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THE CHRYSIDIDAE TYPES DESCRIBED BY SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKIJ AND DEPOSITED AT THE ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, SAINT PETERSBURG (INSECTA: HYMENOPTERA)
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A critical and illustrated catalogue of the Chrysididae types described by A.P. Semenov-Tian-Shanskij and deposited at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg is given. The lectotype of Chrysis bianchii Semenov, 1892; C. petri alticola Semenov, 1912; C. pulchella adolescentula Semenov, 1912; C. sybarita jaxartis Semenov, 1910; Ellampus hohlbecki Semenov, 1932; Ell. miramae Semenov, 1932; Ell. specularis Semenov, 1932 are designated. Eight species are revalidated: Hedychridium cyanellum (Semenov et Nikol’skaya, 1954); Hedychrum zarudnyi Semenov, 1954; Chrysis karatavica Semenov, 1967; Chrysura oshanini (Semenov, 1954); Ch. petri (Semenov, 1912); Ch. smaragdulus (Semenov, 1967); Pseudochrysis chamaleon (Semenov, 1967); Spinolia phoenix Semenov, 1967; Spintharina extrema (Semenov et Nikol’skaya, 1954). Thirty-two new synonyms are proposed (valid name is the first): Chrysis angustifrons Abeille de Perrin, 1878 = C. pyrrha Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. caucasicola Balthasar, 1953 = C. analis caucasicola Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. cyaneata Mocsáry, 1909 = C. uvarovi Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. dauriana Linsenmaier, 1959 = C. mongolica Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. diacantha Mocsáry, 1889 = C. calypso Semenov et Nikol’skaya, 1954, syn. nov.; C. erythrocera Mocsáry, 1909 = C. lucens Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. indigotea Dufour and Perris, 1840 = C. zaitzevi Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. lanata Mocsáry, 1912 = C. sapphirus Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. maracandensis Radoszkowski, 1877 = C. skorikovi Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. minuta Mocsáry, 1909 = C. vesper Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. mirabilis Radoszkowski, 1876 = C. verae Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. soror Dahlbom, 1854 = C. soror calandra Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. splendidula Rossi, 1790 = C. tamara Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; C. turceyana Linsenmaier, 1959 = C. flagrans Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; Euchroeus moricei ssp. zarudnianus (Semenov, 1910) = E. moricei ssp. bytinskii Linsenmaier, 1969, syn. nov.; E. robustus (Mocsáry, 1909) = Pseudochrysis herculeana Semenov, 1910, syn. nov.; Pseudochrysis neglecta (Shuckard, 1837) = Chrysis tadzhika Semenov et Nikol’skaya, 1954, syn. nov.; Chrysellampus pici (du Buysson, 1900) = Chrysel. shestakovi Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; Hedychridium moricei du Buysson, 1904 = Zarudnidium clarum Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; H. monochroum du Buysson, 1888 = Cyrteuchridium breviceps Semenov, 1954, syn. nov.; = Cy. pusio Semenov, 1954, syn. nov.; H. erschovi (Radoszkowski, 1877) = Euchrum turanum Semenov, 1954, syn. nov.; Hedychrum longicolle Abeille de Perrin, 1878 = He. trapezicolle Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; He. luculentum bytinskii Linsenmaier, 1959 = He. mithras Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; Holopyga ignicollis Dahlbom, 1854 = Ho. cingulata Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; Ho. metallica Dahlbom, 1854 = Ho. sibirica Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; Ho. solskyi (Radoszkowski, 1877) = Ho. vespera Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; Omalus aeneus (Fabricius, 1787) = Ellampus zarudnyi Semenov, 1932, syn. nov.; Philoctetes tshingiz (Semenov, 1932) = Ell. zarudniellus Semenov, 1967, syn. nov.; Pseudomalus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) = Ell. bergiellus