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The Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention of Young Researchers: Combining the Theory of Planned Behavior with the Triple Helix Model
Abstract
Although the theme of academic spin-off has received increasing consideration in entrepreneurship literature, little attention has been devoted to identifying the factors that drive young researchers to set up ventures based on the results of their research. To identify the determinants of academic entrepreneurial intention (AEI), we tested a model on a sample of Italian researchers using structural equation modeling and integrating the Triple Helix Model with the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The findings highlight that all psychological variables of TPB are relevant in predicting AEI, whereas only some contextual and exogenous variables (namely, government and industrial/financial support) directly influence AEI.
... La intención emprendedora (IE) es un importante campo de investigación donde surgen cada vez más conocimientos e interrogantes (Fayolle y Liñán, 2014). La relevancia del enfoque de la IE en universitarios ha sido destacada en diversas investigaciones 3; Feola et al., 2019 ;Nabi et al., 2018;Nowiński et al., 2017). Entre sus bases teóricas fundamentales se encuentra la teoría del comportamiento planificado (TCP) (Ajzen, 1991), que proporciona una comprensión de las motivaciones para emprender. ...
... La TCP cuenta con soporte dado por evidencia empírica (Ajzen, 1991), lo que significa que se han realizado distintos estudios que permiten comprobar su importancia y pertenencia en distintos contextos (Feola et al., 2019;Kautonen et al., 2015;Liñán y Chen, 2009). De esta forma, se evidencia que las intenciones a través de diferentes comportamientos pueden predecirse a través de las AC, las NS y el CCP. ...
... Según la teoría del comportamiento planificado (TCP), las actitudes (AC) se definen como determinantes de la intención, de acuerdo con el grado de favorabilidad que tiene una persona frente a un comportamiento en cuestión (Ajzen, 1991). Las AC pueden interpretarse como la deseabilidad individual para participar en un comportamiento (Feola et al., 2019). ...
Este artículo es un online first (versión definitiva del contenido del artículo, con diagramación provisional y asignación de DOI). Aún no cuenta con páginas definitivas, pero es citable utilizando su código DOI. Cómo citar este artículo: Niño-Amézquita, D.; Gutiérrez-Ayala, J.; Blanco-Mesa, F. (2023). Relaciones entre las actitudes personales, las percepciones externas y las capacidades sobre la intención emprendedora universitaria. Revista Escuela de Administración de Negocios, (94), (páginas). DOI: Resumen La intención emprendedora (IE) en el entorno académico es un tema de investigación que cobra relevancia dentro del campo del espíritu empresarial, debido al potencial emprendedor identificado entre los estudiantes universitarios. En ese sentido, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los determinantes intención emprendedora universitaria (IEU) en Colombia. Para esto, se consideran las 33 universidades de Colombia que participan en el proyecto Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Student's Survey (GUESSS). Usando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM), se integran elementos de la teoría del comportamiento planificado (TCP) como las actitudes (AC), normas subjetivas (NS) y el control conductual percibido (CCP) para predecir los aspectos que anteceden al comportamiento emprendedor. Dentro de los resultados se tiene que para este caso los factores como NS y CCP tienen una relación positiva con respecto a la IEU, mientras que las AC no presentan significancia, esto debido a aspectos cognitivos complejos que pueden ser influidos por otros elementos, como el entorno social. Estos resultados
... Several studies find a moderating role of attitude (motivational beliefs regarding the expected outcomes of starting up) on the intention-action relation (Delano€ e-Gueguen and Liñ an, 2019; Blank and Gabay-Mariani, 2023) and suggest ATE might be more important in predicting EGI at the nascency stage, as found by certain authors (Urban and Chantson, 2019;Blaese and Liebig, 2021). Other studies, in turn, find PBC to be more influential in explaining EGI (Feola et al., 2019;Ndofirepi, 2022). Similarly, there is controversy regarding whether SN is a significant predictor of EGI (Blaese and Liebig, 2021;Feola et al., 2019) or whether it is not (Goethner et al., 2012;Lee-Ross, 2017). ...
... Other studies, in turn, find PBC to be more influential in explaining EGI (Feola et al., 2019;Ndofirepi, 2022). Similarly, there is controversy regarding whether SN is a significant predictor of EGI (Blaese and Liebig, 2021;Feola et al., 2019) or whether it is not (Goethner et al., 2012;Lee-Ross, 2017). ...
... The relative importance of ATE has been found to be higher in samples closer to the nascency stage, in line with our results: these include researchers from applied sciences in universities with active start-up promotion policies (Blaese and Liebig, 2021) and those from industrial research centres (Urban and Chantson, 2019). In contrast, PBC is a more important predictor of EGI in student samples, who are mostly in the pre-decisional stage (Feola et al., 2019;Ndofirepi, 2022), as our results predict. ...
Purpose-This paper integrates the action phase theory (APT) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to analyse the dynamic mechanisms involved in the configuration of goals and implementation intentions throughout the entrepreneurship process.
Design/methodology/approach-The empirical analysis compares individuals in different phases of this process (not yet decided, potential and nascent entrepreneurs). A large sample of adults from Spain is analysed. Structural equation models and multi-group analysis (MGA) serve to test the hypotheses.
Findings-The results confirm that perceived behavioural control (PBC) is the most influential antecedent of entrepreneurial goal intention (EGI) in pre-actional phases (undecided and potential entrepreneurs), whilst attitude towards entrepreneurship (ATE) takes this role during nascency. Subjective norms (SNs) are more important in Phase 1 (establishing the goal) and in Phase 3 (performing nascent behaviour).
Originality/value-This study contributes to both the TPB and the APT. It provides the most relevant insight into the mental process that leads to starting up and helps explain certain previous conflicting results found in the literature. Additionally, it has important implications not only for theory building but also for support bodies and for entrepreneurship educators.
... It has even been suggested that positive and negative perceptions of entrepreneurship are more important than cognitive factors in influencing entrepreneurial intention [11]. Similarly, it has been suggested that entrepreneurial intention influences students' entrepreneurial behaviours [12,13]. ...
... Yang [41] also highlighted the role of effective entrepreneurship education in improving perceived behavioural control and entrepreneurial intention. In this context, entrepreneurial intention has been widely associated with an individual's willingness to develop entrepreneurial behaviour and engage in starting a new business [12,13,[44][45][46][47]. Based on the above, the following hypothesis is put forward: ...
... This highlights the importance of students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship in their entrepreneurial intention. Thus, positive attitudes towards 12 entrepreneurship can serve as a driving force for students to actively consider and pursue entrepreneurial opportunities. ...
Entrepreneurship education has become increasingly relevant. For some years now, the business environment for starting a new company in the Dominican Republic has been considered very propitious. This has generated that many universities have incorporated training in entrepreneurship in their study plans. This study aims to analyse whether the cognitive and affective components, the country's business environment, university training in entrepreneurship and attitudes towards entrepreneurship are antecedents of the entrepreneurial intention of university students. It also seeks to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behaviour of students. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 523 students who had taken courses on entrepreneurship. The data have been analysed through the SPSS and Smart-PLS programs. The results of this research highlight the importance of the affective component and attitudes towards entrepreneurship in the formation of students' entrepreneurial intentions. This reinforces the importance of cultivating positive attitudes through educational interventions. These results contribute to the understanding of the factors that drive entrepreneurial intentions among university students and provide a foundation for future research.
... PBC involves self-perception but in relation to the degree of competence and performance. SNs involve the individual's environment and are defined as a form of social pressure to perform (or not perform) a behavior (Feola et al., 2019). Each of these elements can have a significant impact on intentions if self-perception and the social environment interact in the same direction to enhance the execution of those intentions. ...
... Likewise, research on EI employs different approaches such as the demographic and social approaches of students and researchers (Ahmed et al., 2010;Feola et al., 2019), as well as the incidence of intervention and support exerted by universities on entrepreneurial behavior (Coduras et al., 2008;Su et al., 2021), which can be used to compare the performance of these factors against EI promotion (Fayolle & Gailly, 2015;Franke & Lüthje, 2004;Souitaris et al., 2007). These factors become even more important for young people with an average age of 25, whose decisions will significantly impact their future (Turker & Selcuk, 2009). ...
... Nabi et al. (2018) have demonstrated that entrepreneurship training can play a more significant role in inspiration than in knowledge since emotional factors can be very powerful in both supporting students in and dissuading them from their intention. Thus, personal beliefs and expectations constitute strong elements in the EI of researchers and academics (Feola et al., 2019). ...
Studies on entrepreneurship have used several approaches, among which, research on entrepreneurial intention (EI) can be highlighted. Studies on EI help researchers better understand entrepreneurial behavior. In this sense, one of the most relevant frameworks in EI studies is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which stands out for its predictive capacity, mainly in a university context. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between the variables of Personal Attitudes (PAs), Subjective Norms (SNs), and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) with respect to the EI of university students in Colombia. For this purpose, we constructed a model that integrates the elements of the TPB with EI with reference to the validated instrument of the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Student's Survey (GUESSS) project applied to a sample of 12,383 students. The estimation of the model uses structural equations (SEMs) by means of Partial Least Squares-Path Modelling (PLS-PM). The findings show that PAs and PBC are determinants of EI, while SNs have no direct influence; however, their effects are indirect. These results have implications for how to promote entrepreneurship in emerging economies through the university environment. The results indicate that the development of students' capabilities is essential for entrepreneurship and its incorporation into the university's knowledge transfer model.
... Research demonstrates that entrepreneurs' children show a higher entrepreneurial propensity than employees' children (Parker, 2018). However, not only family members but also professional peers affect the entrepreneurial propensity (Feola et al., 2019;Moog et al., 2015;Stuart and Ding, 2006). Such professional peers can affect the entrepreneurial propensity either directly or indirectly through the institutional norms and culture, for example at school, at university, or via the supervisor (Antonioli et al., 2016;Bercovitz and Feldman, 2008;Huyghe and Knockaert, 2015). ...
... In a related vein, several studies show that the institutional attitude towards entrepreneurship affects the entrepreneurial activity of the academic staff (Feola et al., 2019;Grimm and Jaenicke, 2012;Huyghe and Knockaert, 2015) and PhD entrepreneurship, respectively (Muscio and Ramaciotti, 2019). Bercovitz and Feldman (2008) show that the individual behaviours of academics are strongly affected by the social norms within their departments. ...
... Several studies provide evidence that Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour (1991) is relevant for predicting entrepreneurial intentions (e.g. Feola et al., 2019;Liñán and Chen, 2009). According to the theory of planned behaviour, intentions are determined by personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. ...
In this paper, we study whether and how (i) working conditions, (ii) network relationships, and (iii) institutional support offers simultaneously relate to entrepreneurial intentions among German university scientists. Using unique, representative data collected from 5992 academic scientists at 73 German universities, we find that entrepreneurial peers and monetary incentives have a positive effect on university scientists' engagement in entrepreneurship. Moreover, we show that networks have a substantial impact on entrepreneurial intentions. We also provide evidence for our hypothesis suggesting that, from a certain network size onwards, the positive effect on the entrepreneurial intentions diminishes. However, although hypothesized, our results do not indicate that the propensity for entrepreneurship rises exponentially with an increasing number of institutional support offers in universities. That is, a broad range of offers covering all the pre-founding phases does not seem to have a stronger impact on university scientists' intentions to switch into entrepreneurship than individual isolated offers.
