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title>Modeling Of Permanent Magnet Motor Drives</title
Abstract
Research has indicated that the permanent magnet motor drives,
which include the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the
brushless DC motor (BDCM) could become serious competitors to the
induction motor for servo applications. The PMSM has a sinusoidal back
EMF and requires sinusoidal stator currents to produce constant torque
while the BDCM has a trapezoidal back EMF and requires rectangular
stator currents to produce constant torque. The PMSM is very similar to
the wound rotor synchronous machine except that the PMSM that is used
for servo applications tends not to have any damper windings and
excitation is provided by a permanent magnet instead of a field winding.
Hence the d , q model of the PMSM can be derived from
the well-known model of the synchronous machine with the equations of
the damper windings and field current dynamics removed. Because of the
nonsinusoidal variation of the mutual inductances between the stator and
rotor in the BDCM, it is also shown that no particular advantage exists
in transforming the abc equations of the BCDM to the
d , q frame. Hence the solution of the original abc
equations is proposed for the BDCM
... The voltage error is fed to DC voltage PI controller generating reference speed for the vector controller. The vector controller implemented [7] for the PMSM is shown below. The reference voltage values are compared to high frequency triangular waveform generating pulses for six switches of VSI [9]. ...
... Vector control of PMSMThe speed, torque and flux controllers have PI controllers with specific Kp and Ki values for generation of reference voltage d-q axis components. The Clarks and Parks transformation are given below.To generate reference values for sinusoidal pulse width modulation inverse Clarks and Parks transformation are used which are given below.…….(6)………..….(7) ...
In this paper a PVA fed Induction machine (IM) and PMSM inverter drive circuit is proposed with vector control to maintain speed of the motor with respect to solar irradiation. The speed of the IM &PMSM is controlled by feedback from the sensor of machine. The speed controller is upgraded with MPPT reference speed estimation which generates required speed with respect to voltage and current feedback from PVA.The speed controller of PMSM is updated with 49 rule based fuzzy interface system with 7 membership functions. The circuit is modelled in MATLAB Simulink environment with results and graphs generated with respect to time.
... Three-phase stator voltages of round rotor PMSG in the abc reference frame are given by ( Figure 2) [2,33]. ...
... PMSG model in the abc reference frame[2,33]. ...
This article studies the stator windings asymmetry fault in direct-drive permanent magnet
synchronous generator(PMSG)-based wind turbines (WTs), having passive converters at the generator side, through developing a power-hardware-in-the-loop (P-H-i-L) system. It is based on a digital real-time simulation (DRTS) of turbine blades, a wind generator in the abc reference frame, and a three-phase diode rectifier mathematical models. The DC voltage, provided by the model of the three-phase diode rectifier, is linked to a one-level hardware boost converter by using a programmable DC power supply. Furthermore, the maximum power point tracking technique, based on the optimal torque, is evaluated when the one-level boost converter supplies a resistive load. Stator windings asymmetry fault in the PMSG is identified by analyzing the rectifier output voltage, the rotor speed, and the electrical signatures of the boost converter. It shows that this kind of fault clearly gives rise to the amplitudes of both 2 fs and 4 fs frequency components in the mentioned signatures, where fs is the main frequency component of the stator current. DRTSs are compared with digital offline simulations (DoSs), based on a Matlab/Simulink Simscape physical model, to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework.
... The governing equations for the characteristics of Y-Connection, D-Connection, and independent three-phase motors are all the same, making it easy to compare the characteristics of each winding method using the following equations. The voltage equation is expressed as Equation (1), the output power as Equation (2), and the torque equation as Equation (3) [11,12]. ...
