µm (n=16, three collec-
Fig. 38. Scutula miliaris (A, C, D, F, H, J, K = Oittinen 5; B, E, I, L = 1981 Kvist; G = 1933 Lumiala), A–C = ascospores,
D, E = asci in different stages of maturity, F = ascus base, G = paraphyses, H, I = setae, J = excipulum, K, L = apothecia.
Bars (A–J) 10 μm, (K, L) 1 mm.

40 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
tions), bitunicate, ellipsoid, thickened at the
apex, only few (4-5) in each fruit body, 8-spored.
Ascospores 8–12.5 × 2.5–4.5 µm, mean 10.4 ×
3.5 µm (n=30, three collections), septate, some-
times slightly constricted, cell slightly inequal
in lenght, with or without guttules. Paraphyses
or periphyses not observed. Ectal excipulum of
textura angularis, cells thick-walled, densely
packed, 5–8 µm diam. Medullary excipulum of
thin-walled cells, 5–8 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. leucophlebia, P.
praetextata, P. venosa. The species has also been
reported from P. canina, P. membranacea and
P. rufescens (Nordin et al. 2010).
Although it is common and widely distributed
S. peltideae is reported as new to Finland. As
with the previous species, the only visible signs
of its presence on the host thallus are the osti-
oles of the ascomata, which appear as tiny, cir-
cular pores, while the rest of the fruit bodies are
completely immersed in the matrix. S. peltideae
differs from the previous species mainly by its
smaller ascospores. Reported also from Norway
and Sweden.
Selected specimens studied (out of 26): Varsinais-
Suomi. Lohja, Immula, 6.IX.2008 Pykälä 33670 (H).
Salo, Kisko, Leilä, 2.IX.1969 Vitikainen 5936 (H). Uu-
simaa. Espoo, Bastvik, 13.XII.1936 Häyrén (H)*. Etelä-
Karjala. Hamina, Vehkalahti, Vehkjärvi, 7.VIII.1967
Fagerström (H). Etelä-Häme. Hämeenlinna, Ruunun-
mylly, 15.X.1964 Huvinen (H). Etelä-Savo. Mäntyhar-
Fig. 39. Stigmidium leucophlebiae (A, C, E, F = 1951 Bäck; B, D = 1923 Räsänen), A, B = ascospores, C, D = asci, E
= extal excipulum, F = perithecia in the host cortex. Bars (A–E) 10 μm, (F) 1 mm.
Fig. 40. Stigmidium peltideae (A, C = 1905 Collan; B, E, G = 1947 Huuskonen; D, F = 1936 Häyrén), A, B = as-
cospores, C–E = asci, F = ectal excipulum, G = pseudoperithecia in the host thallus. Bars (A–F) 10 μm, (G) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 41
ju, Toivola, 10.IX.1917 Linkola (H). Pohjois-Häme.
Jyväskylä, Korpilahti, Vaarunvuori, 25.VI.1916 Linkola
(H). Pohjois-Savo. Kuopio, Halkosaari, 28.V.1905 Col-
lan (H)*. Pohjois-Karjala. Ilomantsi, Kuuksenvaara,
2.IX.1958 Klingstedt (H). Kontiolahti, Kolvananuuro,
