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International Research Journal of Earth Sciences _______________________________________ISSN 2321 – 2527
Vol. 5(9), 1-17, October (2017) Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.
International Science Congress Association 1
Case Study
Tourism and earthquake disaster management to enhance disaster risk
reduction: a case study from Nalanda District, Bihar, India
Kundan Sagar
School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, Nalanda, Bihar, India
kundansagar.2010@gmail.com
Available online at: www.isca.in
Received 17
th
July 2017, revised 8
th
October 2017, accepted 22
nd
October 2017
Abstract
In spite of expanded worldwide enthusiasm for the effects of cataclysmic events on tourism, little research has ensued into
investigating how these are tended to at the tourist destination level. Making a connection amongst tourism and catastrophe
risk diminishment and administration is especially imperative in places that depend intensely on tourism and, in the
meantime, are inclined to natural hazards. The Indian tourism has developed as one of the key drivers of development
among the services sector in India. For a state like Bihar, tourism is a potential game changer and wondrous industry.
Districts like Nalanda is recognized for its prosperous culture acquired from various great personalities and several
religions along with rich wildlife, birds and sanctuaries and immense agricultural activity. This district is contributing and
assisting the Bihar state to pursue the aggrandizement of tourism both overseas as well as in the domestic market. In spite
of the fact that many efforts had been made in gauging risks in Bihar, but historical evidence highlights a need to embrace
hazard assessment for the Bihar tourism sector. In spite of the fact that the ordinary guidelines, for the most part, embraced
by this industry for harm appraisal might be sufficient in ordinary conditions, this is not achievable for an emergency
situation or during multiple debacles. One such illustration is earthquake harm, which is not like another catastrophe such
as flood, for which one can get early cautioning. In this manner this study provides an outlook to earthquake catastrophe
risk appraisal and administration for the tourism business, concentrating on protection and avoidance. To accomplish the
research crevice, this study adopted a tourist relations point of view to concentrate consideration on influences and desires
of tourist groups crosswise overthe earthquake. Hence author had used mixed method approach. Data gathered during
interviews highlight some of the practical issues associated with existing disaster risk reduction and disaster management
plans. By outcomes, this article infers that in unique geological condition territories like Nalanda District, existing standard
tourism catastrophe arranging with a solitary disciplinary approach is not sufficient to propel information and
comprehension. Besides, as noted in the survey, tourists don't know about the nearby states of Nalanda locale and
exceedingly depend on tourism administrators to give vital data, which may not be accessible. Research is critically
requiredfor the danger and catastrophe data techniques for various visitor gatherings and target markets. Each may require
isolating messages and data situated in various sources to guarantee that they are perused and comprehended by these
gatherings. It is trusted that this fact finding has made a little commitment to learning in the field of tourism fiasco
arranging, which requires advance consideration from both tourism policy makers, scientists and strategic planners. It is
trusted that a move far from reaction and recuperation to lessening and status, combined with a post-disciplinary way to deal
with alook into, will help the tourism business to manage characteristic dangers and calamities later on more adequately.
Keywords: Tourism, Disaster Management, Disaster risk reduction, Stakeholder Perception, Bihar.
Introduction
Tourism has been a noteworthy social marvel for all over the
world. It is driven by the inclination of each human being for
new encounters, experiences and the yearning to the both
educated and engaged
1
. Tourism today is a recreation movement
of the masses. Individuals today go to national and international
destinations to break the customary dreariness of life
2,3
. They
are principally pulled in by either the picturesque excellence of
its inclination or by captivating relaxation, games and
experience exercises offered by the destinations or by the social,
political, religious and economic arrangement of the territories
4
.
The sheer volume and multifaceted nature of the tourism have
prompted to the advancement of travel and tourism businesses.
Thus, tourism has played a more vital part in the monetary
advancement of numerous nations like India and their states like
Bihar. Bihar is a land purified with a magnificence which
brought forth Buddhism, Jainism and aided in the development
of Sikhism and Hinduism. Historical literature acknowledgesthat
it was the focal point of the first republic on the world at
Vaishali and the city of Pataliputra was biggest and most
terrific on the planet at the stature of its wonderfulness. It got its
emanation of sacredness with the introduction of Lord Mahavira
International Research Journal of Earth Sciences
___________________________________________________ISSN 2321 – 2527
Vol. 5(9), 1-17, October (2017) Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.
International Science Congress Association 2
here. This was likewise the most loved resting spot of Lord
Buddha, and he lectured his last sermon here, which was later
recognized by a lion capital raised by King Ashoka. Apart from
its rich history, the state is blessed with huge Gangetic planes,
bolstered by a portion of the nation's most vital waterway. The
point of fact, it bears the significant weight of history yet bears
it with much warmth and mindfulness. In this way, this state has
composite culture, i.e. an amicable mix of craftsmanship,
religion, and doctrine. Apart from it, this state holds animportant
position in early India history, as Mahatma Gandhi launched his
Satyagraha movement in opposition to the British rule
5
. Apart
from it, it was in Bihar that Mahatma Gandhi launched his
Satyagraha movement in opposition to the British rule
5
.
Tourism Potential of Bihar
Figure-1: Existing tourist location in Bihar and circuits
6
.
Bihar has the colossal potential for different tourism exercises,
as a matter of first importance being religious tourism. The
historical backdrop of Bihar shows a rich legacy acquired from
a different era and incredible identities. The archaeological and
historical significance of this legacy still studded with
landmarks of its past magnificence. The untamed life, fowls,
and asylums hold limitless potential for nature-based eco-
tourism. The stream Ganga, up and down it’s extend offers the
potential for water-based sports and riverfront exercises. As
tourism industry is fragmented in nature, these sites are not
situated within a district or locality thus government is
promoting the tourism and tourists to travel to one sacred site is
pooled with another sacred site which is variously
acknowledged as circuit tourism and multi- destination wise
tourism (Figure-1). Major tourist circuits in this state are:
Buddhist Circuit: Bodhgaya – Rajgir – Nalanda – Patna –
Vaishali – Lauriya Nandangarh –Lauriya Areraj - Kesariya –
Vikramsila (Refer Map).
