Bibliographic Inventory of the Olive Tree (Olea europaea L.) Fungal Diseases in the World

Abstract

The olive tree can be attacked by different fungal pathogens those attack different tree parts (roots, stem, leaves, flowers and fruits). In this study, all the olive tree fungal pathogens in the world were listed. 124 fungal pathogens were listed in this work, the majority of the olive fungal pathogens were encountered in Europe with 83 species, most of them were encountered in Italy (55 species), followed by Spain (46) and Greece (24). Forty-two olive tree fungal pathogens were cited in the Middle East. Thus, 41 fungal species were responsible for several symptoms on different parts of the olive plants in Iran, followed by 8 pathogens in Jordan and 6 in Israel. Forty fungal diseases of the olive tree were cited in the American continent: 31 olive tree pathogens were encountered in United States of America, followed by Argentina (17 species) and only one disease was detected in Mexico, Chile, Brazil and Colombia. Twenty-two olive diseases were lited in Africa, more than a half of them were cited in Tunisia (14 pathogens), followed by Morocco and Egypt (10 fungal species for each). Fourteen olive diseases were cited in Australia and six in Asia.

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Copyright © October, 2014; IJPAB 46
Bibliographic Inventory of the Olive Tree (Olea europaea L.) Fungal
Diseases in the World
Mohamed Chliyeh
1
, Jihane Touati
1
, Karima Selmaoui
1
, Amina Ouazzani Touhami
1
, Abdelkarim Filali-
Maltouf
2
, Cherkaoui El Modafar
3
, Abdelmajid Moukhli
4
, Rachid Benkirane
1
and Allal Douira
1
*
1
Laboratoire de Botanique et de Protection des Plantes, UFR de Mycologie, Département de Biologie, Faculté des sciences
BP, 133, Université Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Maroc
2
Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V Agdal,
Av. Ibn Batouta, BP 1014 Rabat, Maroc
3
Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Valorisation et Protection des Agroressources, Faculté des sciences et techniques Guéliz,
B.P. 618, 40 000 Marrakech, Maroc
4
UR, Amélioration génétique des Plantes, Institut national de la Recherche agronomique F- 40 000 Marrakech, Maroc
*Corresponding Author E-mail: douiraallal@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
The olive tree can be attacked by different fungal pathogens those attack different tree parts (roots, stem,
leaves, flowers and fruits). In this study, all the olive tree fungal pathogens in the world were listed. 124
fungal pathogens were listed in this work, the majority of the olive fungal pathogens were encountered in
Europe with 83 species, most of them were encountered in Italy (55 species), followed by Spain (46) and
Greece (24). Forty-two olive tree fungal pathogens were cited in the Middle East. Thus, 41 fungal species
were responsible for several symptoms on different parts of the olive plants in Iran, followed by 8
pathogens in Jordan and 6 in Israel. Forty fungal diseases of the olive tree were cited in the American
continent: 31 olive tree pathogens were encountered in United States of America, followed by Argentina
(17 species) and only one disease was detected in Mexico, Chile, Brazil and Colombia. Twenty-two olive
diseases were lited in Africa, more than a half of them were cited in Tunisia (14 pathogens), followed by
Morocco and Egypt (10 fungal species for each). Fourteen olive diseases were cited in Australia and six
in Asia.
Keywords: Olea europaea, fungal pathogens, Morocco and Egypt.
INTRODUCTION
Olive (Olea europaea L.), belonging to the Oleaceae botanical family, is a long-living and legendary tree
with more than economical importance (López-Escudero and Mercado-Blanco, 2011). Olive is one of the
most ancient cultured plants and the only species within the Oleaceae family with edible fruit.
Domestication took place around 6.000– 5.000 B.C., probably from wild olives (O. europaea L. subsp.
sylvestris). Due to the presence of abundant latent buds in the wood, olive is easy to propagate and this
may have contributed to its cultivation at ancient times (Zohary and Spiegel-Roy, 1975; Caballero and del
Río, 2008). Although the olive tree originated in Asia. It has been cultivated for over 3000 years in
Mediterranean countries, where much of the Olive crop is used to make olive oil. The Olive is an
important crop in terms of both its commercial value and the role it plays in the rural economy of the
Mediterranean region, with its millions of producers (Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009).
It is assumed that its expansion throughout the Mediterranean Basin took place from the Anatolian
peninsula, Cyprus, Crete and Egypt, at first by the Greeks and Phoenicians, later by the Carthaginians,
Romans, and Arabs (López-Escudero and Mercado-Blanco, 2011). Therefore, olive is linked to the
history of some of the most ancient Mediterranean civilizations. Later, at the time of the large
transoceanic voyages in the 15th and 16th centuries, it spread to the Americas, and more recently, it was
introduced and cultivated in South Africa, China, Japan and Australia (Civantos 2008).
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Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 2 (3): 46-79 (2014)
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Research Article

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97% of the global cultivation area (approximately 10.5 millions ha) is located in the Mediterranean Basin,
0.8% in the Americas, 1.5% in Asia and 0.01% in Oceania (FAO, 2008).
Olive is cultivated in a wide variety of soils and can tolerate a broad range of physicochemical conditions.
For instance, olive is drought-resistant, heat tolerant, and well-adapted to a wide range of soil pH (5.5–
8.5). Similarly, olive has high tolerance to salinity (Aragüés et al., 2010) and to an excess of boron and
chlorine (Navarro and Parra 2008). However, olive trees are sensitive to poorly oxygenated soils which
may occur for example after persistent flooding. Flood tolerance is cultivar-dependent and it is associated
with the capacity to produce adventitious roots near the soil surface (Aragüés et al., 2004). In general,
flood tolerance is lower in young trees and during the active growing phase of the tree (Sánchez-
Hernández et al., 1998; Navarro and Parra 2008).
The olive tree and its products can be damaged from many diseases and pests. The most dangerous are the
bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi, which produce tubercules forms on the branches and stems, the
fungus Cycloconium oleaginum that damage the leaves and fruits and Verticillium dahliae that is harmful
for the root apparatus and the growth of the plants. Among phytophagus, most harmful are the olive fruit
fly (Bactrocera olea Gmelin), the olive moth (Prays oleae Bernard) and black scale (Saissetia oleae
Olivier). Olive fruit fly is the major pest and can cause severe economic damage to olive production,
which effect oil extraction and table use (Rugini et al., 2005).