V.1940 Huuskonen (H). Keski-Pohjanmaa. Evijärvi,
Järvelä, 21.VI.1907 Backman (H, two specimens). Perä-
Pohjanmaa. Simo, 3.VI.1915 Räsänen (H). Koillismaa.
Kuusamo, Juuma, 14.VII.1951 Bäck (H). Kittilän Lap-
pi. Kittilä, Alakylä, 20.IX.1956 Ahti 268 (H); Levituntu-
ri, Kuru, 25.VII.1936 Räsänen (H). Enontekiön Lappi.
Enontekiö, Kaaresuvanto, 20.VII.1947 Huuskonen (H)*.
Thelocarpon epibolum Nyl – Figs. 41, 47 NN
Ascomata perithecioid, yellowish, supercial.
Asci 65–161 × 17–30 µm, mean 116.3 × 21.3
µm (n=12, three collections), unitunicate, sack-
shaped, thin-walled, multispored. Ascospores
5–13 × 2–3 µm, mean 7.5 × 2.5 µm (n=34, three
collections), elongate, simple. Paraphyses of as-
cal length or longer, 1.5 µm diam, sometimes
slightly swollen at the apices.
Hosts: Peltigera aphthosa, P. canina, P. leu-
cophlebia, P. venosa. Also found during this
study on Nephroma arcticum and Solorina oc-
tospora. Thelocarpon epibolum has a wide range
of substrates, and has also been reported from
Sphagnum mosses and decaying wood, from
polyporaceaous fungi, and from forest litter etc.
(Kocourková-Horáková 1998).
Thelocarpon epibolum is easily visible, as the
fruit bodies are almost completely supercial and
brightly coloured. Two variations are sometimes
recognized based on ascopore size. T. epibolum
var. epibolum is frequent in Finland, while T.
epibolum Nyl. var. epithallinum (Leight.) G.
Salisb., with larger ascospores, is less common.
Here, both variations are included in the distri-
bution map. Recorded also from Norway and
Sweden.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Lohja, Virkkala
church, 20.VII.2004 Pykälä 25153, 25161 (H); Immula,
6.IX.2008 Pykälä 33669 (H); Karstu, S of Ilvesmäki,
20.IX.2008 Pykälä 33958 (H), 20.IX.2008 Pykälä 33959
(H). Raasepori, Bromarv, Solböle 1964 Laitinen (H). Salo,
Kisko, 27.X.1988 Alava 22426 (TUR). Turku, Kaks kerta,
17.VIII.1934 Kari (TUR). Vihti, Olkkala 2.XI.1897
Lång (H). Uusimaa. Hanko,Tvärminne, 1910 Häyrén
(H). Kirkkonummi, 28.IX.1913 Collander (H). Loviisa,
Ruotsinpyhtää, Gäddbergsö, 16.VIII.1984 Vitikainen
1114 6 (H). Nurmijärvi, Kiljava, 15.VI.1964 Haapasaari
1397 (H). Orimattila, Niemi, 2.IX.1914 Linkola (H). Per-
naja, Hardom, 8.1916 Klingstedt (H). Raasepori, Tam-
misaari, Bromarv, 1964 Laitinen (H); Tammisaari, Älgö
24.VI.1952 Hämet (H). Sipoo, Råberget, 6.VIII.1949 af
Hällström (H); Mårtensby, 20.VII.1948 af Hällström (H).
Etelä-Karjala. Hamina, Vehkalahti, 18.VII.1914 Krohn
(H). Kouvola, Anjalankoski, 12.VI.1967 Fagerström (H).
Satakunta. Kankaanpää, Venesjärvi, 8.VII.1934 Laurila