Jain Circuit: Vaishali – Patna – Rajgir – Pawapuri – Nathnagar
– Mandar Hill – Bisram – Masadh – Champanagar – Nalanda.
Ramayan Circuit: Valmikinagar – Pretshila Hill – Ahilya
Asthan- Sitamarhi - Kako – Sitakund – Tar – Singheshwar –
Chankigarh– Buxar.
Islamic/Sufi Circuit: Maner Sharif – Fulwari Sharif – Khankah
Emadia – Dargah Sharif – Bihar sharif – Hazrat Jandaha –
Hajipur – Serukahi – Kanti – Saran Khas – Hasanpura – Lakri
Dargah – Goraul Sharif – Masurhi –– Tomb of Pir Shah Nufa –
Pir Pahar – Siris – Tomb of Chandan Shahid – Tomb of Hasan
Khan Sur.
Nature and Wildlife Circuit: Rajgir Sanctuary – Bhimbandh
Sanctuary – Vikramsila Sanctuary – Udaipur Sanctuary –
Kaimur Sanctuary– Gautam Buddha Sanctuary – Nakti Dam
Sanctuary – Gogabill Sanctuary – Valmiki National Park and
Sanctuary – Kanwar Jheel Sanctuary.
Gandhi Circuit: Motihari – Betia - Bhitharwa – Brindaban –
Sadaquat Ashram.
Thus this state is witnessing significant growth and increase of
tourists foot falls. As per Ministry of Tourism, 2015 report
[(ON367), (ON566) and (17172)], Bihar positioned seventh
among top ten states of India in terms of foreign tourist footfall.
Hence one out of six visitors in India is heading towards Bihar.
As a result, the state has turned into a favorite tourist destination
for overseas tourists. As demonstrated by these reports, Bihar is
receiving a greater number of voyagers from abroad than Goa
which is a hotspot for untouchables on account of its shorelines.
Objectives of the Study: This article considers the key
elements earthquake disasters and their effects upon tourism
destinations of Nalanda District. Hence this article explores
theimpact of the earthquake on tourism and evaluates how
stakeholders observe the aspect of tourism in present and future
disaster risk management activities by focusing on the case
study of the tourism in Nalanda District. The objective of this
article to highlight following activities: i. To understand the
repercussion of natural disasters like earthquake on the tourism
International Research Journal of Earth Sciences
___________________________________________________ISSN 2321 – 2527
Vol. 5(9), 1-17, October (2017) Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.
International Science Congress Association 3
industry in terms frequency, past occurrence, scale and damage
level, ii. To understand initiatives taken by authorities in lieu to
promote safe tourism in Nalanda district and explore existing
activities to diminish risk from earthquake events. iii. To
explore the relationship between Disaster Management
Organizations and the Tourism Organizations strategies about
earthquake disaster management within the Nalanda district’s
tourism industry, and consequently the levels of awareness held
by stakeholders?
Research questions: This research focused on the key elements
of disasters management on tourism destinations of Nalanda
District by aiming the following questions. i. What are the past
impact of earthquakes on tourist destinations of Nalanda
Districts? ii. What are the disaster management plan,
vulnerability, policy, resource governance and management
practices in Bihar state for tourism hotspot like Nalanda
District? iii. What are the awareness level of local authorities,
residents, and other stake holders about the earthquake disaster
preparedness and adaptation, iv. What is the earthquake risk
perceptions, protective behaviors and tourist's sense of
responsibility for self-protection held by tourist visited Nalanda
District?
After reading this article, it is anticipated that, the reader will
have acquired and been able to exhibit a holistic view and
systems perspective of the main processes of disaster
management, earthquake risk reduction, disaster response and
recovery with a dire understanding of different concepts and
issues central to the understanding of risk reduction and
adaptation in tourism contexts.
Methodology
This research follows “Sequential Explanatory” Mixed Methods
Design Strategies as described by Creswell, (2003) in which
information has been synthesizing on similar or related data to
the earthquake disaster management for sustainable tourism
7
.
For the conceptual and theoretical development of the research,
literature review has constructed the necessary critical
reasoning. Data on the history of the earthquake have been
collected from different sources, i.e. articles, Indian
Metrological department reports, USGS Earthquake Hazards
Program reports (United States Geological Survey and website.
This article is also based on the study, involving compilation
and analyses of information and data like tourist footfall, which
has been secured from the websites of Ministry of Tourism of
India, Tourism Corporations, Bureau of Immigration, Govt. of
India, World Tourism Organization (WTO), World Travel and
Tourism Council (WTTC) and Annual reports of Tourism EEE
Ministry, India. Foreign tourist arrivals (FTAs) and Foreign
exchange Earnings (FEEs) data have been taken for the period
of 13 years i.e. 2001 to 2014 from the website of World
Tourism Organization. Data for the domestic and foreign
tourists’ visits have been taken from Bureau of Immigration,
Govt. of India. The second part of this study is an attempt to
assess the perceptions of tourist and stakeholders on earthquake
disaster management issues, and adaptation/coping measures
7
. It
identifies indigenous response options for information and
knowledge that will help in policy making that may have
anoptimisticinfluence on the life of the local and tourist who are
directly affected by any such events. This research uses an
approach, which seeks to gain insights from the tourists
themselves based on Structured and Close ended questionnaire
survey. The data were collected from 400 tourists, inclusive of
domestic and international tourists, who visited Nalanda district,
India. We also surveyed the member of various departments of
district administration who are important actors in adaptation, as
they have experience in dealing with natural hazards. Since,
understanding the role of stakeholders in the decision- making
process will assist in the implementation of adaptation policies.
Therefore the purposes of this survey were twofold - first, to
survey awareness level of international and domestic tourists,
and of the local tourism industry about the importance of
earthquake disaster prevention. The second purpose was to
understand local authorities, their role, current policies and
government initiatives, and their role in relationship to disaster
reduction and next to find how the tourism industry of Nalanda
District works together with the segmentsaccountable for to
mitigate risks, plan, respond and recover from earthquake
events.
Study area: Nalanda District as a tourist destination:
Nalanda District is one among 38 Districts of Bihar State, India.