Recently, due to the decrease in labor force, increase in labor costs, and the desire for improved quality of life, research on robots has been actively conducted to address these issues. However, it is currently difficult to find robots that physically interact with humans. The reason is that the actuators of robots do not have a high torque density on their own. To solve this problem, high-torque-density motors, such as proprioceptive actuators, are being researched. However, the torque density is still insufficient for physical interaction with humans, so a motor with higher torque density has been developed. However, high-torque-density motors have the disadvantage of lower speed characteristics due to increased Back EMF levels. Therefore, to address the deterioration of speed characteristics in the developed motor, we applied the independent three-phase winding structure to improve the speed characteristics. Consequently, through comparison with the Y-Connection and D-Connection, we propose the most suitable winding structure for high-torque-density motors intended for physical interaction with humans.
... The field-oriented control (FOC) technique controls the PMSM for two reasons. The first is to provide maximum torque at a low voltage, and the second is to provide instantaneous acceleration and deceleration over the full speed range by controlling the two-phase current [2]. Current control and speed control feedback mechanisms with proportional integrated and derivative (PID) controllers are designed for the desired transient and steady-state characteristics of the PMSM drive system. ...
A cost-effective and reliable electromechanical system for guide vane (GV) control is designed and developed, which is easy to install and operate for micro hydro and model turbine test rigs. The electromechanical system can hold the GVs against the forces of the flowing fluid. The GV control mechanism contains a two-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), field-oriented control, and a feedback mechanism to control current and speed. The transfer functions, algorithm, and working of PMSM by supervisory control and data acquisition are integrated with drivers written in C++. The validation of the model and prototype shows good agreement with a maximum deviation of 2.14% in unit discharge values. The GV operating mechanism is used to run the turbine at design and off-design operating conditions, and the corresponding flow field of the draft tube is analyzed. The GVO of 34° is identified as a BEP condition that matches with the prototype's BEP condition. The maximum pressure pulsations are observed at 22.10° GVO, 63.70% of the BEP condition. The rotating vortex rope formed shows a normalized frequency of 0.284 with the normalized pressure fluctuations amplitude of 2 to 3 times.
... The field-oriented control (FOC) technique controls the PMSM for two reasons. The first is to provide maximum torque at a low voltage, and the second is to provide instantaneous acceleration and deceleration over the full speed range by controlling the two-phase current [2]. Current control and speed control feedback mechanisms with proportional integrated and derivative (PID) controllers are designed for the desired transient and steady-state characteristics of the PMSM drive system. ...
A cost-effective and reliable electromechanical system for guide vane (GV) control is designed and developed, which is easy to install and operate for micro hydro and model turbine test rigs. The electromechanical system can hold the GVs against the forces of the flowing fluid. The GV control mechanism contains a two-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), field-oriented control, and a feedback mechanism to control current and speed. The transfer functions, algorithm, and working of PMSM by supervisory control and data acquisition are integrated with drivers written in C++. The validation of the model and prototype shows good agreement with a maximum deviation of 2.14% in unit discharge values. The GV operating mechanism is used to run the turbine at design and off-design operating conditions, and the corresponding flow field of the draft tube is analysed. The GVO of 34˚ is identified as a BEP condition that matches with the prototype's BEP condition. The maximum pressure pulsations are observed at 22.10˚ GVO, 63.70% of the BEP condition. The rotating vortex rope formed shows a normalised frequency of 0.284 with the normalised pressure fluctuations amplitude of 2 to 3 times.
... Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives are highly favoured by industry leaders in the automotive sector due to their potential for high power density, high speed, and excellent operating efficiency. PMSMs are categorised based on the location and style of the permanent magnets inside the rotors [28]. Three common types of PMSM are surface, embedded, and interior/buried. ...
Solar energy can function as a supplementary power supply for other renewable energy sources. On average, Vellore region experiences approximately six hours of daily sunshine throughout the year. Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules are necessary to monitor and fulfill the energy requirements of a given day. An artificial neural network (ANN) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is utilised to regulate the solar photovoltaic (PV) array and enhance its output. The utilisation of this controller can enhance the efficiency of the module even in severe circumstances, where reduced current and torque ripples will be observed on the opposite end. The motorised vehicle has the capability to function at its highest torque level in different load scenarios as a result. The proposed method is expected to provide advantages in various electric vehicle (EV) applications that require consistent velocity and optimal torque to satisfy the load conditions. The study employs a solar battery that is linked to an SVPWM inverter and subsequently a DC-DC boost converter to supply power to the load. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control system is proposed for a solar battery powered Electric Vehicle (EV) and the system’s performance is evaluated by collecting and analysing data under adjustable load conditions to obtain constant parameters such as speed and torque. The MATLAB® Simulink® model was utilised for this purpose.