The aim of this study was to list all the olive fungal pathogens in the world.
THE CATALOG OF THE OLIVE TREE FUNGAL DISEASES
- Alternaria alternata (Leaf spot, Leafy cuttings and Fruit rot): Spain (Moral et al., 2008a; Gonzalez-
Andujar, 2009). Italy (Visconti
et al., 1986; Bottalico and Logrieco, 1993). Iran (Torbati et al.,
2014). Greece (Bourbos et al., 1999). Algeria (Faiza et al., 2011).
- Alternaria sp. (Fruit rots and leaf spot): Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2012). Portugal (Sobreiro, 1993).
Jordan (Mamluk et al., 1984). Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1998b).
- Antennaria elaeophila (sooty mould): Portugal (De Almeida, 1940). Spain (Anonymous, 2005).
- Armillaria mellea (Fruit and collar and root rots): Spain (Bardía, 1950; Laviola, 1992; Aguin et al.,
2003, 2004 ; Anonymous, 2005 ; Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009 ; Fernandez Escobar et al, 2013).
California (Sibbet and Fuguson, 2005). Tunisia (Boulila et al., 1993; Boulila and Mahjoub, 1993,
1994; Boulila, 2001; 2011). Italy (Verona, 1950; Loreto et al., 1993; Di Franco et al., 2009; Iannotta
et al., 2012b; Agosteo,.2012). Greece (Tsopelas, 1999; Tsopelas and Tjamos, 1999). Portugal
(Bragança et al., 2004). Iran (Torbati et al., 2014). France (Guillaumin et al., 1982).
- Armillaria sp. (Root rot): Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1996, 1998b).
- Arthrinium phaeospermum: (Fruit rot and Leaf chlorosis): Iran (Torbati et al., 2014). Italy (Lo
Piccolo, 2013).
- Aspergillus flavus (Fruit rot): Algeria (Faiza et al., 2011).
- Aspergillus fumigates (Fruit rot): Algeria (Faiza et al., 2011).
- Aspergillus ochraceus (Fruit rot): Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
- Aureobasidium pullulans (Fruit rot): Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
- Botryosphaeria ribis (Branch dieback): Spain (Romero et al., 2005).
- Botryosphaeria sp. (fruit rot): Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2012). Australia (Spooner-Hart et al., 2007).
- Botrytis cinerea (Botrytis blight): Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2012).
- Calospora oleicola - Botryosphaeria lutea (Twig and branches dieback): Italy (Laviola, 1992).
- Capnodium oleaeophilum (Sooty mould): Morocco (Bremond, 1950). Greece (Michelakis, 1990;
Haniotakis, 2005). France (Anonymous, 1981, 1984). Spain (Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009). Italy
(Verona, 1950; Iannotta et al., 2012b). Tunisia (Pagliano, 1923; Boulila, 2001b, 2011). Portugal
(Santos et al., 2013).

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- Capnodium sp. (Fruit rots and Sooty mould): Australia (Spooner-Hart et al., 2007). Italy (Casilli,
1970). Portugal (Sobreiro, 1993). Spain (Anonymous, 2005).
- Cladosporium herbarum (Fruit rots): Algeria (Faiza et al., 2011).
- Cladosporium sp. (leaf mould): Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2012). Australia (Sergeeva et al., 2008).
Jordan (Mamluk et al., 1984).
- Colletotrichum acutatum (Anthracnose and flower infection): Spain (Martín and García-Figueres,
1999; Martín et al., 2002; Oliveira et al., 2005; Moral et al., 2006, 2007, 2008c, 2009a, 2009b, 2010,
2012; Roca et al., 2007; López-Escudero et al., 2008a, 2008c; Moral and Trapero, 2009, 2012;
Gutiérrez and Ponti, 2009; Xaviér, 2009; Jurado-Bello, 2010). Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2012).
Australia (Sergeeva et al., 2008a, 2008b, 2010; Spooner-Hart and Sergeeva, 2010; Sergeeva and R.
Spooner-Hart, 2009a, 2011; Sergeeva, 2011; Hall et al., 2012). Greece (Tjamos et al., 1993).
Portugal (Carvalho et al., 2003, 2006, 2008; Talhinhas et al., 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011;
Sreenivasaprasad and Talhinhas, 2005; Gomes et al., 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012; Mota-Capitão et al.,
2008). Italy (Ciccarone, 1950; Martelli, 1959 ; Prota, 1995; Pasqualone et al., 2001, Trapero Casas,
2003; Agosteo et al., 2003, 2005, 2007; Cacciola et al., 2001, 2007, 2012; Di Franco et al., 2009).
Brazil (Duarte et al., 2010); China (Margarita et al., 1986, 1988).
- Colletotrichum clavatum (Anthracnose) : Italy (Faedda et al., 2011; Agosteo, 2012; Cacciola et al.,
2012).
- Colletotrichum gloeosporioides- Phlyctema vagabunda - Neofabraea alba (Anthracnose, flower
infection, leaf chlorosis) : Morocco (Achbani et al., 2013). Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2011, 2012;
Torbati et al., 2014). Portugal (De Almeida, 1940; Sobreiro, 1993; Talhinhas et al., 2005, 2007,
2009, 2011; Mota-Capitão et al., 2008). Greece (Sarejanni, 1936; Michelakis, 1990 ; Tjamos et al.,
1993; Vleioras et al., 2005). Argentina (Brancher et al., 2012). Tunisia (Kamoun, 1971 ; Boulila and
Mahjoub, 1994, Rhouma et al., 2010, Boulila, 2011). Italy (Petri, 1930; Verona, 1950 ; Ciccarone,
1950 ; Saponaro, 1953; De Robertis, 1957; Martelli, 1959 ; Loprieno and Tenerini, 1960a; Martelli,
1960, 1961 ; Ribaldi, 1962 ; Graniti and Procacci, 1970; Scarito and Laviola, 1986, Venturella, 1991,
Laviola, 1992 ; Graniti et al., 1993; Pennisi et al., 1993; Agosteo and Pennisi, 1994; Prota, 1995;
Cacciola et al., 1996; Agosteo et al., 1997, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007; Iannota et al., 1999 ; Cacciola et
al., 2001, 2007, 2012; Martelli et al., 2002; Nigro and Ippolito, 2002; Trapero Casas, 2003; Scarito et
al., 2003; López-Escudero et al., 2008a, 2008c; Moral and Trapero, 2012 ; Mosca et al., 2012 ;
Iannotta et al., 2012b ; Schena et al., 2013). Spain (Fragoso, 1927 ; García De Cabral, 1949 ; Mateo-
Sagasta E., 1968; Del Moral et al., 1986 ; Laviola, 1992; García-Figueres et al., 1997; Trapero et al.,
1998; Texeira et al., 2000 ; Martin et al., 2002; Oliveira et al., 2005; Anonymous, 2005 ; Moral et al.,
2006, 2007, 2012 ; Roca et al., 2007 ; Gutiérrez and Ponti, 2009; Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009 ; Xaviér,
2009; Jurado-Bello, 2010). Israel (Freeman et al., 1998). Montenegro (Latinovic and Z. Vucinic.
