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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by funding from:
•HiCoE grant (IOES-2014F, IOES-
2014)
•University of Malay Research Grant
(RU009-2015 &RU012-2016)
•Fundamental Research Grant Scheme
(FP018-2012A)
•University of Malaya Postgraduate
Research Fund (PG302-2016A)
CH3I, CHBr3,CHCl3,CH2Br2and CHBr2Cl were shown to be emitted
by tropical marine microalgae, Synechoccocus sp. UMACC 371,
Parachlorella sp. UMACC 245 and Amphora sp. UMACC 370.
Amphora was found to have higher emission and emission rates of the
five short-lived halocarbons, especially CH3I (p<0.01).
The emission rates for the three tropical microalgae differ between the
exponential and stationary phases, with higher emission rates at
exponential phase.
Emission and emission rate are strain-specific and growth phase-
dependent,implying the significant role of cell growth physiological
state when determining the emission rates.
Biogenic Emission of Short-lived Halocarbons
by Selected Tropical Marine Microalgae
Yong Kian, LIM1; Siew Moi, PHANG1; Fiona Seh-Lin KENG1; Nurain Nasuha MUSTAZA1;
Noorsaadah ABDUL RAHMAN1; Emma LEEDHAM ELVIDGE2; William STURGES2; Gill MALIN2
1University of Malaya, Malaysia 2University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
The negative effects of climate
change events such as global
warming affect the emission (rate)
of volatile organohalogens
(halocarbons) by marine
microalgae.
The halocarbons, in turn, can
increase the earth’s temperature
through depletion of the ozone.
Adapted from https://www.meted.ucar.edu
Problem Statements
References
Conclusions
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Objectives
Synechococcus
sp. UMACC 371
Amphora sp.
UMACC 370
Parachlorella sp.
UMACC 245
Research Questions Results
1) What are the main halogenated
compounds emitted by tropical
marine microalgae?
2) How do different physiological
growth phases of the tropical
marine microalgae affect the
emission of halocarbons?
To investigate and understand
halocarbon emission by tropical
marine microalgae.
Sub-objectives:
1) To identify the main halocarbons
emitted by tropical marine
microalgae
2) To profile the halocarbons
during the growth cycle of
selected microalgal cultures
Grow culture
Extract 60 mL into glass syringe
(replenish with fresh prov50)
Air-tight incubation for 4hours
during light cycle
(Fv/Fm prior / post the air-tight)
Filter and inject into GCMS
for Purge-and-Trap
1) Take biomass readings
2) Observe peaks; emission (rate)
Standardized conditions:
10% at OD620nm = 0.4; 12hL:12hD; 40
ųmol photons m-2 s-1; 25 C (±1); pH 8.0;
30 ppt; 100 rpm; n = 3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2a. CHBr3
0
1
2
b. CH3I
0
1
2
c. CHCl3
0
0.1
0.2
d. CHBr2Cl
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Days
e. CH2Br2
Controls
Synechococcus sp. Parachlorella sp. Amphora sp.
UMACC 370 UMACC 245 UMACC 371
Concentration (pmol L-1)
Hughes, C., Malin, G., Nightingale, P.D., Liss, P.S., 2013. Microbial control of
bromoform concentrations in coastal waters of the wastern Antarctic
Peninsula. Mar. Chem. 151:35-46.
Lim Y-K, Phang S-M, Abdul Rahman N, Sturges WT, Malin G. 2017.
Halocarbon emissions from marine phytoplankton and climate change.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 1-16. doi:
10.1007/s13762-016-1219-5.
Moore , R.M., Webb, M., Tokarczyk, R., Wever, R., 1996. Bromoperoxidase
and iodoperoxidase enzymes and production of halogenated methanes in
marine diatom cultures. J. Geophysics. Res.- Oceans, 101,20899-20908.
Sturges, W.T.,Sullivan, C.W., Schnell, R.X., Heidt, L.E., Pollock, W.H., 1993.
Bromoalkane production by Antarctic ice algae, Tellus, 45B, 120-126.
WMO (World Meteorological Organization), 2014. Scientific Assessment of
Ozone Depletion: 2013, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project.
Figure 1: Changes of concentration of halocarbons detected
from the three microalgae and Prov50 medium (controls) over a
growth period of 12 days for compound (a) CHBr3, (b) CH3I, (c)
CHCl3, (d) CHBr2Cl, and (e) CH2Br2. n = 3.
(a) Synechococcus sp. UMACC 371
Compound Exponential phase Stationary Phase
pmol (mg
chla)-1 day-1 pmol (109
cell)-
1day-1 pmol (mg
chla)-1 day-1 pmol (109
cell)-
1day-1
CHBr30.00 –5.97 0.00 –1.18 0.00 –1.58 0.00 - 0.32
CH3I 0.00 –
12.27
0.00 –2.70 0.74 –2.23 0.16 –0.79
CHCl30.00 –
30.96
0.00 –5.95 0.00 –0.37 0.00 - 0.07
CHBr2Cl 0.00 -- 0.13 0.00 - 0.07 0.00 - 0.07 0.00 - 0.01
CH2Br20.00 –8.23 0.00 –1.58 0.00 - 0.21 0.00 - 0.04
(b) Parachlorella sp. UMACC 245
Compound
Exponential phase Stationary Phase
pmol (mg
chla)-1 day-1 pmol (109cell)-
1day-1 pmol (mg
chla)-1 day-1 pmol (109
cell)-1 day-1
CHBr30.00 –1.16 0.00 –0.30 0.00 –1.28 0.00 - 0.19
CH3I 0.00 –3.36 0.00 –0.83 0.00 –1.02 0.00 - 0.23
CHCl30.00 –48.68 0.00 –12.11 0.00 –0.26 0.00 –0.05
CHBr2Cl 0.00 - 0.22 0.00 - 0.05 0.00 - 0.08 0.00 - 0.01
CH2Br20.00 –2.63 0.00 - 0.66 0.00 - 0.33 0.00 - 0.04
(c) Amphora sp. UMACC 370
Compound
Exponential phase Stationary Phase
pmol (mg chla)-
1
day-1 pmol (109cell)-
1
day-1 pmol (mg chla
)-
1day-1 pmol (109
cell)-1 day-1
CHBr30.00 –22.46 0.00 –5.97 0.45 –8.81 0.09 –1.59
CH3I 14.18 –
86.79
2.05 –24.05 10.02 –
18.08
1.29 –3.16
CHCl30.00 –48.51 0.00 –12.90 0.00 –1.27 0.00 –0.15
CHBr2Cl 0.00 –1.84 0.00 - 0.49 0.00 –1.89 0.00 - 0.21
CH2Br20.00 –14.04 0.00 –5.85 0.00 –2.77 0.00 –0.44
Table 1: Emission rate at different growth phases. Concentrations of
five halocarbons normalized to chlorophyll-a (pmol mg chl-a-1 day-1)
and cell density (pmol (109cell)-1 day-1)at exponential and stationary
phase.
Taxa
Total halogens
emitted (pg)
% Br
% Cl % I
Amphora sp.UMACC 370 5223.6 34.39 5.93 59.7
Synechococcus sp. UMACC
371
2033.9 35.43 13.40 51.17
Parachlorella sp. UMACC 245 1573.8 32.29 47.01 21.02
Table 2: Total mass of emitted halides. Total halogen mass
emitted as halocarbons and percentage contribution to the
total from bromine, chlorine and iodine. Taxa are arranged in
decreasing total mass halogens emitted order.
Keywords: Marine halocarbons; Biogenic
sources; Tropical microalgae, Emission
rate; Climate change
BG04-A008