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food processing industry in india

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Abstract

Explains the status of food processing industry in India and Himachal Pradesh







!"#!"$!%
Largest
livestock
population
Largest milk
producer
Second Largest
producer of
sugarcane
Second largest
producer of
cereals
Second largest
producer of
fruits and
vegetables
Top ve worldwide producers of
egg, animal meat, groundnut,
coee, oilseeds and tobacoo
Third largest
producer of
coarse grain
20 agro
climatic region
2nd largest
arable land
(161 M ha)
Largest net
irrigated area
(89.9 M ha
52% cultivable
land compared
to 11% world
average
15 major
climates
46 out of 60
soil types
Sunshine hours
and day length
are ideally suited
for round the
year cultivation
Signicant
opportunit
y
India’s Food Production: Key Facts
India’s Food Production: Key Facts
&'
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()
+''
,"-.,/0%()
"1.-"20%3 .$"#!
"4%
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!".-15
6)!"4-$5
780888(
'09'
-
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:3'
0;00()-
< ++=)!).$"4
).$"#%
()
 44-"5
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7 ./-15
 .$-.5<
:3 #/-15<
> #?5
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()33
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()33
<
).$"#%
PRODUCTION SHARE OF MAJOR
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
PRODUCTION SHARE OF MAJOR
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
'09' .$"#!"4%'09() .$"#!"4%
78.$"/%
.$"#!"48;'()3
-,?1$-2180''3-
#.2,-$#()3-/41.-2#-
;
8388)80
6);
8>8)8800

9
@8788@A88>8
+)8+B>-
%
>>
<B0>
33'
"#.-40.$"#!"4-
'"?-.'
)0>-
>
3'4-/"<
(Source:NDDB and Basic Animal Husbandry & Fisheries Statistics-
2013, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries,
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India)
6';.$"#!"4@+/41-"
0
;
+)878@88
8+>
%

World’s largest population of livestock and world’s
5th largest producer of meat.
Ninth-largest producer of poultry meat, fifth largest
egg producer and the eighteenth largest producer of
broilers in the world.
Egg production around 66.45billion in 2011-12 ,
about 5% over the previous year
Poultry meat production estimated about 2.47
million tonnes.
'0)
0%
;0$-/0'080)C0-
;'/1/.$"#!"4 %
India’s exports of Meat and Meat products in
2013-14 (APEDA)
333-'--

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.$"#!"402-4/

1-"$
#-#/
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(*4-1
'*

.$"#!"402-4/

1-"$
#-#/
)"
(*4-1
'*
0('8.$"#!"4%
'& $$$D%09()3
*
838
-
=E  
'=-
0   ./?-$?
0  ' ' 
.$"4!"/0
.1/-/? 0  
.$"#!"4-
   "$#-$4
0
3  2/-?1
0-
F   ..-2?
0-
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838
-
=E  
'=-
0   ./?-$?
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.$"4!"/0
.1/-/? 0  
.$"#!"4-
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0
3  2/-?1
0-
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0-
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+08.$"4

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9  3 > 0%8
 %8 0 )8
8 0 %8   (
>')<
<; .8.$82"4-/2  '  
 3 '  3 ' - "8.$2-/"
.$"4!"/-
;>88+
B>8>@)0-
%
Percentage of losses estimated
for major produces in India
.$!..5
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8.$"#
0G2)'3-')
'()8&-
Food Processing
Food Processing
Transformation of raw ingredients, by physical or chemical
means into food, or of food into other forms.
Combines raw food ingredients to produce marketable food
products that can be easily prepared and served by the
consumer.
Covers spectrum of products from agriculture, horticulture,
plantation, animal husbandry and fisheries.
Technique of
Manufacturing and preserving food substances
Improve quality
Make them functionally more useful.
Food Processing in a nutshell
Food Processing in a nutshell
C''
'09
0
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HISTORY OF FOOD PROCESSING
HISTORY OF FOOD PROCESSING
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+8'088
(38('
>-
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'(-
'!"2
.$!((0-
",$2!((0)
H-
","$!(0')
-
333-'-%
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-
.$I
*3''3(!
898'F-
'&38
-
((0)F-
B.$!
8'
98'>03(-
Methods of food processing
Methods of food processing
Traditional methods
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')8
F8
F8
(8;
)
)>
)0('
8'F
0
Novel technologies