Until 02. April free access: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1gaDbbssdrK37
... Pruett et al. (2009) also acknowledged the smaller yet significant role of social dimensions (family support, experience, and knowledge of others who had started any business venture) in stimulating entrepreneurial intentions. Some other studies have also reported that subjective norms positively affect entrepreneurial intentions (Feola et al., 2017;Kolvereid, 2016;Roy et al., 2017;. PBC is another important determinant of intention as well as behavior in the TPB model. ...
... Among the four determinants, attitude toward entrepreneurship was found as the strongest predictor of entrepreneurial intentions, followed by entrepreneurial self-efficacy and subjective norms. These results are in line with the previous literature (Carr & Sequeira, 2007;Feola et al., 2017;Karimi, 2019;Kumar & Shukla, 2023;. Thus, it is evident from the results that attitude toward entrepreneurship is the primary motivation for the students to exhibit a positive intention to start their own business venture. ...
The present study aims to examine college students' entrepreneurial intentions enrolled in engineering and management programs. The study mainly focuses on exploring the role of entrepreneurial passion in stimulating favorable intentions to start a business venture. Ajzen's "Theory of planned behavior" was used as a conceptual model, and entrepreneurial passion was added to the basic framework of the model as a contextual variable. Moreover, to offset the confounding effect of extraneous variables, gender, and family business exposure were taken as control variables. Data were collected from 376 college students using a structured questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data in Amos 22.0. The analysis of the data revealed that attitude toward entrepreneurship emerged as the most important determinant of entrepreneurial intentions, followed by subjective norms, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepre-neurial passion. Moreover, the results of the parallel mediation analysis revealed that the three basic constructs of the theory of planned behavior model were partially mediating the effect of passion on entrepreneurial intentions. The study presents implications for policymakers and governments for boosting entrepreneurship among students so that higher economic growth can be achieved.
... According to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), entrepreneurial decisions are influenced by one of the external factors, namely the family environment (Feola et al., 2019;Kachkar & Djafri, 2021). The existence of this family environmental factor means that students' interest in entrepreneurship will be high because of encouragement from the family. ...
... The results of this study are also relevant to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which states that entrepreneurial decisions are influenced by one of the external factors, namely the family environment (Feola et al., 2019;Kachkar & Djafri, 2021). The existence of these family environmental factors means that students' interest in entrepreneurship will be high because of encouragement from the family. ...
The courage to take risks to open a new business has not been fully embedded in most technical education students. One of the influences is low student self-efficacy due to a lack of self-confidence in students who think there is a failure in opening a new business. So this research examines and analyzes in-depth related entrepreneurial interest as measured through self-efficacy, family, and university environment in technical education students. The probability sampling method using a random sampling technique was used in taking a sample of 450 participants in technical education students. The most dominant item in representing the success of entrepreneurial interest is creativity at 84.80%. The weakest construct is the never-give-up construct of 71.50%. The ability of the structural model to explain Entrepreneurial Interest is 61.80%, while the Entrepreneurial Interest variable explains 50.50% of the phenomena predicted in the field. The path analysis test reveals that the three variables influence the interest in entrepreneurship positively and significantly. This study recommends that universities foster an interest in entrepreneurship by providing technical assistance in developing businesses, inviting entrepreneurial speakers, holding industrial visits, and conducting training programs. These steps are expected to foster student interest in entrepreneurship.
... Numerous studies have employed the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as the theoretical framework to examine the entrepreneurial intention of business graduates (e.g., Farooq, 2018;Feola et al., 2019;Yang, 2013). This has been confirmed through comprehensive meta-analyses by Armitage and Conner (2001) and Zaremohzzabieh et al. (2019). ...
... This study makes several significant contributions. Firstly, while previous research has employed the TPB as a theoretical framework for investigating the entrepreneurial intentions of graduate students (e.g., Farooq, 2018;Feola et al., 2019), these studies have mainly focused on traditional entrepreneurship intentions. Our investigation goes a step further by applying the TPB to the emerging field of e-entrepreneurial intention, thus making a novel contribution to the literature. ...
E-entrepreneurial intention is a new perspective of entrepreneurship that leverages the
creative use of internet technologies as a foundation for new business ventures. Using
the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as a framework, this research examines the
impact of each of its dimensions (attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms,
and perceived behavioural control) on e-entrepreneurial intention in a single integra�tive model. Additionally, this study examines the role of social media use and per�ceived social support as moderators on the relationships between TPB components
and e-entrepreneurial intention. The proposed model and hypotheses were tested using
Partial Least Squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM) with a sample of
510 entrepreneurs from fve public universities in Iraq. Results indicate that attitude
towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control have
a positive impact on e-entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, the study found that
social media use signifcantly strengthens the relationship between TPB components
and e-entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, when perceived social support is higher,
it positively moderates the relationship between attitude towards entrepreneurship
and e-entrepreneurial intention, as well as between perceived behavioural control and
e-entrepreneurial intention. The contributions of this work can be valuable to entrepreneurs who wish to explore or capitalize on opportunities in the digital economy
... The Young Entrepreneur Scheme (YES) 2019, the focal EEC of this study, is a three-day national event specifically designed to enhance the commercialisation knowledge and communication skill set among UK STEM ECRs comprising doctoral students and post-doctoral researchers (Treanor et al., 2021). We focus on this sample due to the emerging, but overlooked, phenomenon of entrepreneurial activity among STEM ECRs (Feola et al., 2019). This annual EEC, open only to STEM ECRs at UK Universities and Research Institutes, has been organised by a leading Russell group university in partnership with the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) since 1990, with support from industry sponsors. ...
... To examine EI, scholars employ several intention-based models with Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Shapiro's Entrepreneurial Event Model (SEE) the most widely adopted (Shinnar et al., 2018). However, these models overlook the complexities of social reality, particularly the impact of contextual factors on EI (Liguori et al., 2018) such as industrial and financial support (Feola et al., 2019). Additionally, the linear nature and emphasis on individual-level analysis of TPB and SEE can cause inconclusive results and inconsistent EI patterns (Liguori et al., 2018). ...
This article examines whether an enterprise education competition is gendered and so, may have unintended gendered outcomes for male and female Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) early-career researcher participants. Sex-based differences in entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) are examined and, drawing on Social Cognitive Career Theory, we explore perceived gender-barriers to entrepreneurship and their influence upon ESE and EI. Employing pre- and post-survey data from 120 STEM early-career researchers participating in the competition, we undertook t-tests, difference-in-differences and hierarchical-regression analyses. We found no significant sex-based differences in EI and ESE. Participation in the competition had a significant impact upon perceived gender-barriers for both sexes; perceptions of stereotype threat and childcare-work conflict barriers were reduced for women post-participation, while their perceived lack of role models increased. Gender-barriers were found to have a significant negative influence on ESE and EI. We contribute to developing intention-based analysis beyond traditional gender-blind measures through incorporating gendered structural barriers which demonstrably influence EI.
... In addition, according to the literature, there is now a clear justification for recourse to the Triple Helix Model to describe the relationships between academia, industry, and government. Within this vein, regional development theories maintain that stronger connections between universities, business and local government (state or municipal), as well as particular local activities (such as local technology transfers, the growth of human capital, and networking), together lead to better overall outcomes [40]. In the context of knowledge-based societies, Triple Helix related theories return some evidence that universities may play a more significant role in innovation (e.g., [40,41]). ...
... Within this vein, regional development theories maintain that stronger connections between universities, business and local government (state or municipal), as well as particular local activities (such as local technology transfers, the growth of human capital, and networking), together lead to better overall outcomes [40]. In the context of knowledge-based societies, Triple Helix related theories return some evidence that universities may play a more significant role in innovation (e.g., [40,41]). ...
Although several prior studies have outlined and examined models associated with knowledge and innovation in different fields, the literature lacks any solid insights combining the Triple Helix model and the Spinner Innovation model and ascertaining their relevance to innovation. This article correspondingly presents an unprecedented alternative based on two innovation models, analyzing and structuring a process to innovate in different economic sectors. In doing so, this paper seeks to explore how this integration between Spinner Innovation and Triple Helix models could have a significant influence to improve system innovation. We collected data from the Scopus database spanning the period between 2012 and 2021 to study the integration of the models. The analysis identifies how these models differ but are nevertheless of complementary importance for developing regional and national economies through combining the “helices”, the “fidgets” and the framework integrating both models and their components to system innovation.
... Almodóvar-González et al (2020) explained that the requirement to become a developed country is to have a percentage of the number of entrepreneurs to the population of 6%. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) mainly focused on people intention to do certain behavior (Ajzen, 1991;Feola et al., 2019;Paranata et al., 2023). Previous entrepreneurship research also used the concept of intention which is an initial stage to encourage individual's behavior (Ajzen, 2002(Ajzen, , 2005Vivekananth et al., 2023). ...
... Previous studies on entrepreneurship has focused on intention which is the initial stage that encourages individual's behavior (Ajzen, 2002;Vivekananth et al., 2023). TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) used to measure personal behavior (Feola et al., 2019;Paranata et al., 2023). This study is expected to contribute a new study model and evaluate the impact of entrepreneurship training program to be entrepreneurs. ...
Objective: This study investigates the impact of educational support on entrepreneurship behavior using the study of entrepreneurship training program. Theoretical Framework: This study uses TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) as a grand theory for understanding entrepreneurship behavior that will be combining with educational support as antecedent variable. TPB argued that individual’s behavior will be determined by attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention. Method: This study has 200 students selected with random-sampling method. Online survey with a self-administered is used to collect data. The stage of data analysis consists of demographic distribution analysis, research construct test, model fit test, and hypothesis test. Findings: This study shows that educational support has a positive effect on entrepreneurship intention that is mediated by attitude towards entrepreneurship, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms. This study also found a relationship between entrepreneurship intention and entrepreneurship behavior. Implications: The universities must evaluate the actions that students have taken as long as training program. Universities are needed to make sure that students have developed a real business plan. The Government of Indonesia also need to build partnerships with business network, such as investors to help fund the business. Thus, educational support will be affected to improve the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Originality/Value: This study confirms the concept of entrepreneurship intention which is an important step in improving student entrepreneurship behavior.
... Theoretical underpinnings of research projects are particularly important when the research is undertaken as part of an academic thesis or dissertation (Hair et al. 2019). Almost half of the Entrepreneurial Intention research in this study used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as the underpinning theory of the research (Al-Jubari et al. 2019;Feola et al. 2019;Munir et al. 2019;Roy et al. 2017;Wang et al. 2021). Social Cognitive Theory (Altinay et al. 2021;Renko et al. 2021), and Entrepreneurial Event (Saeed et al. 2015;Zhang et al. 2014) are the other theories that are frequently used as underpinning theories. ...
