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KINESIOLOGY
R L K(ABCDEF), M S S A(ABEF),
J N S J(ABEF), W S T(ABEF),
D D(ABCDEF)
1 Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis (Brazil)
Corresponding author: Rafael Lima Kons
Full mailing address: Laboratório de Biomecânica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina 88040-900 / Flo-
rianópolis – SC, Brazil
Tel.: +55 48 3721-8530; e-mail: rafakons0310@gmail.com
Vertical jump performance in judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes:
an approach with dierent training levels
Submission: 22.06.2017; acceptance: 3.09.2017
Key words: combat sports, muscle power, stretch-shortening cycle, lower limbs
Abstract
Background. Judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) are grappling sports, in which the athletes of both modalities require a combination
of powerful actions in the upper and lower limbs. In the lower limbs, power actions are observed in several judo throwing tech-
niques, and the guard passes, sweeps, takedowns in the BJJ matches.
Aim. To compare the kinetic parameters of vertical jump performance between judo and BJJ athletes, and to compare these param-
eters between novices and advanced athletes.
Methods. Twenty judo male athletes (twelve novices and eight advanced) and twenty male BJJ athletes (twelve novices and eight
advanced) participated in this study. ey performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) on a force platform. e following varia-
bles were analyzed: jump height, mean power, peak power, maximum force, and peak velocity. An independent samples t-test was
used with the level of signicance set at p ≤ 0.05 and the eect size was calculated to verify the eect magnitude.
Results. e main results showed that only peak velocity was higher in judo than BJJ athletes (p = 0.02). Also, advanced BJJ ath-
letes showed higher peak velocity (p = 0.03) and jump height (p = 0.05) than novice athletes. Advanced judokas presented higher
peak velocity (p = 0.03) and maximum force than novice athletes (p = 0.02).
Conclusions: We conclude that judo athletes are able to apply higher velocity during the jump take-o compared to BJJ athletes. In
general, advanced athletes in both combat sports seem to present higher performance in CMJ parameters related to force and velocity.
© Idōkan Poland Association
“IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”,
Vol. 17, no. 4 (2017), pp. 25–31
DOI: 10.14589/ido.17.4.5
Introduction
Judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) are combat sports of
domain actions, where the athletes of both modalities
require a combination of physical tness and technical–
tactical abilities to attain better performance [Franchini
et al. 2011; Andreato et al. 2017]. Judo and BJJ combat
bouts are of a high-intensity intermittent nature with
short periods of rest [Franchini et al. 2011; Andreato
et al. 2013; Andreato et al. 2017]; however, these sports
present dierent ratios of eort and pauses during the
matches. In judo matches, the eort: pause ratio is close
to 3:1 or 2:1 [Miarka et al. 2012], while in BJJ matches
the ratio ranges from 6:1 to 13:1 [Andreato et al. 2015;
Andreato et al. 2016].
In terms of physical condition, both judo and BJJ
require a combination of strength and powerful actions in
the upper and lower limbs [Ratamess, 2011; Franchini et
al. 2013]. In the lower limbs, power actions are observed
in several judo throwing techniques (seoi-nage, o-goshi)
[Detanico et al. 2012], and guard passes, sweeps, and
takedowns in BJJ matches [James 2014; Andreato et al.
2017]. One of the most reliable methods for estimating
muscle power in the lower limbs is the countermovement
jump (CMJ) [Markovic et al. 2004]. Several studies have
used CMJ performance (jump height or power output)
as an indicator of muscle power in judo athletes [Mon-
teiro et al. 2011; Zaggelidis et al. 2012] and BJJ athletes
[Silva et al. 2014; Andreato et al. 2015; Diaz-Lara et al.
2015]. Other parameters, such as the maximum force
26 “IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, Vol. 17, no. 4 (2017)
in the concentric phase of the jump and peak velocity
during the take-o, have also been studied. Athayde et
al. [2017] found signicant dierences in these variables
between judokas of dierent weight categories; however,
no studies investigating CMJ variables in BJJ athletes
have been reported. Understanding of the neuromuscu-
lar parameters in the lower limbs may aid in explaining
the physical demands (training eects) of each sport.