3(
@
0
&

'H
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'-
>/0'80
;-
!'3J
'0(
0)'0((8
0(-
Food Processing Industry in India
Food Processing Industry in India
9>08.$"4
Food Processing Industry in India
Food Processing Industry in India
+G"#/)-
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'"$G.$$
)).$"/-
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3>)#/
0-
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)
",-2#5.$"#!"4-
9>08.$"4%
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Structure of Indian Food
Processing Industry
Structure of Indian Food
Processing Industry
K4.-$$5
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##-$$5
K./-$$5
Food Processing Industry
'

Classication of Food
Processing Industry
Classication of Food
Processing Industry
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0%
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 ('
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Primary
processing
Secondary
processing
Tertiary
processing
Fruits &
Vegetables
Fruits &
Vegetables
Milk
Milk
Meat &
Poultry
Meat &
Poultry
Marine
products
Marine
products
Grain and
seeds
Grain and
seeds
Beverages
Beverages
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Sectors In Food Processing Industry
Sectors In Food Processing Industry
Food
Processing
Industry
Food
Processing
Industry
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()
India’s food processing levels of different segments
+ 8 ( 8
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Food processing levels in various sub sectors
#?
5
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Share of Various Food Segments in Food
Processing
Share of Various Food Segments in Food
Processing
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8.$"4%
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;'0
In 2012-13, total exports from FPI sectors - US$36 billion, growing at a CAGR
of 21.9% since 2008-09
+' 008
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The major markets for Indian processed food are Europe, the Middle East, Japan,
Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and Korea
The major markets for Indian processed food are Europe, the Middle East, Japan,
Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and Korea
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()
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()
Exported 2,87,384.63 MT of processed fruits and vegetables to the world
for the worth of Rs. 2,266.66 crores during the year 2013-14.
Major export destinations are united states, Saudi Arabia, United
Kingdom, Netherland, United Arab Emirates and Japan.
Major exporter : mango pulp (1,74,860.34 mt) to Saudi Arabia, Yemen
Republic, Netherland, United Arab Emirates and Sudan for the worth of
Rs. 772.97 crores during the year 2013-14.
Prominent exporter of dried and preserved vegetables. Exported
56,158.40 MT of dried and preserved vegetables to Germany, Russia,
United Kingdom, United States, France and Brazil for the worth of Rs.
742.74 crores during the year 2013-14- +%
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Items 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
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3N8
09-
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Items 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
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30"/$-
''
()-
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i.) Infrastructure Development
in Food Processing Sector
i.) Infrastructure Development
in Food Processing Sector
0(0''F
'-
*(0!(0
;''-
000''(0
>0
>
'
6
'
F)
0(0''F
'-
*(0!(0
;''-
000''(0
>0
>
'
6
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F) *(0'88.$""
Food park scheme
Food park scheme
7JD-
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+!0>
93(
#$#/'-
((0'-./$
(')
-4/$!/$$
'
00')#$8$$$-
7JD-
+00)
+!0>
93(
#$#/'-
((0'-./$
(')
-4/$!/$$
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Integrated Cold Chain Facility
Integrated Cold Chain Facility
0(()'
-
0'
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'
)>'0'0
0
R8
00-
(8'
(0)-
0(()'
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'
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0
R8
00-
(8'
(0)-
0'
K