With a population of 2872523, it is 18th Largest District in the
State
9
. It's named Nalanda, after the famous university and the
world’s oldest university “the Nalanda University” located here,
therefore, famous for religious tourism and cultural heritage
sites because it is frequently referred in Jain and Buddhist
scriptures and hence blessed with rich and glorious history
10,11
.
As per the Bihar tourism department, this district is a hotspot for
tourism as it comes under “Buddhist Circuit, Tirthankar Circuit,
Islamic/Sufi Circuit and Nature and Wildlife Circuit of
tourism”. Thus this district is deeply rooted with indiancuture
and history. Founded in the fifth century A.D. Nalanda is known
as the old seat of learning. “Chakravartin Ashoka” built
monasteries, sanctuaries, and Viharas here
10,11
. Since Lord
Buddha visited Nalanda several times, hence this area was a
center of Buddhist learning; Hiuen Tsang stayed here in the
seventh century and had left definite depiction of the
fabulousness of education and immaculateness of religious life
honed here
11
. As per the Archeological Survey of India, Rajgir
block, of this district was the antique capital of Magadhan
kingdom which thrive in the 6th century BC. Its relationship
with Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavira praises this district
12
. The
principal Buddhist board instantly after the Mahaparinirarvana
of Lord Buddha, to pen down his lessons, was likewise held at
Rajgir. Another block of this district Pawapuri, a righteous and
sinless city it is a great pilgrimage center of the Jains. Lord
Mahavira, the greatest more profound of Jainism had delivered
his last sermon took Mahaparinirvana and was cremated here
12
.
Hence this district is place of “international importance”. The
International Research Journal of Earth Sciences
___________________________________________________ISSN 2321 – 2527
Vol. 5(9), 1-17, October (2017) Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.
International Science Congress Association 4
spread of Buddhism resulted in the establishment of many
monasteries in this area. Vishwa Shanti Stupa, built in 1969 by
the government of Japan is one of the 80 peace pagodas
constructed for spreading international peace and non-
violence
14
. Recently in 2016, it is declared World Heritage Site
by UNESCO. Apart from its unique topography blessed this
district as a place of natural and recreational importance.
Located near Rajgir Hills, this small hill town is covered with
lush green forests. The Rajgir Hills contains hot springs, which
contain some medicinal properties that help in the cure of many
skin diseases
14
. The Rajgir Sanctuary is home for many wild
animals viz. Wild bear, Leopard, Hyena, Barking Deer, and
Nilgai
14
.
Tourism Importance: Buddhist Monasteries, as well as Hindu
and Jain's temples situated in and around Rajgir, have developed
the area as a favorite tourist destination. As Rajgir is the venue
for various meals/events and festivals like· Malmas Mela (held
every three years), Buddha Jayanti, Mahavir Jayanti, Makar
Sankranti and other cultural events like Rajgir Dance Festival, a
festival of classical and folk dances organized by Bihar State
Tourism Department every year in the month of October
15
.
Bihar tourism industry is flourishing due to growth in foreign
tourist influxes and a greater number of Indians traveling to
domestic destinations than before (Figure-2).
Figure-2: Trends of Domestic and overseas tourist Visit to Nalanda District
16
.
Figure-3: Foreign tourist footfall in Nalanda Vstotal foreign tourist in Bihar
16
.
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Rajgir Domestic
Rajgir Foreign
Nalanda Domestic
Nalanda Foreign
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
Foreign tourist visit to the Nalanda
District
Foreign tourist visit to the Bihar
State
International Research Journal of Earth Sciences
___________________________________________________ISSN 2321 – 2527
Vol. 5(9), 1-17, October (2017) Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.
International Science Congress Association 5
Scenario of Earthquakes in Bihar and Nalanda District: The
Bihar situated on the Gangetic Plain
18
. This is a fore profound,
a down twist of the Himalayan foreland, of variable profundity,
changed over into level fields by long-overwhelming
sedimentation with the complex structural setting (Figures-3 and
4). This is known as a geosyncline, and the Gangetic Plain is the
Indo-Gangetic Geosyncline. This has indicated extensive
measues of flexure and disengagement at the northern end and is
limited on the north by the Himalayan Frontal Thrust
19,20
.
Figure-4: Bihar tectonic framework
17
The floor of the Gangetic through is not an even surface; it
rather indicates folded disparities and covered edges (rack
deficiencies). Western Bihar sits on the sub-surface Faizabad
edge while the eastern segments sit on the Munger-Saharsa
Ridge. The ranges close to the fringe with West Bengal lie on
the Kosi Graben (Purnea-Kasganj Graben). The focal segments
of Bihar lie on the Gandak misery and East Uttar Pradesh rack.
The Himalayan Frontal Thrust does not keep running in Bihar.
However, it keeps running over the outskirt of Nepal. A few
issues have been distinguished in the district, and a few have
demonstrated proofs of development amid the Holocene age.
The West Patna Fault keeps running in an NE-SW heading from
close Arrah in the south to the Nepalese fringe close Madhubani
in the north. Running practically parallel to it is the East Patna
Fault which reaches out from the southeast of Patna in the south
to the Nepal fringe toward the east of Madhubani. Another fault
(likewise lying parallel to the past two), is the Munger-Saharsa
Ridge Fault which keeps running from Bihar Sharif (Nalanda)
to close Morang in eastern Nepal. Aside from these, there are
east–west running tear faults in the district that control the
courses of the primary waterways. As the main frontal push
between the subducting India plate and the abrogating Eurasia
plate toward the north thus, Bihar is among the area where
seismic tremors can happen. It is hard to pick up a refined
comprehension of the regional earthquake hazard because there
is a fragmented historical record of past. Soon after the 2009
Bhutan tremor, earth researchers attempted to anticipate the
likelihood of a staggering quake in the eastern district inside a
few years
21
. The 2010 Sikkim quake, which shook significant
parts of the nation, demonstrated the forecast was correct
21
.
Seismologically the whole locale is perched on a quake bomb.
