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Developing a Decision Aid for Selecting Low-carbon Refurbishment Solutions for Multi-story Residential Buildings in Subtropical Cities

December 2017
Energy and Buildings 158

December 2017
158

DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.11.066

Authors:

Bond University

This paper describes the development of a prototype systematic web-based decision aid for selecting low-carbon refurbishment solutions for multi-story residential buildings in high-density subtropical cities, with special reference to Hong Kong. 88 potential general sustainable refurbishment approaches are identified from a comprehensive literature review, later narrowed down to 39 considered to be relevant to Hong Kong's climatic condition and building characteristics, and then to 17 solutions for common areas and 14 for privately-occupied areas after interviewing industry experts and verification by questionnaire survey of the occupants. A set of methods is then established through literature review and energy simulation based on a case study, to calculate the CO2 emission reductions achievable. The system is then described, which includes a set of criteria for identifying individual applicable refurbishment solutions, methods of calculating CO2 emission reductions, parameter input/output and user interface design for a particular building. Finally, a validation process involving industry experts is followed to ascertain the system's practical usefulness and possible refinements for implementation.

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Paper Submitted to:

ENERGY AND BUILDINGS

Paper Title:

Developing a Decision Aid for Selecting Low-carbon Refurbishment

Solutions for Multi-story Residential Buildings for Subtropical Cities

Jun Li a, S. Thomas Ng a,* and Martin Skitmore b

Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology,

GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Q4001, Australia



 !"# !

$%&''%&(%&&)*+$%&''&&,&--(

.##

Developing a Decision Aid for Selecting Low-carbon Refurbishment

Solutions for Multi-story Residential Buildings in Subtropical Cities

ABSTRACT

00120

0120    2    2

  0  0  1  0  0      !   %%    

  0       0   1

11-,0 !3000

  000        /(      0      /4    2

00      1      +    0    5

  00  6         1 

0007'00

     0 10 0    0   individual

0          00  7'   0  

    8        0        0     9  

0+10300



Keywords::10*;* 2*00*0

1. Introduction

0   4<=    0-<=   > >

1?/@#001100

 0 +    0

01+/&2200

?/@A00! !1

1 4= 0 ?'@  +0      0

+10    > >     0

0      +          ?-4@     +  

                0    

 ?&)(@ 2 ?%,/<@

50    0     0      

00?///'@0#

BC" ?/-@";"AD?/4@!et

al.?/&@0

!0&<2)<='<<&

'<'<?/)@ 10E000

  00    0    00   ?/(@   +    

0100#

0  ?/%@F ?/,'<@

  20 ?'/''@             #      

00?'-'4@

?'&@?')@

!0 ,<=         2

/<2-<?'4@01

    0  0    0  120    

2 ! 



7'00*00

       0  *    8

0100

2. Literature review

2.1. Overview of sustainable refurbishment

605

?&'(@00?%,@ 

 ?'%@ D 0  1  0 

+01?/%@11F

?/,'<@0020?'/''@

G 0   0     0  

000?'(@"6?&@?)@H?',@

  ## et al ?//@       1      00  

?'@?-@881#

0#?/4@0

   1    +      0    

    00  0+  1  ?'(@   "6 ?&@    0  0  

G0*H3?',@1#2

1*H#3?%@2

A0000 !

020?-<@1

     1   0     0 00

0 !?/%'<-<@00

(?-/@,<=20

1?'-@

2        0      0    0    

0?-'@0

 ?--@           ?/%'<@    0    

0 ?'-')@  1

00   2  0  0     

 ?-<@0

    E  000      0          



2.2. Decision support for sustainable refurbishment

#

0    0   0  0 0   2

E0FE000E0

000?-4@6

100

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102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

0      0   

0000000

    0  0          0  0

?-4-&@A0#+F

020        E0          0  1

  0  0      00    0      0

0?-4@D5

        0            0   

 ?-4@  0            1  0    

010E0+F0000

      D et al ?-4@     0      #      0  

 E0  10  00   

F  5      0  0          

00#?-4@

0

        0      E0   +  0

?/-'%@0

0?-)@500?/'-(@100

?-%@# ?-,@0

?4<@

>                      0

  1            0    > >    

0000 ?4/@"0

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144

10> >

0 ?4'@    0     1  0 

10> >

0?4-@et al?4/@0

000F0

0

00 !10#

   > >        ?44@ 

?4&@ !