'0(
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('
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'0(
-
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('
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'
Value addition center
Value addition center
(
''8
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(('
')-
./'9
##-##R)9
0;00-?-/0I(')0
0F'(-
6I809)
(
''8
F
(('
')-
./'9
##-##R)9
0;00-?-/0I(')0
0F'(-
6I809)
Irradiation facilities
Irradiation facilities
0''''
H
./'
9##-##
R)90;00
'-/$0('
)0''-
9.8
=7
0''''
H
./'
9##-##
R)90;00
'-/$0('
)0''-
9.8
=7
Modernized Abattoir
Modernized Abattoir
)0'0)
0F';)-
0&-
00F')!-
)(''
-4$0-
)0'0)
0F';)-
0&-
00F')!-
)(''
-4$0-
ii.) Scheme for technology upgradation,
establishment and modernization
ii.) Scheme for technology upgradation,
establishment and modernization
0('
)00
()'
0F'
-
0)('*(0
F
00(
()''-
0('
)00
()'
0F'
-
0)('*(0
F
00(
()''-
iii.) Scheme for Human Resources
Development
iii.) Scheme for Human Resources
Development
Development of
entrepreneurial base
with variety of skill.
Demand for trained
manpower-surge FPI
Latest technology
and new way of
management and
marketing-enable
the sector to face
global competition.
Development of
entrepreneurial base
with variety of skill.
Demand for trained
manpower-surge FPI
Latest technology
and new way of
management and
marketing-enable
the sector to face
global competition.
'''0
+8.$".
(-%+0'+P@!'O
PB)PL
0(
(-%+0'+P@!'O
PB)PL
0(
O''I
)00(
;0)'
''
0>
-
0(
'

00''
HH
00
O''I
)00(
;0)'
''
0>
-
0(
'

00''
HH
00
+P!'HP')
+8.$".
v.) Scheme for strengthening of
Institutions
v.) Scheme for strengthening of
Institutions
3
';00-
3
';00-
+8.$".
National mission on food processing
National mission on food processing
Basic objectiveF'
00'J08
))+
*(0P@-
+P@0H
)3'
+(0''
-
'0(
)'0J0-
Basic objectiveF'
00'J08
))+
*(0P@-
+P@0H
)3'
+(0''
-
'0(
)'0J0-
8.$"4%
Major programme/schemes covered under NMFP
Major programme/schemes covered under NMFP
@!P
)0P0'
-
86
(''
-
')
0(0
@!P
)0P0'
-
86
(''
-
')
0(0
Fiscal Incentives for the sector
Fiscal Incentives for the sector
Income Tax
@)! ""%',$7
'0;8"21"
'0&&0
"$$5'&/0
./5 #$5'0%'
/0
Income Tax
@)! ""%',$7
'0;8"21"
'0&&0
"$$5'&/0
./5 #$5'0%'
/0
8.$"$
Central Excise Dut
0>80'8
I;
'"5
)9!(0'(
/53("$5
(0-
;0'0;)
;
+&''
80'(
()0
>00
Central Excise Dut
0>80'8
I;
'"5
)9!(0'(
/53("$5
(0-
;0'0;)
;
+&''
80'(
()0
>00
Customs duty
9''0F'
0>
80 ''0(
!%9
+(;
88008
'3>
0F'08
0H0'

+()3'
Industries (Development & Regulation) Act,
1951
Customs duty
9''0F'
0>
80 ''0(
!%9
+(;
88008
'3>
0F'08
0H0'

+()3'
Industries (Development & Regulation) Act,
1951
Foreign Direct Investment
Foreign Direct Investment
C"$$'(00;
)&-
+80)0.45-
'(00.458(0
)-
0)B
 (0L%8"2/"-
C"$$'(00;
)&-
+80)0.45-
'(00.458(0
)-
0)B
 (0L%8"2/"-
:3''

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9  0 )   @ @%
I#$-
+'(!'8)8*9!
)88908
-
36(HB0 6B%8
(4/$0A!)
00980-
H/">*9
7(L'@+G/40-
9  0 )   @ @%
I#$-
+'(!'8)8*9!
)88908
-
36(HB0 6B%8
(4/$0A!)
00980-
H/">*9
7(L'@+G/40-
LIST OF LAWS APPLICABLE TO THE
FPI
LIST OF LAWS APPLICABLE TO THE
FPI
B=+
+'+8.$$1
+'+8.$""
'+ B
')%8.$""
+' >
B)%8.$""
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(%8.$""
' )
%8.$""
' 08;
%8.$""
+'+ B)
0%8.$""
9>08.$"4%
B*BB*SB=+
B8.$$2
B *%8.$""
B >
00%8.$""
*M*B=+
;08
"222 %
-
+BB=+
0;8"21"
08"21.
0C8"2?/
;8"244
;C8"2,/
8"224I+(;
6; 6%
B7@B=+
8"24,
0(L
(8"2/.
0J+8"24,
) 
)%8"2?$
B) )
%8"2,1
0'=8"2#1
00=8"24,
+L)0'
(
@8"2.1
8"24?
00 +
%8"241
0J08"2.#
8"21"
00; 0
&'6%8"2/2
H08"2?1
0'78"21/
0'*8"2?.
!=>0
'00
'+(%8"2?2
B)B3 ;0'0
L