Another important aspect in combat sports is that
specic training (experience in the sport) seems to exert
a positive inuence on CMJ performance. Detanico et al.
[2016] observed higher jump height and power output in
advanced judo athletes (brown and black belts) compared
to novice athletes (up to purple belt). Another study veri-
ed that advanced judo athletes demonstrate better ability
to use the stretch-shortening cycle mechanism (SSC),
optimizing power production during the vertical jump
[Zaggelidis et al. 2012]. Diaz-Lara et al. [2014] reported
that experienced BJJ athletes (from purple to black belts)
presented better jump height, peak power, peak velocity,
and mean power in CMJ compared to non-experienced
athletes (white and blue belts). However, more studies are
needed to understand particularities concerning muscle
strength and power production in judo and BJJ athletes,
bearing in mind the level of experience in the sport. is
information may help coaches and physical trainers in both
combat sports to discriminate or classify athletes at dier-
ent training levels and delineate the load training for each.
Thus, this study aimed to compare the kinetic
parameters of CMJ (height, power output, velocity, and
force) between judo and BJJ athletes, and also to compare
these variables between advanced and novice athletes.
We hypothesized that BJJ athletes would show better per-
formance in CMJ compared to judo athletes due to the
greater intensity of the combat. Moreover, we supposed
that advanced athletes would show higher performance
in the major CMJ variables compared to novices.
Methods
Participants
Forty male athletes participated in this study, twenty
judo athletes (age 20.5 ± 3.70 years, body mass 77.39 ±
6.31 kg, height 175.5 ± 3.53 cm, body fat 10.6 ± 4.11%)
and twenty BJJ athletes (age 25.0 ± 4.75 years, body mass
79.23 ± 9.22 kg, height 175.79 ± 5.58 cm, body fat 13.63
± 3.54%). No signicant dierences were found between
judo and BJJ groups for body mass (p = 0.29), height (p
= 0.91) and body fat (p = 0.14). e judo and BJJ ath-
letes were divided two groups (novice and advanced).
For this, we used the criterion of belt graduation level,
considering brown and black belts to denote advanced
judo athletes, and up to purple belt to denote novices.
is same criterion was previously used by Del Vecchio
et al. [2014] and Detanico et al. [2016]. In the BJJ group,
a purple belt and above was considered advanced and
blue belt novice [Diaz-Lara et al. 2014]. us, the judo
novice group was composed of 12 athletes (experience
of 5.0 ± 3.9 years) and the advanced group was com-
posed of 8 athletes (experience of 12 ± 2.6 years). For
BJJ, the novice group was also composed of 12 athletes
(experience of 3.2 ± 1.2 years) and the advanced group 8
athletes (experience of 7.4 ± 3.4 years). All groups showed
signicant dierences in the experience time (p < 0.01).
Considering the weight categories, we excluded the heavy
and ultra-heavy weight (judo and BJJ, respectively).
All athletes were training regularly (physical, tech-
nical, and tactical training) 4–5 times a week during the
evaluation period, and competed at the state and national
level. Participants were selected based on the following
criteria: no reported musculoskeletal disorder or injury
that would inuence their maximal physical performance.
All participants were older than 18 years, and received a
detailed verbal explanation of the purpose, methods, and
potential risks/benets of the study. ey then signed a
written informed consent form agreeing to participate
of the study. is study was approved by the Research
Ethics Committee of the local university (119.014 dated
08/10/2012), in accordance with the Declaration of Hel-
sinki. Athletes were advised to eat at least one hour before
the evaluations. e evaluations were undertaken in the
aernoon, in the following order: i) anthropometric eval-
uation and, ii) vertical jump assessment.
