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Nanobots: Development and Future

Authors:
José Roberto Vega-Baudrit at National University of Costa Rica
José Roberto Vega-Baudrit
Carlos Villalobos at Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología
Carlos Villalobos
  • Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología
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Abstract and Figures

Some decades ago, nanoscale machines called “nanorobots” (better known as “nanobots”) were only in science fiction. Today, they are expected to be the next generation of nanodevices and to change the technology related to medical diagnosis and drug delivery. Many challenges have to be faced to develop this technology; not only from the technical, biological and physicochemical point of view but also concerning the risks of using new materials and devices at nanoscale and their interaction with the environment and human beings. The aim of this review is to describe the nanobots, the technology and advances and in more detail the applications related to medicine.
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International Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics
Nanobots: Development and Future
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com
Introduction
         

         
        
         
       
      
          
         
       
    

         
           
        


Nanobots properties
       
       
     
         
         
          
          
           

           
      


  
    
  

Parts
          
        
   
          
   
          
          
       

  

   

Sensors
         
      
        
         
    


    



          


1National Laboratory of Nanotechnology LANOTEC, Costa Rica
2National University of Costa Rica UNA, Costa Rica
3Invenio University, Costa Rica
*Corresponding author: 


Received:| Published:
Review Article

Abstract
        
           

           
         
             

     

Keywords: 
Abbreviations: 



Citation:

Nanobots: Development and Future 2/6
Copyright:
©2017 Gutierrez et al.
       
         


   
 
           



        

        
         

        


       
   
    
          
          


        

      
 




  


        

        
       
         

         
       

        

Propulsion equipment


         
       


  


         
 
 

        



      
   
       
           
 
         
      
           
     
   
   
        
        

         
        
      
    
       
      
          
  
        


    
       

  
 O          
         

    
   
         
    
O        
 
O
   
  
  
        
        
        

         
Citation:

Nanobots: Development and Future 3/6
Copyright:
©2017 Gutierrez et al.






        

         
 O 
   

 
       
 
        
 
        
         
       

 

 
      







 

  
       

Uses in medicine

    
    


          
           
   
       
 
         


      
         

   
        
          
        
       

         
    
   

  

  
  
       

Biomimetics
       
        

          
         
       
     
    
         

         
        

   

          
Figure 1
Citation:

Nanobots: Development and Future 4/6
Copyright:
©2017 Gutierrez et al.
    
         

Patents and other applications in medicine
        
  
     
           
          
        
    
       



         
   
     

       
  
   
   
   
         
         

       
          
         
       
         
        
       


   

       
   


       
   
         
           
         

   

 
     
        
   


         
   


           
  
        


          
   







Risks
        


   
           
       
       
         
         
   
         
         


    
Figure 2   

Citation:

Nanobots: Development and Future 5/6
Copyright:
©2017 Gutierrez et al.

O
 
  

 


          

        


      
         

   




Conclusion
         
       
      
          


        
         


       
        
 
   
     

References
 
          
  

 
        
         

  

         

 
   

          
        

 
      

 
     

    
  

 
     

 


 

         

         


 

 
       

        

 


  
 

         

 
        

           
      

       
        

         ón de
ó
í
 

Citation:

Nanobots: Development and Future 6/6
Copyright:
©2017 Gutierrez et al.


    á      

   
   

         

 á  

          
     


       
      

            


 

        
       

 ó       

     
       

         

 

 

 
 



  
      

    


 íí
í    ó 

 

 
   
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     
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         
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        

           