(H, two specimens). Pori, Ahlainen, 31.VIII.1939 Lau-
rila (H). Sastamala, Tyrvää, 68128, 8.VIII.1910 Heikin-
heimo (H). Siikainen, Petkele, 24.VIII.1936 Laurila (H).
Etelä-Häme. Hattula, Pekola, 20.IX.1931 Häyrén (H)*.
Humppila, Myllynkulma, 29.VIII.1952 Fagerström (H).
Janakkala, Harviala, 23.VIII.1931 Linkola (H). Kuh-
moinen, Tehi, 18.X.1911 Linkola (H). Orivesi, Mulkoila,
18.VIII.1952 Pusa (H). Vilppula, Pohjaslahti, 8.VII.1987
Kytövuori 87072a (H)*. Urjala, Kormunti, 15.VI.1952
Fagerström (H). Ylöjärvi, Kuru, 27.VI.1968 Toivonen
(H). Ypäjä, Vähäsuo, 3.XII.1966 Kantee (H). Etelä-Savo.
Imatra, Itä-Siitola, 29.VIII.1950 Rauhala (H). Rantasal-
mi, Voinsalmi, 9.VI.1986 Haikonen 7384 (H)*. Suomen-
niemi, Kiesilä, 8.VIII.1983 Vitikainen 10725 (H). Etelä-
Pohjanmaa. Kristiinankaupunki, Lappfjärd, Pyhävuori,
30.VIII.1946 Railonsala (TUR) on Nephroma arcticum.
Vaasa, Sundom, 28.VII.1950 Bäck (H). Pohjois-Häme.
Jyväskylä, 21.VI.1912 Leino (H); Korpilahti, 1874 Lang
(H); Ylistö 18.VI.1913 Linkola (H). Pihtipudas, Muuras-
järvi N-end, 5.VII.1964 Suominen (H). Saarijärvi, Hän-
nilä, 25.VIII.1944 Koskinen (H); Pyhä-Häkki National
park, 26.VIII.1943 Koskinen (H). Pohjois-Savo. Joroi-
nen, Huutokosken asemasta 1,5 km Joroisiin, 22.VII.1965
Suominen (H). Kuopio, Suovu 3.VIII.1906 Linkola (H);
Korsumäki, 19.V.1946 Räsänen (TUR). Suonenjoki , Ku-
tumäki, 1.VIII.1971 Takala 7502 (H). Pohjois-Karjala.
Juuka, Mataravaara, 8.IX.1970 Takala 5763 (H); Tahko-
vaara, 22.VIII.1960 Huuskonen (H); Kontiolahti, Kolva-
nanuuro, V.1940 Huuskonen (H). Keski-Pohjanmaa.
Kannus, Eskola railway yard, 3.VII.1964 Suominen (H).
Kainuu. Puolanka, Väyrylä, 29.VII.1970 Alava (TUR).
Perä-Pohjanmaa. Keminmaa, church, 24.VII.1964
Suominen (H). Koillismaa. Kuusamo, Juuma, 6.VII.1981
Skytén 3204 (H); Virkkula, Konttainen, 7.VII.1981 Skytén
3261 (H). Kittilän Lappi. Kittilä, Alakylä, 20.IX.1956
Ahti (H). Muonio, Äkäsjokivarsi, VIII.1963 Huuskonen
(H). Sodankylän Lappi. Savukoski, Sokli 18.VIII.1975
Vuokko 183 (H). Enontekiön Lappi. Enontekiö, Hetta,
1867 Norrlin (H); 5.IX.1965 Takala 1998 (H). Kilpis-
järvi, Saana, 1.VIII.1956 Huuskonen (TUR) on Solorina
octospora. Inarin Lappi. Inari, Paatsjoki, Renvall (H).
Xenonectriella lutescens (Arnold) Weese
– Figs. 42, 47 OO
Ascomata perithecioid, 150 µm diam, yellowish
in dried herbaria specimens, colour around the
ostiole lighter or darker. Asci 74–99 × 20–28 µm,
mean 86.2 × 23.7 µm (n=9, one collection), cy-
lindrical, thick-walled. Ascospores 19–25 × 7–9
µm, mean 22.6 × 8.2 µm (n=30, one collection),
broadly fusoid, muricate, outer wall thick, CR+