2002; Latinovic et al., 2013); India (Kaul and Thakur, 1985; Mugnai et al., 1993). Yugoslavia
(Vucinic and Latinovic, 1999). Australia (Sergeeva & Spooner-Hart, 2009, 2009a, 2011; Sergeeva et
al., 2008a, 2008b; Spooner-Hart and Sergeeva, 2010; Sergeeva, 2011). Greece (Zachos and Makris,
1963). South Africa (Gorter, 1956). Japan (Naito, 1950). California (Rooney-Latham et al., 2013).
- Colletotrichum simmondsii (Anthracnose): Spain (Moral et al., 2012).
- Corticium rolfsii (Sclerotium rolfsii) (Root rot and decline): Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1996,
1998a; 1998b; Aranda et al., 2011b). Egypt (Moussa et al., 2006). Tunisia (Boulila and Mahjoub,
1994, Boulila, 2001a, 2001b, 2011; Boughalleb-M’Hamdi et al., 2011). Greece (Georgopoulos and
Thanasoulopoulos, 1960). Pakistan (Farooq et al., 2010).
- Corticium solani (Fruit rot): Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
- Cribraria violacea (on the bark of the olive tree): Spain (Llistosella et al., 1986). Greece
(Alexopoulos, 1959).

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- Cryptoascus oligosporus (Melanospora oligospora) (Death of the rootlets): Italy (Verona, 1950).
- Cycloconium oleaginum (Spilocaea oleagina) (Fusicladium oleagineum) (Olive Leaf spot or Olive
Scab or Bird’s-eye spot and Peacock spot) : Morocco (Bremond et al., 1950, Jaidi, 1968 ; Renaud,
1968 ; Outassourt, 1983; Besri and Outassout, 1984; Rahmani, 1999 ; Tajnari, 1999 ; Rahioui et al.,
2009, 2013 ; Zine El Aabidine et al., 2010). Iran (Sistani et al., 2009; Sanei and Razavi, 2011; 2012).
Italy (Petri, 1940; Baldacci, 1948 ; Morettini, 1954 ; Modugno-Pettinari, 1957 ; Prota, 1958 ;
Gambogi, 1958 ; Castellani, 1958 ; Salerno, 1958; 1960; 1965, 1966; Sibilia, 1959; Loprieno
and Teneeini, 1959, 1960b, 1960c; Castellani and Matta, 1960; Castellani and Calliano, 1961 ; Matta
and Rubiola, 1961, Graniti et al., 1962 ; Bonifacia and Gudin, 1961 ; Graniti, 1962a, 1962b, 1965a,
1965b, 1966, 1988, 1993, 2002; Andreucci and Bonifacio, 1962; Bonifacio, 1962, 1965 ; Tenerini,
1964 ; Ciccaroan, 1964; Verona, 1964; Laviola, 1966, 1968a, 1968b; Arena, 1966; Raggi and
D’armini, 1966; Graniti and De Leo, 1966 ; Andreucci, 1970 ; Dipaola, 1970 ; Cirio and Menna,
D'armini, 1970a, 1970b, 1985; Sparapano and Graniti, 1978 ; Cirulli, 1981 ; Graniti and Laviola,
1981 ; Lops et al., 1990, 1993 ; Venturella, 1991 ; Laviola, 1992; Civantos, 1992 ; De Marzo et al.,
1993; Nicoletti and Rinaldi, 1993; Rugini et al., 1993; Laviola and Scarito, 1993; Corda et al., 1993;
Rugini et al., 1996; Ciccarese, 1998; Iannotta et al., 1999, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2012b; Tosi
and Zazzerini, 2000 ; Tombesi et al., 2000 ; Agosteo, 2002, 2012; Agosteo and Scolaro, 2002 ;
Ciccarese et al., 2002; Mungianu et al., 2002; Martelli et al., 2002; Iannotta et al., 2003, 2007 ;
Iannotta and Monardo, 2004; Laccone, 2009 ; Campisi et al., 2009 ; Fodale et al., 2009 ; Pannelli et
al., 2009; Cristinzio et al., 2009 ; Rongai et al., 2012). Spain (Benlloch, 1928, 1942; Domínguez,
1957, 1982 ; Rueda et al., 1961 ; Bonifacio, 1964, 1965 ; Laborda, 1965 ; Alvarado Cordobés and De
Benito Dorrego, 1975; Paúl and Arozamena, 1985; Jiménez Díaz, 1985; Jiménez Díaz et al., 1987 ;
Antón Sánchez, 1988, López-Villata and Domínguez de la Concha, 1989; Anton and Laborda,
1989a, 1989b; Andrés, 1991 ; Laviola, 1992; Trapero, 1995 ; Sanchez et al., 1997 ; Trapero Casas et
al., 1997; Viruega et al., 1997; Tous and Romero, 1998; Viruega and Trapero, 1999, 2002; López-
Doncel et al., 1999, 2000 ; Texeira et al., 2000 ; Rallo, 2000; López-Doncel et al., 2000 ; Trapero and
Blanco, 2001 ; González-Lamothe et al., 2002; Mungianu et al., 2002; Gonzalez-Lamothe et al.,
2002; Torrejón, 2003 ; Pedò et al., 2003 ; Avila de la Calle et al., 2004 ; León et al., 2004, 2005;
Rallo, 2005 ; Trapero and Lopez Doncel, 2005 ; Moral et al., 2005; Benitez et al., 2005a, 2005b;
Alonso et al., 2006; León et al., 2007 ; Zarco et al., 2007; León et al., 2007; Roca et al., 2007;
González and García, 2008; López-Escudero et al., 2008c; Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009; Hermoso et al.,
2011; Viruega et al., 2011, 2013; Castillo, 2014). Australia (Guerin et al., 2002; Spooner-Hart et al.,
2007; Sergeeva et al., 2009; Sergeeva and Spooner-Hart, 2011; Rallo et al., 2011 ; Hall et al., 2012).