Bihar has a background marked by direct to serious tremor
events, and its territory is shrouded in seismic zones IV and V
with conceivable most extreme force up to 8.4 on the Richter
scale. While the northern piece of the state, nearby Nepal, lies in
the most elevated hazard zone and thickly populated Patna with
its bordering regions fall in zone IV (high hazard zone). During
the past 180 years, Bihar has faced devastating earthquakes in
1833 and 1934, followed by a less damaging earthquake in
1988
22
. The epicenter of 1833 earthquake was in central-east
Nepal, which caused widespread damages at Munger,
Muzaffarpur and other places in Bihar. An earthquake of
magnitude 8.4 had occurred in 1934, having epicenter close to
Bihar border in eastern Nepal, which devastated vast areas of
North Bihar from East Champaran to Araria; severe damages
were reported from Patna, Barh and Jamalpur also; Munger
was completely ruined
22
. In 1988, Earthquake of magnitude 6.6,
epicenter at Uttar Pradesh-Bihar border, affected the districts of
Darbhanga, Madhubani, Saharsa and Munger
23
.
Multi-Hazard Profile of Nalanda district and earthquake
events: The topographical composition of Nalanda District, its
perimeter, its land, its water bodies, the climate and, most
importantly, its position made it most vulnerable and inclined to
the greater part of the significant dangers: seismic tremor,
surges, tornado, dry spell, and fire. In some cases, two of the
real hazards visit this city amid a similar period. Nalanda district
constitutes the multi-hazard profile of the district in the genuine
feeling of the term. This districtis situated in the high seismic
zone, Zone –IV and roosted on the edge of the tectonic plate
joining the Himalayan tectonic plate close to the Bihar-Nepal
Fringe. It had six sub-surface fault lines infiltrating through its
Gangetic planes in four directions, Nalanda district is vulnerable
to the most noticeably awful sort of debacle caused by the
seismic tremor
27
. The lineament wise Earthquake Vulnerability,
this district is most vulnerable and super sensitive district in
Bihar (Figure-5) and the majority of the houses and buildings in
Rajgir have not consolidated working by-laws, and don't have
sufficient basic quality to withstand even a mild seismic
tremor). After 2015, Nepal’s massive earthquake, scientists
from the National Geophysical Research Institute of India and
Stanford University, United States, analyzed the fault that
separates the Asian and Indian continental plates may cause a
'mega earthquake' of this century as the dead fault of Himalayas
are getting activated
28
. So the tremor will antagonistically
influence an expansive number of house, hotel, cultural heritage
and tourism business. It will disturb the economic activity for a
significant length, with a genuine effect on business and work.
International Research Journal of Earth Sciences
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Vol. 5(9), 1-17, October (2017) Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.
International Science Congress Association 6
Because of its unexampled geographical land condition, the
Nalanda has many, fluctuated, one of a kind and excellent sorts
of the landscape, and additionally an alterable atmosphere,
which indicates a shocking abundance of characteristic touring
assets in a moderately little range. In any case, this unique
geographic condition implies that this zone is subjected to visit
cataclysmic events also. As of late, the under the "Bihar
Tourism Policy-2009, for Accelerated Tourism Growth of the
State" Bihar government has advanced many initiatives for
empowering nearby improvement of the tourism industry.
To fully exploit our natural resources, most tourism operators
naturally want to build tourist facilities at or close to those areas
with the most wonderful view, frequently neighboring the
Rajgir slopes. The issue is that it is these areas described by
high calamity hazard and absence of assets for open debacle
help work. Instructions to join tourism and monetary
advancement with fiasco avoidance and alleviation work,
safeguard open security has turned into a basic issue for the
administration. Of the different sorts of regular risks, tremors
are a standout amongst the most genuine and unpreventable
31
.
Simply take a gander at the event of seismic tremors along the
Pacific Rim, in Japan, Taiwan, Nepal, in the course of the most
recent decade
32,33
. They obviously show the calamitous effect of
seismic tremors on tourism. Following the event of a tragic
seismic tremor, traveler related associations and goals are put in
an especially troublesome position, confronted with the
difficulties of declining quantities of guests and falling revenues
Table-1: Major Epicenter around Nalanda District
24-26
.
Date Magnitude Epicenter
26 August 1833 7.9 Eastern Nepal
21 May 1842 7 Banka-Dhuraia area, Bihar
11 November 1842 8.9 Bihar-Bengal area
7th October 1920 7 Jahanabad-Sasaram area, Bihar.
15th January 1934 8.4 Bihar-Nepal border
5march 1935 6 Bihar-Nepal border
11 February 1936 5.6 Bihar-Nepal border
December 23, 1983 4.3 Narenpur Bihar
February 17, 1985 4.7 Kodarmā, Jharkhand, India
May 02, 1988 3.8 Rāmnagar, Bihar, India
15 February 1993 4.9 Qasba-Purnea area
May 16, 1993 4.6 Bānkura, West Bengal, India
May 16, 1998 6.6 Uttar Pradesh-Bihar border region,
October 20, 2003 4.3 Puruliya, West Bengal, India
May 27 2005 3.5` Manchanda Bihar
June 06, 2008 3.8 Bodhgaya
November 08, 2008 4.1 Durgāpur, West Bengal, India
March 26, 2009 4.1 Chāībāsa, Jharkhand, India
March 27, 2012 5.0 Kishanganj, Bihar Bengal border
December 15, 2015 4.5 Chās, Jharkhand, India
15 December 2015 4.2 Devghar Jharkhand
International Research Journal of Earth
Sciences
Vol. 5(9), 1-17, October (2017)
International Science Congress
Association
Findings and results: Assessment of Tourist
Awareness and other Stakeholders
Damage due to past earthquake:
Being most vulnerable and
super sensitive district in Bihar, this district also was
an earthquake
. The entire past earthquake events had
significantly impacted the tourism sites and cultural and heritage
properties of this district. Since till 1976,
Nalanda
rural area under the administrative division of
of the damage in this area was
unreported. The famous
temple
in Badgaon which is very close to world heritage
Old Nalanda University Ruins and
having high religious value
Figure-
5:
Figure-6:
Sun temple in Bargaon, Nalanda
Sciences
_________________________
__________________________
Association
Findings and results: Assessment of Tourist
Being most vulnerable and
super sensitive district in Bihar, this district also was
shaken by
. The entire past earthquake events had
significantly impacted the tourism sites and cultural and heritage
Nalanda
District was a
rural area under the administrative division of
Patna. Thus most
unreported. The famous
Sun
in Badgaon which is very close to world heritage
site,
having high religious value
due to Bihar famous the “Chath
Puja”, was
1934 earthquake and reconstructed by the
in 1935 (Figure-6). Similarly,
1934 earthquake destroyed some
part of Sone Bhandar, Rajgir
and part
down due to liquefaction caused due to this
(Figures-7 and 8). The Annual
Report
Survey of India (1936-
37), also confirms that many
conservation activities and restoration works, which includes the
restoration of Cyclopean
walls and other Maths, were
uncompleted in
Rajgir area due to lack of fund.