        
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... Interestingly, several biologically inspired materials have been employed to engineer the organic nanobots with negligible toxicity. The fabrication of medical nanorobots with biological sensors and propulsion equipment has gained significant attention for delivering accurate drug doses to the desired location [69,71,72]. Further, the convergence of robotic technology with micro-and nano-electromechanical systems has revolutionized the field of medical robotics for therapeutic purposes. ...
... Further, the convergence of robotic technology with micro-and nano-electromechanical systems has revolutionized the field of medical robotics for therapeutic purposes. These intelligent nanobots can communicate with physicians via signals at wave frequencies of 1-100 MHz to achieve motion control [69,72,73]. Besides, the motion of nanorobots is principally categorized as self-propulsion, external stimulibased propulsion, and biohybrid-based propulsion [69,74]. ...
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... Propulsion equipment is for the movement of the robots. 33 Different propulsion mechanisms have been developed to fuel nanorobots for performing their actions. They are mainly divided into three distinct categoriesself-propulsion, external stimulibased propulsion, and biohybrid-based propulsion. ...
... These materials should be replaced with nontoxic agents. 33 Despite considering the safety issues in humans, ethical issues should also be considered in lab setups. Also, the impact these devices can impose on the environment should be considered as, after their release from the body, they reach the environment. ...
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... When the particle size decreases to a certain extent, a large OPEN ACCESS EDITED BY number of constituting atoms can be found around the surface of NPs, thereby making them highly reactive with exemplary physical properties. Numerous studies have brought out the unique properties of NPs like iron oxide (McNamara and Tofail, 2017), zinc oxide (Mirzaei and Darroudi, 2017), silver NPs (Rai et al., 2012), gold NPs (Elahi et al., 2018), quantum dots (Wagner et al., 2019), and nanorobots (Vega Baudrit and Villalobos, 2017) that play an inevitable role in curing diseases. The prime factors responsible for some of the lifethreatening illnesses can either be specific pathogenic infections, unhealthy food habits, or the environment to which we are exposed. ...
Therapeutic potential of selenium nanoparticles
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2022
Diseases have always been a disconcerting issue and have changed into being an inevitable member of the world’s population. Medical advancements have brought in improved treatments for particular ailments, but unfortunately those betterments have resulted in either side effects or turned out futile to a certain extent. The emergence of nanotechnology has considerably benefitted medical experts in disease diagnosis and therapeutics. Currently, an expansive range of nanoparticles is being explored for their effectiveness in therapies, and one among them is selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Nano-selenium exhibits significant properties which make it best suited for this purpose. The article highlights the key role of SeNPs in treating major diseases like cancer, diabetes, and microbial infections.
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... Furthermore, detailed research is suggested in direction of nanopropellors applications in nanoshuttles carrying therapeutic agents to understand how the loading of cargo affects propulsion, buoyancy, and efficiency in biological fluids. Additionally, the short lifetime of nanobots due to mechanical aging and thermal denaturation also pose big drawbacks to biological nanobots [103,104]. To avoid these concerns and make sustainable nanobots, it is necessary to prevent their automatic degradation or functional inactivation as inspired by using a ROS-free environment and osmolytes. ...
Nanobots-based advancement in targeted drug delivery and imaging: An update
Article
  • Sep 2022
  • J CONTROL RELEASE
Manipulation and targeted navigation of nanobots in complex biological conditions can be achieved by chemical reactions, by applying external forces, and via motile cells. Several studies have applied fuel-based and fuel-free propulsion mechanisms for nanobots movements in environmental sciences and robotics. However, their applications in biomedical sciences are still in the budding phase. Therefore, the current review introduces the fundamentals of different propulsion strategies based on the advantageous features of applied nanomaterials or cellular components. Furthermore, the recent developments reported in various literatures on next-generation nanobots, such as Xenobots with applications of in-vitro and in-vivo drug delivery and imaging were also explored in detail. The challenges and the future prospects are also highlighted with corresponding advantages and limitations of nanobots in biomedical applications. This review concludes that with ever booming research enthusiasm in this field and increasing multidisciplinary cooperation, micro−/nanorobots with intelligence and multifunctions will emerge in the near future, which would have a profound impact on the treatment of diseases.
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... Because they can modify the systems of layer transport and increase the penetrability of medications in bio-films, medication stacking nano-carriers improve medication absorption in cells (Shahbazi and Santos, 2013). Because of their ability to overcome obstacles like drug resistance, lack of selectivity, and solubility, quantum dots (nanorobots) are truly perfect combatants for target-based actions (Baudrit et al., 2017). ...
Quantum Dots: An Emerging Approach for Cancer Therapy
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
Nanotechnology is indisputably a scientific technique that offers the prospect of new therapies, and hope, for the treatment of malignant illnesses. It is a novel technology that offers new approaches for the diagnosis and management of diverse diseases. Although the discovery of Quantum dots (QD) nano-transporters has already led to a few positive developments, QD nano-transporters are still at their initial stage, though have yet proven valuable to society. The excertion of QD indicates conversion in natural imaging along with photograph have established incredible suitability in bio-imaging, new drug development, targeted gene deliverance, biosensing, photodynamic treatment as well as diagnosis. The present review aimed to confer the significance of QD in diagnosis as well as in management of cancer. This review aims to impart fundamental insight as well as conception of QD its merits, properties, utilization as well as mode of action. This review highlight of different designing schemes of QD like hydrothermal, drop-casting, ultrasonic, solvothermal, spin-coating, atomic layer desorption, layer by layer, polymethylmethacrylate aided-transfer, electrochemical, ion beam sputtering deposition. Moreover, we have elaborated on the diverse researches related to cytotoxic examination to reveal that QDs are harmless. Concisely, the present review summarizes the fabrication schemes, current research and utilization of QD in cancer treatment.
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Nanobots in Cancer Treatment – Framing Lung Cancer
Article
  • Mar 2024