... Las respuestas de los expertos apoyan la H2, haciendo hincapié en que la intención empresarial actúa como catalizador, traduciendo las oportunidades de los ecosistemas en acciones tangibles. Esto se alinea con la investigación existente que subraya el rol fundamental de la intención en la conducción de comportamientos empresariales (Fragoso et al., 2020;Al-Jubari et al., 2019;Feola et al., 2019). ...
This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors impacting entrepreneurial intentions, behaviors, innovations, and senses of self-efficacy in the digital entrepreneurial ecosystem in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Through illuminating the roles of ecosystem, entrepreneurial intention, innovation, and education, the study aspires to provide insights into the distinctive dynamics of digital entrepreneurship in this geographical setting. The study makes use of both qualitative in-depth interviews with subject matter experts and quantitative statistical analysis of survey responses. The Saudi digital entrepreneur ecosystem is explored qualitatively through 15 in-depth interviews with industry experts, and quantitatively with 248 survey responses that allow for hypothesis testing using structural equation modeling. The quantitative data in this study was analyzed using PLS-SEM. The results emphasize the mediating roles of entrepreneurial ambition and innovation, highlighting the key significance of the digital entrepreneurial ecosystem in driving entrepreneur behavior. Entrepreneurial education emerges as a powerful element, acting as both a moderator in shaping entrepreneurial success. The research provides useful information about the unique characteristics of digital entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia.
... Moreover, literature has exhibited that the association between the university environment and entrepreneurial intentions can be integrated through EA and ESE (Boubker et al., 2021). Feola et al. (2019) found that university-supporting activities have an indirect effect on EI through EA. Given this, the current study aims to test the mediating impact of ESE on EE-EI linkage H9: ESE mediates the relationship between CS and EI H10: ESE mediates the relationship between ECS and EI H11: EA mediates the relationship between CS and EI H12: EA mediates the relationship between ECS and EI The proposed conceptual framework is proposed in Figure 1 ...
... We acknowledge that there is an extensive literature on the entrepreneurial intention of individuals who are yet to make their career choice (Feola et al., 2019;Iakovleva et al., 2011) owing to the recognition that intention is a best predictor of the behaviour (Garrouch, 2021;Hamilton et al., 2022). Few scholars have explored employee entrepreneurial intention arguing that a great number of entrepreneurs do not originate from unemployment or colleges but from paid employment (Jie et al., 2021;Marshall & Gigliotti, 2020). ...
... University students' PP may have differential effects on EA component of TPB motivational outcomes, which might depend on the degree of their perceived support from education. Obviously, this result fits the expectations of PE fit (Feola et al., 2019;Lu et al., 2021;Maheshwari & Kha, 2022). According to this, individual attitudes could be altered and shaped via the interaction with the personal factors and the environment factors. ...
The aim of the present study is to examine the link between proactive personality (PP) and entrepreneurial intention (EI) and to investigate the mediating role of entrepreneurial attitude (EA) and the moderating role of perceived educational support (PES). A total of 764 university students were recruited using a stratified cluster sampling from two Chinese universities. Participants completed a battery of self-reported online questionnaires, including the proactive personality scale, entrepreneurial attitude scale, perceived educational support scale, and entrepreneurial intention scale. Descriptive and correlation analysis was conducted by SPSS 21.0. SPSS macro program PROCESS (Model 4) was used to test the mediating effect and PROCESS (Model 7) to verify the moderated mediation effect. The results showed that PP had a positive effect on EI (B = 0.842, SE = 0.042, p < .001). EA exerted a partial mediating effect between PP and EI (the indirect effect was 0.633, which accounted for 75.27% of the total effect). Moderated mediation analysis suggested that PES moderated the indirect effect of PP on students’ EI via their EA. The present study is the first attempt to provide a single model to decipher the interlink of PP, EA, PES, and EI simultaneously. The findings could contribute to the current literature on entrepreneurship by focusing on “how” and “when” university students’ PP may enhance their EIs. More specifically, the mediating role of EA, the stronger effect of EA, and the moderating role of PES in predicting university students’ EIs were reported.
... The theory of reasoned action, which later metamorphosed into the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), explained entrepreneurial intention in terms of personal attribute of the individual (attitude and perceived behavioural control) and environmental perceptions (subjective norm). Other models such as Shapero's Entrepreneurial Event Model (Ohanu & Ogbuanya, 2018;Solesvik, 2017), and the Triple Helix Model (Feola et al., 2019) have also been utilized in many studies to explain entrepreneurial intention. ...
How emotional competencies influence entrepreneurial behaviour especially among college students remains an under-researched subject in the entrepreneurship literature. In a unique perspective, this study examined the mediating roles of self-efficacy belief dimensions in the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial intention of Electrical/Electronics Technology Education (EETE) students. The study was carried out among 192 EETE university students in 4 federal universities in South-East Nigeria. The hypothesized causal relationships based on literature were tested using covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM). Andrew Hayes’ PROCESS plugin in SPSS was used to simultaneously estimate the mediating effects of the self-efficacy components (perceived competence, perceived control, and perceived persistence). Data analysis results revealed that emotional intelligence had a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial intention in isolation, while the direct effect of emotional intelligence in the structural (mediation) model was not significant. Out of the three dimensions of self-efficacy, perceived competence and perceived persistence had significant partial mediating effects. The implications of the findings and recommendations were discussed.
... Entrepreneurial ideation is on the rise, which is important for business (Amofah and Saladrigues, 2022) since it promotes the creation of new businesses and helps existing ones expand. When a notion can provide a foundation for 112 business context and action, we say that it is suitable to an entrepreneurial conception (Feola et al., 2019). The term "new entrepreneurship creation" is used to describe the steps individuals take to bring their business ideas to life, including coming up with a name for their venture, developing a brand identity, and securing seed capital. ...
This study examined entrepreneurial support structures for the creation of entrepreneurial attitude among university graduates. The entrepreneurial several support structures comprised four elements as independent variables i.e. educational support, structural support, relational support, and self- efficacy and examined their effects on attitude of entrepreneurial by the University graduates. An extensive literature review was conducted and consequently hypothesized the relationship between several support structures and attitudes toward entrepreneurship were established. A questionnaire was also designed with the help of existing relevant studies and data were collected from the university's convenient locations. Structural Equation Modeling is employed for the analysis of the relationship proposed by the study. The study results illustrate that all the elements of entrepreneurial support structure have positive significant effects on attitude towards entrepreneurship by the university graduates of Southern Punjab. The findings of the study also present important essential implications for practitioners and researchers. This study gives us the high evidence and close association of support structures for the creation of an entrepreneurial attitude. A vital contribution to improving all these support structures will lead us to create a more entrepreneurial environment and opportunities for the students and for the people with a creative mindset but not having infrastructural opportunities. Further, this study illustrated the certain vital recommendations to the educational institutions of Pakistan in order to redesign the curriculum to an entrepreneurial attitude in the graduates. Keywords:
... Yet the training of professors (e.g., Aguirre et al. 2006) and the training and recruitment of technology officers with a broad base of commercial skills (Lockett and Wright 2005) are also relevant educative components in the context of startup support. Finally, with regard to (4), a key factor discussed in the literature is the cultivation of a startup culture within the academic institution (e.g., Feola et al. 2019;Zollo et al. 2017;Van Burg et al. 2008). ...
Universities play a crucial role in the creation and promotion of academic spinoffs, which is why public funding programmes are implemented to improve startup support there. So far, however, there has been little robust evidence as to whether such programmes actually improve startup support at universities. Against this backdrop, the present study makes a contribution by examining the effects of a large German university funding programme entitled 'EXIST-Potentials' on the startup support of the funded universities. Using an indicator that measures startup support at universities very broadly and by employing a before-and-after comparison group design, reliable results on the effectiveness of the programme are presented. The findings suggest that the programme is effective and that the targeted funding of the development and expansion of startup support for universities that are less experienced in that area is particularly promising.
... By employing qualified personnel, the industry actor will be able to process knowledge, transform it into an output, and make breakthroughs for its commercialization (Herliana, 2015). The need for the goverment actor to support innovation activities by establishing a system with legal, political, and even economic power Beşerî Bilimler Dergisi) 2023, 7(2) emphasises the importance of close collaboration between these three actors Dzisah & Etzkowitz, 2008;Feola et al., 2019). ...
The Quintuple Helix Model, which emphasises the significance of integrating National Innovation Systems with environmental and social awareness, is a novel concept in the literature. The Quintuple Helix Model is an innovation model that was developed after the Triple Helix Model, which expresses the importance of establishing a synergetic relationship between the university-industry-goverment triangle, and the Quadruple Helix Model, which was developed by including the element of society. Every aspect of this helix is critical to providing a sustainable competitive advantage and to the economic development of countries. Furthermore, by creating strong links between environmental factors and creativity, this model has a close relationship with multidisciplinary analysis, problem solving, and decision making abilities. The purpose of this research is to provide a knowledge of the topic by examining the process from the formation of the Quintuple Helix Model through its development, and then to analyse studies on this model using the bibliometric analysis approach.
... The research by Wagner et al. (2021) suggests there may be no causal relationship between universities' efforts to foster entrepreneurship and students' ambition to start their businesses. In a research investigation of young researchers, Feola et al. (2019) discovered that university support indirectly influenced academic entrepreneurial intentions by cultivating entrepreneurial attitudes among youth. ...
Purpose
This research aims to forecast university students' intentions to contribute to sustainable entrepreneurship (SE) in an emerging market. The study observed the factors influencing students’ sustainable entrepreneurial intentions (SEI) using an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB).
Design/methodology/approach
A survey was conducted utilising an online questionnaire with a total of 332 college students in Gujarat, India. Partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse the data.
Findings
The outcome of the present research sanctions that university support strongly impacts perceived behavioural control (PBC) and negatively affects attitudes towards sustainable entrepreneurship (ATT). The findings revealed that environmental concern positively influences students' attitudes and perceived behavioural control towards sustainable entrepreneurship. Whereas sustainable development goals knowledge (SDGK) negatively impacts attitude and PBC. Out of the three key factors of TPB used in the study, only the subjective norm negatively affects SEI among the respondents.
Research limitations/implications
This research may be valuable to academicians and environmental strategists in determining the most essential elements that drive students to create sustainable firms. The findings of this study back up the assumption that TPB adaptation is required when assessing entrepreneurship-specific intents.
Originality/value
The current research aimed to regulate students' entrepreneurial intention (EI) in Gujarat, India, concerning a sustainable enterprise. This research appears to be one of the extremely scarce studies that utilise the extended TPB model to investigate the effect of university support (US), environmental concern (EC) and SDGK in the context of India.
... Among these theories, the most utilized one was the "theory of entrepreneurial event", "Institutional Economic Theory", and the Theory of Planned Behavior Díaz-Casero, Ferreira, Hernández Mogollón, and Barata Raposo (2012). Analogized to other frameworks, the Theory of Planned Behavior has a more insightful ability (Feola, Vesci, Botti, & Parente, 2019). In this way, it is one of the most utilized theories to clarify the antecedent and consequential of entrepreneurial intentions (Linan, 2008). ...