... The motor uses an electronic commutation technique based on rotor positions in place of the mechanical commutation technique. The mechanical commutation technique is associated with certain drawbacks, such as lower precision, the wear and tear of the commutator and brush assembly, and sparking problems, whereas electronic commutation does not have the above-mentioned drawbacks [6,7]. Power quality (PQ) issues are also major problems that hinder the performance of the BLDCM along with other appliances connected to the same utility. ...
This article presents a brushless DC motor (BLDCM) drive for a maritime electric vehicle (MEV) application. The presented BLDCM drive uses a bridgeless Cuk-buckboost (BL-Cuk-BB) converter for input-side power factor (PF) improvement. The BL-Cuk-BB converter uses the buckboost converter for the negative half-cycles of the input AC voltages and the Cuk converter for the positive half-cycles. In the case of MEVs, the drive systems are generally fed by diesel engine generators (DEGs). The asymmetric BL-Cuk-BB converter is operated in a discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) in the present work to attain better power quality. The usage of a second-order buckboost converter with a fourth-order Cuk converter results in a decrement in the net order of the system. Additionally, the input inductor of the Cuk converter also participates as the filter component along with capacitor C 2 during buckboost converter operation to enhance the power quality. The total component count reduction in the BL-Cuk-BB converter is also achieved by eliminating the usage of extra/external back-feeding diodes, which are generally used in bridgeless schemes. The present scheme uses the inbuilt anti-parallel diodes for the same purpose. The lesser components requirement in the BL-Cuk-BB-converter-based BLDCM drive implies lesser cost and volume, along with greater reliability, lower conduction losses, and lower weight of the BLDCM drive, which adds to the merits of the model. The paper includes a detailed mathematical model and stability analysis using pole-zero maps and bode plots of the BL-Cuk-BB converter for each half-supply AC voltage cycle. The BL-Cuk-BB-converter-based BLDCM drive for an EV application has been developed on the MATLAB/Simulink platform for a DICM operation, and the MATLAB simulation results have been presented for validation of the BL-Cuk-BB-converter-based BLDCM drive.
... The most promising due to their advantages are electric machines based on PMSG [73e75]. A detailed mathematical model of the PMSG in the dq axes is well studied and presented in Ref. [76]. ...
... The rotor reference frame is chosen because the rotor magnet's position will be determined independent of the stator phase voltages, instantaneous induced phase EMFs, stator phase currents, and torque of the machine [11]. For synchronous motors, the rotating speed of the rotor and the space vector of the rotor flux are both equal to the rotating rate of the reference frame ( = ( = ( [12][13]. ...
This paper presents the mathematical modeling of a vector-controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive with either a Proportional Integral (PI) controller or a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller as a propulsion system for an Electric Vehicle (EV). Most commercial drives use a standard PI controller as a speed regulator. The vector control system model consists of the PMSM, a PWM inverter, the speed controller, and vehicle dynamics for speed control. The performance analysis of the drive is evaluated under transient conditions for settling time, rise time, steady state error of speed, and the vehicle’s acceleration at the wheel axle for specifically designated values validated by MATLAB/Simulink.
... Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are prevalent in industry and in various electromechanical applications, such as, electrical appliances, robotic systems and electric vehicles, due to their compact structure, high torque density, high power density and highefficiency (Boldea & Nasar, 1992;Yanliang et al., 2001;Zhong et al., 1997). However, because of the inherent nonlinear dynamics, strong coupling effects and significant system parameter variability (Cai et al., 2017;Pillay & Krishnan, 1988), the precise speed and position control of a PMSM is a challenging task. Traditionally, the fieldoriented control (FOC) method has been employed as a vector control of both magnitude and angle of the flux enabling independent control of torque and speed. ...