42 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Fig. 41. Thelocarpon epibolum (A, D, F–H = Haikonen 7384; B, E = Kytövuori 87072a; C, I = 1931 Häyrén), A–C = as-
cospores, D, E = asci, F = paraphyses, G = excipulum, H = ectal excipulum, J = perithecia. Bars (A–H) 10 μm, (J) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 43
Fig. 42. Xenonectriella lutescens (1916 Anttila), A = ascospores, B = germinated ascospore, C = mature asci, D = unripe
asci, E = periphyses, F = excipulum, G = paraphyses, young asci and excipulum, H = perithecia. Bars (A–G) 10 μm,
(H) 1 mm.

44 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Fig. 43. Xenonectriella ornamentata (A, B, D, F, H, I = Vitikainen 10057a; E, G, J = Ahti & Vitikainen 8284; C = Ahti
& Vitikainen 8299), A = mature ascospores, B–D = unripe ascospores, F = detail of neck of perithecia, G, H = ectal
excipulum, I, J = elongated necks of ostioles rupturing the host cortex, H = marginal excipulum. Bars (A–H) 10 μm,
(I, J) 1 mm.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 45
at maturity. Paraphyses of ascal lenght or longer,
5–7 µm diam, not easily visible. Periphyses ca
4 µm wide at base, septate, bending and branch-
ing. Ectal excipulum cells thick-walled, 6–7 µm
diam. Medullary excipulum cells thin-walled,
4–5 µm diam, globose.
Hosts: Peltigera canina, P. didactyla. Reported
also from Collema fasciculare (L.) Weber ex
F.H. Wigg. (Nordin et al. 2010) and Solorina sp.
(Rossman 1999).
Xenonectriella is reported as a new genus to Fin-
land. Ascomata are partially or totally immersed
in the substratum, with the protruding papillae
visible as orange spots. Reported also from Nor-
way.
Specimens studied: Varsinais-Suomi. Lohja, Virkkala
church, 20.VII.2004 Pykälä 25161 (H). Uusimaa. Sipoo,
Löparö, 12.VIII.1916 Anttila (H)*. Etelä-Häme. Längel-
mäki, Päijälä, 10.VII.1986 Miekk-oja (H). Etelä-Savo.
Kouvola, 20.VIII.1949 Klingstedt (H).
Xenonectriella ornamentata (D. Hawksw.)
Rossman – Figs. 43, 46 CC
Ascomata perithecioid, immersed in the host
thallus at rst but breaking through the cortex at
maturity, obpyriform to subglobose, orange-red
to bright red, translucent, glabrous, the exposed
part 100–150 µm diam. Asci 67–101 × 7–10 µm,
mean 87.7 × 8.6 µm (n=20, two collections),
unitunicate, cylindrical, thin-walled, producing
8-spore initials, but mature asci are constantly
4-spored. Ascospores 15–28 × 7.5–10.5 µm,
mean 22.4 × 8.5 µm (n=24, one collection), elon-
gate, thick-walled, septate, with or without gut-
tules, ornamented with conspicuous, irregularly
shaped tubercles. Paraphyses absent. Periphyses
thin, hyaline, not easily visible. Ectal excipulum
cells thin-walled, 4–12 µm diam.
Hosts: Peltigera didactyla, P. rufescens. Report-
ed also from Peltigera lepidophora (Nordin et al.
2010).
Ascomata of Xenonectriella ornamentata are
partially or totally immersed in the substratum,
with the protruding papillae visible as orange
spots. The species was recorded as new to Fin-
land by Alstrup (2004, as Pronectria ornamen-
tata). Reported also from Norway and Sweden.
Specimens studied: Koillismaa. Kuusamo, Paljakka,
14.VI.1980 Vitikainen 10057a (H)*. Salla, Jyrhämä,
6.VIII.1937 Auer (TUR). Inarin Lappi. Utsjoki, Kevo,
Könkäänpahta, 21.VIII.1974 Ahti & Vitikainen 8284
(H)*, 8299 (H)*.

46 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Fig. 44. Distribution maps of species A-L.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 47
Fig. 45. Distribution maps of species M-X.

48 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Fig. 46. Distribution maps of species Y-JJ.

KARSTENIA 52 (2012) PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND 49
Appendix. The distribution of peltigericolous
species in Finland. A) Arthonia fuscopurpurea.
B) Arthonia peltigerea. C) Capronia peltigerae.
D) Corticifraga fuckelii. E) Corticifraga pelti-
gerae. F) Dacampia rufescentis. G) Graphium
aphthosae. H) Hawksworthiana peltigericola.
I) Hobsoniopsis santessonii. J) Illosporium car-
neum. K) Karsteniomyces peltigerae. L) Lasio-
sphaeriopsis salisburyi. M) Libertiella curvis-
pora. N) Libertiella fennica. O) Libertiella
malmedyensis. P) Lichenopeltella peltigericola.
Q) Lichenopeltella santessonii. R) Nanostictis
peltigerae. S) Nectriopsis lecanodes. T) Niesslia
Fig. 47. Distribution maps of species KK-OO.
peltigericola. U) Pezizella epithallina. V) Pho-
ma epiparmelia. W) Phoma peltigerae. X) Plec-
tocarpon peltigerae. Y) Polycoccum peltigerae.
Z) Polycoccum superciale. AA) Polydesmia
lichenis. BB) Pronectria erythrinella. CC)
Xeno nectriella (Pronectria) ornamentata. DD)
Pronectria robergei. EE) Pronectria tenuispora.
FF) Pyrenidium actinellum. GG) Rhagadostoma
brevisporum. HH) Scutula dedicata. II) Scutula
epiblastematica. JJ) Scutula heeri. KK) Scutula
miliaris. LL) Stigmidium leucophlebiae. MM)
Stigmidium peltideae. NN) Thelocarpon epi-
bolum. OO) Xenonectriella lutescens.

50 PUOLASMAA ET AL. PELTIGERICOLOUS FUNGI FROM FINLAND KARSTENIA 52 (2012)
Acknowledgements: We thank Veikko Rinne for
important assistance with the making of the dis-
tribution maps and Ernest Emmett for improving
the English. The research group was funded by
the Ministry of Environmenet in Finland during
the research program of deciently known and
threatened forest species (PUTTE).
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