Anthropometric assessment
Prior to data collection, the following anthropomet-
ric variables were examined: body mass, height, and
skinfold thickness. We used the protocol proposed by
Faulkner [1968] to calculate the percentage of body fat
(%G), which considered the sum of four skinfold thick-
nesses (subscapular, triceps, abdomen, and suprailiac).
Body weight was measured using a digital scale (0.1 kg
accuracy) and height was assessed using a stadiometer
scale with an accuracy of 0.1 cm.
Vertical jump assessment
e participants performed a familiarization/warm-up
period involving 30 s hopping on a trampoline, three
series of 10 hops on the ground, and ve submaximal
vertical countermovement jumps (CMJs). en, partici-
pants performed the CMJ protocol, in which the athletes
started from a static standing position and were instructed
to perform a countermovement (descent phase) followed
by a rapid and vigorous extension of the lower limb joints
(ascent phase). During the jump, participants were asked
to maintain their trunks as vertically as possible, keeping
their hands on their hips (akimbo). e athletes were
instructed to jump as high as possible. e vertical jumps
27
R L K et al. — Vertical jump performance in judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes…
were performed on a piezoelectric force platform (model
9290AD, Kistler, Quattro Jump, Winterthur, Switzerland),
which measures vertical ground reaction sampling at 500
Hz. Each participant performed three maximal jumps
with a rest interval of 1 min between them. e average
of the three jumps was taken for analysis. Based on the
analysis of the ground reaction force (GRF), the following
variables were analyzed, as dened in the literature[Lith-
orne, 2001]: jump height, calculated using the GRF dual
integration method; peak power output: highest value of
the curve obtained from the multiplication of the GRF by
the velocity in the concentric phase of the jump, normal-
ized by body mass; mean power output: mean value of the
curve obtained from the multiplication of the GRF by the
velocity in the concentric phase of the jump, normalized
by body mass; maximum force, identied as the highest
value obtained in the concentric phase of the jump, nor-
malized by body mass; peak velocity, being the highest
value of the vertical take-o velocity.
Statistical analysis
Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
e Shapiro−Wilk test was performed to verify data nor-
mality. e t-test for independent samples was used to
compare the CMJ variables for the judo and BJJ groups,
and the novice and advanced groups. e statistical anal-
yses were performed in the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (v. 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and the
level of signicance was set at 5%. In addition, the eect
size (ES) was calculated and the classication of eect
magnitude used was that proposed by Cohen [1988] (<
0.4 small, 0.41–0.7 moderate, > 0.7 large).
Results
Table 1 shows the comparison of CMJ variables for the
judo and BJJ groups. Peak velocity was signicantly
higher in judo athletes compared to BJJ athletes (large
eect). No signicant dierences for the other variables
were reported, but the maximum force presents a mod-
erate eect (higher in judo athletes than in BJJ athletes).
Table 2 presents the CMJ variables for the novice
judo and BJJ athletes. Peak velocity was signicantly
higher in judo novice compared to BJJ athletes (large
eect). No signicant dierences for the other varia-
bles were reported.
Table 3 presents the CMJ variables for the advanced
judo and BJJ athletes. Peak velocity was signicantly
higher in judo novice compared to BJJ athletes (large
Table 1. Comparison of CMJ variables for judo and BJJ athletes.
Judo
(n = 20)
BJJ
(n = 20) p ES
Jump height (cm) 46.56 ± 3.92 45.33 ± 6.60 0.48 0.21
Maximum force (N.kg-1) 24.75 ± 2.49 23.43 ± 2.46 0.10 0.53
Mean power (W.kg-1) 28.66 ± 3.03 27.87 ± 3.28 0.42 0.33
Peak power (W.kg-1) 49.97 ± 4.29 50.34 ± 5.01 0.80 0.22
Peak velocity (m.s-1) 2.79 ± 0.14* 2.64 ± 0.24 0.02 0.76
* p < 0.05
Table 2. Comparison of CMJ variables for novice judo and BJJ athletes.