6 50   0 #

  ?-4@ 0 0   00  

   7              5    

  0    0    ?-/-&@  11

F ?/%/,'<@              # ?4)@   ;#  C

?4(@10

 F  0    020   1I0 ?4%@

    0      0  1  2    2

0601#J6K

A      0      00  0  0    0

00    0 0 0     00 

?4,@:   ?&<@  0  ?&/@  D et al ?/'@  0 

0     0      1 

00500#*

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6 et al ?-(@    2E0 0   F  

100

 0  0 *  ; et al ?&'@ 0  02

   0 1      10 0   

0

G#+ life cycle0

  0  00   ?4-&-@    0  

 0  +0      00   0  

11?&4@1

2 0#   ! ?&-@  1   0

    00        1  0F  ?4)@        5

0000

?&/@6+0 !CG?&&@J0?4/@K1

 000 2 0

00

3. Methodology

3.1. Identification of sustainable refurbishment solutions

%%+1

#10006

2011001+0+

    #    0      0  

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    00            F      

0         1

100FF1110

1100

0100J/K003000

E0*J'K+1

00300001

F0J000K

0000 "25  

/<=                0          0  

0

9  %%0  4,10

        !  00  0      000*    %

  1      1      +      003

000200105

           0    /(        

0/4200

3.2. Assessment of emission reductions

601000

0 6 0   1  0  

0

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

 1               00  

0

1000 !3+

    0                      

   "          1  1      

09000

0050

101011F

0and1#00

6 1     E        

0   ?&)@  L  1  0    F      0    

                 20  0

0001

 0  0  A operational stage   

119

E0 0  0 #    

010  00   0   

    9  0 1 0 0   3

  J0  0  11      

00#

   0 K   1      

050G1

0    0  1  00        0      

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0  1  0        embodied carbons 1  00  

0050

0090

  0      1        0  1  

00

3.3. System development process

9/0001

00

016

 8  1 0

        1 10

00      0 1         

1   1   



< Figure 1 >

3.4. Validation

6010

00#     3

  0      00              

101

    /&2    0          

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 00         1 1 

     0   0  5  9  

01010

4. Development of the system

4.1. System architecture

9'0000

                       

   000

000

00000

0011

K Input      #    0    000        0  

        0      0    00

*

K Applicability assessment    0    0          00#

1                0  0    

*

0K Emission calculation000

    0          00      

*

K Output015

0

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< Figure 2 >

4.2. Emission assessment methods and input / output variables

0

900000

   1  J /  -K     

0J4K

0100

1 08 0 1 

000   0 00   1  

0

00000

< Table 1 >

< Table 2 >

< Table 3 >

< Table 4 >

200

H00012

0

0  J &K  200  J )K     0

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    0  1  0        8          0

D00808

11      10  0      0          00  

  0    0   +      

 010  08 00

E      00# 1   0    

0A10000



< Table 5 >

< Table 6 >

7



00#0*5

    0    0      00    1      0

0*00

1

100210

00 A

100A

                    +0   H    

0    1  0  1  0           

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010100#

1?(/@ +H+?('@3 ?(-@ 1

0M000A

1   

+00

 60 0 NB"N JB"K DL:N 1

10

4.3. Programming

91#10

6 0  0  DL:  1    

   B" 0 ?(4@  9 -   1#  

10E?(4(&()((@

J/K 6 5      031 1   1     +

"0J "K*

J'K 10F "5B"*

J-K  B" B"0 B 10 

*

J4K   +0B00  50

1 D:J +D#:K 

+0        ;  J0        K    

DL:

J&K 11 "031

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< Figure 3 >

"0

A0101

1       0

0   00    0    8  

010B6

01;J0

 K  1       9  

      1                



4.4. System operation flow

100  0   

00   0      

000

194

< Figure 4 >

/0000

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9&100 010

000#O6"PO6"0P

0;0

< Figure 5 >

'A

9 ) 1 0 10 000  E0

0

9(100020



< Figure 6 >

< Figure 7 >

-

9  %  1                           

      #    0        

17'00A

100

+

< Figure 8 >

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4.5. Validation

7  4<  00    1  )  M  0  -    0  /

0'00201(1

< Table 7 >

61/<

J%K0J/

4K        0   0  1              

comprehensiveness J1  0          

implementability J1        0          E0K

accuracy J100     0K* effectiveness J1

  0  #        K   user friendliness

J  0    K   , 1   1

020/JOPK&JO+0PK

< Table 8 >

< Table 9 >



9011

A0+

080

0

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

0  2 0  0  

20000

00J0KF

0000000

01   +20

+00000 9

  0                      1    

  00  0      0  2



5. Conclusions

00+000

        00  0      000    2

0 0 0    !            0    0



2 ! 