))0%8"2,,
B)=''(

7&8"21"
B)8"2/"
@F=>J+
+8.$$,
6BB=+
6BB=+
(0 %8
"2,1L&
(0 %
8"2,1
F= 0
%8"2,2
'8+8
0'F0
8
"2,2
'8@808
;8+'F
0P*
08
"2,2
(0 +'
9%8"222
 
%8.$$.
)B)8
"22"
7(8.$$.
*)8.$"$
8",2?
= ('
%8"2?4
= ('
%8"2??
 ('
%8"2,"
 ('
%8"2,.
 ('
%@8
"2,#
8"2.?
 (%8"2,$
 (%8"2,"
='8
"2?.=' %
8"22/
++
*A
7'
+ 7+%
;

+!2$$$
BBB=+
'
(
'
(
OVERVIEW OF FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS ACT,
2006, RULES & REGULATIONS
OVERVIEW OF FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS ACT,
2006, RULES & REGULATIONS
(.#8.$$10
C/8.$""
00'0'33
('' %8"2/48
'8"2//8
0'8"2?#8
() %8"22,8
)> %"2,,8
(;8!0)
: %8"21?8
>0>8"22.8

008"2//'-
333-'-(-%


+'30
C)''''
S8.$"4
Major challenges
Major challenges
)'0(('H'+'B3L+B>'H03
S8.$"4
+='

+='

STRENGTH
"- 00
0>-
.- B)'3
0-
#- 7)C
'(
(-
STRENGTH
"- 00
0>-
.- B)'3
0-
#- 7)C
'(
(-
WEAKNESS
"- H'
'
.- '
(0
#- B>'HH
L
4- B0)'
0
R

/- +()'
1- B3>
WEAKNESS
"- H'
'
.- '
(0
#- B>'HH
L
4- B0)'
0
R

/- +()'
1- B3>
OPPORTUNITIES
"- *(0(
8;'8L
8%
.- 3:
 8
888
>898
8%3(
0'
'
#- '0
3>303
'!!'0
OPPORTUNITIES
"- *(0(
8;'8L
8%
.- 3:
 8
888
>898
8%3(
0'
'
#- '0
3>303
'!!'0
THREAT
"- ''
'>'

.- C) --8
'
&
''%
#- 
THREAT
"- ''
'>'

.- C) --8
'
&
''%
#- 


0



0

+
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0
".08A808
878@80)8B
+8+08A8A8+
+0-<
+)!08(
03-
0'030)!
03
-
03'0
))800'0
Q'0Q
+0)-
8.$"4%
Agro Climatic Zones
Agro Climatic Zones
333-)'-%
A
A
.$$,!$28'
09' '8
()'%3#-40
0-
F!090'-
0-
?-#,0
.$"#!"4'
;0,"'U
'-
09'3
8880
-
.$$,!$28'
09' '8
()'%3#-40
0-
F!090'-
0-
?-#,0
.$"#!"4'
;0,"'U
'-
09'3
8880
-
333-)'-%
7P
7P

'!
00 '8
8%.$".!
"#"/-/4>

'!
00 '8
8%.$".!
"#"/-/4>

''
.$"#!"4,-11>


''
.$"#!"4,-11>

8.$"4%
6)

.$"#!"4
"1-4/>
6)