Entrepreneurs all across the global community are exploring entrepreneurship as a means to build wealth, operate the economy, and satisfy their dream of independence.This research aims to shed light on entrepreneurial skills, entrepreneurial education, perceived behavior control, and perceived family support for the career success of entrepreneurs in Pakistan. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data; all 166 responses were analyzed employing a technique known as partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).The findings of the study show that entrepreneurial skills and education have a more significant favorable impact on women's success in their careers where in the presence of intention, perceived behavior control is a unique predictor of career success make known to by this study. Furthermore, perceived family support is a substantial moderator of entrepreneurial intentions and career success is also another contribution of present study. According to the findings, entrepreneurial intentions are the most significant mediator between entrepreneurial attributes and the career success of women entrepreneurs. The government should implement programs to foster self-employment, provide financial support, and change the rules and regulations to allow individuals of all ages to establish their own businesses as a career. As a result, the labor ministry and social welfare agencies can get fresh insights through this research in order to boost the proportion of women to male labor in the global labor market.
... Entrepreneurs also have a desire for feedback on the performance they have done (Singh & Onahring, 2019). The feedback is one of the efforts to face the existing challenges and continue looking for solutions to overcome them (Feola et al., 2019;Suryadin et al., 2022). The existence of an orientation to the future by looking for existing opportunities reflects an attitude focused on the future. ...
Studying successful entrepreneurs is an exciting focus for policymakers, professionals, and academics. It presents different research results so that researchers fill the gap by using student respondents to examine the essential aspects that can drive the desire to become entrepreneurs. The researcher used a cross-sectional approach with student respondents who had attended entrepreneurship courses to discover this aspect. The number of respondents who filled out a structured questionnaire using the Google form was 129 students—the data analysis technique used the Partial Least Square structural equation model. The study results showed that 9 (nine) essential aspects could increase students' desire to become entrepreneurs. This research only used student respondents to examine essential aspects that could encourage the desire to become entrepreneurs. The cross-sectional approach was also tested simultaneously during the second wave of Covid-19. The research results have implications for developing essential aspects for students to become entrepreneurs.
... Yang [41] also highlighted the role of effective entrepreneurship education in improving perceived behavioural control and entrepreneurial intention. In this context, entrepreneurial intention has been widely associated with an individual's willingness to develop entrepreneurial inclinations and engage in starting a new business [12,13,[44][45][46][47]. Based on the above, the following hypothesis is put forward: ...
Entrepreneurship education has become increasingly relevant. For some years now, the business environment for starting a new company in the Dominican Republic has been considered very propitious. This has caused many universities to incorporate training in entrepreneurship into their study plans. This study aims to analyse whether the cognitive and affective components, the country’s business environment, university training in entrepreneurship and attitudes towards entrepreneurship are antecedents of the entrepreneurial intention of university students. It also seeks to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behaviour of students. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 523 students who had taken courses on entrepreneurship. The data have been analysed through the SPSS and Smart-PLS programs. The results of this research highlight the importance of the affective component and attitudes towards entrepreneurship in the formation of students’ entrepreneurial intentions. This reinforces the importance of cultivating positive attitudes through educational interventions. It is also worth noting the influence of students’ entrepreneurial intentions on entrepreneurial inclinations. Finally, it is worth highlighting the high predictive power of the entrepreneurial intentions variable and more specifically the attitudes towards entrepreneurship variable as responsible for 35.38% of the variability of entrepreneurial intentions. These results contribute to the understanding of the factors that drive entrepreneurial intentions among university students and provide a foundation for future research.
... TPB suggests that with respect to a given behavior, when subjective norm is more favorable, employee will have stronger intention to perform the behavior (Ajzen, 1991;Conner & Armitage, 1998). This argument has been confirmed by a large quantity of previous empirical studies (e.g., Feola et al., 2019;Pavlou and Fygenson, 2006;Roos and Hahn, 2019). For instance, Zaremohzzabieh and colleagues (2019) found that subjective norm is a significant facilitator of social entrepreneurial intention. ...
The present article attempted to unravel the mechanism underlying the relationship between perceived supervisor support for strengths use (PSSSU) and employee strengths use behavior from the perspective of theory of planned behavior. Data were gathered at three time points, spaced by a four-week interval, with a convenience sample of 213 employees working in a broad variety of organizations in China. Results of structural equation modeling analyses revealed that PSSSU is positively related to employee strengths self-efficacy, intention to use strengths, and strengths use behavior. In addition, employee strengths self-efficacy mediated the linkage between PSSSU and strengths use behavior, and intention to use strengths also acted as a mediator in the relationship. More importantly, the positive association of PSSSU with strengths use behavior was fully mediated by strengths self-efficacy and intention to use strengths sequentially. The present article has crucial implications for understanding the relationship between PSSSU and strengths use behavior and its mechanisms.
... From an overarching perspective, one success factor discussed is the establishment of a startup culture at the institution (e.g. Van Burg et al. 2008;Zollo et al. 2017;Feola et al. 2019). This may include, for example, the establishment of startup-friendly norms and exemplars that motivate to entrepreneurship, and university-wide awareness-building in the area of entrepreneurship. ...
Academic startups have a considerable economic impact, which is why public support programmes for them are considered an important component of innovation and technology policy. In this context, university support programmes can be an important part of the policy toolkit by aiming to improve universities’ startup environment and thus promote startup activity at those institutions. Assessing the effectiveness of these programmes is a key evaluation task inasmuch as it provides an evidence base for decision-makers and broadens the discourse on promoting startup culture at universities. This study reports on the background, methodology, and results of the evaluation of the effectiveness of a large university support programme in the academic startup sector in Germany, ‘EXIST—Leverage of potentials’. This programme supports universities which have little experience in building a startup culture and startup-supportive structures. Reliable data are available for two indicators that can be employed to assess intervention effects by means of a difference-in-differences design, namely for the number of applications universities submitted and the number of grants they received in what is Germany’s largest funding programme for prospective startups. The findings indicate that funding by ‘EXIST—Leverage of potentials’ positively affects universities’ activities in the area of startup support.
... Furthermore, USOs play an important role in job creation and new business development, as well as positively affect innovative processes (Miranda et al., 2018). Given this importance, governments and policymakers are committed to creating favorable conditions for the creation and development of these new ventures from universities to maximize their impacts, including specific forms of incentives, policies, and the establishment of support structures (for example, technology transfer offices, TTOs; Algieri et al., 2013;Feola et al., 2019;Fini et al., 2009;Grandi & Grimaldi, 2005;Lindelöf & Löfsten, 2006;Muscio et al., 2016;Ramaciotti & Rizzo, 2015). As reported by Miranda et al. (2018), "in the last 3 decades, we have significantly assisted in the generation of USO at a global level, probably due to the generalization of interest in the most efficient and effective use of scientific knowledge" (p. ...
Equity crowdfunding (ECF) has spread rapidly worldwide, however its use by university spin-offs (USOs) along with scholarly attention to it, is still extremely limite. In this qualitative study, we examine the views of founders of the few USOs that have used ECF in the Italian market and unveil their motivation for bypassing traditional funding models and the related benefits and risks. USOs have mixed motivations in pursuing ECF (testing the market, involving new people, overcoming limited public/private supports or funds, attractiveness to traditional investors, risky forecasts); at the same time there are significant benefits (crowd participation, strategic resources, legitimacy for the valorization/exploitation of research results and knowledge transfer mechanisms) and underlying risks (management of investors and their lack of scientific culture, data use, bureaucracy, uncertainty related to outputs/technologies). This study contributes to the literature on crowdfunding and USOs and has implications for the strategic decisions of founders, universities, policymakers, governments.
... Moreover, Aaboen et al. (2021) contended that the process of student business start-up results from its interplay with the educational and venture creation contexts. Unfortunately, research on how these education and venture creation microenvironments of students' daily practice influence their entrepreneurial intention −behaviour transition remains inadequate, thus the call for further research (Feola et al., 2019;Harima et al., 2021;Nabi et al., 2017). ...
Entrepreneurial intention is typically acknowledged as the foundational antecedent of entrepreneurial behaviour. However, existing conceptual and empirical studies reveal that not all entrepreneurial intentions are ultimately translated into actual behaviour, resulting in an intention-behaviour gap. The current study reviewed the existing literature pertaining to this gap and found that most of the research has examined the contingent role of individual/psychological factors, yet how environmental factors, especially the institutional proximal circles, bridge the intention–behaviour link remains scarce. By employing questionnaire data (n = 1820) collected from university students in China, this research examines the effectiveness of university entrepreneurial offerings on student entrepreneurial intention realisation. The results illustrate that, although a high engagement level in university entrepreneurship education and venture creation contexts accelerates student entrepreneurs’ intention–behaviour translation, the positive effect of instrumental offerings (start-up support services) is stronger than that of entrepreneurship education offerings (entrepreneurial courses and extra-curricular activities). This research extends the application of the theory of planned behaviour to the start-up process by highlighting the entrepreneurship education and venture creation factors derived from the university milieu students are exposed to in accelerating the conversion from entrepreneurial intention to nascent start-up behaviour. It captures the association amidst the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education in aspiring student entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial learning, intention actualisation, and tangible start-up activities. These findings also draw researchers’ attention to explore further the nuances of various entrepreneurial offerings in student venture creation and how to build an effective university entrepreneurial ecosystem.
... TPB has been utilized extensively in the literature to explain the response of an individual in the form of self-reported or actual behavior (e.g. Ajzen & Driver, 1992;Armitage, Norman, & Conner, 2002;Liaw, 2004;Higgins & Marcum, 2005;Kautonen, Van Gelderen, & Fink, 2015;Pejić Bach, Aleksić, & Merkač-Skok, 2018;Feola, Vesci, Botti, & Parente, 2019). According to TPB (Ajzen, 1985), individuals' behavior is a function of their behavioral intentions, which are developed by their attitudes and beliefs toward the act. ...
For today’s organizations, survival and growth depend on responding quickly to the changes occurring in the environment. Effective execution of change programs depends to a considerable degree on the extent to which their employees value change. Therefore, making them understand that change is beneficial for them is imperative for enactment of any change program. Grounded in the theory of planned behavior, this research aims at examining the direct impact of personal valence on employees’ compliance toward change. Further, change readiness and commitment to change are proposed as sequential mediators between personal valence and compliance toward change. Self-administered questionnaires were utilized to collect primary data. The selected 583 respondents were officer-ranked employees in financial institutions, as well as media and telecom in the Punjab province and Islamabad, Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan. To test the hypotheses, PROCESS macros are employed for measuring the effects of mediation. The findings supported the hypothesized relationships of the study that personal valence directly influences compliance toward change. Moreover, change readiness and commitment to change also mediate, in sequence, the relationship between personal valence and employees’ compliance toward change. These findings establish that for the effective implementation of change programs in an organization, it is indispensable that employees must perceive the change program as beneficial and valuable to them. Limitations and future research avenues regarding this study are also discussed accordingly.
The third mission of universities refers to the alignment of a higher education institutions with the concept of entrepreneurial university. By combining the other two missions, education and research, universities are called to capitalize on the research results developed in their laboratories and orient themselves towards the needs of society and market demands. Recently, there has been an increased interest from universities worldwide to engage in the third mission of entrepreneurship and economic development. Transitioning to an entrepreneurial university requires multifaceted engagement with the industry to transfer the technology developed in universities. Technological transfer is represented by direct research contracts with the industrial environment and transfer of innovative products and services, one way being academic spin-offs and start-ups (Ufuk and Kunday 2015).