This paper investigates the design of a robust linear parameter-varying (LPV) controller for speed regulation of surface permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs). Motor dynamics is defined in the α–β stationary frame and a parameter-varying model formulation is provided to describe its nonlinear dynamics. A robust gain-scheduled LPV dynamic output-feedback controller is designed to guarantee the asymptotic stability and performance requirements, as well as, guarantee robustness against parameter perturbations and torque load disturbances. As a novel aspect in the SPMSM control, the real-time impact of temperature variation on the winding resistance and magnet flux during motor operation is explicitly considered in the LPV modeling as a scheduling parameter and the subsequent LPV control design compensating for demagnetization effects in the motor response. The controller synthesis conditions guaranteeing stability and robust performance to norm-bounded uncertainty in the system matrices are formulated in a convex linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization framework. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is assessed in simulation studies. The closed-loop simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed LPV controller provides improved transient response with respect to settling time, overshoot, and disturbance rejection in tracking the velocity profile under the influence of parameter perturbation, temperature variations, and load disturbances.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) powered by electricity are becoming increasingly popular for civil, military, and commercial applications. Accurately controlling the brushless direct current (BLDC) motor propeller system is necessary for UAVs to perform complex maneuvers in the air. A field-oriented backstepping control (FOBSC) is proposed for enhancing the speed control performance of the propeller motor drives as per the demand of the flight controller. The FOBSC is designed to minimize input control efforts and dynamically adopts various beneficial characteristics such as high tracking accuracy, quick convergence, and reduced chattering in control input of the BLDC motor propeller drive. For improved overall performance of the propeller motor drive under internal and external disturbances, especially wind gusts, the rotor speed-based MRAS disturbance observer (MRASDO) has been developed and integrated with FOBSC. An MRAS estimator based on stator current is developed to estimate real-time rotor position and speed, removing the need for physical sensors, which is more complex for UAV applications. The sensorless control algorithm adapts variations in stator resistance and rotor magnetic flux of the BLDC motor, which enhances performance and stability and provides information on temperature rise, motor fault detection, and stator/rotor condition monitoring. The closed-loop stability of the MRAS estimator, MRASDO, and FOBSC is carried out using the Lyapunov method to guarantee reliable operation under any operational conditions. Finally, comprehensive numerical and experimental tests demonstrate that the proposed sensorless FOBSC approach is superior to sliding mode control and classical PI control.
Nowadays energy storage systems (ESS) are becoming an integral part of modern power systems (PES) and are used to solve a wide range of tasks. However, as the penetration level and power of ESS grows, their impact on the processes and operation modes of EPS is also increasing. Therefore, there is a need for using mathematical models of ESS, taking into account the specifics, various distinctive properties of each type and class of EPS, as part of the models of large-scale EPS. However, in foreign and national literature there are no review papers about detailed mathematical models of commonly use types and classes of SNE and simplifications used for them, which can be used to adequately simulate the large-scale EPS depending on the research tasks. Therefore, the first part of this paper considers the most promising types and classes of SNE used in the EPS, as well as the a-reas and tasks of their use. The principles of implementation of detailed mathematical models and structures of automatic control systems are described for the considered types and classes of SNE. In the second part of the paper the modern approaches of simplification of mathematical models of SNE, and analysis of consequences of such simplifications and areas of their application are given. Thus, the review paper consists of two parts and can help in choosing a mathematical model of the SNE for solving specific research tasks of analysis of their operation as a part of real EPS.