.$"#!"4
"1-4/>
+*)+
  0
( ' &
-
 ' 3
09 ( 3
"$?/-$$ -- ( 
- 12,-$$ >  
0)8.$".-
8.$"4%
0I
0&
0I
0&
333-)'-%
!>'
+
!>'
+
Implementation of Agricultural/ Horticulture Produce
Marketing Act, 2005 has been enforced.
The whole of H.P. has been divided into ten notified market
areas.
modernized market complex at Solan
market fee reduced from 2 percent to 1 percent
Total storage capacity in the state is 0.35 lakh tonnes as on Feb
2013, with utilization levels close to 69 percent (FCI Data).
State has 18 cold storages as on Dec. 2009, 11 of which are
privately owned and 7 by public sector (DMI Data).
8.$"4%
<
<
Agri-Export Zones: have been planned by state Government mainly for apples
in Kinnaur, Shimla, Sirmor, Kulu, Mandi and Chamba.
Mega Food Parks (under Mega Food Parks Scheme): Poliyan Mega Food Park
Pvt. Ltd. (project SPV) in Tehsil Haroli District, Una.
Cold Chain Projects being implemented under MoFPI assistance: MoFPI has
approved ten cold chain projects which are in different stages of
implementation and three additional projects have been given a provisional
approval. 8.$"4%
;
;
VAT
  ) (   008 P
8 0 '  ' 08  0 ' )0)
3'8')*(0'
8''8'0>F0>8'8
' :38 ' ()8 8 8  8 8
808&8388(>-
Concessional Central Sales Tax (CST) rate:
;   0' 8   0'
) )3P P !'P () ) 3 
) 8     +   "-/  '
;)('8)9'&0'&-
3   0   '  .$"#   
 +   "-$  ' ;) ( '  3
C '0  ' 00 00  '  ' /
'00'*+3(-
8.$"4%
03>*(
+
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+
.$""!".'3
  (0   (
  00 ;  (
-
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<'-
)
;(0+)
+'3-
;0 '0  0 ' B; ; 
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'0   ' 000 ' 00
-
8.$"4%
'(0
'(0
8.$"4%
(
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(''
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6'0.$5
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70''(00)'9
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0>-
Thank you
... Aeration potato chips, precooking poultry and bacon, tempering frozen meals, as well as drying pasta were the initial important uses (Decareau, 1985). Although the early uses were only temporary successes, because the quality increase produced by the microwave method could be swiftly achieved by an additional cost-effective modification of the traditional approach, the other techniques survived moreover are still utilized in manufacturing. ...
... Pasteurization and sterilization, as well as combination procedures such microwave vacuum drying, are all used nowadays. Two causes for such comparably delayed acceptance of food industry microwave technologies are the food industry's conservatism (Decareau, 1985) as well as its relatively small research budget. As a consequence, fixing problems using microwave heating applications is difficult. ...
Chapter
Abstract The need for high-quality and safe food has been steadily increasing. Whereas, the food processing sector is looking for new cost-effective, quick, and more efficient technologies than existing processes. With its vast application in numerous processes, ultrasonic technology has transformed the food processing industry, acting as a sustainable as well as low alternative. This nondestructive technology has various benefits, including faster procedures, increased process efficiency, reduction of process stages, higher product quality as well as retention of product attributes (nutrition value, texture, organoleptic features), and longer shelf life. Electromagnetic waves, on the other hand, are now often used for food processing in commercial, and industrial microwave ovens. Microwaves induce molecular mobility by causing ionic particles to migrate or dipolar particles to rotate. When considering the possible applications of microwave technology in the food sector, it is clear that microwaves offer numerous benefits, including time savings, improved final product quality (taste, color, and nutritional content), and rapid heat generation. However, microwave treatment for food processing with advanced technology has a favorable effect on energy, time, and nutritional value. Ultrasound and microwave (US-MW) are new technologies utilized to improve heat and mass transmission since they are inexpensive, simple, and energy-efficient. The current review focuses on the effects of ultrasonic and microwave processing on the textural, and nutritional aspects of food products and how process variables influence these properties.
... In microwave heating, on the other hand, heat is generated (volumetric heating) inside the food in a short time when microwave penetrates through it [5]. Microwaves have greater penetration depth, and this property coupled with volumetric heating can lead to rapid heating rate with short processing time; and also contribute to the minimization of temperature difference between the surface and interior of food material [3,6]. ...
... Possible non-thermal effect on destruction of microorganisms under microwave heating has been reported; the polar and /or charged moieties of proteins (i.e., COO -, and NH 4 + ) can be affected by the electrical component of the microwaves [6]. And, the disruption of non-covalent bonds by microwaves is a more likely cause of speedy microbial death [24]. ...