              0        1

000000

60 0     00    

0  0      7' 0  0 

00

6  E 00                    

5600

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

0              0          

0 !

                  0        2

00

007'0

60 1# 0 2

00 !00

1method00

0   1     00 1# 1    

0+000

 0 0  0         0   

0000+

   3 00  0  00     

 0  #    0  9   

  + 100 

  0+  21  

00

Acknowledgements

1##;0>0 !6;>

0>;09J>(/)<8//K

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?//@ ##;#6R"##!AC ;J'</'K

Methods and Concepts for Sustainable Renovation of Buildings R  00

;099

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""AD::

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1Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews&),<)2,/&

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Document.   H ;    /,    '</)  

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0      0      !  0 6  ;

Energy and BuildingsS4<J/<K/%('2/%(&

[18] HE0DI#9C:GJ'<<'K 00

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 !SEnergy and Buildings-%J&K4)-24(/

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Energy((J/K),2%&

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:

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SEnergy Policy-,J//K(-%,2(-,%

?',@ HJ'</'KThe Handbook of Sustainable Refurbishment: Housing0

:

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005SEnergy and BuildingsS-%J//K/-4-2/-4%

?--@ G A   :  CI   J'</'K +   

0        2

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?-4@ D  Q    "      C  :  :  J'</'K  +    

222SEnergy and BuildingsS&&%%,2,<'

?-&@ 62;  9  J'<<-K  ;              0

Energy Conversion and Management,S44J/4K'-<,2'-/,

?-)@ ;;H6G#C0!GJ'<<,KA0

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BuildingsS44%/2%(

?-%@ R0#  >  C      J'<<&K          1

00VEnergy and Buildings-(J(K(4(2(&4

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0SEnergy and BuildingsS4-J/'K-&()2-&%-

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SEnergy Engineering,,J4K&(2(-

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!G!!H"CIJ'</<KCarbon Audit Toolkit for Small

and Medium Enterprises in Hong Kong ! !

;    /,    '</)  

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0SCanadian Journal of Civil EngineeringS-'

J)K/<&/2/<)-

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      +  0    120    12  

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?4,@ DJ'</4KRetrofit with Energy Efficient Fluorescent Lighting System00

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0   ;    /,    '</)  

88111#8880T()48:T>T:T60

?&/@ 6  9  H00  D    D  C  D  D  J'<//K    

 00 Renewable

and Sustainable Energy ReviewsS/&J/K4)<24(<

?&'@ ;" ! D C 73 B J'<//K  1  

602SEnergy and BuildingsS4-J,K'-&)2'-)4

?&-@ 66C91;J'<<4KWhole Life Comparison of High Rise

Residential Blocks in Hong Kong ! 6 ;/,

'</)88111#81808810

?&4@ 6  !  J/,,(K            00    2  1

+Building and Environment-'J4K-'/2-',

?&&@ ;  B C G !  J/,,)K  DF   0  2

  SProceedings: Housing for Millions: The Challenge Ahead

6 !')'2')&

?&)@ 1H BG!DC>HJ'<<%K

0        0    SBuilding and

EnvironmentS4-J4K))/2)(-

?&(@ D J'</-K Energy Saving Tips for Home  00  D00  0

 ;    /,    '</)  

88111#88T188TTTT 

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?&%@ DJ'</4K Application Guide to Electronic Ballasts00D00

0   ;    /,    '</)  

88111#8888TT/

?&,@ 96J'<//KHow Both New Buildings and Existing Buildings can Contribute to

the Carbon Reduction Target in HK: The Hong Kong Housing Authority’s Experience

!A6 9        ;0      70  ;  

  ;    /,    '</)  

88111#898A8='<='<='<89

='<='<='<='<;0='<J ! 6K

?)<@ DJ'</'KVariable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) Lift Drive00

D00  0   ;    /,    '</)  