Semenov, 1932, syn. nov.; Ps. pusillus (Fabricius, 1804) = Ell. borodini Semenov, 1932, syn. nov.; = Ell. ruthenus Semenov, 1932, syn. nov.; Ps. turkestanicus (Mocsáry, 1889) = Ell. subopacus Semenov et Nikol’skaya, 1954, syn. nov. New combinations are proposed for Spinolia rusalka (Semenov, 1901), comb. nov.; Spintharina cassandra (Semenov, 1967), comb. nov.; Omalus speculifer (Semenov, 1932), comb. nov.; O. scrutator (Semenov, 1932), comb. nov. and Philoctetes hirtus (Semenov, 1932), comb. nov. Four subspecies are raised to species rank: Chrysis adolescentula Semenov, 1912; C. dauriana Linsenmaier, 1959; C. personata Semenov, 1967 and C. senescens Semenov, 1967. Five replacement names are proposed: Chrysis andreyi Rosa, nom. nov. pro C. smaragdula Semenov, 1967 (emendation of C. smaragdulus), nec Fabricius, 1775; C. nikolaji Rosa, nom. nov. pro C. medea Semenov, 1967, nom. praeocc., nec Balthasar, 1953; C. tarbinskyi Rosa, nom. nov. pro C. desertorum Tarbinsky, 2002, nom. praeocc., nec du Buysson, 1887; C. uzbekistana Rosa, nom. nov. pro C. sogdiana Tarbinsky, 2002, nom. praeocc., nec Semenov, 1954; C. yurii Rosa, nom. nov. pro C. unica Tarbinsky, 2002, nom. praeocc., nec Radoszkowski, 1891. Of the 349 nominal species-group names proposed by Semenov alone or with Nikol’skaya, 255 are currently considered valid; of the 94 invalid names, nine are junior homonyms and 85 are junior subjective synonyms. Biographical and historical notes on A.P. Semenov-Tian-Shanskij and M.N. Nikol’skaya are given, as well as pictures of 300 types.
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Chrysis arkadyi sp. nov. from India and Pakistan is herein described in the C. splendidula species group, and C. speculata du Buysson, 1896 is recorded for the first time from Pakistan. The Chrysis autocrata species group, established by Linsenmaier (1997), is synonymised with the C. succincta species group, and the C. serpentula species group, established by Tarbinsky (2002), is synonymised with the C. splendidula species group. C. autocrata Nurse, 1903 syn. nov. and C. ewridica Tarbinsky, 2001 syn. nov. are considered junior synonyms of C. variana du Buysson, 1901. A key to the seven species of the C. succincta species group so far known from Pakistan and India is provided.
An annotated checklist of the Chrysididae from Mongolia is provided. A revision of the bibliographical data is provied, since most of the collecting localities published for "Mongolia" refer to places currently located in China. The known Mongolian cuckoo wasp fauna counts 90 species in 18 genera and two sub-families. Four genera and 57 species are recorded for the first time, including two species here described as new for science: Cleptes mongolicus Rosa, Halada & Agnoli, sp. nov. (Dornod) and Spinolia spinosa Rosa & Halada, sp. nov. (Bayankhongor).
The Iranian species in the Chrysis pulchella and C. varidens species groups are investigated. Six species are recognized, two of which are described for the first time: Chrysis gamberoonensis Farhad, Rosa and Talebi sp. nov. and Chrysis brunneamarginata Farhad, Rosa and Talebi sp. nov.. Chrysis gamberoonensis Farhad, Rosa and Talebi sp. nov. belongs to the C. pulchella group and is recognizable within this species group by its unique blue body coloration, scattered mesosoma punctures, polished pit row with elongated pits, and a small median tooth on the lateral edge of metasomal tergum 3. Chrysis brunneamarginata Farhad, Rosa and Talebi sp. nov. belongs to the C. varidens group and is recognizable by the usually colorless apical rim of metasomal tergum 3, and the unique shape of the anterior corners of the scutellum which are enlarged, thickened and directed backward covering the axillary trough. Dichotomous keys and distributional data for Iranian species included in these species groups are provided. Chrysis schwarzi Linsenmaier, 1968 is raised to species rank. The number of Iranian Chrysis species and subspecies is raised to 122.
Cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) are a species‐rich family of obligate brood parasites (i.e. parasitoids and kleptoparasites) whose hosts range from sawflies, wasps and bees, to walking sticks and moths. Their brood parasitic lifestyle has led to the evolution of fascinating adaptations, including chemical mimicry of host odours by some species. Long‐term nomenclatural stability of the higher taxonomic units (e.g. genera, tribes, and subfamilies) in this family and a thorough understanding of the family's evolutionary history critically depend on a robust phylogeny of cuckoo wasps. Here we present the results from phylogenetically analysing ten nuclear‐encoded genes and one mitochondrial gene, all protein‐coding, in a total of 186 different species of cuckoo wasps representing most major cuckoo wasp lineages. The compiled data matrix comprised 4946 coding nucleotide sites and was phylogenetically analysed using classical maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The results of our phylogenetic analyses are mostly consistent with earlier ideas on the phylogenetic relationships of the cuckoo wasps' subfamilies and tribes, but cast doubts on the hitherto hypothesized phylogenetic position of the subfamily Amiseginae. However, the molecular data are not fully conclusive in this respect due to low branch support values at deep nodes. In contrast, our phylogenetic estimates clearly indicate that the current systematics of cuckoo wasps at the genus level is artificial. Several of the currently recognized genera are para‐ or polyphyletic (e.g. Cephaloparnops, Chrysis, Chrysura, Euchroeus, Hedychridium, Praestochrysis, Pseudochrysis, Spintharina, and Spinolia). At the same time, our data support the validity of the genus Colpopyga, previously synonymized with Hedychridium. We discuss possible solutions for how to resolve the current shortcomings in the systematics of cuckoo wasp genera and decided to grant Prospinolia the status of a valid genus (Prospinolia stat.n.) and transferring Spinolia theresae [du Buysson 1900] from Spinolia to Prospinolia (Prospinolia theresae stat.restit.). We discuss the implications of our phylogenetic inferences for understanding the evolution of host associations in this group. The results of our study not only shed new light on the evolutionary history of cuckoo wasps, but also set the basis for future phylogenomic investigations on this captivating group of wasps by guiding taxonomic sampling efforts and the design of probes for target DNA enrichment approaches. We studied one mitochondrial and ten nuclear genes to reconstruct the phylogeny of 186 species of cuckoo wasps, representing Amiseginae, Cleptinae, and Chrysidinae, and the tribes Allocoeliini, Chrysidini, Elampini, and Parnopini. Our study revealed that the systematics of Chrysididae at the genus level is artificial: several of the currently recognized genera are para‐ or polyphyletic (e.g. Cephaloparnops, Chrysis, Chrysura, Hedychridium, and Praestochrysis). The results suggest that the majority of bee parasitoid cuckoo wasps are descendants of one common ancestor that evolved the ability to exploit pollen‐collecting bees (Anthophila) as host group.
A first checklist of the Iranian Chrysididae is proposed. The list includes 184 species in 20 genera. Seventy species and
genera Spinolia Dahlbom, 1854, Spintharina Semenov, 1892, Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 are newly recorded from Iran.
New combination is proposed for Chrysura laconiae (Arens, 2001), comb. nov. (from Chrysis) and Chrysura pyrogaster
turca (Linsenmaier, 1997), comb. nov. (from Chrysis). New synonymy is proposed for Chrysura barbatula (Linsenmaier, 1968) = Chrysura barbatica Bohart, 1991, syn. nov. The status of Chrysis transcaspica Mocsáry, 1889 is resurrected. His�torical data with the comments of current taxonomic position and the specific validity of some species are given.
The cuckoo wasp genus Pseudochrysis Semenov, 1891 is currently treated by several authors as a junior subjective synonym of Euchroeus Latreille, 1809, due to a type species designation by O. W. Richards in 1935. In the original description of the genus Pseudochrysis, Semenov (1891) distinguished two subordinated taxa within the genus Pseudochrysis: the subgenus Pseudochrysis and the subgenus Spintharis (sensu Dahlbom 1854). Semenov included three species in the subgenus Spintharis, but failed to mention any species included in the nominal subgenus. He was the first author, however, who listed in a subsequent publication (Semenov 1892) eleven species to be included in the nominal subgenus. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999, Art. 67.2.2), these eleven species are deemed to have been listed in the original description. One of these, Chrysura humboldti Dahlbom, 1845, was explicitly designated by Semenov (1892) as type species of Pseudochrysis. We therefore consider the designation of Pseudochrysis (Spintharis) virgo Semenov, 1891 as type species of Pseudochrysis by Richards (1935) as invalid. The currently widely used genus name Pseudospinolia Linsenmaier, 1951 (type species Chrysis uniformis Dahlbom, 1854) is consequently to be regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Pseudochrysis, given the current circumscription of the genus Pseudospinolia (including both Pseudospinolia humboldti and Pseudospinolia uniformis).