Scholars have become interested in understanding what drives academics to pursue an entrepreneurial path, but less attention is paid to the individual-level factors that are considered the best predictors of entrepreneurial intentions among academics (AEI). Using a configurational approach, this study investigates the individual factors that influence AEI by confirming whether and under what conditions the antecedents can explain the outcomes. Fuzzy-set comparative qualitative analysis (fsQCA) was performed to identify the causal paths that influence AEI. The results reveal multiple configurations of conditions that influence AEI. The findings show that the attitude toward entrepreneurship is a core condition that explains high AEI. This effect is obtained when a positive attitude among academics is supported by having higher self-efficacy and a mastery goal orientation. In addition, academic status (i.e., job position, job experience) can play an important role in this equation. Also, motivational factors (i.e., performance goal orientation, performance avoidance goal orientation) can lead to low AEI. This is one of the first studies to apply a configurational approach in examining different causal paths to AEI in a developing-country context. This paper uses academic status, self-efficacy, goal orientation, attitude toward entrepreneurship, and academic output as conditions to identify multiple unique pathways that influence AEI.
Female entrepreneurs have irreplaceable status and essential significance in entrepreneurship research. Improving females’ entrepreneurial intentions is an important topic in this area. Accordingly, this study, based on the theory of planned behavior, investigates the factors that affect female students’ entrepreneurial intention at China’s vocational colleges and whether household income moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial education, attitude, competence, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. 2149 females from vocational colleges in Guangdong Province, Zhejiang Province, and Jiangxi Province were randomly chosen to participate in the study. They had taken part in entrepreneurial courses throughout 2021–2022. In addition, data were analyzed by structural equation modeling partial least squares. The results demonstrate that entrepreneurial education did not directly affect female students’ intentions. Entrepreneurial competence, self-efficacy, and attitude positively affect entrepreneurial intention. It is further concluded that household income significantly moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial education, attitude, competence, and intention. However, there is no significant difference in the relationship between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention between high and low-household-income students. While females continue to confront sexism in the workplace, it is crucial that we conduct empirical research into the factors influencing female entrepreneurial intention to boost economic growth and gender parity. This research helps bridge a gap in the prior literature and adds substantial value to encouraging female entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurship is a topic of interest, increasingly relevant for societies, given its economic, productive, and cultural impact. The objective of the study was to analyze the elements that influence the decision of university students to start a business. A qualitative and non-probabilistic research was carried out through 15 semi-structured interviews with university entrepreneurs on the campus of a higher education institution in central Mexico. The findings suggest that the elements that influence thedecision to start a business among university students are the search for entrepreneurial success, the different types of motivators and the obtaining-increase of income. This converges with the existing literature on entrepreneurship, but at the same time provides a new approach to entrepreneurship in university students. Suggestive findings are the divergent perception of the role of innovation in university entrepreneurship, the strengthening of the sense of community (social support), communication-persuasion and the use of social networks among university entrepreneurs. These results allow strengthening the construct, but also show the importance of entrepreneurship from within universities. Areas of opportunity for future research as well as limitations are discussed.
Purpose
This study aims to analyze the entrepreneurial intention (EI) of Colombian researchers using machine learning (ML) techniques, considering their academic activity, contexts and social norms (SN).
Design/methodology/approach
Unsupervised classification techniques were applied, including principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering with the Ward method and a logistic model to evaluate the classification. This was done to group researchers according to their characteristics and EI.
Findings
The methodology used allowed the identification of three groups of academics with distinct characteristics, of which two showed a high presence of EI. The results indicate that EI is influenced by the connection with the private sector (consulting, intellectual property and applied research) and by the lack of institutional support from universities. Regarding SN, only the preference for entrepreneurial activity over being an employee and the social appreciation of entrepreneurial dedication were identified as predictors of EI.
Originality/value
The use of ML techniques to study the EI of researchers is uncommon. This study highlights the ability of the methodology used to identify differences between two groups of academics with similar characteristics but different levels of EI. One group was identified that, despite rejecting values associated with entrepreneurs, has a high predisposition to develop a career as an entrepreneur. This provides valuable information for designing policies that promote EI among Colombian researchers.
Purpose
Doctoral students are promising entrepreneurial actors in university-based ventures, which positively impact the external environment and create value for their universities. In this article, the authors extend current research on academic entrepreneurship by shedding light on the role of university support in the early stage of Ph.D. entrepreneurship. Based on social information processing theory, the authors posit that academic entrepreneurship results from the interplay between doctoral students' human capital and university-level support. A multilevel model is proposed and empirically tested to shed light on the cradle of doctoral students' entrepreneurship by explaining the variance of their entrepreneurial alertness and intentions.
Design/methodology/approach
A model is proposed that explains the combined effect of specific human capital and different forms of university support on doctoral students' cognitive transition from entrepreneurial alertness to intentions. The model was then tested through structural equation modeling (SEM) and multigroup analysis (MGA) on a sample of 187 doctoral students enrolled in Italian universities.
Findings
The SEM results reveal that doctoral students' entrepreneurial alertness is influenced by perceived educational support and human capital. The MGA demonstrates that those who perceive a higher level of support for concept and business development from universities are more likely to convert their alertness into intentions than those who perceive lower support.
Originality/value
The present paper brings to the stage doctoral students as an extremely promising entrepreneurial target. In doing so, it extends academic entrepreneurship studies by detailing how and when the different forms of university support influence their entrepreneurial decisions, along with individual dimensions.
This chapter explores the experiences of entrepreneurs who emerged as spinoffs from the University of Porto, Portugal, at various stages of their startup journey. The study aims to discern pivotal factors influencing startups during different phases of their establishment. Interviews with five startups in the UPTEC incubator will be conducted using a qualitative approach and multiple case study methodology. A comparative analysis of the gathered data will uncover critical factors articulated by founders across distinct creation phases. The findings hold the potential to enhance awareness among incubators and entrepreneurs regarding influential elements that significantly affect their ventures, offering valuable insights for their success.
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, gelişmekte olan bir ülkede akademik girişimcilik kavramını ayrıntılı olarak inceleyerek akademisyenlerin girişimcilik niyetlerine etki eden bireysel (psikolojik faktörler, insan sermayesi ve sosyal sermaye) ve çevresel (iş ortamı, pazar ve bilgi engelleri) faktörleri belirlemektir. Araştırma verileri, 2022 yılında Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi bünyesinde fakültelerde görev yapan 1464 akademik personele kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile yüz yüze anket uygulanarak elde edilmiştir. 348 anket için geri dönüş sağlanmıştır. Regresyon analiz sonuçlarına göre; psikolojik faktörlerin (yaratıcılık, algılanan fayda ve kendine güven), insan sermayesinin (girişimcilik eğitimi ve iş deneyimi) ve sosyal sermayenin girişimcilik niyeti üzerinde pozitif yönde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında ele alınan çevresel faktörlerden olan, iş ortamının ve pazar engellerinin akademisyenlerin girişimcilik niyeti üzerinde etkisinin olmadığını, bilgi engellerinin girişimcilik niyeti üzerinde negatif yönde bir etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
The theory of planned behavior includes important motivational variables that affect people's entrepreneurial intention, and these variables themselves are affected by other factors. Also, it seems that the effect of these two factors on these motivational variables is under the influence of the need for autonomy variable, and based on this, the present study was compiled. From the point of view of the objective, this research is applied and in terms of the method of data collection, it is considered to be a descriptive type of research that was implemented using the correlation-causal method. The data collection tool is a Likert-scale questionnaire that was distributed among the students of Khuzestan province using the Internet in a virtual and available method and in the form of a snowball, and 447 usable questionnaires were analyzed. The findings showed that entrepreneurial passion and perceived university support directly and indirectly through the motivational variables of the theory of planned behavior are effective on entrepreneurial intention. Also, the moderating role of the need for autonomy variable in the effect of entrepreneurial passion and perceived university support on entrepreneurial intention was confirmed. At the end, regarding to the research statements, some suggestions were presented. Among the most important ones, universities and the teachers were advised to have continuing support of training and incentive research programs like courses, fellowships, conferences etc. to create and develop an ecosystem for entrepreneurship and lunching business ventures by students.
The aim of this research is to get a better understanding of a holistic sustainable growth model based on the Quadruple Helix and the Quadruple Bottom Line perspectives, in which strategic innovation plays a role in bridging the gap between desired growth of the UAE SMEs and entrepreneurial attitude. This conceptual research considers a range of literature reviews from the disciplines of strategic management and entrepreneurship, as well as a recently emerging topic of sustainable growth in SMEs. The study showed how SMEs might strategically combine entrepreneurial attitude, strategic innovation, and corporate spirituality-guided sustainability principles to obtain a sustainable competitive edge. Alongside, the findings can also help owners or managers make better decisions when it comes to social, economic, environmental, and spiritual elements of their everyday operations. It may be also useful to promote innovation which is the key in creating active and informed citizens in the public sphere. The conception is a one-of-a-kind attempt, taking into account Arab regions, to broaden the present knowledge of SMEs' strategic innovation-focused, long-term growth processes from a holistic perspective.
Purpose
This study aims to examine the role of creativity and proactive personality to predict entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) using Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behaviour as an underpinning model. The study primarily focuses on how entrepreneurial self-efficacy and passion mediate the effect of creativity and proactive personality on EI.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 531 college students of 18–28 years of age were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. The proposed model was tested using structural equation modelling in Amos 20.0, and the mediating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial passion was tested using the bootstrapping method.
Findings
The results validate the extension of the theory of planned behaviour to predict EIs and confirm that the effect of creativity and proactive personality on EIs through entrepreneurial self-efficacy was fully and partially mediated, respectively. Moreover, the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the EI was partially mediated by entrepreneurial passion.
Practical implications
The study provides a better understanding of college students' EI and identifies and highlights the role of social factors (i.e. subjective norms) and psychological factors such as attitude, self-efficacy, creativity, proactivity and passion in stimulating EIs. It deciphers the interlink of creativity, proactive personality, self-efficacy, passion and EIs. It may help academicians and policymakers better plan the educational programme to foster entrepreneurial instinct among students.
Originality/value
The study is a novel attempt to provide an integrated framework to explain EIs, highlighting the significance of creativity and proactive personality. It contributes to the existing literature by signifying the mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and passion.
Entrepreneurship is generally considered the engine of social and economic development. Therefore, its promotion is of the utmost importance, especially in a context of crisis, such as the one currently experienced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to identify the best approaches to foster entrepreneurship, this study aims to understand how entrepreneurship education impacts the development of entrepreneurial skills and behaviors in students. The results of this study show that the behavior associated with promoting new ventures can be predicted by specific individual characteristics. More specifically, individuals with greater prior knowledge, entrepreneurial alertness, opportunity recognition, entrepreneurial motivation, and entrepreneurial intention exhibit greater entrepreneurial behavior. In addition, the results of the multi-group analysis indicate that the proposed model works differently in students with some type of entrepreneurship training and in those with none. More specifically, students enrolled in entrepreneurship education are more likely to use prior knowledge and alertness to recognize new business opportunities and align their motivations toward starting a new venture than other students.