Torque ripples of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) will degrade the torque performance of PMSM drive systems in high-performance applications and are one of the sources of vibration and noise. To reduce torque ripples, one of the solutions is to inject harmonic currents into stator windings, so that extra torque ripples are generated to compensate for the original ones. To obtain the optimal harmonic current solutions, torque ripple model (TRM) and speed harmonics are commonly used in optimization. However, the performance of TRM based methods in torque ripple reduction is limited due to the accuracy of the PMSM TRM model and motor parameters. Also, the speed harmonic based methods have speed limitations, since the speed harmonics caused by torque ripples will be filtered out by the inertia of the drive systems when the motor is operated over the cut-off frequency. Therefore, one torque ripple reduction method with no motor parameters involved and with no speed limitations needs to be discussed and proposed. In this paper, the response surface torque ripple model for PMSM drives is first established based on the measurements of speed harmonics. Based on the response surface torque ripple model, the motor-parameter-free solution of optimal harmonic currents is analytically derived for torque ripple reduction with minimal motor loss. The proposed method is verified by experimental results, which demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce torque ripples of PMSM drives effectively without prior knowledge of any motor parameters and can also avoid the limitation of speed operations.
This paper presents soft computing-based optimization techniques for the cogging torque reduction and thermal characterization by finite element analysis in a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (BLDC). Stator and rotor structure of BLDC motor are optimized to reduce the cogging torque, noise, and vibration by using the design parameters namely: length of magnet, length of air gap and opening in the stator slot which are selected by performing variance-based sensitivity analysis. The proposed method is suitable in the preliminary design phase of the motor to determine the optimal structure to improve the efficiency. The comparison of results obtained using firefly algorithm , ant colony optimization algorithm and Bat algorithm indicate that Firefly-based optimization algorithm is capable of giving improved design parameter output. Cogging torque is created due to the interaction of magnets in the rotor and the stator slot of the motor. Thorough thermal analysis is also conceded out to investigate the thermal characteristics at dissimilar portions of the motor namely: stator core, stator slot, rotor core and permanent magnet at different operating environments in the continuous operation mode. Thermal investigation is required for the various high speed e-vehicle applications. The usefulness of the designed machine simulation is compared with the results obtained from hardware analysis. The outcomes attained from software simulation studies are validated through experimental hardware setup.
This paper aims to develop a robust decomposed system control (RDSC) strategy under input constraints for an electro‐mechanical linear actuator (EMLA) facing model uncertainty and external disturbances. At first, a state‐space model of a complex multi‐stage gearbox EMLA system, driven by a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), is developed, and the non‐ideal characteristics of the ball screw are presented through the model. The result is a four‐order nonlinear strict‐feedback form (NSFF) system decomposed into three subsystems. As the paper's main result, a novel RDSC strategy with uniform exponential stability for controlling subsystem states is presented. This developed controller avoids the "explosion of complexity" problem associated with backstepping by treating the time derivative of the virtual control input as an uncertain system term. The proposed method, despite assuming load disturbances and input constraints with arbitrary bounds, offers a straightforward control approach for a broader range of applications. Further, the controller's performance is evaluated by simulating two distinct duty cycles, each representing different levels of demand on the actuator facing load disturbances near the rated motor performance.
Torque ripple reduction based on harmonic current injection has been developed for PMSM drives. In such methods, torque ripple model (TRM) or speed harmonics are used for harmonic current optimization, which have several limitations. The performance of TRM based methods is limited due to the accuracy of the model itself and machine parameters, which leads to the remaining torque ripples. The speed harmonic based methods have speed limitations, since the speed harmonics generated by the torque ripples cannot be detected at high-speed operations. In this paper, the torque ripples of PMSM drives are first described based on the surrogate model, which does not require machine parameters. Based on that, the numerical solution of optimal harmonic currents is obtained offline using particle swarm optimization (PSO), considering both torque ripple reduction and loss minimization. Since the torque ripples are predicted with the machine-parameter-independent model instead of the speed harmonic measurements, the impact of the inaccuracy in machine parameters and the analytical torque ripple model are removed, and the proposed method may be effective over a broader range of speeds. The proposed method is evaluated experimentally and demonstrated to have several advantages over existing alternative methods in reducing torque ripples.