88111#88658588

?)/@ G !GI B7:C6J'<<-K

0            0      00    

Energy and Buildings-&J4K-&-2-)4

?)'@ D J'</4K Know more about Photovoltaic System00  D00

0   ;    /,    '</)  

88111#8880T',,8"RT:T

?)-@ D  J'</4K High Efficiency Motor  00    D00  0

  ;    /,    '</)  

88111#8880T()48T#T12

?)4@ D  J'</4K Solar Control Window Film  00    D00  0

  ;    /,    '</)  

88111#8880T()48122

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?)&@ D>CHHJ'<<<KD#010

00120660>

60SEnergy PolicyS'%J)K4//24'4

?))@ DJ'</-K Hong Kong Energy End Use Data 201300D00

0    ;    /,    '</)  

88111#8880T()'8 !'</-

?)(@ G  J'</'K Domestic Water Consumption Survey  G  0  

;    /,    '</)  

881111#8880T&'-80T

?)%@ DJ'</4K Look for the Energy Label, Save Electricity, Save Money 00

88111#8808DTD:T:T

?),@ :"J'</4KEnergy Efficient of Induction Cookers:C"1

;    /,    '</)   8811100#882802

08028020#8

?(<@ #1BC00DJ'<<)K000

SHospitalsS'J/K-

?(/@ R  "  J'<<,K Web application design patterns D ! H

D6

?('@ H+ H J'<<'KSMaking the Web Work: Designing Effective Web Applications

"AA

?(-@ >J'<<)KYour Life in Web Apps73;H

?(4@ BJ'<<'KMySQL and JSP Web Applications"A

A

?(&@ Q>J'</'KSBeginning JSP, JSF and Tomcat: Java Web Development6

1I#I

680

681

682

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

696

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

?()@ R#06C>1BJ'<//KSApache Tomcat 7SJ',-K61I#I

?((@ H"J'<<-KSMySQL(3rd Edition)"A

706

707

708

Figure 1: System development process

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

Figure 2: System architecture

716

717

718

720

721

722

723

Figure 3: Framework of the web application

724

725

727

728

729

730

Figure 4: Operation flow

-4

Create and

specify the type

Edit

Delete

Input Parameters

Display Results

Main menu

Input

Output

731

732

735

736

737

738

Figure 5: Main menu

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

Figure 6: Input of basic project information

747

748

749

751

752

753

754

Figure 7: Numerical and non-numerical inputs

755

756

757

759

760

761

Figure 8: Results display

762

763

764

766

767

768

769

Table 1: Methods of calculating the energy savings of the sustainable refurbishment solutions

Refurbishment

solutions

Formula of calculating annual energy saving Reference

&0

E=∑P× N × H × <-- ÷/<<<

1XJ#GK*"X1

0JGK*X0* X



?4,@

:

E=∑P× N × H × <(( ÷/<<<

1XJ#GK*"X1

JGK*X* X



?&<@

0

0



E=∑P× N × H × <(& ÷/<<<

1XJ#GK*"X1

00JGK*X* X



?&(@

00

E=∑P× N × H × <'& ÷/<<<

1XJ#GK*"X1

0JGK*X* X



?&%@



E=∑P× N × H ÷ /<<<

1XJ#GK*"X1

JGK*X0* X0



6J0

00K

D

E=∑P× N ×'4 ×-)&×<- ÷/<<<=∑P × N × ')'%

1XJ#GK*"X1

JGK*X0

?&,@

:11





E=∑E<× P ×<'

1XJ#GK*<X

0J#GK*00

<1'

?&,@

:1

0RRR2

90

E=∑E<× P ×<4

1XJ#GK*<X

0J#GK*00

<1'

?)<@

"

E=∑E<× P ×<'

?&,@

770

771

772



0



1XJ#GK*<X

0J#GK*

00<1'

>

E=Etotal ×</

1XJ#GK*X

0J#GK*



?)/@

;

00

F



0

E=∑P× N × H ÷ /<<<

1XJ#GK*"X1

JGK*X0* X0



6J0

00K

"0



E=A ×/'< ×<% ÷0 '' °=A ×/<4-

1XJ#GK*6XJ'K

?)'@

10

E=∑P× N × H ÷ /<<<

1XJ#GK*"X1

JGK*X0* X0



6J0

00K

;01

1

00



E=∑P× N × H × <<'