The crabronid wasp Solierella compedita (Piccioli, 1969) occupied artificial trap-nests in southeastern Ukraine. Cuckoo wasps Hedychridium monochroum du Buysson, 1888 and Chrysis lanceolata Linsenmaier, 1959 were reared from its nests. Thus, the hostparasitoid association between S. compedita and Ch. lanceolata is recorded for the first time and the association between S. compedita and H. monochroum is confirmed. The larva of H. monochroum and the minute cocoon structure of both reared chrysidids are described. Wide color variability is shown for H. monochroum. The feeding habits of larvae for both chrysidids are discussed.
Four Chinese Chrysis species-groups, the antennata, capitalis, elegans, and maculicornis species-groups, are
discussed. Chrysis lapislazulina Rosa & Xu, sp. n. is described in the elegans species-group; and three species,
C. brachyceras Bischoff, 1910, C. subdistincta Linsenmaier, 1968 and C. yoshikawai Tsuneki, 1961,
are reported for the first time from China in other species-groups. A new synonymy is proposed for C.
ignifascia Mocsáry, 1893 = C. taiwana Tsuneki, 1970, syn. n. A short historical review of the elegans
species-group is provided. C. goetheana Semenov, 1967 is transferred from the elegans species-group to the
maculicornis species-group. C. mesochlora Mocsáry, 1893 is considered a nomen dubium.
A critical and annotated catalogue of the Palaearctic types of chrysidid species, subspecies and varieties deposited in the Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum is given. The lectotype of Hedychrum luculentum Förster, 1853 and the neotype of Chrysis amasina Mocsáry, 1889 are designated. Six new synonyms are proposed: Chrysis varicornis Spinola, 1838 = Chrysis cyanocoelia Mocsáry, 1889, syn. nov.; Hedychridium adventicium Zimmermann, 1962 = Hedychridium jazygicum Móczár, 1964, syn. nov.; Hedychrum cribratum Mocsáry, 1909 = Hedychrum punctigerum Mocsáry, 1909, syn. nov.; Holopyga generosa (Förster, 1853) = Holopyga hortobagyensis Móczár, 1984, syn. nov.; Holopyga turkestanica Mocsáry, 1909 = Holopyga crassepuncta Semenov, 1954, syn. nov.; and Pseudomalus cupratus (Mocsáry, 1889) = Pseudomalus meridianus Strumia, 1996, syn. nov.. One species is revalidated: Holopyga turkestanica Mocsáry, 1909, stat. resurr.. New status is proposed for: Pseudomalus cupratus (Mocsáry, 1889), stat. nov.. New combination is proposed for: Hedychridium amoenum (Mocsáry, 1911), comb. nov.. The reversal of priority is proposed for: Ellampus biaccinctus du Buysson, 1893, nomen protectum, and E. auratus var. gasperinii Mocsáry, 1889, nomen oblitum. New name is proposed for: Chrysis fusca Rosa, nom. nov. pro Chrysis ignita var. infuscata Mocsáry, 1889 nec Brullé, 1846. Pictures of eighty-nine type specimens are also provided.
A detailed study of two endemic Alpine species of the genus Philoctetes Abeille de Perrin, 1879 is given, as well as a key to the Alpine Philoctetes species and a brief discussion on Alpine Chrysididae. New distributional data, notes on type specimens and pictures are provided. A new synonym Philoctetes putoni (du Buysson, 1892) = Philoctetes delvarei Tussac & Tussac, 1993 syn. n. is proposed.
The growing field of conservation biology has placed a new value on cataloging the Earth's living creatures, even as many of them face extinction. In the first systematic revision of the Chrysidid wasp family since 1889, the authors present a worldwide overview of this colorful group. Some 3,000 valid species have been named and are arranged in 84 genera and four sub-families. This comprehensive treatment presents a reclassification of the generic and higher taxa. It also includes a summary of previously published information, indicated problems in need of further study, and detailed synonomic species lists for each genus. Discussions for each tribe and sub-family include ancestral characteristics, phylogenetically important characters and a corresponding cladogram, keys to genera, and relationships among taxa.
Eight Cleptes species were ranged among the asianus-group and one species was left in the original townesi-group within the subgenus Cleptes s. str. Two new species Cleptes humerosus sp. n. ♂ from Malaysia and C. primorensis sp. n. ♀ from Russia are described. A key and other information are given.