Novice BJJ
(n = 12)
Novice judo
(n = 12) p ES
Jump height (cm) 43.25 ± 7.00 45.32 ± 4.12 0.39 0.36
Maximum force (N.kg-1) 22.99 ± 2.06 23.76 ± 2.07 0.37 0.37
Mean power (W.kg-1) 27.32 ± 3.80 27.80 ± 3.15 0.73 0.13
Peak power (W.kg-1) 49.32 ± 5.70 48.69 ± 4.28 0.76 0.12
Peak velocity (m.s-1) 2.56 ± 0.27 2.73 ± 0.14* 0.05 0.79
* p < 0.05
Table 3. Comparison of CMJ variables for advanced judo and BJJ athletes.
Advanced BJJ
(n = 8)
Advanced judo
(n = 8) p ES
Jump height (cm) 48.44 ± 4.76 48.41 ± 2.90 0.98 0.07
Maximum force (N.kg-1) 24.09 ± 2.97 26.22 ± 2.41 0.13 0.78
Mean power (W.kg-1) 28.62 ± 2.30 29.93 ± 2.51 0.29 0.54
Peak power (W.kg-1) 51.87 ± 3.54 51.88 ± 3.75 0.99 0.02
Peak velocity (m.s-1) 2.76 ± 0.10 2.87 ± 0.14* 0.04 0.90
* p < 0.05
28 “IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, Vol. 17, no. 4 (2017)
eect). No signicant dierences for the other varia-
bles were veried, but the maximum force presented a
large eect, and mean power showed a moderate eect
(higher in advanced judo athletes).
Table 4 shows the comparison of CMJ variables
for the advanced and novice groups of BJJ athletes. e
advanced athletes presented higher values for jump height
(large eect) and peak velocity (large eect) compared
to novices. e maximum force and peak power show
a moderate eect, i.e., higher in advanced athletes than
in novices, but with no signicant dierence (p > 0.05).
Table 5 presents the CMJ variables for the advanced
and novice judo athletes. e maximum force and the
peak velocity were higher for advanced judokas (large
eect). Jump height, peak power, and mean power also
show also large eects, but no signicant dierences
(p > 0.05).
Discussion
e goals of this study were to compare the kinetic
parameters of CMJ (height, power output, velocity,
and force) between judo and BJJ athletes, and between
advanced and novice athletes. Considering the rst objec-
tive, we reject the hypothesis, as the peak velocity was
higher in judo athletes than in BJJ athletes. Peak veloc-
ity is the highest value identied in the v-t curve in the
last contact with the ground (jump take-o). Although
BJJ combat exhibits greater intensity than judo combat
(regarding the eort: pause ratio) [Franchini et al. 2011;
Miarka et al. 2012; Franchini et al. 2013; Andreato et al.
2015; Andreato et al. 2016; Andreato et al. 2017], there
is no indication if this intensity is higher in the upper
or lower limbs. e highest velocity during the jump
take-o was conrmed in the judo athletes. is may
be explained by the predominance of standing combat
in judo compared BJJ, in which the combat is predom-
inantly on the ground [Ratamess 2011; Jones, Ledford
2012]. In addition, in judo there are several throwing
techniques, especially leg actions (for example, o-so-
to-gari, de-ashi-barai), performed at high velocity. ese
techniques (ashi-waza) are widely used during judo
competitions, comprising as much as 40% of the total
number of techniques in a Judo World Championship
[Adam et al. 2011].
In this investigation, the peak and mean power
output and maximum force obtained in the two sports
did not dier from each other, although there was a
moderate eect for force in the case of judo athletes.
Maximum force refers to the highest value obtained in
the concentric phase of the jump, while the power out-
put is determined by the product of force and velocity
(P = F x V) [Knudson 2009]. In other words, although
the velocity was higher for judo athletes than BJJ ath
-
letes, the force did not dier between them. e power
output during the jump seems to have been inuenced
rather more by the force than the velocity. erefore, it
can be suggested that these neuromuscular capacities
(force and power) are widely required during training
and combat in both judo and BJJ, taking into account
the characteristics of sports.