California (Sibbet and Fuguson, 2005; Krueger and Vossen, 2007). Tunisia (Pagliano, 1923; Boulila
and Mahjoub, 1994; Boulila, 2011; Larbi et al., 2011 ; Rhouma et al., 2012 ; 2013). China (Chen et
al., 1981, 1982). Greece (Michelakis, 1990; Bourbos and Skoudridakis, 1993, Tjamos et al., 1993b ;
Navrozidis et al., 2007); Portugal (De Almeida, 1940; Sobreiro, 1993). France (Bernaux, 1950;
Brichet, 1952 ; Colbrat, 1972 ; Anonymous, 1984, Regis, 2007; Regis and Roubal, 2011,
2012 ; Roubal et al., 2013). Israel (Lavee, 1990, 1999; Shabi et al., 1994; Mekuria et al., 2001a,
2001b). Algeria (Guechi and Girre, 1994; Guechi, 2009). Egypt (Assawah, 1967; Abo Elmegid
and Gaafar, 1970; Saad and Masri, 1978; Zayed et al., 1980). Jordan (Mamluk et al., 1984 ; Al-
Khatib et al., 2010; Al-Tarawneh, 2013). New Zealand (MacDonald et al., 2000 ; Obanor et al.,
2002, 2006 ; 2005, 2008a, 2008b, 2010, 2011, 2013). Turkey (Göbelez, 1964; Azeri, 1993; Kovanci
et al., 2006). California (Wilson and Miller, 1949; Miller, 1949; Kechmadze, 1972; Wilson and
Ogawa 1979; Teviotdale et al., 1989; Teviotdale, 1989; 1994; Teviotdale and Sibbett, 1995; Vossen,
2004, 2007). Palestine (Palti, 1949 ; Palti et al., 1949 ; Salman et al., 2011, 2014; Abuamsha et al.,
2013 ; Abu-Khalaf and Salman, 2014). Argentina (Oriolani et al., 2012). Montenegro (Mijuskovic,
1968, 1985). Syria (Hasan, 2008). South Africa (Gorter, 1943). Chile (Contreras, 2006; Tapia et al.,
2009; Wallberg, 2011). Japan (Matsuda et al., 1998). Slovenia (Jančar, 2003). Croatia (Benčić and
Grgantov, 2010). Yugoslavia (Mijuskovic, 1967, 1968, 1985).

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- Cylindrocarpon destructans - Nectria radicicola: (Fruit rot): Italy (Zazzerini and Marte,
1976; Laviola, 1992). Spain (Laviola, 1992; Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1998a, 1998b; Báidez et al.,
2006). Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
- Cylindrocarpon sp. (Root rot): Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1996; Fernandez Escobar et al,
2013).
- Cytospora oleina (wilt): Greece (Rumbos, 1988). Italy (Venturella, 1991; Laviola, 1992)
- Diaporthe viticola (Twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013).
- Diatrype oregonensis (twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013).
- Diatrype stigma (twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013).
- Didymium squamulosum (on the bark): Greece (Alexopoulos, 1959).
- Diplodia mutila (twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013).
- Diplodia olivarum (Olive rot): Italy (Lazzizera et al., 2008b).
- Diplodia seriata - Botryosphaeria obtuse: (fruit rot, twig and branches dieback): Italy (Lazzizera et
al., 2008a). California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013). Spain (Moral et al., 2007, 2008b, 2010). Croatia
(Kaliterna et al., 2012). Tunisia (Chattaoui et al., 2012). Montenegro (Latinovic et al., 2013).
- Diplodia sp. (Olive rot): Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2012). California (Sibbet and Fuguson, 2005).
Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1998a).
- Dothiorella iberica (twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013).
- Epicoccum nigrum (Fruit rot): Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
- Eutypa lata (root rot and twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013). Iran
(Sanei and Razavi, 2012). Italy (Tosi
and Natalini, 2009). Greece (Rumbus, 1993). Spain (Sanchez
Hernandez et al., 1998a; Fernandez Escobar et al, 2013).
- Fomes fulvus (Trunk rot): Italy (Verona, 1950; Bonifacio and Gambetta, 1965).
- Fomes sp. (Decay): Italy (Viggiani, 1989).
- Fusarium acuminatum - Gibberella acuminata (Root rot): Spain (Sánchez-Hernández et al.,
1998b). Egypt (Moussa et al., 2006).
- Fusarium equiseti (Root rot): Egypt (El-Morsi and Mahdy, 2013).
- Fusarium eumartii (Root rot): Spain (Sánchez-Hernández et al., 1998b).
- Fusarium moniliforme (Root rot): Egypt (El-Morsi and Mahdy, 2013). Spain (Del Moral et al.,
1986).
- Fusarium nygamai (Fruit rot): Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
- Fusarium oxysporum (Root Rot): Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1996, 1998b). Tunisia (Boulila
and Mahjoub, 1994; Boughalleb-M’Hamdi et al., 2011). Egypt (Moussa et al., 2006; El-Morsi and
Mahdy, 2013). California (Puhalla and Hummel, 1983). Colombia (Martins et al., 2013).
- Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Root rot): Spain (Aranda et al., 2011b).
- Fusarium solani (Root Rot): Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1996). Iran (Sanei et al., 2005; Sanei
and Razavi, 2012). Argentina (Biagi et al., 2001; Perez et al., 2011, 2012). Tunisia (Boulila and
Mahjoub, 1994; Boulila, 1994, 2011; Boughalleb-M’Hamdi et al., 2011). Egypt (Moussa et al., 2006;
El-Morsi and Mahdy, 2013). Nepal (Vettraino et al., 2009). Jordan (Al-Khatib, 2012).