1XJ#GK*"X1

J#GK*X* X

?)-@

0

E=Etotal ×<' ×<<&

1XJ#GK*X

0J#GK

?)4@





E=Etotal ×<</%

1XJ#GK*X

0J#GK

?)&@

A12

1

1

E=Etotal ×<& ×</(

1XJ#GK*X

0J#GK

?))@

;0



001



E=No×&&' ×∆ T × 4' ×/<-× D ÷

(

-) ×/<)

)

=∆ T × N o× D × <<)44

1XJ#GK*X

00*

∆ T

X0J

℃

K*X

1

?)(@

0

00

E=Etotal ×

(

<' ×</&+</)×<'&

)

=Etotal ×<<(

1XJ#GK*X

?)%@

0 0J#GK

0

0#

E=Etotal ×<'&( ×<-=Etotal ×<<((

1XJ#GK*X

0J#GK

?),@

773

774

775

Table 2: Method of calculating the annual consumption of lifts

Type Number of lifts Annual energy consumption

(kWh)

N<3 N>=3

6

0

!/X/)!'X<& !/X/)!'X<- <X!/Y!'Y<-&Y Y

'<<<<<Y"ZJ-)<<Y'K

1<X

0J#GK* X

JK

R

50

!/X/<!'X<& !/X/<!'X<-

"1



!/X<)!'X<& !/X<)!'X<-

"

0

6 6

Source: Nipkow & Schalcher, 2006 ?(<@

776

777

778

779

780

781

782

Table 3: Overall emission reductions per flat of the refurbishment solutions in private-

occupied area

Refurbishment

solutions

Operational

energy

savings

(kWh)

Operational

emission

reduction

(kg CO2)

Embodied

carbon

emission

(kg CO2)

Annual

emission

reduction

(kg CO2)

Percentage

of total

emission

(%)

0 4% -%  -% /'<

F '' /( <<<4 /( <&-

;0F 44 -4 <<<4 -4 /<(

8

F

-/ '& <</' '& <(,

 %) )%  )% '/4

A121

1

4<% -''  -'' /</-

;0

00

1

--) '))  ')) %-(

;0

03



/%( /4%  /4% 4))

0

000

--) ')&  ')& %-4

00# -,( -/-  -/- ,%&

Total 1895 1496 0.02 1496 47.07

783

784

785

786

787

788

789

Table 4: Numerical inputs for emission estimation

Common area Private-occupied area

:  90

Power (W) "1JGK Power (W)

Number  Number

Daily operation hours ;0 Daily operational hours

: D :

Power (kW) Power (W) Power (W)

Height of building (m) Number Number

Number Reduced operation hours Daily operational hours

" ;J'K 1J℃K

Power (kW) 60 220J℃K

Number Public zone (kWh) 00

10 Private zone (kWh) 60

Power (W) Electricity (kWh)

Number Gas (KJ)

Reduced operation hours Water (m3)

790

791

792

793

794

795

Table 5: Non-numerical inputs for refurbishment in common areas

Item Options (fixtures that are already

in place)

Rules for selecting solutions

 6 %/'0

H &0

 A00

 00

J9:K

 :

6A60

01&0A

0019:

:0

 6 D

H 00

A6001

000

 6 0

H R

50JRRR9K

 "1

 "0



A6001

0A

H0

00





6 

H 00

 

A6001

000

10



D

>

7

R0

;

00

"0

6 

H 



"10 6 #00

J K

H :C"1J:"K

010

0010

0

796

797

798

799

800

Table 6: Non-numerical inputs for refurbishment in privately-occupied area

Item Options (fixtures that are already

in place)

Rules for selecting solutions

90 6 %/'0

H &0

A6001&

0

H 6 D

H 00

A6001

000

: 6 A00

H 00

J9:K

 :

A60019:

:0

G 6 00

H 7

A600

1

# 6 >

H A00#

A6001

00#0

 6 

H 





"10 6 #00

J K

H :C"1J:"K

010

0010

0

801

802

803

804

805

Table 7: Profile of the interviewees

Interviewee ID Position Organization

>/ D0 >

>' 0 >

>- H0 >

/ +00 

6/ 60" 600

6' 6" 600

806

807

808

809

810

Table 8: Scope of the privately-occupied and common areas

Name Scope Example Refurbishment initiator

Private buildings Public buildings

"200







:

#0



71 

 +0



0

0



713

0

>

811

812

813

814

815

816

817

Table 9: Results of validation

Criteria Rating of interviewees Mean

G1 G2 G3 C1 A1 A2

"

 & 4 4 4 4 4 4/(

A 4 4 4 - ' - ---

6

6000 4 - - 4 - - ---

0 4 4 4 & 4 4 4/(

0

2 4 - 4 - 4 - -&<

818

819

820

821

822

Intelligent Multi-Criteria Decision Support for Renovation Solutions for a Building Based on Emotion Recognition by Applying the COPRAS Method and BIM Integration

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

With accelerating climate change and the urgent need to cut carbon emissions, global focus has turned to the existing building stock and its renovation. Sustainable renovation helps to achieve better energy performance and gain wider sustainability benefits, such as increased value of a building, improved indoor and outdoor comfort, reduced carbon emissions, and the higher satisfaction and better emotional state of inhabitants. Numerous systems and tools have been developed worldwide to assist with decision making in the choice of preferred modernisation scenarios and alternatives. However, social aspects are often neglected in the existing systems, and emotions of inhabitants are rarely analysed. To close this gap, the present study proposes an innovative decision-making framework for sustainable renovation solutions, based on emotion recognition. The framework makes it possible to assess various renovation alternatives against sustainability criteria and real-time measurements of the emotional states of inhabitants. Based on the proposed framework, an intelligent multi-criteria decision support system was developed by integrating COPRAS and the facial action coding system, the method of automatic facial expression recognition, and the continuous calibration and participant methods. The system was tested in the case study of renovation solutions for a building located in Ukraine. The research results revealed that the proposed renovation solutions had a positive impact on the emotional state of inhabitants, especially when visual materials such as drawings were presented. Some case studies were analysed together with the application of decision system tools and building information modelling (BIM) subsystem integration as a multidiscipline application of various applied sciences for representation and data analysis. The authors of this research have been analysing human emotional, affective and physiological states for many years and collected over a billion of these data in Vilnius city during the H2020 ROCK, SAVAS and BIM4REN projects. Data acquired during measurements in Vilnius were used to determine correlations and trends for the case study. The proposed methodology and findings of the study can be useful for researchers who use the evaluation and analysis of human emotions when there is a need to choose appropriate renovation measures or find alternative solutions.

Development and Pilot Evaluation of an Online Retrofit Decision-Making Tool for Homeowners

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Many retrofit projects went wrong in the UK principally because of the application of inappropriate retrofit solutions, which resulted in damp issues, with some leaving houses in worse conditions than pre-retrofit. Various online tools were developed to inform homeowners about the benefits of retrofitting. Prior to this study, little was known about users’ evaluation of these tools and the effects of calculator use. Furthermore, no retrofit tool aims to raise the awareness of homeowners about moisture risks in a retrofit project. The originality of this study is to develop and evaluate an online moisture-safe retrofit decision-making tool for homeowners. The adopted methodology consisted of two phases. Phase one aimed to develop the tool. In phase two, semi-structured interviews were conducted to evaluate the tool. The results indicate that the tool has been well received by homeowners. The tool significantly increased participants’ awareness of moisture risks related to a retrofit project. Most participants considered the tool an eye-opener, while few of them found it scary. However, the tool did not result in an increased willingness to invest in energy efficiency measures. The discouragement was related to high investment costs and long payback periods of some retrofit measures. Based on our findings, we formulate a set of design recommendations to improve the proposed tool and help retrofit calculators, in general, overcome challenges.

TOWARDS ZERO CARBON BUILDING REFURBISHMENT: A NEW CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Sep 2021

To alleviate the climate change impacts, the construction industry needs to enhance the carbon performance of both new and existing buildings. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current decision support tools for building refurbishment and their applications to zero carbon refurbishment in the early design stages. A critical review was conducted with the final selection of 15 state-of-the-art decision-making tools for building refurbishment, which might be suitable for emerging or modification into zero carbon refurbishment decision support tools. Based on existing evidence, a conceptual framework is proposed for future development of zero carbon refurbishment decision support tools. The study provides perspectives on the lessons-learnt for the future development of zero carbon refurbishment decision support tools such as the application of the carbon budget and Value-Focused Thinking in the goal-setting stage, the inclusion of refurbishment strategies, the involvement of project stakeholders and end-users throughout the refurbishment process and the potential integration of incentive schemes to take up zero carbon approaches. The insights gained from this better support the construction industry to develop and deliver zero carbon refurbishment projects.