5:
Nalanda District as earthquake prone district
30
Sun temple in Bargaon, Nalanda
after 1934 Earthquake.
__________________________
ISSN 2321 – 2527
Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.
7
Puja”, was
collapsed during the
1934 earthquake and reconstructed by the
villagers at a new site
1934 earthquake destroyed some
and part
of Manyar Math is buried
down due to liquefaction caused due to this
earthquake
33
Report
of an Archaeological
37), also confirms that many
conservation activities and restoration works, which includes the
walls and other Maths, were
Rajgir area due to lack of fund.
International Research Journal of Earth Sciences
___________________________________________________ISSN 2321 – 2527
Vol. 5(9), 1-17, October (2017) Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.
International Science Congress Association 8
Figure-7: Damage cause by 1934 Earthquake on Sone Bhandar, Rajgir.
Figure-8: Damage caused by 1934 Earthquake to Maniyar Math.
The result of tourist opinion survey: Nobody can assure
earthquake safety unless everybody in the community is aware
of earthquake consequences and gets prepared. Being prepared
alone will not always work for others. Risk perceptions are
essential in looking at how individuals comprehend dangers and
secure against them. The required data and information were
collected from a direct field study from four major tourist
destinations namely, Manyar math, Vishwa Shanti Stupa,
Griddhakuta Peak, Venu Vana Kalandakanivapa and at
Nalanda University Ruins. Since as per Bihar tourism reports
these places were receiving the satisfactory numbers of tourist
arrivals, hence they are selected. The sample size was selected
by using convenience and snowball sampling techniques. Each
prospective tourist was initially approached and invited to
participate, and a total of 400 tourists participated in the study.
The survey work was undertaken from January 2017 to March
2017, which is peak season from a tourism point of view, as per
the Bihar Tourism department. A total of 400 questionnaires
were administered from all the five tourist destinations, and only
tourists that were willing to be administered questionnaires were
selected. The crucial reason for this decision is to pay attention
to those who were more interested and concerned by the
incidence of the earthquake. Approximately 15 to 20 min was
spent to complete one questionnaire. The questionnaires for
administrators have filled a group of three volunteers. The
volunteers met the respondents explaining the study and the
purpose of the questionnaire. The questionnaire could be
answered through the volunteer or personally filled only once.
This questionnaire comprised of 22 questions, mostly multiple-
choice, but also some open questions. Also, 15 officials from
Central and State administrative service and policy makers
answered to the questionnaire; Responses were collected and
stored by in a PC. Open questions were coded by a simple and
subjective coding system.
Results Highlights: i. Out of 400 tourists surveyed in this
survey were, 75%, i.e. 304 are domestic tourists while
International Research Journal of Earth
Sciences
Vol. 5(9), 1-17, October (2017)
International Science Congress
Association
remaining 25 % i.e.
96 were international tourists.
the domestic tourists, 78 % tourists were from Bihar
8% were from the neighboring states of Jharkhand and 4 %
from West Bengal. iii. Approx
81 % of international tourist
belongs from BuddhistNations,
Major of them from
Nepal. Thailand etc. iv.
Most of the domestic tourists were less
than 45 years of age, while foreign tourists were slightly older
than domestic ones; 13% of them were mo
re than 60 years of
age. v. Majority of foreign tourist
wastraveling
with objectives of religious tourism
while Visiting of friends/
relatives, sightseeing and recreation/ leisure were the primary
goal of domestic tourists. vi. The interna
tional tourist seems
much aware of Disaster risk reductions while domestic tourists
were not clear about disaster risk reduction
domestic as well as 45% of International tourist affirms that
they had witness earthquake in past which causes sig
damage to roads and other infrastructure property.
domestic (93%) and international (90%), first time listen that
Nalanda district is
most vulnerable to natural disasters like
earthquake. The majority
of them affirm that they came acros
this fact during the survey. Similarly,
most of them did not
Figure
Figure
Domestic tourist
Sciences
_________________________
__________________________
Association
96 were international tourists.
ii. Among
the domestic tourists, 78 % tourists were from Bihar
itself, and
8% were from the neighboring states of Jharkhand and 4 %
81 % of international tourist
Major of them from
Japan,
Most of the domestic tourists were less
than 45 years of age, while foreign tourists were slightly older
re than 60 years of
wastraveling
Nalanda district
while Visiting of friends/
relatives, sightseeing and recreation/ leisure were the primary
tional tourist seems
much aware of Disaster risk reductions while domestic tourists
were not clear about disaster risk reduction
. vii. 55% of
domestic as well as 45% of International tourist affirms that
they had witness earthquake in past which causes sig
nificant
damage to roads and other infrastructure property.
viii. Both
domestic (93%) and international (90%), first time listen that
most vulnerable to natural disasters like
of them affirm that they came acros
s
most of them did not
check the Weather information of this area.
tourist comes under different tour packages offered by tour
operators, thus they do not check the star rating of
hotels.however all
of them seems aware about the safety of their
documents like passport, etc. x.