- Fusarium sp. (Root Rot): Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1996; Fernandez Escobar et al, 2013).
Argentina (Brancher et al., 2012). Iran (Torbati et al., 2014). Australia (Sergeeva and Spooner-
Hart, 2011).
- Fusicoccum luteum - Botryosphaeria lutea (Dieback): Newzealand (Taylor et al., 2001).
- Ganoderma lucidum (attacking the trunks of olive trees): Greece (Sarejanni and Démétriadès, 1951).
- Lasiodiplodia theobromae (twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013).
- Leveillula taurica (powdery mildew): Italy (Agosteo, 2012).
- Macrophomina phaseolina (Rhizoctonia bataticola) (Root Rot): Iran (Sanei et al., 2005; Sanei and
Razavi, 2012). Australia (Sergeeva et al., 2005; Sergeeva and R. Spooner-Hart, 2011; Hall et al.,
2012).

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Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1996, 1998b). Tunisia (Boulila and Mahjoub, 1994; Boulila, 2001a,b;
2011). Greece (Michelakis, 1990). Egypt (Ghoneim et al., 1996; Radwan et al., 1995; El-Morsi and
Mahdy, 2013). Israel (Harpaz and Gerson, 1966). Turkey (Ulukus, 1984).
- Nectria haematococca (Fusarium solani) (Root rot) Argentina (Babbitt et al., 2002; Barreto et al.,
2003). Tunisia (Boulila, 2001b).
- Neofusicoccum australe (Fruit rot and decline): Italy (Lazzizera et al., 2008b; Carlucci et al., 2013).
- Neofusicoccum leteum (Fruit rot, twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al.,
2013). Australia (Sergeeva et al., 2009). Italy (Lazzizera et al., 2008b).
- Neofusicoccum mediterraneum (Fruit rot, twig and branches dieback): California (Trouillas et al.,
2010; Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013). Italy (Lazzizera et al., 2008b). Montenegro (Latinovic et al.,
2013).
- Neofusicoccum parvum (Fruit rot): Italy (Lazzizera et al., 2008b).
- Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme (Fruit rot, twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al.,
2013). Italy (Lazzizera et al., 2008b; Carlucci et al., 2013).
- Neoscytalidium dimidiatum - Nattrasia mangifera (Nattrasia Canker): Iran (Sanei and Razavi,
2012).
- Omphalotus olearius (Root rot): Morocco (Outcoumit et al., 2012); Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
Israel (Mikiashvili et al., 2004). California (Teviotdale, 1994). Greece (Polemis et al., 2011). Spain
(Martínez Macarro and Reyes García, 2008; Fernandez Escobar et al, 2013).
- Penicillium expansum (Fruit rot): Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
- Pestalotia fici (Fruit rot): Morocco (Chliyeh et al., 2014c).
- Phaemoniella sp. (twig and branches dieback): Italy (Nigro et al., 2013).
- Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (twig and branches dieback): Italy (Crous et al., 1996; Carlucci et
al., 2013; Nigro et al., 2013). California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013).
- Phaeoacremonium alvesi (twig and branches dieback): Italy (Nigro et al., 2013).
- Phaeoacremonium angustius (twig and branches dieback): Italy (Crous et al., 1996). Argentina
(Crous et al., 1996).
- Phaeoacremonium inflatipes (twig and branches dieback): Italy (Crous et al., 1996; Spagnolo et al.,
2011).
- Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (xylem lesions): Greece (Rumbos, 1986); Italy (Nigro et al., 2013).
- Phaeoacremonium rubrigenun (twig and branches dieback): Italy (Nigro et al., 2013).
- Phaeoacremonium sp. (Decline): Italy (Nigro et al., 2013).
- Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013).
- Phialophora parasitica: (Fruit rot): Greece (Thanassoulopoulos and Thanassoulopoulos, 1984). Italy
(Schena et al., 2002; Campanile et al., 2008).
- Phoma cladoniicola (Leaf chlorosis): Italy (Lo Piccolo, 2013).
- Phoma incompta (Shoot necrosis, canker and tip die-back): Greece (Malathrakis, 1979). Spain
(Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1998). Italy (Zazzerini and Tosi, 1994; Scarito and Salamone, 2004;
Carlucci et al., 2008). Croatia (Ivic et al., 2010).
- Phoma sp. (Stem blight): Spain (Fisher et al., 1992; Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009). Tunisia (Triki et al.,
2010; Rhouma et al., 2010; Boulila, 2011). Greece (Papachatzis and Vagelas, 2008). Iran (Sanei and
Razavi, 2012).
- Phomopsis sp. (Twig blight and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013). Spain
(Fisher et al., 1992). Argentina (Perez et al., 2010a, 2010b; Brancher et al., 2012).
- Phyllosticta panizzei (Leaf chlorosis): Argentina (Oriolani et al., 2012 ; Brancher et al., 2012).
- Phytophthora citricola (Root and crown rot): California (Teviotdale, 1994).
- Phytophthora dreshleri (Root and crown rot): California (Teviotdale, 1994; Sibbet and Fuguson,
2005).
- Phytophthora inundata (Phytophthora decline and root rot): Italy (Cacciola et al., 2007; Sanzani et
al., 2012). Spain (Sanchez-Hernandez et al., 1998a, 2001; Brasier et al., 2003a, 2003b, López-
Escudero et al., 2008b ; Aranda et al., 2011b; Lozano-Tovar et al., 2013; Safaiefarahani et al., 2013).

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- Phytophthora megasperma (Phytophthora decline and root rot): Iran (Sanei et al., 2005; Sanei and
Razavi, 2012). Italy (Cacciola et al., 2001, 2007; Martelli et al., 2002 ; Sanzani et al., 2012). Spain
(Sánchez-Hernández et al., 1997, 1998a, 1998b; Baidez et al., 2006; Aranda et al., 2011b ; Lozano-
Tovar et al., 2013). Greece (Kouyeas and Chitzanidis, 1968).
- Phytophthora nicotianae (Root rot): Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2012). Italy (Nigro and Ippolito, 2002;
Agosteo et al., 2002; Schena et al., 2004; Cacciola et al., 2007; Lo Giudice et al., 2010; Sanzani et
al., 2012). Nepal (Vannini et al., 2007). Argentina (Vettraino et al., 2009).