The connection between medical entrepreneurship and the triple helix model has not been well reported and investigated. This gap inspired the quest to expand the knowledge frontier in this poorly reported field. The chapter therefore investigates the connection between medical entrepreneurship and the triple helix model in the Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. To develop the chapter, a survey research design was adopted, while relying on primary data from stakeholders in the health sector. A total of seven hundred and ninety-four (794) completed and returned questionnaires as the sample size of this research study. The cross-sectional data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and correlation coefficients, which revealed that the overall regression model was fit with the aid of SSPS Software. This finding indicates that there is a significant relationship between medical entrepreneurship and the triple helix model. The results show that there is no significant relationship between sensing capabilities and entrepreneurship growth (β = 0.193, t = 5.235, p < .05). The chapter concluded that medical entrepreneurship has long been recognized as an important economic activity because it proactively and innovatively provides unique healthcare products and services to diverse stakeholders in the healthcare sector. The chapter therefore recommends, among others, that the government create an enabling environment and financial support interventions to stimulate new medical-oriented start-ups based on the research findings.
The article considers the role of the academic environment of universities in developing the entrepreneurship among students. The entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation is currently going through a new stage of development, a separate area of support is developing the youth entrepreneurship, including the student entrepreneurship, which is expressed, among other things, in launching the Federal Project “Platform of University Technological Entrepreneurship”. There has been analyzed the methodology of The Princeton Review & Entrepreneur ranking of the US and European universities that develop students’ entrepreneurship including a list of educational courses, measures to support student entrepreneurial initiatives, and a system of educational entrepreneurial events. The rating of entrepreneurial universities of the Russian Federation developed by the Expert RA agency is considered. This rating does not take into account the degree of development of the internal entrepreneurial environment of universities; the basis for the formation of the rating is the career results of the graduates. A standardized survey of students of the Institute of Economics and Entrepreneurship conducted in one of the leading universities of the Volga Federal District demonstrates a rather high interest among students in the development of entrepreneurial competencies and recognition of the importance of the university platform for the development of their business ideas. Two models for the development of the internal entrepreneurial environment of the university are proposed: educational and financial. It has been stated that the leaders of modern universities introducing elements of the development of entrepreneurial competencies in the main educational programs must take into account the difference in students’ interest groups. The degree of mastering the entrepreneurial competencies by a group of students should not affect their academic results.
This study sought to determine whether Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour could be used to predict the intention of selected Zimbabwean business school students towards sustainable entrepreneurship. The study also examined whether the relationships between the predictor variables of the theory of planned behaviour and sustainable entrepreneurial intention were moderated by the respondents’ individualistic value orientations. A positivist worldview and a quantitative cross-sectional survey were used to collect data from 210 business school students who had completed postgraduate entrepreneurship courses at two public universities in the western region of Zimbabwe. The predictors of the hypothetical model explained 49 percent of the variance in respondents’ intentions to pursue sustainable entrepreneurship. Only the attitude toward the behaviour variable had a statistically significant direct impact on sustainable entrepreneurial intention. Subjective norms had an indirect effect on sustainable entrepreneurial intention, which was entirely mediated by attitude toward behaviour. Individualistic values had no statistically significant moderating effect on the relationships between the predictors of intention and the intention to engage in sustainable entrepreneurship. The study’s findings have implications for business schools’ efforts to contribute to the goal of sustainable development. The study contributes to the development of the literature by evaluating the relevance of the theory of planned behaviour to sustainable entrepreneurship.
Sociological perspectives and research provide important and distinctive contributions to the understanding of entrepreneurship in three ways. The first is through the development of societal conceptions regarding productive activities that encompass the entrepreneurial role or function. The major alternatives emphasize socioeconomic systems as (a) moving toward an equilibrium (reflecting a broad consensus) or (b) reflecting the outcome of class competition (emphasizing conflict resolution). Both assume the inevitable dominance of massive productive organizations. These conceptions have recently been supplemented with attention to the dual nature of advanced economies or the benefits of flexible specialization. The second is through attention to specific societal characteristics affecting entrepreneurship: modernization; the role of the state in economic development; variations in the scope and nature of the unregistered (underground) economy; and the character of organizational populations and their ecological niche as they affect new firm foundings. The third is through attention to the impact of social context on the decisions of individuals to pursue entrepreneurial options. This includes attention to the individual's life course stage; social networks and embeddedness; ethnicity; and work experiences.
The creation of spin-off firms from universities is seen as an important mechanism for the commercialization of research, and hence the overall contribution from universities to technological development and economic growth. Governments and universities are seeking to develop framework conditions that are conductive to spin-off creation. The most prevalent of such initiatives are legislative changes at national level and the establishment of technology transfer offices at university level. The effectiveness of such initiatives is debated, but empirical evidence is limited. In this paper, we analyze the full population of universities in Italy, Norway, and the UK; three countries adopting differing approaches to framework conditions, to test whether national- and university-level initiatives have an influence on the number of spin-offs created and the quality of these spin-offs. Building on institutional theory and using multilevel analysis, we find that changes in the institutional framework conditions at both national and university levels are conductive to the creation of more spin-offs, but that the increase in quantity is at the expense of the quality of these firms. Hence, the effect of such top–down changes in framework conditions on the economic impact from universities seems to be more symbolic than substantive.
Grounding on the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship, this paper advances research on innovative start-ups by studying whether and how university knowledge fosters the creation of these firms at the local level. First, we contend that geographical proximity shapes the impact of university knowledge on the creation of innovative start-ups in a geographical area. In other words, in this context, university knowledge spillovers are highly localized. Second, we argue that the availability in an area of individuals with open-minded attitudes (regional openness) lessens the localized nature of university knowledge spillovers, favouring the exploitation of geographically distant university knowledge for the creation of innovative start-ups. Results from estimations of zero-inflated negative binomial regressions on a sample of 1188 province–industry pairs confirm our conjectures.
This paper aims to identify the determinants of entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students. Since most literature agreed that entrepreneurial intention can be determined by using Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this theory is used as a theoretical framework in this study. The independent variables of this study consist of perceived educational support, perceived relational support, perceived structural support, personal attitude, and perceived behavioral control. This theoretical framework is verified on 351 undergraduate students in one of the Public University in Malaysia. The results found that personal attitude, perceived behavioural control, and perceived relational support are the predictors to entrepreneurial intention.
The literature on academic entrepreneurship typically assumes that creating a supportive environment in a university can result in a higher rate of establishment of academic spin-offs in a relatively straightforward manner. In contrast, we argue that, at times, academics choose to launch an independent company vis-à-vis pursuing alternative business engagement activities when their university provides inadequate support. Drawing from hybrid entrepreneurship and necessity entrepreneurship, we model the individual decision to spin-off as a reaction to the organizational characteristics of the parent university, rather than to its outcome. Through a longitudinal study of 559 spin-offs from 85 Italian universities from 1999 to 2013, we find that although stronger administrative support from the parent university leads academics to create more technology spin-offs, a U-shaped relationship instead exists between the number of administrative staff within a university and the rate of establishment of non-technology spin-offs. When the level of administrative staff is too low or too high relative to the fitted amount estimated using several university-level factors, academic staff reacts by establishing firms to achieve improved cash and human resource management.
Student start-ups are a significant part of overall university entrepreneurship. Yet, we know little about the determinants of this type of start-ups and, specifically, the relevance of context effects. Drawing on organizational and regional context literature, we develop and test a model that aims to explain student entrepreneurship in a contextual perspective. Based on unique micro-data and using multi-level techniques, we analyse nascent and new entrepreneurial activities of business and economics students at 41 European universities. Our analysis reveals that individual and contextual determinants influence students’ propensity to start a business. While peoples’ individual characteristics are most important, the organizational and regional contexts also play a role and have a differentiated effect, depending on the source of the venture idea and the stage of its development. Organizational characteristics, like the prevalence of fellow students who have attended entrepreneurship education, influence whether students take action to start a new firm (nascent entrepreneurship) but do not seem to support the actual establishment of a new firm. In contrast, the latter is less dependent on the university context but more strongly influenced by regional characteristics. Overall, our study contributes to our understanding of the emergence of start-ups in the organizational context of universities and has implications for initiatives and programs that aim at encouraging students to become entrepreneurs.
The aim of the present study was to examine relations between behavior, intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, and past behavior across studies using the Theories of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Planned Behavior (TPB) in a physical activity context. Meta-ana-lytic techniques were used to correct the correlations between the TRA/TPB constructs for statistical artifacts across 72 studies, and path analyses were conducted to examine the pattern of relationships among the variables. Results demonstrated that the TRA and TPB both exhibited good fit with the corrected correlation matrices, but the TPB accounted for more variance in physical activity intentions and behavior. In addition, self-efficacy explained unique variance in intention, and the inclusion of past behavior in the model resulted in the attenuation of the intention-behavior, attitude-intention, self-efficacy-intention, and self-efficacy-behavior relationships. There was some evidence that the study relationships were moderated by attitude-intention strength and age, but there was a lack of homogeneity in the moderator groups. It was concluded that the major relationships of the TRA/TPB were supported in this quantitative integration of the physical activity literature, and the inclusion of self-efficacy and past behavior are important additions to the model.
Academic entrepreneurship is recognized as one of the values created by universities with their mission of being an entrepreneurial university in addition to teaching and research. The “entrepreneurial university” concept carries out this mission with technology transfer and firm formation activities. “Academic entrepreneur” can be narrowly defined as a faculty or advanced level research student at a university who creates a new organization and bring his or her innovation/invention/solution to market as a commercial opportunity. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior by Ajzen (1991) and Armitage& Conner (2001), the best predictor of this behavioral outcome of being involved in setting up an academic spin-off can be referred to as “academic entrepreneurial intentions”. There are various scales in place attempting to measure entrepreneurial intentions of adults and students such as Chen et al.’ s Entrepreneurial Decision Scale (1998), Krueger et al.’ s Entrepreneurial Intentions Scale (2000), Thompson’ s Individual Entrepreneurial Intent Scale (2009), and Liñán & Chen” s Entrepreneurship Intentions Questionnaire (2009). However a more comprehensive scale needs to be developed to measure the target construct of entrepreneurial intentions of academics concerning the individual and contextual circumstances specific to the university settings and the nature of business. In this regard, similar attempts have taken place to develop a scale for measuring academics’ entrepreneurial intentions such as the study of Prodan and Drnovsek (2010) however the scale did not provide the specific dimensions to target academics. The most promising scale is of a recent study by Huyghe & Knockaert (2014). This research aims to offer a conceptual discussion of measuring academic entrepreneurial intentions promising a novel contribution to construct reliability and validity measures in the future as addressed by Clark& Watson (1995).