DenCity: A methodology to design cost-optimal zero-energy lightweight construction for roof stacking

Thesis

Full-text available

Nov 2019

Mohamed Amer

Roof stacking is considered to be a sustainable approach towards urban densification and a feasible mean to overcome the challenge of accommodating increasing populations in cities. However, roof stacking is associated with several challenges that differs from those of conventional or “stick” buildings. Unfortunately, until now, roof stacking has not been given a significant importance as a research topic within the scientific communities. Accordingly, this research aims to provide a leadership to support the decision making on roof stacking construction on multiple levels, and to accelerate the transformation towards cost-effective and zero-energy housing in Europe. In order to achieve this aim, this research is characterized by addressing the topic of roof stacking from a universal, yet well oriented perspective. First a methodology has been established to facilitate the decision making on urban densification through roof stacking. The methodology adopts a systematic approach on three consecutive levels: urban, engineering, and social. A conceptual framework of a multidisciplinary decision making for selecting off-site prefabricated constructional system for roof stacking has been developed. This section includes a classification for roof stacking construction methods based on an exhaustive investigation of more than 136 roof stacking projects built during the last 20 years. Afterwards, a list of 37 sustainable criteria, on which the decision making on roof stacking takes place, have been identified based on sustainability triple bottom line, i.e. environmental, economic, and social. Finally, this research ends by developing a methodology that supports the decision making process on cost-optimal zero energy building, by the means of a novel approach, namely Multi-Objective Parametric Analysis (MOPA), rather than optimization algorithms. This methodology is composed of three consecutive steps: modeling setup, parametric simulation, and ends up with evaluation and selection. The aim of dividing the decisions-making process through several steps is to provide transparency and repeatability to the developed methodology. This process aligns with the common practices in the design process, while providing robust and reliable results. As a results, this thesis provides a multi-scale methodologies for the decision-making process on roof stacking construction.

Attribute Normalization Approaches to Group Decision-making and Application to Software Reliability Assessment

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Chuan Yue

A group decision-making (GDM) process is a social cognition process, which is a sub-topic of cognitive computation. The normalization of attribute values plays an important role in multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) and GDM problems. However, this research finds that the existing normalization methods are not always reasonable for GDM problems. To solve the problem of attribute normalization in GDM systems, some new normalization models are developed in this paper. An integrative study contributes to cognitive MADM and GDM systems. In existing normalization models, there are some bounds, such as Max(uj),Min(uj),∑(uj),and∑(uj)2. They are limited to a single attribute vector uj. The bound of new normalization method proposed in this work is related to one or more attribute vectors, in which the attribute values are graded in the same measure system. These related attribute vectors may be distributed to all decision matrices graded by this decision system. That is, the new bound in developed normalization model is an uniform bound, which is related to a decision system. For example, this uniform bound can be written as one of Max(.),Min(.),∑(.),∑(.)2. Some illustrative examples are provided. A practical application to the evaluation of software reliability is introduced in order to illustrate the feasibility and practicability of methods introduced in this paper. Some experimental and computational comparisons are provided. The results show that new normalization methods are feasibility and practicability, and they are superior to the classical normalization methods. This work has provided some new normalization models. These new methods can adapt to all decision problems, including MADM and GDM problems. Some important limitations and future research are introduced.

Influence of Human Factors on the Uncertainties of Refurbishment Projects: A Proposed Conceptual Approach

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2019

The number of building refurbishment projects has increased significantly over the past few years in Malaysia. The key features of such projects are that these are unique, with high uncertainties especially when these involve structural modifications with sensitive, dangerous and difficult operations as well as the high number of building services involved. From many past studies, uncertainty has always been identified as one of the reasons for poor performance in such projects. This seems to be the case because few considerations were given to the human factor compared to the technical issues. This emphasis is however questionable in the real world. This conceptually based paper therefore aims to determine and understand the influence of human factor on the uncertainties of refurbishment projects. The method used for this study is based on a comprehensive review of related journal papers, book chapters and conference papers from 1997 to 2017. The exercise identified 146 articles initially. 57 papers were subsequently included for further analysis after screening and assessment for eligibility. This study concludes that the human impact element is indeed one of the most important factors that tends to influence the levels of uncertainties in building refurbishment projects. As a result, there is still room for improving the performance of building refurbishment projects. The findings of this study form the basis for an extended investigation to identify the effect of human factors on the uncertainties of building refurbishment projects in Malaysia.