- Phytophthora palmivora (Phytophthora decline and root rot): Morocco (Chliyeh et al., 2013; 2014a,
2014b). Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1998a, 1998b). Italy (Cacciola et al., 2000, 2007; Agosteo
et al., 2002; Martelli et al., 2002 ; Minerdi et al., 2008 ; Lo Giudice et al., 2010; Sanzani et al., 2012).
Argentina (Lucero et al., 2006). Iran (Taheri et al., 2012).
- Phytophthora sp. (Fruit rot): Italy (Nigro and Ippolito, 2002; Sanzani). Australia (Spooner-Hart et
al., 2007; Sanzani et al., 2012). Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
- Phytophthora sp. (Phytophthora decline and root rot): Spain (Sánchez-Hernández et al., 1996, 1997,
1998a, 1998b; Del Rio et al., 2000, 2003; Sanchez-Hernandez, 2001; Raya-Ortega, 2005; López-
Escudero et al., 2008c; Hall et al., 2012; Fernandez Escobar et al, 2013). Italy (Martelli et al., 2002;
Nigro and Ippolito, 2002; Di Franco et al., 2009; Agosteo,.2012; Sanzani et al., 2012). Argentina
(Spooner-Hart et al., 2007; Vettraino et al., 2009; Brancher et al., 2012). California (Wilhelm et al.,
1962; Farr et al., 1989; Sibbet and Fuguson, 2005; Krueger and Vossen, 2007; Vossen, 2007).
Australia (Sergeeva and Spooner-Hart, 2011; Hall et al., 2012).
- Pilidium concavum (Fruit rot): Iran (Arzanlou et al., 2013).
- Pleurostomophora richardsiae (Decline): Italy (Carlucci et al., 2013).
- Pleurotus sp. (Fruit rot): Italy (Viggiani, 1989).
- Polyporus sp. (Heart rot and decay of the trunk): Morocco (Bremond, 1950). Spain (Gonzalez-
Andujar, 2009; Fernandez Escobar et al, 2013).
- Pseudocercospora cladosporioides - Cercospora cladosporioides - Mycocentrospora
cladosporioides (Leaf spot and fruit rot): Australia (Spooner-Hart, 2005; Spooner-Hart et al., 2007,
2008 ; Sergeeva et al., 2008; Sergeeva and R. Spooner-Hart, 2009, 2011; Hall et al., 2012). Spain
(Paúl and Arozamena, 1985; Moral and Cabezas, 1985; Laviola, 1992; Benali, 2001; Avila de la
Calle et al., 2004, Avila et al., 2005; Anonymous, 2005; Hawksworth, 2005; Roca et al., 2007 ;
López-Escudero et al., 2008a, 2008c ; Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009). Argentina (Sarasola, 1951;
Brancher et al., 2012; Oriolani et al., 2012). Iran (Avila et al., 2005). Italy (Modugno-Pettinari,
1953; De Robertis, 1957; Pettinar, 1960; Sibilia, 1960; Modugno Pettinari, 1960; Favaloro, 1970;
Venturella, 1991 ; Laviola, 1992; Bottalico and Corda, 1995; Guario et al., 2000; Nigro et al., 2000;
2002; Martelli et al., 2002, Schena et al., 2002; Di Franco et al., 2009, 2009a ; Agosteo,.2012;
Iannotta et al., 2012b). Portugal (Sobreiro, 1993). Tunisia (Triki and Rhouma, 2008; Boulila, 2011).
Greece (Pappas, 1993). Montenegro (Vucinic, 1987; Zora, 1994). United Kingdom (glasshouses)
(Henricot et al., 2009). New Zealand (Hansen and Rawlins, 1944). California (Krueger and Vossen,
2007; Vossen, 2007). Yugoslavia (Vucinic, 1993).
- Pyrenochaeta quercina (Fruit rot): Italy (Nigro and Ippolito, 2002).
- Pythium aphanidermatum (Root rot) Iran (Sanei et al., 2005; Sanei and Razavi, 2012;
Bahraminejad, 2012). Jordan (Al-Khatib, 2012).
- Pythium irregulare (Decline and root rot): Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1998a; 1998b).
- Pythium sp. (Decline and root rot): Spain (Fernandez Escobar et al, 2013).
- Rhizoctonia solani (Root rot) Iran (Sanei et al., 2005; Sanei and Razavi, 2012). Egypt (Radwan et
al., 1995; Moussa et al., 2006; El-Morsi and Mahdy, 2013). Argentina (Barrera et al., 2003;
Sergeeva and R. Spooner-Hart, 2011; Brancher et al., 2012). Spain (Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1996,
1998b). Jordan (Al-Khatib, 2012).

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- Rhizoctonia sp. (Root rot): Spain (Fisher et al., 1992 ;Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1996). Argentina
(Brancher et al., 2012). Australia (Spooner-Hart et al., 2007; Sergeeva and R. Spooner-Hart, 2011).
Italy (Verona, 1950).
- Rosellinia necatrix - Dematophora necatrix (Fruit and root rot): Spain (Benlloch, 1945, Bardía,
1950; Sanchez Hernandez et al., 1996, 1998b; Armengol et al., 2010, Fernandez Escobar et al, 2013).
Italy (Petri, 1940; Verona, 1950; Schena et al., 2002, 2004; Schena and Ippolito, 2003; Iannotta et
al., 2012b). Portugal (De Almeida, 1940). Israel (Sztejnberg and Madar, 1977, 1980). Iran (Behdad,
1975). France (Guillaumin et al., 1982). Argentina (Nicolini, 1951).
- Schizophyllum commune (twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013).
Jordan (Haddadin et al., 2002).
- Septoria oleagina (leaf spot): Italy (Verona, 1950). Morocco (Maire and Werner, 1937; Haimed et
al., 2013). France (Guillaud, 1899). Greece (Sarejanni, 1936).
- Sphaceloma oleae (Fruit rot): Italy (Ciccarone and Graniti, 1959; Jensen et al., 2010).
- Sphaceloma sp. (Fruit rot): Mexico (García-Álvarez, 1981).