The entrepreneurship literature utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has grown considerably over the last 20 years. Therefore, it is time to take stock of the TPB’s contributions to our understanding of entrepreneurship thus far. In this paper, we review the relevant literature and present research suggestions that will guide scholars in the future. First, we organize the literature according to the part of the TPB utilized along four main themes found in the literature. We also outline the many additions and alterations that entrepreneurship scholars have implemented to the TPB. We then suggest future research based on the review. Taken together, our contributions highlight important contexts that have been understudied, and highlight important theoretical relationships that have received only a small amount of attention but have the potential for large future findings. Our contributions also speak to entrepreneurial behaviors and entrepreneurial intentions, the two main dependent variables of research that uses the TPB.
Research dealing with various aspects of* the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985,
1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is
found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different
kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of
behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient
behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these
relations is still uncertain. Expectancy value formulations are found to be only partly
successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value
measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of
past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory*s
sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning
this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the
ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability.
Sociological perspectives and research provide important and distinctive contributions to the understanding of entrepreneurship in three ways. The first is through the development of societal conceptions regarding productive activities that encompass the entrepreneurial role or function. The major alternatives emphasize socioeconomic systems as (a) moving toward an equilibrium (reflecting a broad consensus) or (b) reflecting the outcome of class competition (emphasizing conflict resolution). Both assume the Inevitable dominance of massive productive organizations. These conceptions have recently been supplemented with attention to the dual nature of advanced economies or the benefits of flexible specialization. The second is through attention to specific societal characteristics affecting entrepreneurship: modernization; the role of the state in economic development; variations in the scope and nature of the unregistered (underground) economy; and the character of organizational populations and their ecological niche as they affect new firm foundings. The third Is through attention to the impact of social context on the decisions of Individuals to pursue entrepreneurial options. This includes attention to the individual's life course stage; social networks and embeddedness; ethnicity; and work experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Present study aims to explore the impact of contextual factors on entrepreneurial intention of university students. Theory of Planned Behavior Model (TPB) is used as a theoretical framework, since recent literature suggests that intentions can predict future entrepreneurship. Contextual factors which are relational, educational and structural support are considered as antecedents of personal attitude and perceived behavioral control, in return they are expected to have an impact on entrepreneurial intention. The model is tested on 425 university students. Our results provide useful implications for policy makers and educators.
The development of entrepreneurial intentions by academics remains a relatively unexplored area. This study investigates the transition from intentions to career destinations in a group of early career bioscientists following their participation in a business plan competition. Despite a significant proportion of academics stating entrepreneurial intentions, very few were seen to subsequently create new ventures. Through a longitudinal analysis distinct patterns of changing aspirations are observed as academics attempt to develop ventures within academe or leave to pursue industrial careers. Propositions are developed explaining how the use of social capital influences changing ambitions and destinations. We observe that weak ties are used to reveal the specific skills needed to realise entrepreneurial intentions. By contrast, strong ties are used to either reinforce entrepreneurial intentions or change career aspirations altogether.
An application of the theory of planned behaviour is developed here to analyse factors influencing entrepreneurial intent among university students. The study provides a test of the robustness of the intent approach using international comparisons. The samples are from Finland (Helsinki University of Technology), Sweden (Linköping University), USA (Stanford University and University of Colorado, Colorado Springs), and the UK (London Business School). The international comparisons indicate a good robustness of the model. Perceived behavioural control emerges as the most important determinant of entrepreneurial intent.
This article compares entrepreneurial intention and its antecedents in two diverse economic and cultural contexts: Senegal and Spain. Starting from the Theory of Planned Behavior, a tailor-made instrument is developed and used to measure the entrepreneurial intention of a sample of 810 individuals from both countries. Findings indicate the existence of cultural differences between both countries in the determination of entrepreneurial intention. Spain showed personal attitude as the main antecedent, whereas in Senegal, it was perceived behavioral control. Moreover, the results appear to indicate that in contexts of less economic development, like Senegal, the role of the perceived social pressure (subjective norms) to carry out or not an entrepreneurial behavior loses its capacity to explain entrepreneurial intentions.
This paper investigates how far in space university knowledge goes to breed the creation of knowledge-intensive firms (KIFs), depending on the nature (either codified or tacit) and quality of this knowledge. We consider the impact of knowledge codified in academic patents and scientific publications and tacit knowledge embodied in university graduates on KIF creation in Italian provinces in 2010, while distinguishing between local university knowledge created by universities located in the same province and external university knowledge created by universities located outside the province. Our econometric estimates indicate that the positive effects of scientific publications and university graduates are confined within the boundaries of the province in which universities are located. Conversely, the creation of new KIFs in a focal province is positively affected by both local and external university knowledge codified in academic patents, even though the positive effect of this external knowledge rapidly diminishes with geographic distance. Furthermore, the above effects are confined to high-quality universities; low-quality universities have little effect on KIF creation.
Entrepreneurship education is central to student entrepreneurship. Previous research has attempted to understand the role of entrepreneurship education in the formation of students' entrepreneurial intention and behavior, albeit in an isolated manner. Universities can support entrepreneurship in many ways, but it is important to measure students' perception of the support that they receive in order to understand the extent of such support and its impact on students. The current study proposed and tested an integrative, multiperspective framework. We have hypothesized that the three dimensions of university support, that is, perceived educational support, concept development support, and business development support, together with institutional support, shape students' entrepreneurial self-efficacy. In turn, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and individual motivations constitute the fundamental elements of the intention to start a business. A sample of 805 university students took part in the study and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Our findings showed that perceived educational support exerted the highest influence on entrepreneurial self-efficacy, followed by concept development support, business development support, and institutional support. Self-efficacy in turn had a significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. Individual motivations such as self-realization, recognition, and role had an additional impact on intention. However, intention was not related to financial success, innovation, and independence. The findings suggest that a holistic perspective provides a more meaningful understanding of the role of perceived university support in the formation of students' entrepreneurial intention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
This paper marks a departure in seeking to develop the conceptual and practical apparatus of a regional innovation system (RIS) for science & technology-disadvantaged regions. It is empirically based and builds on insights about the limitations of STI (The Science-Technology-Innovation Approach, which is Linear, Specialist, Exclusive, Explicit/Codified, Global) and the strengths of DUI (The Doing-Using-Interacting Approach, which is Interactive, Diversified, Inclusive, Implicit, Regional/Local). DUI is highly compatible with Schumpeterian understanding that the core process of innovation is 'knowledge recombination'. From an evolutionary economic geography perspective, which is taken in the paper, this raises interesting issues for the economics of knowledge. First it underlines the need to pay serious attention to questions of the 'proximity' imperative, suggesting not that knowledge is easily appropriable for ('open') innovation but that it may be excessively difficult to identify because it lies hidden in possibly neighbouring - but different - industries and firms. Thus, second, it makes the notion of 'knowledge spillovers' problematic because the spillovers may not be forthcoming at all or may come in unrecognisable forms. Hence, third, this means that firms likely need more than usual RIS intermediation (including knowledge demonstration and transfer services) to avoid market failures of innovation. Assistance with identification of ‘modular’ policy elements is only one of the services required for DUI product, process and policy innovation. The complexity theory notion of 'transversality' has been advanced to capture the 'emergence' of novelty out of contexts of difference, unifying a solution to the three conceptual problem-issues raised in the paper.
The first edition of Regional Innovation Systems introduced a newly developed theoretical and empirical construct as a means of planning and analysing industrial development on a regional scale.
Since 1995, when the first edition was commissioned, there has been a worldwide innovation-led boom and subsequent slump, meaning enormous change has occurred in regional economies. The new edition registers this change and provides an interesting test of the robustness of the original arguments in the book. Not least, more industrial policy making is influenced by the RIS analysis, and many national and regional governments have adopted RIS approaches, along with related instruments like promotion of industry clusters, academic entrepreneurship, regional venture capital and science-led development strategies.
Set within a broadly evolutionary economics perspective, accounts are given of the system interactions occurring between firms and the innovation support infrastructure. Cases are drawnworldwide from Asia, North America and Europe and include a new case study on Slovenia.
Network-building activities of PhD students are an important area of study in furthering our understanding of academic entrepreneurship. This paper focuses on PhD students’ participation in network-building activities defined as mobility and collaboration, as well as own interest in and perceived grade of support for commercialisation from various levels of the university hierarchy. The results of a large-scale survey (of 1,126 PhD students at Linköping University, Sweden, 41% response rate) presented here show that the majority of PhD students are engaged in collaborations with external organisations, though quite few (one quarter) have spent a part of their PhD education outside their home university. PhD students from all faculties are on average interested in commercialisation and in favour of it. However, PhD students from the faculty of Health Sciences state that it is difficult for them to combine research and commercialisation. Furthermore, interest in commercialisation of research results is relatively lowest amongst those PhD students who are undertaking mobility placements at other universities, thus pointing to an experienced incompatibility of research and academic entrepreneurship.
Research on the impact of the regional environment in the very early phase of the business start-up process is currently limited. This paper contributes to the literature by analysing the influence of regional factors on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions within the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework. The rationale is based on the previous literature which posits that regional conditions have implications for individual perceptions, which, in turn, constitute the foundation of the three antecedents of intention in the TPB model: attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. A multilevel analysis based on a random sample of 834 Finnish working-age individuals, combined with the official national statistics at the municipality level supports the proposition that regional conditions have an indirect impact on the intent to become an entrepreneur. The population density, the level of education, income and wealth and the rate of public and manufacturing sector employment of a region are found to moderate the individual formation of entrepreneurial intentions. This study supports further development of the theoretical understanding of entrepreneurial intentions by demonstrating that regional characteristics are important moderating influences in the TPB model.
In the last decade, a number of studies have been carried out on new technology-based firms (NTBFs). This body of research tends to conclude that European NTBFs fail to grow as large as their US counterparts, although few studies offer insights into to why this is so. In particular, the early-growth path of NTBFs remains a “a black box”. In this article, the authors analyse the early-growth paths of a sub-population of firms; namely, research-based spin-offs. Since the literature on the early-growth path of NTBFs is scarce, a “grounded theory design” was used to tackle the research question. It emerged that the early-growth period of research-based spin-offs mainly consists of a “learning” phase during which they build up different resources and capabilities. This learning phase comprises two components: combinatory (buy-in) and cumulative (experiential) learning. The entrepreneurial environment in which the firm is created largely determines the extent to which these learning processes are possible. Three types of environ- ment are defined: the unaware environment (in which cumulative learning is diffi- cult), the aware environment (where cumulative learning exists but combinatory learning is difficult) and the supportive environment (where both combinatory and cumulative learning are possible). The article concludes with the hypothesis that a balanced management of combinatory and cumulative learning optimises the period of incubation and increases the potential for exponential growth.
In this article, we provide guidance for substantive researchers on the use of structural equation modeling in practice for theory testing and development. We present a comprehensive, two-step modeling approach that employs a series of nested models and sequential chi-square difference tests. We discuss the comparative advantages of this approach over a one-step approach. Considerations in specification, assessment of fit, and respecification of measurement models using confirmatory factor analysis are reviewed. As background to the two-step approach, the distinction between exploratory and confirmatory analysis, the distinction between complementary approaches for theory testing versus predictive application, and some developments in estimation methods also are discussed.