The majority of international
tourist confirms that in the case of emergency they will rely on
Tourist operators. While domestic tourist confirms that they will
contact the poli
ce and their family members.
tourist wants to get
informed about the potential natural hazards
and civil protection measures through electronic messages like
SMS services. Some tourists fro the USA and Australia confirm
that they receiv
e mail from their embassy about the tourist area
and potential risk and hazard information.
express their concern that there is very limited
accessible from authorized sources about the potential hazards
and about the ways to
get prepared for them.
website should and must have it.
international tourists express their concerns that Encroachments
and lack of Sign/Safety boards will make the situation more
worse.
Figure
-9: Classifications of Tourist Questionnaires.
Figure
-10: Profile of Domestic Tourists.
75%
25%
Domestic tourist
International tourist %
Bihar
78%
Jharkhnad
8%
West Bengal
4%
Uttar Pradesh
3%
Punjab
1%
Gujarat
2%
Madhya
Pradesh
2% Delhi
1%
ROI
1%
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Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.
9
check the Weather information of this area.
ix. Since 95% of
tourist comes under different tour packages offered by tour
operators, thus they do not check the star rating of
of them seems aware about the safety of their
The majority of international
tourist confirms that in the case of emergency they will rely on
Tourist operators. While domestic tourist confirms that they will
ce and their family members.
xi. The majority of
informed about the potential natural hazards
and civil protection measures through electronic messages like
SMS services. Some tourists fro the USA and Australia confirm
e mail from their embassy about the tourist area
and potential risk and hazard information.
xii. Similar they
express their concern that there is very limited
information
accessible from authorized sources about the potential hazards
get prepared for them.
A government
website should and must have it.
xiii. Both domestic and
international tourists express their concerns that Encroachments
and lack of Sign/Safety boards will make the situation more
International Research Journal of Earth
Sciences
Vol. 5(9), 1-17, October (2017)
International Science Congress
Association
Figure
Figure
Cambodia, 10
Myanmar, 4
Bhutan, 2
Tibet, 2
Laos, 1
Vietnam, 3 Taiwan, 1
Bangla desh, 4
USA, 5
New zealand, 3
Australia, 2
82
67
Religious Tour
75
55
Yes
Are you Aware of the Concept of DRR (International %)
Are you Aware of the Concept of DRR (Domestic %)
Sciences
_________________________
__________________________
Association
Figure
-11: Profile of International Tourists.
Figure-12: Reason for Travelling.
Figure
-13: Tourist Awareness level regarding DRR.
Japan , 20
Nepal, 15
Sri Lanka, 12
Thailand, 10
Cambodia, 10
USA, 5
New zealand, 3
Australia, 2
Other, 6
059
85
122
Educational tour Recreation and leisure
tour
other
Foregin Tourist Domestic Tourist
18
7
35
10
No Not Sure
Are you Aware of the Concept of DRR (International %)
Are you Aware of the Concept of DRR (Domestic %)
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Int. Res. J. Earth Sci.
10
30
other
10
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Figure-14: Past Disaster Experience.
Figure-15: Tourist choices to contact in case of any disaster.
Figure-16: Tourist preferential mode of communication to be informed about the potential natural hazards and civil protection
measures.
45
35
12
62
55
38
520
Earthquake Flood Heat Wave Extreme Cold Fire
Foregin Tourist % Domestic Tourist %
25
58
5
12
71
86
15
Police Tourist Guide/operator State Authority (BSDMA) Family
Foregin Tourist % Domestic Tourist %
810
5
12
40
25
18
86
25
30
13
leafets printed on tickets newspaper TV Electonic
Message like
SMS
Social Media
Services like
Facebook etc
Foregin Tourist % Domestic Tourist %
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Figure-17: Reasons that will worse the situation in case of disaster.
Administrative Survey and government initiatives: During
Administration survey, which was based on face to face
consultation based, all policy makers seem to aware about
disaster and disaster management plan for the city. They affirm
that there is “Mandatory provision of DM Plan Under Section
31 of DM Act -2005”. Most of them seem well aware about the
District Plan. During this administrator survey, policy makers
and an officer from district administration also updated about
the existing infrastructure like weather monitoring stations and
seismic study center in Bihar. As per the authority, Indian
MetrologicalDepartment (IMD) had installed weather forecast
center at Gaya, Patna, Rajgir, and Nalanda, (Bihar Sharif Block
in the case of Nalanda) following at following locations these
infrastructures are already setup, and only Valmikinagar is
having the seismic study center in Bihar. Apart from it , they
update the surveyors about tourist friendly policing under the
scheme of “Paryatan Mitra” , which will be in the role of a
guide not only for tourists but also to take care of their safety on
the basis of 'Atithi Devo Bhava' so that tourists coming from
abroad should not have any problem. The people of this team
have been deputed for special constancy, 04 Constable, and 01
Police Officers. Also the members of this team will be given
training later in the information of other foreign languages. The
car will be equipped with black cat commandos equipped with
state-of-the-art resources, wireless systems, and weapons. Not
only this, by dialing * 100 *, it will be connected directly to the
Police Control Room, which will inform the tourist friend
vehicle as per the requirement so that tourists can get immediate
help. It will also be equipped with a medical kit. According to
them, this vehicle will now be patrolling at important places in
Rajgir and Nalanda. Similarly, the Bihar government recently
launched an app “Humara Rajgir”. The aim of this app is to
stand as a guide for visitors visiting Rajgir. This App is present
in three languages English, Hindi, and Japanese. However,
during this administrator survey, policy makers and
administrator often cite challenges related to organization
setting, technical planning basis, cooperation and similar issue.
Following challenges were found in institutional approaches for
current urban planning practices. i. Lack of specific
funding/budget lines for disaster risk reduction, ii. Lack of staff
ownership of risk reduction and their mainstreaming due to for
instance fear of increased workload, lack of institutional
leadership, no participatory decision taking and lack of skills
and insufficient human resources in general and in particular
with expertise in risk reduction and adaptation. iii. Unclear
borders between individual and institutional responsibilities to
take necessary measures on the ground, iv. Poor enforcements
schemes resulting in noncompliance of building and planning
codes, v. Lack of political support and financing, vi. Lack of
data deficient data for hazards,impacts, and vulnerabilities. vii.