- Sphaeropsis dalmatica - Macrophoma dalmatica - Phyllosticta dalmatica - Phoma dalmatica –
Phomopsis dalmatica - Camarosporium dalmaticum - Botryosphaeria dothidea - Fusicoccum
aesculi- (Fruit rot, twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013). Tunisia
(Chattaoui et al., 2011). California (Moral et al., 2010). Montenegro (Mijuskovic, 2002; Latinovic
et al., 2013); Italy (Silvestri, 1945; Verona, 1950; Sibilia, 1960; Russo, 1960; Solinas, 1967;
Laviola, 1992; Iannotta et al., 1999; 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012a, 2012b; Nigro and Ippolito, 2002;
Vizzarri, 2006; Lazzizera et al., 2008b; Fodale et al., 2009; Solinas, 2011; Iannotta and Scalercio,
2012; Agosteo,.2012). Spain (González, 2005; González et al., 2006; González and Trapero, 2006;
Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009; Moral et al., 2010). Croatia (Saccardo, 1884). Greece (Sarejanni, 1936;
Zachos and Tzavella-Klonari, 1979; Zachos and Tzavella-Klonari, 1983; Michelakis, 1990; Broumas
et al., 2002; Phillips et al., 2005; Navrozidis and Tzanakakis, 2005; Navrozidis et al., 2007).
Portugal (Sobreiro, 1993). Montenegro (Kacic et al., 1992; Mijuskovic, 2002). Argentina
(Brancher et al., 2012). Turkey (Doğanlar et al., 2011). Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2012).
- Stereum birsutum (Wood decay): Spain (Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009).
- Stereum sp. (Heart rot and wood decay): Morocco (Bremond, 1950). Italy (Viggiani, 1989). Spain
(Fernandez Escobar et al, 2013). Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2012).
- Stictis panizzei (Parasitic ‘brusca’). Italy (Verona, 1950; Iannotta et al., 2012b).
- Thielaviopsis basicola (Root rot): Australia (Spooner-Hart et al., 2007).
- Trametes versicolor (twig and branches dieback): California (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013).
- Trichoderma harzianum (Fruit rot): Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
- Trichothecium roseum (Fruit rot): Iran (Torbati et al., 2014).
- Truncatella angustata (Fruit rot): Iran (Arzanlou et al., 2012; Torbati et al., 2014).
- Ulocladium consortiale (Cortical lesions on twigs): Italy (Lo Piccolo, 2013).
- Ulocladium sp.: (Fruit rots): Iran (Sanei and Razavi, 2012).
- Verticillium albo-atrum (Verticillium wilt): California (Snyder et al. 1950, Wilhelm and Taylor,
1965; Hartmann and Whisler, 1970; Schnathorst and Sibbett 1971a, 1971b). Illinois (Chen, 1994).
Italy (Venturella, 1991). Nevada (Johnson et al, 2000).
- Verticillium dahliae (Verticillium wilt): Morocco (Benjama, 1988; Serghini,1992; Zeroual, 1994;
Serrhini and Zeroual, 1995; Cherrab et al., 2000, 2002a, 2002b; Lachqer and Sedra, 1996, 2002;
Lachquer et al., 2002; Tantaoui et al., 2002; Laouane et al., 2011; Chliyeh et al., 2014b). Jordan
(Manluk et al., 1984; Masanat, 1986; Karajeh, 1997, 2006; Naser et al., 1996; 1998; Karajeh and Al-
Raddad, 1999; Abu-Qamar and Al-Raddad, 2001; Abu-Qamar and Al-Momany, 2002; Masoud,
2002; Hameed et al., 2005; Al-Khatib, 2012). Spain (Caballero et al., 1980, 1981; Jiménez Díaz,
1985; Blanco-Lopez et al., 1984, 1994; 1998; Tawil et al., 1991; Civantos and Caballero, 1993;

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Rodríguez-Jurado et al., 1993a, 1993b; Gallego-Álvarez, 1994 ; Blanco-López and Jiménez-Díaz,
1995; López-Escudero and Blanco-López , 1996, 1999, 2001, 2005a, 2005b, 2005c, 2007, 2011;
Bejarano-Alcázar et al., 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2008 ; Jiménez-Díaz et al., 1998, 2008, 2009a,
2009b ; Civantos, 1999; Rodríguez Morcillo et al., 2000, 2002; Campos and Civantos, 2000; Rallo,
2000; Barranco et al., 2000; Mercado-Blanco et al., 2001, 2002, 2003a, 2003b, 2004; Martos-Moreno
et al., 2001, 2006; López-Escudero et al., 2003, 2004, 2007a, 2007b, 2008a; 2008b, 2009a, 2009b,
2009c, 2010, 2012; Porras-Soriano et al., 2003; 2006; Martos-Moreno, 2003; Antoniou et al., 2001,
2008; Cabeza and Bejarano, 2005; Morera, 2005; Anonymous, 2005; Raya-Ortega , 2005; Collado-
Romero et al., 2006; Rallo and Barranco, 2006; León et al., 2007; Muller et al., 2007; Baídez et al.,
2007 ; Navas-Cortés et al., 2008 ; Navarro et al., 2008 ; López-Escudero et al., 2008c; Jiménez-Díaz
et al., 2008, 2011; Rodríguez et al., 2008, 2009, 2011; Trapero et al., 2009, 2011a, 2011b, 2013a,
2013b; Prieto et al ., 2009; Abo Shkeers, 2010; Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009; Castillo et al., 2010; Aranda
et al., 2011a, 2011b; Mercado-Blanco and López-Escudero, 2012; Jiménez-Díaz, 2012; Mercado-
Blanco, 2012; García-Cabello et al., 2012; Lozano-Tovar et al., 2013; Gramaje et al., 2013; Calderón
et al., 2013 ; Lucena et al., 2013; Fernandez Escobar et al, 2013). Greece (Zachos, 1963 ;
Thanassoulopoulos et al., 1979, 1981; Petsikos-Panayotarou, 1980; Biris and
Thanassoulopoulos,1980; Thanassoulopoulos et al., 1980; Tjamos et al., 1985; Tjamos, 1987;
Skoudridakis and Bourbos, 1989; Tjamos and Tsougriani, 1990; Tjamos et al., 1991;
Thanassoulopoulos, 1993; Tjamos, 1993; Pramateftaki et al., 2000; Ligoxigakis, 2000; Paplomatas et
al., 2001; Markakis et al., 2006; 2009; 2010; Trapero et al., 2009; Ligoxigakis and Markakis, 2012 ;
Polymnia et al, 2013). Italy (Ruggieri, 1946 ; Cirulli, 1975, 1981; Bonifacio and Parrini, 1975;