Measures, Benefits, and Challenges to Retrofitting Existing Buildings to Net Zero Carbon: A Comprehensive Review

Article

Jun 2024

Net zero carbon (NZC) retrofitting of existing buildings contributes to improving occupants’ well-being, addressing carbon footprint directly and is key to solving the global climate crisis. However, a fragmented NZC retrofit knowledge base exists and this challenges the ability to effectively implement NZC practices. This study, therefore, integratively and comprehensively reviews existing literature on NZC retrofitting of existing buildings and identifies research gaps to provide future research directions. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using 1544 relevant articles identified from Scopus. Moreover, based on 125 carefully selected articles, a further qualitative analysis was also conducted. Results indicated a gradual increase in interest in NZC retrofitting research since 2007. Emergent findings reveal that the UK, Italy, US, China and Spain are the top five countries in this research field and that in NZC retrofitting, energy is mostly prioritised. Key research themes include NZC retrofitting benefits, challenges and measures. Based on identified knowledge gaps, future research directions are proposed to include: (1) analysis of NZC retrofitting measures based on building types and climate conditions; (2) integration of NZC retrofitting measures; (3) effects of occupant's health, well-being and satisfaction on retrofitting; (4) integration of modern technology; (5) quantitative study on benefits; and (6) dealing with objections to NZC retrofitting. Emergent findings generate an in-depth understanding of the NZC retrofitting field and provide a useful milestone reference for future NZC retrofitting practice and improvement in the industry.

A multi-criteria decision-making framework for residential building renovation using pairwise comparison and TOPSIS methods

Article

May 2022

The rate at which buildings are renovated across Europe is expected to increase in the upcoming years. However, selecting renovation solutions for residential buildings is still a challenging task due to the participation of multiple stakeholders, lack of clear decision-making procedures, and diverse effects resulting from the renovation alternatives. Most of the existing approaches do not consider multiple stakeholders and focus mainly on weighting criteria and performing simulations to quantify alternatives' performance. Therefore, this paper presents a more complete Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework to support the decision-making process in renovation. To illustrate and validate the framework, it is implemented in two case studies based on a five-story building located in Spain. Each case includes five stakeholders. Two weighting settings are analysed to study the robustness and sensitivity of the proposed approach. The main contributions correspond to: 1) an MCDM enabling the participation of multiple stakeholders using the Pairwise comparison method; supporting the setting of objectives and criteria, promoting a comprehensive evaluation of the alternatives; and facilitating the integration of criteria weights and alternatives' performance through the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method; and 2) the validation of the proposed framework, especially the implementation of TOPSIS to evaluate renovation alternatives. Promoting the setting of objectives and criteria can enable discussions and encourage a broader and more complete analysis of renovation alternatives. In the two case studies, stakeholders included social aspects and assigned in total weights around 20% to this category. The Pairwise comparison and TOPSIS methods integrated the perspectives of stakeholders with different interests and the alternatives’ performance to obtain a shared view of the renovation and a final ranking of the alternatives to differentiate them accordingly and make a better-informed decision.

Identification of Sustainable Indicators for Decision-Making on Roof Stacking Construction Method

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2019

Accommodating populations in cities became increasingly a complex task. With the mounting local and global migration seeking better opportunities in cities, the current urban agendas has put forward compact cities as a promising solution towards sustainable urban development. Roof stacking is considered an approach towards increasing cities’ density. However, the selection of optimum roof stacking construction method is merely based on subjective evidence based on architects’ or owners requirements. There is an urgent need to identify sustainable indicators for decision making for roof stacking. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the influential criteria behind the selection and decision making on roof stacking methods. An intensive review of literature, individual interview, and pilot surveys have been carried out. A list of 37 sustainable indicators have been identified based on sustainability triple bottom line, i.e. environmental, economic, and social. A questionnaire has been design and distributed to architects and building engineers as active stakeholders. The importance of the identified indicators have been categorized and ranked. The outcomes of this research draws the line to develop a new tool that facilitates the construction of sustainable roofs in European cities.

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Developing a Decision Aid for Selecting Low-carbon Refurbishment Solutions for Multi-story Residential Buildings in Subtropical Cities

Abstract

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