Absence of awareness among different stakeholders about the
seismic hazard; viii. insufficient scrutiny and authorization of
quake safe construction laws and town arranging bye-laws; ix.
the absence of seismic tremor safe components in non-built
development in rural and provincial and heritage ranges; x. the
absence of formal preparing among experts in quake safe
development rehearses; and xi. the absence of satisfactory
enthusiasm and reaction limit among different stakeholders.
Discussions, future risks and way forward: With the findings,
it is evident that tourism industry is liable to a catastrophic
event. No doubt many research has been carried to evaluate the
impacts of cataclysmic event on tourism, but limited efforts
have been made to evaluate the comprehension of travelers s to
8
84
521
28
48
6
12
6
Overlooking the
basic safety at
tourist site
Encroachments
and lack of
Sign/Safety boards
Narrow roads and
crowds
Haphazard
Construction of
hotels
Unplanned Tourist
Destination
Foregin Tourist % Domestic Tourist %
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give suggestion to the hazard administration of tourism industry.
With the available data, facts, and results it is evident that
Nalanda district legacy and tourist industry is being held
prisoner by cataclysmic events. The danger is tangible and
requires prompt intercession as hazard risk reduction and a
diagram for fiasco administration. Surprisingly, the BIHAR
TOURISM POLICY- 2009 which is drafted with the aim for
accelerated tourism growth in Bihar, states that
34
:
The State Government shall recruit security personnel to
provide security services to the tourists to instill in them a sense
of security while visiting any particular tourist spot and also to
offer a helping hand to co-operate with them. For this purpose,
competent and skilled force shall be identified or through
outsourcing qualified, and smart security personnel from the
private sector will be posted at different important identified
tourist spots.
However,currently, Bihar tourism industry has been shaken by
big blown, as the Bihar government cut down the tourism
budget plan for 2017-18 at Rs 109.87 crore - around 84%
against a distribution of Rs 672.49 crore in 2016-17
35
. This
notwithstanding the way that tourism has been distinguished
among ten need areas of the legislature under its “Industrial
Investment Promotion Policy, 2016”
36
. Curiously, “Bihar's
Economic Survey 2016-17” had said more than half increment
in domestic visitors in the vicinity of 2011 and 2015 and
recommended a five-year guide to tapping religious, provable
and archeological potential, other than creating 12 traveler
circuits
36,37
.
Similarly, Nalanda District which is a legacy district and gets
lakhs of travelers consistently, yet it doesn't have a proper
district disaster management plan. The existing District disaster
plan is not as per the guideline of disaster management act and
merely contains the official letters and contact number rather
than having concrete plans and guideline. The outcomes of the
study exhibit that this district is not prepared to appropriately
react to a catastrophe, which is helpless against different risks
due to its topographical idiosyncrasies and populace density.
The entire disaster management plan seems to proceed with a
"relief driven approach" in a fiasco administration exercises
instead of a "pro activeaction, relief, and preparedness
approach" as conceived in the “Disaster Management Act
(DMA).”
The administrative survey reflects that District Disaster
Management (DM) authorities are a failure on theground to
develop vital communication arrangement which may make
"dissemination of proper information impossible to lower levels
such as taluks, villages and thereby to vulnerable communities
during a disaster. At present, the Bihar state has just a single
seismic tremor observing station at Valmikinagar in West
Champaran, which is dead
38
. After2015, Nepal earthquake the
Bihar State Government decided to setup 13 new seismic tremor
examinations stations within one year, which would improve the
shake inclined state prepared to gather data about tremors
39
.
Even after two years, nothing happens on the ground, and it is a
burning truth that in spite of being situated in a high seismic
zone, the conditions as to tremor checking in Nalanda district as
well as Bihar have stayed lacking. In line with such
consideration, this study has attempted to investigate awareness
level of tourists. The study reveals that the Nalanda district is
highly susceptible to the earthquake and any earthquake more
than eight on Richter Scale in Indo-Nepal Border may devastate
the tourism industry of Bihar. The survey also reveals that since
the majority of foreign tourist visiting this district, are not good
in English, thus the notice board and information center should
have another language like Thai. Furthermore, the influence of
different factors, including demographic background, past travel
experience, trip purpose, and image perception on tourists’
response behavior is clarified. Significant differences are
revealed between travelers from different countries and between
domestic and foreign tourist as well. There are many tourist
facilities located in regions that are also subject to earthquakes
disasters. This has already become a significant risk for the
tourism industry. It is certain that tourist destinations can cope
with such challenges if they have guidelines for appropriate
actions in place.
Future Risks and impacts: Nalanda District is, and its major
tourist destinations are situated in a green valley and surrounded
by hillocks (Figure-9). Thus this hill station is an important
destination for Jains and Buddhists. These hills are part of
Munger-Rajgir metasedimentary belt, and the Munger-Saharsa
Ridge Fault runs from it to near Morang in eastern Nepal. As
lineaments point of view, this district is most vulnerable to
earthquakes, and it is aerially 450 km away from Nepal. Mount
Everest and different mountains along the length of the
Himalayan mountain range were shaped by wedges of shake
pushed on top of other shake layers. This stacking, or
thickening, happens amid occasional, however pulverizing
seismic tremors
40
. The reason behind it is millions of years ago,
the collision of the Indian subcontinent and Asia. Due to which
rock layers about 40 kilometers (25 miles) thick from Asia are
being shoved on top of crustal rocks, which are about 40
kilometers (25 miles) thick, of the Indian subcontinent. The
shoving, or thrusting, involves several parallel fault planes that
slip centimeters or meters during infrequent earthquakes. That
implies the anxieties, brought about by the India-Asia plate
pushing, develop over decades or hundreds of years before they
are sufficiently vast to incite a major tremor along with a
segment of at least one sections of the blame frameworks.
According to US Geological Survey, seismic action examination
in the Nepal has demonstrated that this zone is a hotbed of
accumulated energy. Thus it is predicted that an earthquake 32
times what hit Nepal on April 25 is coming in coming future
40
.
Thus tourist destinations in Nalanda district need to be better
able cope with such challenges if they had guidelines for
appropriate action in place before anything untoward had
happened. 'Disaster planning and response thus appear to be
significant for the tourism industry.