Cancer, with each year, has been turning into one of the most catastrophic and most complex diseases. Techniques such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which are often bound by pain and side effects are used, using different varieties of drugs. As we have sailed along these years, the world has shown a static increase in lung cancer, especially in people who have their habits inclined into different drugs. These patients, who fail miserably with breathing difficulties, gets their conditions worsen, with these predominantly used treatment methods. As an alternative, nanomaterials could be the future technique which could be, much safer and more effective than the prevalent therapies that exist today. Nanomaterials, as scientists say, have been a revolution in the medical field, over the past decade. The primary objective of these nanomaterials in Lung Cancer treatment is to target and eliminate the metastasis which is been created in the lungs. This can be done using specially designed robots at the nano-scale level, called “Nanobots.” These bots could be made of both organic and inorganic materials in the nanoscale. Usually, in case of cancer treatment, the organic materials like the parts of DNA and RNA along with some compounds are used in its manufacturing. These bots are designed to work in two states, the OFF State and the ON state, which gets shifted when the clamshell coincides with the cancerous cells. Since nanobots can be managed using complicated programming techniques, it can also be used to detect any secondary disease present in the individual’s body. In this project, we will see insights into how nanobots could potentially work to eliminate the cancerous cells in the lungs.
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Robotics in Healthcare: A Survey
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2024
Research and innovation in the area of robotics in healthcare has seen significant growth in recent years. Global trends indicate that patients are getting older and sicker, while demands in healthcare workers are increasing their chance of injury. Robotic technology has the potential to enable high levels of patient care, clinical productivity and safety for both patients and healthcare workers. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art in robotics in healthcare and well-being, with particular attention to the key barriers and enablers to the implementation of this technology in real-world settings. Desktop research was used to identify available and emerging robotic technology currently in use (or with potential use) in healthcare settings. Primary sources of information included: academic publications, international organisations, commercial websites and online news agencies. In this paper, applications of robots in healthcare were divided into five main areas: service, assistive, socially-assistive, teleoperated and interventional robots. The maturity and readiness of different products is still an open challenge, with service and interventional robots leading the way. Wide-spread adoption of robots is likely to happen as the cost of the technology reduces, and wide evidence of beneficial long-term impact is available. This manuscript identified the main drivers, challenges, opportunities and considerations for implementing robots in healthcare. We hope this manuscript will raise awareness about robotics in healthcare among a wider audience to maximise availability, quality, and acceptability this technology.
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THE SCOPE AND APPLICATION OF NANOROBOTS IN BIOMEDICINE
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Aug 2021
This Review paper aims to break down and analyze the application of nanorobots in the field of biomedicine and elucidate on their possible future developments. Wide research on ‘Smart nanorobots’ has helped in making significant breakthroughs in fields such as cancer treatment, disease diagnosis, high-precision medical procedures, directed drug delivery, detoxification and gene therapy. The minimum requirements of nanorobots in the field of biomedicines in factors such as safety, accuracy and cost have been highlighted. The gamut of nano cameras and application of robot-aided Minimal Invasive Surgery (MIS) and the promising field of robotics in treatment of cardiovascular fields is also vividly considered in the scope of this paper. The use and development of famous nanorobots such as the Endoscopy bot, antibacterial nanorobots and the da Vinci system is also explored and deliberated upon.
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Smart Nanobots: The Future in Nanomedicine and Biotherapeutics
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2016
Nanobots are considered to be the next generation of nanomachines. Several new therapies have already received FDA approval for use treating cancer that rely on nanoparticle delivery vehicles, but till date; none have used computer programs that control smart nanobots capable of performing targeted drug delivery. Scientists hope that by creating smart nanobots, they will be able to program them to deliver highly toxic medicines directly to cancer tumors without compromising surrounding tissue. We present here nanobots as the future of nanomedicine and biotherapeutics.
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Diagnostic nanosensor and its use in medicine
Patent
Full-text available
  • Sep 2014
This invention relates generally to biosensor technology, and pertains more particularly to novel multifunctional biosensors based on ordered arrays of metallic, semiconductors and magnetic nano-islands for medical, biological, biochemical, chemical and environmental applications.
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Engineered Nanoparticles: Structure, Properties and Mechanisms of Toxicity
Book
  • Jan 2015
Engineered Nanoparticles: Structure, Properties and Mechanisms of Toxicity is an indispensable introduction to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) and their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Although research in the area of pharmacology and toxicology of ENM is rapidly advancing, a possible correlation between their physicochemical properties and biomedical properties or toxicity is not yet fully understood. This understanding is essential to develop strategies for the safe applications and handling of ENM. The book comprehensively defines the current understanding of ENM toxicity, first describing these materials and their physicochemical properties, and then discussing the toxicological theory and methodology before finally demonstrating the potential impact of ENM on the environment and human health. It represents an essential reference for students and investigators in toxicology, pharmacology, chemistry, material sciences, medicine, and those in related disciplines who require an introduction to ENM and their potential toxicological effects. Provides state-of-the-art physicochemical descriptions and methodologies for the characterization of engineered nanomaterials (ENM). Describes the potential toxicological effects of ENM and the nanotoxicological mechanisms of action. Presents how to apply theory to practice in a public health and risk assessment setting.
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Introduction to nanomedicine
Article
  • Oct 2012
This chapter reviews current research being undertaken in this rapidly progressing field. Clinical applications for passive and active nanomedicines are investigated, including issues such as drug carrying, imaging and diagnostics and tissue regeneration and antimicrobial products. Challenges from public perception, toxicity concerns, regulations and the commericalization process of nanomedicine are also described in this chapter. Finally, some directions to remedy the obstacles are discussed.
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