This paper investigates a popular off-the shelf performance traction machine, a yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) axial flux surface permanent magnet machine, model P400HC from YASA Motors. A series of manual measurements and automated dynamometer tests were performed at various conditions. From these tests parameters are determined including friction and windage torque, phase resistance, permanent magnet flux linkage, and inductance. The efficiency, phase current, phase voltage, and power factor of the machine was measured over a wide torque, speed, and dc bus voltage range up to around the maximum ratings given by the manufacturer. A range of d-q current values were tested, showing that the machine is slightly salient since maximum torque is achieved when including a small amount of d-axis current. A Chevrolet Bolt electric vehicle (EV) was modeled with the YASA Motors machine and the stock Bolt EV machine. Over four different vehicle drive cycles, the YASA Motors machine was shown to be considerably more lossy than the Bolt EV machine, thereby achieving 4% to 5% less range. The higher loss of the YASA Motors machine likely has several causes, including higher phase resistance, significant friction, windage, and no-load iron losses, and the fact that Bolt EV machine was heavily optimized for an EV application while the YASA Motors machine was optimized to be a highly power dense more general-purpose machine.
This paper studies a new resilient event-triggered model-free adaptive predictive control (MFAPC) method with anti-attacks for disturbed switched nonlinear systems in non-ideal network. The switched nonlinear systems are transformed into equivalent dynamic data models by dynamic linearization. Considering the denial of service (DoS) attacks in non-ideal network environment, an anti-attacks method based on a hold mechanism and a resilient event-triggering strategy (RETS) is considered, which reduces attacks impact on system performance. A parameter estimator is given to estimate the external disturbance and further obtain accurate system models. In addition, a new tracking error boundedness analysis method is given by using the average dwell time (ADT) technique and Lyapunov function. Finally, motor simulation results are given to verify the applicability of the proposed method.
Torque ripple reduction methods based on harmonic current injection for PMSM drives have been widely discussed, while the performance of torque-ripple-model (TRM) based methods are limited due to model accuracy as well as the rotor position errors, and the speed harmonic control based methods still cannot get rid of the impact of the phase information of speed harmonics, which results in remaining torque ripples and the difficulty in designing speed harmonic controller. In this paper, the unique relationships between the quadrature magnitudes of speed harmonics and harmonic currents are derived considering the minimal conduction copper loss by the harmonic currents. Based on that, a novel torque ripple reduction method based on speed harmonic control is proposed, wherein a novel speed harmonic controller is presented to regulate the quadrature magnitudes of speed harmonics, so that the phase of speed harmonics is avoided in the speed harmonic controller. Also, the proposed speed harmonic controller aims to generate harmonic current references. The proposed methodology is evaluated by experiments and is verified to reduce torque ripples of PMSM drives effectively.
Saving energy while retaining productivity is one of the most desired features in the modern production industry, which is currently responsible for a notable amount of the worldwide energy need. Cutting down the costs of an energivorous plant does not just provide economic savings, but it also reduces the carbon footprint of commercial products. In this chapter, the wise use of energy in mechatronic systems is discussed, by focusing on Eco Motion Planning (EMP). The basic idea is that an optimized motion planning, in terms of the selection of the motion time, of the motion profile, of the spatial trajectory and the of motion scheduling, can remarkably reduce energy absorption without affecting the throughput of the mechatronic system. The chapter briefly reviews the most relevant methods that have been proposed in the literature, ranging from simple machines with constant inertia to industrial robots, and provides the most relevant equations and models of the energy consumption that can be used in EMP. A numerical test case is then analyzed to outline a method for designing an energy optimal motion profile and optimal scheduling in a robotic cell made by a system with constant inertia, and a multi-axis robot governed by a nonlinear dynamic model. Despite its conceptual simplicity, the proposed method ensures remarkable energy improvements while retaining productivity and without requiring any physical alteration of the plant and clearly proves the benefit of EMP.