Before there can be entrepreneurship there must be the potential for entrepreneurship, whether in a community seeking to develop or in a large organization seeking to innovate. Entrepreneurial potential, however, requires potential entrepreneurs. This paper discusses antecedents of such potential and proposes a model based on Shapero's (1982) model of the entrepreneurial event. We then discuss this model in light of supporting evidence from two different perspectives, corporate venturing and enterprise development.
Several theories of relationship marketing propose that customers vary in their relationships with a firm on a continuum from transactional to highly relational bonds. Few empirical studies have segmented the customer base of an organization into low and high relational groups to assess how evaluations vary for these groups. Using structural equation analysis, the authors analyze the relationships of satisfaction, trust, and commitment to component satisfaction attitudes and future intentions for the customers of a New York off-Broadway repertory theater company. For the low relational customers (individual ticket buyers and occasional subscribers), overall satisfaction is the primary mediating construct between the component attitudes and future intentions. For the high relational customers (consistent subscribers), trust and commitment, rather than satisfaction, are the mediators between component attitudes and future intentions.
The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.
A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.
This paper investigates the relationship between career choice and people's attitudes toward income, independence, risk, and work effort. Entrepreneurs are often described in terms of the strength or weakness of their attitudes in these dimensions. Conjoint analysis was used to determine the significance and nature of these attitudes in choosing one job over another. We also investigated the effect these attitudes have on the intention to start one's own business. Significant relationships were found between the utility expected from a job and the independence, risk, and income it offered. Similarly, the strength of intention to become self-employed was significantly related to the respondents' tolerance for risk and their preference for independence.
Universities are currently in the process of change and adaptation to shifting expectations that for example include closer engagement with businesses and increased facilitation of entrepreneurship among faculty and graduates. By supporting academic entrepreneurship, universities can address these expectations whilst also becoming more entrepreneurial institutions. However, more knowledge is needed on how this support provided by different levels in the university organisation is perceived by academics. This is particularly relevant in the case of PhD students because many of them will go on to become the next generation of senior faculty and because PhD education constitutes a considerable part of most universities’ activities with PhD students performing a large share of university research. Our study is based on survey responses of 464 PhD students from all faculties at one of the biggest universities in Sweden. The results show that the perceived support of commercialisation of research results varies at different hierarchical levels within the university. The score for perceived support from the highest level (central administration) did not differ much between the faculties, while significant differences were found at lower levels. We argue that variations between faculties and departments with regard to norms and cultures should be considered when stimulating entrepreneurial engagement, for example by using multiple channels of communication, as well as tailor-made strategies and activities.
'Can entrepreneurship be taught? Is it an art or a science? How is entrepreneurship learned? Another masterpiece by the European masters Fayolle and Klandt, this volume - based on the 2003 Grenoble Conference - will be useful for years to come, among educators and policymakers alike, especially those open to the emerging paradigm.' - Léo-Paul Dana, University of Canterbury, New Zealand. This book discusses paradigmatic changes in the field of entrepreneurship education in response to economic, political and social needs, and the consequential need to reassess, redevelop and renew curricula and methods used in teaching entrepreneurship.
In this article, we provide guidance for substantive researchers on the use of structural equation modeling in practice for theory testing and development. We present a comprehensive, two-step modeling approach that employs a series of nested models and sequential chi-square difference tests. We discuss the comparative advantages of this approach over a one-step approach. Considerations in specification, assessment of fit, and respecification of measurement models using confirmatory factor analysis are reviewed. As background to the two-step approach, the distinction between exploratory and confirmatory analysis, the distinction between complementary approaches for theory testing versus predictive application, and some developments in estimation methods also are discussed.
Surveys in 1988, 1992 and 1994 of enterprises created by scientists show that: these spin-off enterprises from research laboratories are robust, although they do not necessarily lead to job creation; a precondition for the development of these firms is that they establish networks of different players; firms that increased their co-operation arrangements with various laboratories were the most successful; it is important to integrate clients from the innovation design phase; and there is a crucial role for public funding during a firm's start-up and initial development stage.
Academic entrepreneurship, which refers to efforts undertaken by universities to promote commercialization on campus and in surrounding regions of the university, has changed dramatically in recent years. Two key consequences of this change are that more stakeholders have become involved in academic entrepreneurship and that universities have become more ‘strategic’ in their approach to this activity. The authors assert that the time is ripe to rethink academic entrepreneurship. Specifically, theoretical and empirical research on academic entrepreneurship needs to take account of these changes, so as to improve the rigour and relevance of future studies on this topic. We outline such a framework and provide examples of key research questions that need to be addressed to broaden understanding of academic entrepreneurship.
Over the past decades, universities have increasingly become involved in entrepreneurial activities. Despite efforts to embrace their ‘third mission’, universities still demonstrate great heterogeneity in terms of their involvement in academic entrepreneurship. This papers adopts an institutional perspective to understand how organizational characteristics affect research scientists’ entrepreneurial intentions. Specifically, we study the impact of university culture and climate on entrepreneurial intentions, including intentions to spin off a company, to engage in patenting or licensing and to interact with industry through contract research or consulting. Using a sample of 437 research scientists from Swedish and German universities, our results reveal that the extent to which universities articulate entrepreneurship as a fundamental element of their mission fosters research scientists’ intentions to engage in spin-off creation and intellectual property rights, but not industry-science interaction. Furthermore, the presence of university role models positively affects research scientists’ propensity to engage in entrepreneurial activities, both directly and indirectly through entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Finally, research scientists working at universities which explicitly reward people for ‘third mission’ related output show higher levels of spin-off and patenting or licensing intentions. This study has implications for both academics and practitioners, including university managers and policy makers.
The present research applied the theory of planned behavior to predict employment status choice, defined as the intention to enter an occupation as a wage or salaried individual or as a self-employed one. The role of family background, sex, and prior self-employment experience was also investigated. Using a sample of 128 Norwegian undergraduate business students, the findings strongly support the theory of planned behavior as applied to employment status choice intentions. Moreover, demographic characteristics were found to influence employment status choice intentions only indirectly through their effect on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.
We provide a typology of corporate and academic spin-off types, distinguishing spin-offs involving new ventures from those that concern existing activities. We summarize the papers published in this special issue, relating them to the typology we develop. We conclude by developing an agenda for further research on spin-offs.
Policy makers are increasingly recognizing the central role of technology transfer from Universities into academic spinoffs that commercially exploit the research results and new technologies developed within academic scientists. The ability of universities to stimulate entrepreneurial activity and creation of new ventures would influence the economic growth through knowledge regeneration and exploiting academic inventions.Due to the early stage and embryonic nature of university technologies (Agrawal, 2006; Jensen and Thursby, 2001), is important to understand the predictors inside University context that influence the creation of academic spin offs. The technology transfer process is an extended course of actions that start with opportunity identification that is clearly an intentional process (Krueger et al., 2000).The aim of the paper is to focus on the determinants of academic entrepreneurial intentions of a sample of PhD students employed on the science faculty and department of University G.d’Annunzio. This research purpose is to test the validity of a theoretical model of academic-entrepreneurial intentions (Prodan - Drnovsek, 2010) to add an empirical contribute in this field.In Academic Entrepreneurship studies, some scholars have pointed out that additional research is required at individual level (Lockett & Wright, 2005) in order to investigate the relevance of academic founders’ incentives, motivations and capabilities in developing successful academic ventures (Shane, 2004). Academic scientists and in particular PhD students play an important role in determining whether spinoffs will be founded to exploit an invention.Prior studies on opportunity recognition process, when opportunity to create future goods and services are discovered, evaluated and exploited (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000), focused on the necessity to analyze entrepreneurial intentions as a predictor of planned behaviour to create new venture (Ajzen, 1975). The academic entrepreneurial intentions, based on entrepreneurial intentions model (Bird, 1998; Kruegel, 1993),would depend from the ability to execute an intended behaviour and from other variables that are a direct consequence of different environmental characteristics (Prodan & Drnovsek, 2010). In order to highlight the orientation of the academic entrepreneurial intentions of sciences research area in University G.d’Annunzio, was sent a questionnaire to PhD students s to test the robustness of the model. We empirically test the model using structural equation modeling and a robust dataset collected in academic settings.Furthermore the finding of the paper tested in the technical faculties can adds new insights where there was a lack of empirical study to confirm and improve the theoretical model.
We explore the relationship between wealth creation in high-technology ventures and firm-specific resources. We argue that Market Value Added is a particularly appropriate measure of entrepreneurial performance because of its focus on wealth creation, which is the essence of entrepreneurship. We present a model of wealth creation in new ventures based on the resource-based theory of firm behavior. The model suggests that firm-specific research and scientific capabilities are associated with wealth creation. The model is tested on a sample of 89 biotechnology firms. The results provide strong evidence for the hypothesized relationship between firm-specific capabilities and wealth creation in new ventures.
Understanding what motivates academics to be involved in entrepreneurial activities could be crucial in technology transfer from academic organizations to industry. Using a data set of 547 academics employed at two different universities (University of Cambridge and University of Ljubljana), this study investigates (using multi-sample analysis and structural equation modeling) the impact of ten different motivational factors as predictors of academic entrepreneurial intentions. The following ten motivational factors were studied: (1) dissatisfaction with the academic environment, (2) desire for independence, (3) desire for safe and permanent employment, (4) desire for taking on and meeting broader responsibilities, (5) desire for wealth, (6) desire to bring technology into practice, (7) desire to disseminate findings through the scientific literature, (8) desire to do something others could not, (9) desire to pursue technological perfection, and (10) desire to secure additional research funding. The study's results show that desire for safe and permanent employment and desire to disseminate findings through the scientific literature have a negative significant influence on academic entrepreneurial intentions, while desire for independence, desire for taking on and meeting broader responsibilities, desire for wealth, and desire to bring technology to practice have a positive significant influence on academic entrepreneurial intentions.
The ‘triple helix’ of the university–industry–government relationship and habitat are accepted as important determinants of innovation and entrepreneurship. However, empirical explorations of the effects of these variables and their interrelationships on regional entrepreneurial activities are highly limited. To fill this gap, we investigate the effect of the triple helix system and habitat on birth and death rates of U.S. firms at the state level. As expected, we find that industrial R&D expenditure plays an important role in promoting regional firm birth. However, university and government R&D also generate a synergistic effect that indirectly influences regional firm birth rates. In addition, we find that the synergy between university and industrial R&D enhances the sustainability of firms, while the interactions between (1) university and government R&D and (2) government and industrial R&D are associated with an increase in firm death. Other factors linked to more favorable conditions for firm formation include higher educational attainment in a region, lower tax rate, and habitat factors affecting quality of life, such as lower housing prices and higher rates of health insurance coverage. In regions with high entrepreneurial activity, we find positive synergistic effects of the interactions between (1) university and government R&D and (2) university and industrial R&D on firm birth rate, suggesting that university R&D plays an important role as an ‘entrepreneurial mediator’ among the three spheres in the triple helix system. In low entrepreneurial regions, the only triple helix system factors significantly influencing firm birth rate were tax rate. This finding suggests that the independent and interdependent components of the triple helix system and habitat are less powerful in low entrepreneurial regions.