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Figure-18: The Rajgir Hills and its tourist destinations (Created through Google Earth by Author).
Way forward: No doubt, the tourist sites, heritage properties
are imperative for national and community pride and for social
attachment
41
. Catastrophes do happen. Consequently, it is best
to be set up to deal with these unavoidable occasions. In times
of catastrophe, a successful DRM plan can bolster helpless
groups by safeguarding their legacy. In line with such
consideration, this study has attempted to investigate awareness
level of tourists. The study reveals that the Nalanda district is
highly susceptible to the earthquake and any earthquake more
than eight on Richter scale in Indo-Nepal Border may devastate
the tourism industry of Bihar. The survey also reveals that since
the majority of foreign tourist visiting this district, are not good
in English, thus the notice board and information center should
have another language like Thai. Furthermore, the influence of
different factors, including demographic background, past travel
experience, trip purpose, and image perception on tourists’
response behavior is clarified. Significant differences are
revealed between travelers from different countries and between
domestic and foreign tourist as well. There are many tourist
facilities located in regions that are also subject to earthquakes
disasters. This has already become a significant risk for the
tourism industry. It is certain that tourist destinations can cope
with such challenges if they have guidelines for appropriate
actions in place. This article uncovers the importance of
understanding disasters risk reduction for the tourism industry
because the industry is highly susceptible to change and
crises/disasters. It is hoped that the that more academic
researchers will put effort into tourism-related research and help
to construct a more comprehensive catastrophe risk assessment
model designed to decrease catastrophe-related risks to the
tourism industry. The above findings have important practical
implications for Disaster risk reduction planning and resilience.
Also, the analysis of tourists’ response behavior to the
earthquake can help the government to predict the changes in
tourism market that would occur due to the disaster. A better
understanding of the impacts of the natural disaster on tourist
behavior can benefit the Nalanda tourism industry in better
planning for future risk management and explore effective
policy to support the sustainable development of tourism
industry.
Conclusion
Since hazards have no respect for the political boundaries of
countries, it is essential for DRM policies to be developed with
a strong regional perspective, leading to close patterns of
regional cooperation
42-44
. No doubt, the enactment of 73rd and
74
th
Amendments to the Constitution and emergence of local
self- government, both rural and urban, emphasize the role of
local authorities as “vital”. Even though much has been done by
“National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)” and
“Bihar State Disaster Management Authority (BSDMA)” it is
evident from results and conditions that, still not enough has
been done and that there is a long way to go. When trying to
understand and set up action in context for such blessed
geographical regions like Nalanda District, it seems that there is
a huge gap in the application of new approach and technologies
for adaptation, mitigation, and prevention of disasters. Also, the
existing policy seems to relief centric rather than having
“prevention-centric
45
”. Being situated in such tectonically active
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zone, what we know for certain is that the disaster like the
earthquake in Bihar will never come to an end. The state, its
people and its industries must plan, adapt and prepare for the
next one strike.
No doubt, the tourist sites, heritage properties are imperative for
the nation, community pride and social attachment
46,47
.
Catastrophes do happen, consequently, it is best to be set up to
deal with these unavoidable occasions
48
. In times of catastrophe,
a successful DRM plan can bolster helpless groups by
safeguarding their legacy
49
. There are strong linkages amongst
DRR and Climate Change, as the number of fiascos is climate
related
50
. Thus collaboration amongst DRR, Climate Change,
and environmental risk assessment are much essential for
sustainable development of tourism sites of Bihar. In line with
such consideration, this study has attempted to investigate
awareness level of tourists and reveals that the Nalanda district
is highly susceptible to the earthquake and any earthquake more
than eight on Richter Scale in Indo-Nepal Border may devastate
the tourism industry of Bihar. The majorityof these tourist
facilities are not earthquake-resistant and are potentially
vulnerable to collapse in the event of a low-intensity earthquake.
Seismic retrofitting is need of the hour for them. It is certain that
tourist destinations can cope with such challenges if they have
guidelines for appropriate actions in place
39-41
. This article
uncovers the significance of disasters risk reduction for the
tourism industry because this industry is highly susceptible to
change and crises/disasters. It is anticipated that more scholastic
specialists will place exertion into tourism-related research for
Bihar and help to build a more extensive disaster hazard
evaluation to diminish related dangers to the Bihar’s tourism
business. The above findings have critical pragmatic
ramifications for Disaster risk reduction arrangement. A better
comprehension of the influence of debacle on tourist conduct
can help the Nalanda tourism industry in better anticipating
future hazard administration and explore sustainable way for
growth of tourism industry.
Recommendations: Based on outcome of the study, following
recommendations are suggested: i. Creating and undertaking
seismic fortifying and retrofitting models for existing tourist
structures. ii. Expanding the familiarity with seismic hazard
reduction measures to different partners through workshops,
classes, and open public awareness campaigns. iii. Creating
inventory and documentation on lessons from past seismic
tremors and guaranteeing their wide dissemination along with
earthquake safety research and development in professional
technical institutions realizing the trans-boundary nature of
earthquake. iv. Installation of stand alone solar lights in all
tourist hot spot of Nalanda district as earthquake caused
widespread power outages throughout the area and majority of
tourist destinations are located in Rajgir Hills. v. Conduct
demonstration projects to disseminate earthquake-resistant
techniques and public awareness campaigns, mock drills, on
seismic safety and risk reduction and sensitizing all stakeholders
to earthquake mitigation in public participation events like
Heritage walk, Rajgir Mahotsav or Similar Others. vi.
Developing an appropriate mechanism for certification of
professionals like tourist guides, tour operators, hotel industry
Managers as “Aapda Mitra” in earthquake risk reduction
instruments by collaborating with professional bodies.
Acknowledgement
I express my gratitude to Dr. Pushpa Kumar Lakshmanan,
Associate Professor, School of Ecology and
Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir for being my
mentor and giving valuable inputs, criticism and suggestion in
the fulfillment of this anticipate. Last however not the least; I
would like to thank all of the tourists of Nalanda district, guides,
and administrators, who agreed to be interviewed, for their time
and enthusiasm, and for the transparent manner in which they
answered the questions.
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