To alleviate the restriction of system model on control design, data-driven model-free adaptive control (MFAC) is an excellent alternative to model-based control methods. This paper studies event-triggered data-driven control for switched systems over a vulnerable and resource-constrained network. The system is transformed into an equivalent switched data model through dynamic linearization. Resource constraints and denial of service (DoS) attacks in the network are concerned, and a novel joint anti-attack method including resilient event-triggering mechanism and prediction scheme is presented. Furthermore, new event-triggered MFAC algorithms are proposed. In this scenario, by constructing a Lyapunov functional on tracking error, sufficient conditions to ensure its boundedness are derived. This is the first time in the literature to give a complete solution to data-driven control of switched systems. At last, the validity of new algorithms and theoretical results is confirmed by simulations.
In this paper, direct torque and flux control strategy with space vector modulation for five-level inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive is proposed with speed and stator resistance estimation. The speed sensorless operation has gained more attention in PMSM drives as the speed feedback is must for control operation. Among the popular speed estimation methods, model reference adaptive system (MRAS)-based speed estimator is simple and helps to eliminate the use of speed sensor and also provides better speed estimation. However, the MRAS-based speed estimation method is dependent on stator resistance parameter and impacts the speed estimation and causes more error at low speeds. In order to enhance the performance of the drive, the stator resistance also estimated using MRAS-based stator resistance along with speed estimation. The ripple content in the torque makes the drive noisy, less efficient, causes vibrations and heat losses. The multi-level inverters are used to minimize torque ripple contents. Further, the stability analysis of the proposed method under different operating condition with pole-zero approach is also presented. The proposed model is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK software under different operating conditions such as no-load, load, reversal speed, and change in speed. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed model, it is also validated by developing the hardware prototype and results are presented for various conditions.
This study presents a variable incremental controller for flux-weakening control in the high-speed operation area of a permanent-magnetic synchronous motor (PMSM). In general, voltage-based flux-weakening control utilizes a reference voltage and a PI controller to generate a flux component current. In this paper, the voltage-based flux-weakening control is performed using the variable incremental controller instead of the PI controller. The variable incremental controller can control the flux component current using only the maximum speed and maximum current of the motor. A method for properly setting an appropriate variable incremental controller using acceleration is additionally presented. A variable incremental controller is applied and, accordingly, the overshoot of the motor speed can be reduced and the speed error of the motor can be minimized by reducing the difference between the actual motor and targeted accelerations. This method can simplify the design of a controller that utilizes flux-weakening control and can be applied to railroad cars whose acceleration does not alter frequently to increase the effect of motor control.
Rotating electric machines play an important role in our daily activities. Electric generation, electrical mobility, or different industrial applications are based on the use of these electric machines. In this scenario, their requirements are day by day more restrictive and the selection of the suitable motor/generator for each application needs to be done attending to numerous factors. In this regard, permanent magnet synchronous machines present some advantages over asynchronous machines, because the magnetic field is mainly generated using a permanent magnetic material in the rotor. The lack of rotor currents allows a reduction of the machine losses and, consequently, permanent magnet synchronous machines provide higher efficiency than asynchronous motors. This article introduces the construction and operating principle of permanent magnet synchronous machines, as well as their mathematical model. Finally, the control strategies typically employed in the regulation of these rotating electric machines are described.