... As the drying rates associated with all of these techniques significantly depend on the rate of energy transfer, they present many opportunities for the introduction of microwaves to accelerate energy transfer. In particular, some development works have been reported and they apply microwaves together with hot-air cabinet drying, fluidized-bed drying [1], and vacuum drying, both above and below the freezing point [2][3][4]. The common goal of these hybrid processes is to speed up dehydration, while maintaining low process temperatures and high product quality. ...
... In some cases, microwaves are used as a secondary step of dehydration in combination with conventional hot-air drying. Two of the earliest examples of industrial microwave food processing were drying of pasta [2] and production of dried onions [5]. Later, drying of a wide range of vegetables, cereals and cereal products [8], gels [9], spices, purees, snack foods, and meat pieces was also reported [10,11]. ...
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Dehydration technologies have a long history in food processing and preservation. Seven well-known conventional drying technologies, from low-cost solar drying to high-cost freeze-drying, are considered in contrast to microwave techniques. In the scientific literature, and industry to some extent, microwave energy has been combined with several older drying techniques, usually in an attempt to accelerate drying rates. Fundamentals of microwave heating are examined including dielectric properties, microwave penetration, dielectric breakdown, and microwave-applicator designs. Microwave-assisted dehydration is discussed in convection, fluidized-bed, vacuum and freeze-dryers with a focus on limitations and benefits. Finally, live probiotics and other food cultures have been examined as examples of recent developments in microwave-assisted dehydration of challenging materials.
... Microwave ovens are now common household appliances. Popular industrial applications of MW heating in food processing operations include tempering meat or fish blocks and precooking bacon or meat patties, while RF heating is commonly used in finishing drying of freshly baked products (Decareau 1983). Such applications shorten processing times, reduce floor space, and improve product qualities compared to conventional methods. ...
... In batch equipment, a rotating antenna or a propeller is used to distribute the energy or, the food placed on a turntable rotates during the cooking operation (FDA 2000). However, continuous systems have advantages over batch, with higher productivity and easier cleaning and automation (Decareau 1983;Mudgett 1986). ...
Article
In the last decades, different non-thermal and thermal technologies have been developed for food processing. However, in many cases, it is not clear which experimental parameters must be reported to guarantee the experiments’ reproducibility and provide the food industry a straightforward way to scale-up these technologies. Since reproducibility is one of the most important science features, the current work aims to improve the reproducibility of studies on emerging technologies for food processing by providing guidelines on reporting treatment conditions of thermal and non-thermal technologies. Infrared heating, microwave heating, ohmic heating and radiofrequency heating are addressed as advanced thermal technologies and isostatic high pressure, ultra-high-pressure homogenization sterilization, high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, irradiation, plasma technologies, power ultrasound, pressure change technology, pulsed electric fields, pulsed light and supercritical CO2 are approached as non-thermal technologies. Finally, growing points and perspectives are highlighted.
... Products with more moisture, fat, and sugar are more receptive to microwave energy and hence heat up quickly. When compared to conventional heating, microwave heating offers a number of benefits in terms of rapid and thorough heating that results in foods that are higher in quality in terms of nutrition, taste, texture, and flavour, as well as improved production (Maskan, 2000;Decareau, 1985). ...
Article
The study was conducted during January to June, 2019 under college of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering, JNKVV, Jabalpur, M.P. (482002), India. The main objective of the research was to determine how paneer cube size influenced drying time and to study the effect of the combination of microwave heating tempering time and hot air drying on drying rate of paneer cube. A paneer sample was prepared using a National Dairy Development Board-developed industrial paneer manufacturing procedure (NDDB). Response surface methodology was implemented in this study to optimize microwave heating and ambient tempering for accelerated drying of milk paneer. Optimization factors included paneer cube size (5–25 mm), microwave power level (150–750W), heating time (2–10 min), and tempering time (1–5 min), while responses included moisture content (dry basis %) and bulk density (g cc-1). Optimum parameter for highly acceptable product with (13.8 mm) cube size at the microwave power level (670.27 W), heating time (7.2 min), tempering time (4.621 min) presented the Moisture content (22.15%) and bulk density (0.36 g cc-1) by using Design expert 13. The experimental values under the microwave drying condition matched the outcome predicted by analysis of variance. It shows that the model is highly fit and that response surface methodology (RSM) was successful in maximizing the microwave power level, which has a significant and advantageous impact on drying rate.