Cirulli and Montemurro, 1976 ; Viggiani, 1989; Ragazzi et al., 1987; Cirio, 1992; Mesturno, 1990;
Laviola, 1992 ; Pennisi et al., 1993; Zazzerini and Tosi, 1994; Iannotta et al., 1998, 1999; 2001,
2012b ; Ciccarese, 1998; Tosi and Zazzerini, 1998, 2000a; Cirulli et al., 1998a, 1998b, 2008; 2009 ;
Mesturino, 1990; Mule et al., 2002; Nigro et al., 2001, 2002, 2005; Fodale et al., 2002; Schena et al.,
2002, 2004; Ciccarese et al., 2002; Martelli et al., 2002; Di Franco et al., 2009; Lo Giudice et al.,
2010; Lamberti et al., 2012; Campanile et al., 2008; Colella et al., 2008; Lima et al., 2008; Kapulnik
et al., 2010; Bubici and Cirulli, 2010, 2012a, 2012b; Schilirò et al., 2012 ; Agosteo, 2012; Yaseen et
al., 2012; ; Sanzani et al., 2012; Ceccherini et al., 2013). Tunisia (Ben Othman et al., 1993; Boulila
et al., 1994; Boulila, 2001a, 2011; Triki et al., 2006, 2011, 2012; Yangui et al., 2010, Ben Salem et
al., 2011; Boughalleb-M’Hamdi et al., 2011; Fhoula et al., 2013, Vitullo et al., 2013). Algeria
(Benchabane, 1990; Maatalah et al., 1996, 1997 ; Geiger et al., 2000; Bellahcene et al., 2000a,
2000b, 2001a, 2001b, 2005a , 2005b; Karajeh and Masoud, 2006); Turkey (Saydam and Copcu
1972 ; Azeri, 1993; Yolageldi et al., 2003; Tunç et al., 2004 ; Urmes, 2005; Anonymous, 2005; Göre,
2007; Dervis et al., 2007, 2010, Erten and Yildiz, 2008, 2011; Yildiz and Benlioglu, 2010; Sesli et
al., 2010: Latife et al., 2011). Israel (Bao et al., 1998; Levin and Tsror, 2002; Tsror and Levin, 2003;
Levin et al., 2003a, 2003b, 2007; Dag et al., 2008). Syria (Al-Ahmad, 1984, 1993; Ahmad et al.,
1988, 1992, 1997; Al-Ahmad and Mosli 1993). Australia (Morschel, 1961; Barbara, 2002; Spooner-
Hart et al., 2007; Sergeeva et al., 2009; Sergeeva and R. Spooner-Hart,2011 ; Hall et al., 2012). Iran
(Sanei et al.,1996, 2003, 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2010; Azadvar et al., 2002; Afshari-Azad et al., 2002;
Saeedizadeh et al., 2003; Saremi et al., 2006; Taheri et al., 2008 ; Saeedizadeh et al., 2009a, 2009b;
Zad et al., 2010; Sanei and Razavi, 2011a, 2011b, 2011c ; Torbati et al., 2014). France (Vigouroux
1975). Malta (Porta-Puglia and Mifsud, 2005). California (Wilhelm et al., 1962; Wilhelm and
Taylor, 1965; Hartman et al., 1971; Wilhelm et al., 1974, Puhalla and and Hummel,1983; Bhat and
Subbarao, 1991; Sibbet and Fuguson, 2005; Krueger and Vossen, 2007; Vossen et al., 2007, 2008;
Fichtner and DeBuse, 2011; Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013). Egypt (Hegazi et al., 2012). Lebanon
(Makhlouf Geagea, 2005). Portugal (Gouveia et al., 2000 ; Gouveia and Coelho, 2007; Martins et
al., 2013); Iraq (Al Taae and Al Taae, 2008; Harbi et al., 2012). Argentina (Nicolini and Traversi,
1950; Otero et al., 2004; Pérez et al., 2006; Brancher et al., 2012 ; Oriolani et al., 2012). Montenegro
(Latinovic and Vucinic, 2010).

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Several Olive tree diseases were encountered in twelve countries in Europe, the majority of In Europe, the
majority of The olive tree pathogen were encountered in Italy (55 species), followed by Spain (46
species) and Greece (24).
In Africa, Fourteen olive tree pathogens were encountered in Tunisia, followed by Morocco and Egypt
with ten fungal species. The lowest number of the olive tree was encountred in South Africa.
In the Middle East, Iranian authors have cited the majority of the olive tree diseases. Thus, 41 fungal
species were responsible for several symptoms on different parts of the olive plants. 8 pathogens were
encountered in Jordan, followed by Israel with 6 fungal species and one fungal species was detected for
each of Lebanon (Verticillium wilt), Iraq (Verticillium wilt) and Palestine (Leaf spot).
In America, 31 olive tree pathogens were encountered in United States of America, followed by
Argentina (17 species) and only one disease was detected in Mexico, Chile, Brazil and Colombia.
Australia has detected the majority of the olive tree pathogens (15 diseases) compared to Asia and New
Zealand.
The European continent has cited 83 olive tree diseases, followed by the Middl east (42 diseases),
America (40 fungal pathogens), Africa (22 diseases) and only six olive pathogen were encountered in
Asia. CONCLUSION
On hundred and twenty-four fungal species were patogen to the olive tree; some of them were obligate
parasites and others were primary or secondary invaders. As the same, many authors considered some
species as saprophytes and parasites at the same times depending to several conditions (temperature,
sensitivity of the host, and viability of the species….).
All the pathogens described above represent a real threat to olive cultivation especially Verticillium wilt
caused especially by Verticillium dahliae and olive leaf spot or the peacock spot caused by Fusicladium
oleagineum were the most common diseases in the world olive cultures.
From this list of 124 fungal pathogens, only 10 pathoge, were encountred in Morocco meaning that
several works must be done to detect different diseases and to protect against them.
Acknowledgments
This study was conducted under the project ‘Rhizolive: Selection and use of soil rhizospheric
microorganisms to optimize the arbuscular mycorrhization of the olive tree in Morocco’s soils funded by
Hassan II Academy of sciences and technology.
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