This article presents a BLDC (permanent magnet brushless DC) motor drive for marine electric vehicle (MEV) application. The presented scheme uses bridgeless canonical cell (BL-CC) converter with center-tapped inductor (shown as two separate inductors for analysis purpose) for source-side power factor correction (PFC); however, the BL-CC converter requires two inductors. In the presented scheme use of one center-tapped inductor eliminates the requirement of one extra inductor. Thus, center-tapped inductor usage in BLDC motor drive results in decrement in components count. The BL-CC converter-based BLDC motor drive scheme do not require extra back-feeding diodes like other bridgeless (BL) schemes, but it uses inbuilt antiparallel diodes of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switches for the same purpose this again leads to decrement in required component count. In this work, PFC BL-CC converter is operated in discontinuous inductor current (DIC) mode to attain better power quality. The DIC mode operation requires only one voltage sensor to sense DC-link voltage, whereas in continuous conduction mode (CCM), the sensor requirement increases to three (two voltage sensors and one current sensor). The PFC BL-CC converter also eliminates the diode bridge rectifier stage. The elimination of one extra inductor, two extra back-feeding diodes, DBR stage and also requirement of only one voltage sensor in DIC mode operation instead of three sensors for CCM implies reduction in components count which implies the reduction in cost and also the volume and weight of the BLDC motor drive. The weight reduction for marine (on-board) electric vehicle is very important as this enhances the vehicle performance. This paper also presents the detailed mathematical modeling and stability analysis of presented BL-CC converter using pole zero map and Bode plot. The BL-CC converter-based BLDC motor driving system for MEV application for DIC mode operation has been developed in the laboratory as well as on MATLAB/Simulink platform and simulated MATLAB and real-time experimental results have been presented to validate the presented BLDC motor drive under steady-state and dynamic operating conditions.
The ship's dynamic performance (acceleration, turning ability, crash stop) strongly depends on both the propulsion system and its control. The steady-state performance analysis of propulsion systems has shown that onboard energy usage benefits from the employment of simulation techniques. Besides, these techniques provide significant advantages in designing the control logic of sophisticated and complex systems. The present work summarizes the research activities conducted to develop suitable simulation framework for the propulsion systems of naval vessels. Theoretical and mathematical models have thus been developed in this paper to simulate the propulsion of ships. Model-scale experiments and full-scale trials have been used to increase the fidelity of the models. The research outcome is a conceptual framework and a fully validated parametric software representing the vessel's dynamic behaviour and propulsion system in steady-state and abrupt manoeuvres. Thanks to this simulation framework, the propulsion control system could be designed, validated, and calibrated before its installation on board, reducing the commissioning time and minimising the propulsion control system's onboard calibration during the acceptance sea trials.
The design and analysis study for the conceptual design of an economical high-efficiency ac motor based on permanent magnets is summarized. Material considerations, design trade-off options as well as transient and steady-state performance under normal and abnormal conditions have been considered. The baseline comparison is the high-efficiency induction motor. The permanent magnet (PM) motor must fit into the same frame size and surpass the induction motor on a life cost basis that includes 2.5 years of operation at a 50 percent duty cycle. The study results indicate that a motor with ferrite magnets meets the objectives of the program in ratings of up to 25 hp. A 7.5-hp motor design is carried through the conceptual design stage.
In order to set up brushless dc servomotors, a specially designed permanent magnet machine has been associated with a transistorized inverter. First, the different parts of the machine/inverter/control assembly are described. Then a numerical simulation of this assembly is presented. This simulation has been used to study different control strategies that have been implemented on the experimental device: the results obtained are presented and discussed.
For pt.I see ibid., vol.25, no.2, p.265-73 (1989). The authors
develop a phase variable model of the BDCM (brushless DC motor) and use
it to examine the performance of a BDCM speed servo drive system when
fed by hysteresis and pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) current controllers.
Particular attention was paid to the motor large-signal and small-signal
dynamics and motor torque pulsations. The simulation included the
state-space model of the motor and speed controller and real-time model
of the inverter switches. Every instance of a power device turning on or
off was simulated to calculate the current oscillations and resulting
torque pulsations. The results indicate that the small- and large-signal
responses are very similar. This result is only true when the timing of
the input phase currents with the back EMF (electromotive force) is
correct. The large-signal and small-signal speed response is the same
whether PWM or hysteresis current controllers are used. This is because,
even though the torque pulsations may be different due to the use of
different current controllers, the average value which determines the
overall speed response is the same
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