Moreover, jump height, considered the best indi-
cator of muscle power in the lower limbs [Markovic et
al. 2004], was similar in judo and BJJ athletes (close to
45 cm). Previous studies have shown similar values in
judo athletes [Monteiro et al. 2011; Detanico et al. 2012;
Papacosta et al. 2013; Detanico et al. 2015; Athayde et al.
2017] but lower values in BJJ athletes [Diaz-Lara et al.
2015; Diaz-Lara et al. 2014] compared to those in this
Table 4. Comparison of CMJ variables for advanced and novice BJJ athletes.
Novice
(n = 12)
Advanced
(n = 8) p ES
Jump height (cm) 43.25 ± 7.00 48.44 ± 4.76* 0.05 0.86
Maximum force (N.kg-1) 22.99 ± 2.06 24.09 ± 2.97 0.38 0.43
Mean power (W.kg-1) 27.32 ± 3.80 28.62 ± 2.30 0.40 0.39
Peak power (W.kg-1) 49.32 ± 5.70 51.87 ± 3.54 0.23 0.48
Peak velocity (m.s-1) 2.56 ± 0.27 2.76 ± 0.13* 0.03 0.94
* p < 0.05
Table 5. Comparison of CMJ variables for advanced and novice judo athletes.
Novice
(n = 12)
Advanced
(n = 8) p ES
Jump height (cm) 45.32 ± 4.12 48.41 ± 2.90 0.08 0.94
Maximum force (N.kg-1) 23.76 ± 2.07 26.23 ± 2.41* 0.02 1.50
Mean power (W.kg-1) 27.80 ± 3.15 29.93 ± 2.51 0.13 0.78
Peak power (W.kg-1) 48.69 ± 4.28 51.88 ± 3.75 0.11 0.84
Peak velocity (m.s-1) 2.73 ± 0.14 2.87 ± 0.10* 0.03 1.15
* p < 0.05
29
R L K et al. — Vertical jump performance in judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes…
study. is demonstrates that the judo and BJJ athletes
in this study exhibited important levels of force and
power in the lower limbs. Technical actions in the combat
sports, such as the throwing techniques or groundwork
situations (guard passes, sweeps, takedowns, etc.), pres-
ent during training and combat, require high levels of
muscle power in the lower limbs [Franchini et al. 2013;
James 2014; Diaz-Lara et al. 2015]
Considering the second objective, which was to
compare the kinetic parameters of CMJ between novices
and advanced athletes, we accept the hypothesis because
there were signicant dierences in three variables and
the others showed moderate to large eect magnitude.
Also, the peak velocity was higher in the judo novice ath-
letes compared to novice BJJ, as well as higher in judo
advanced compared to BJJ advanced. Considering the BJJ
athletes group, we found higher values for jump height
and peak velocity in the advanced group of BJJ athletes
than in the novice group. A previous study also veried
better performance in terms of jump height, and peak
and mean power output in experienced BJJ athletes com-
pared to beginners [Diaz-Lara et al. 2014]. e higher
performance in jump height supports the idea that ath-
letes with greater experience in the sport present better
storage and reuse of elastic energy (SSC optimization)
during the vertical jump [Zaggelidis et al. 2012]. No sig-
nicant dierences in the maximum force and power
output (mean and peak) were recorded, suggesting that
novices and advanced athletes can apply similar levels
of force and power in the concentric phase of the jump.
Among the judo athletes, higher values of maxi-
mum force and peak velocity were found in the advanced
group than the novice group, i.e., the experienced judo
athletes were able to apply more force and velocity in the
jump take-o. e peak power and mean power showed
a large eect, but no signicant dierences. Peak velocity
and maximum force have been strongly correlated with
jump height [Yamauchi et al. 2007], which also showed
a large eect. Previous studies have found that advanced
judokas present better performance in the CMJ (jump
height and power output) compared to novice athletes
due to the better SSC optimization in this type of action
[Zaggelidis et al. 2012; Detanico et al. 2016]. In addition,
jump height is considered the variable that best discrim-
inates beginner and advanced judokas, and can be used
as a reference to classify the level of training novice or
advanced [Detanico et al. 2016].
Finally, it is important to highlight that although the
CMJ is the best indicator of muscle power in the lower
limbs [Markovic et al. 2004], care should be taken in the
direct transfer of capacities such as strength, velocity, and
power (identied through the CMJ) to performance dur-
ing combat bouts as the analysis was based on a generic
test. On the other hand, the ndings of this study can
contribute to coaches and physical trainers to identify
dierent characteristics in the muscle power production,
particularly regarding the velocity. Also, vertical jump
performance can be interesting method for muscle power
assessment in the lower limbs and possibly classifying
the power level in judo and BJJ athletes.
Conclusions
We conclude that the judo athletes (both novice and
advanced) were able to apply higher velocity during the
jump take-o compared to BJJ athletes. However, the
CMJ performance (jump height) was similar in judo
and BJJ athletes. In general, advanced athletes in both
combat sports (judo and BJJ) seem to present higher
performance in CMJ parameters related to force and
velocity than novices. More studies are needed to inves-
tigate possible dierences between judo and BJJ athletes
in the force and power parameters of the upper limbs.
Although the two combat sports show similarities (inter-
mittent nature, domain actions, etc.), there are several
specicities, particularly in the terms of the force and
velocity utilization during the actions.
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Wyniki skoków pionowych zawodników judo
i brazylijskiego jiu-jitsu: w ujęciu z różnymi
poziomami szkoleniowymi
Słowa kluczowe: sporty walki, moc mięśni, cykl skracania
rozciągania, kończyny dolne
Abstrakt
Tło. Judo i brazylijskie jiu-jitsu (BJJ) są rodzajem sportu
wykorzystującym techniki chwytów, w którym obie formy
wymagają kombinacji działań siłowych z użyciem górnych i
dolnych kończyn. Zastosowanie kończyn dolnych w działa-
niach siłowych jest obserwowane w judo w kilku technikach
rzucania, gardach, obezwładnieniach i rzutach na matę.
Cel. Porównanie parametrów kinetycznych wydajności skoku
pionowego między zawodnikami judo i BJJ oraz porównanie
tych parametrów pomiędzy nowicjuszami a zaawansowan-
ymi sportowcami.
Metody. W badaniu wzięło udział 20 sportowców judo (12
początkujących i 8 zaawansowanych) oraz 20 zawodników
jiu-jitsu (12 początkujących i 8 zaawansowanych). Wykonali
oni skok z obrotem (counter-movement jump) na platformie
31
R L K et al. — Vertical jump performance in judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes…
mierzącej siłę. Zanalizowano następujące zmienne: wysokość
skoku, średnią moc, moc szczytową, maksymalną siłę i pręd-
kość szczytową. Zastosowano niezależny t-test przy poziomie
istotności p ≤ 0,05 i obliczono wielkość efektu w celu sprawdze-
nia wielkości rezultatu.
Wyniki. Główne wyniki wykazały, że w judo tylko szczytowa
prędkość była większa niż w przypadku sportowców BJJ (p =
0,02). Ponadto zaawansowani sportowcy BJJ wykazywali wyższą
prędkość szczytową (p = 0,03) i wysokość skoku (p = 0,05) niż
początkujący sportowcy. Zaawansowani judocy wykazywali
wyższą prędkość szczytową (p = 0,03) i maksymalną siłę niż
początkujący sportowcy (p = 0,02).
Wnioski. Z badań wynika, że sportowcy judo potraą zas-
tosować większą prędkość podczas wybicia się do skoku w
porównaniu z sportowcami BJJ. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, zaawan-
sowani sportowcy w obu sportach walki wydają się prezentować
wyższe parametry w skokach z obrotem związane z siłą i pręd-
kością.