... Dipole loss mechanism can be explained by Debye equation (Causley & Petropoulos, 2013;Decareau, 1985;Liu et al., 2009) and is shown in Eq. (2), ionic loss of liquid material can be expressed by relationship between electric conductivity and frequency (Liu et al., 2009;Mudgett, 1995;Tang, 2005) and is shown in Eq. (3), while no governing equation is available on ionic loss of solid materials. ...
Article
Dipole loss of main compositions of powdered infant formula milk (PIFM), including whey protein (WP), fat and lactose and the ionic loss of PIFM were analyzed over frequency range of 10 to 3000 MHz at temperature range of 20–80 °C. Dielectric loss factor of PIFM decreased with increasing fat content, while increased with increasing WP content and lactose content at investigated frequencies in our study. The dipole loss of WP, fat and lactose followed Debye equation which increased with increasing frequency till around 1.2,1 and 1 GHz, respectively, and then decreased. Ionic loss of PIFM was constant with increasing frequency at investigated frequencies and increased with increasing temperature. A general formula to calculate ionic loss for both solid and liquid materials was obtained. Validation experiments based on the dielectric loss factor of different compositions indicated that increasing WP proportion in PIFM can increase heating rate in radio frequency field and also result in lower lipid oxidation of treated PIFM. This provides a solution to adjust RF heating performance and product quality based on loss mechanisms of different ingredients.
... Microwaves offer several advantages in thermal food processes when compared to conventional heating methods, due to the volumetric heating resulting in processing time reduction, consequently enhancing quality parameters such as the nutritional value and organoleptic properties of processed products [1,2]. Microwave heating is supported by the ability of any dielectric material to absorb electromagnetic energy and convert a portion of it into thermal energy [3][4][5]. ...
Article
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A prototype device based on a modified domestic microwave oven for liquid food products pasteurization is presented. This novel design has a coiling glass pipe adapted inside a microwave cavity to allow liquid continuous flow, in which several temperature optical sensors based on Fiber Bragg Grating were installed to measure, by means of contact, the circulating liquid temperature in the pipe, while the oven is on, to obtain the profile temperature as a function of time at different pipe points. The temperatures at liquid input and output were also measured with thermocouples. This device was tested to establish how well it may perform using different standardized liquids with well-known physicochemical and dielectric properties, such as water, water with dissolved sugars, water with dissolved salts, and water with dissolved sugars and salts. It could be observed that the maximum temperature reached was 90 °C for distilled water, 80 °C for water with dissolved salts, 60 °C for water with dissolved sugars and 80 °C for water with dissolved sugars and salts, showing that these data were in agreement with previous results in the literature. This type of device would be potentially useful to establish the device’s efficiency in terms of retention time, energy consumption, and volume of processed liquid, thus, broadening the use of this microwave heating technology with several types of liquid substances.
... On the other hand, some important structural and physicochemical changes which affect the final product quality are occurred during dehydration. Microwave drying is an alternative method due to the precise process control, fast startup and shutdown conditions; and it also reduces the drying time and prevents food from decomposing (Barbosa-Canovas and Vega-Mercado, 1996;Decareau, 1985;Decareau, 1992;Zhang et al., 2006). ...
Article
Full-text available
In the present study, tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) were dried in the domestic microwave oven in order to determine the effect of microwave output power and sample amount on moisture ratio, drying time and effective moisture diffusivity. Five different microwave output power (180-900 W) and five different sample amount (20-100 g) values were used in the drying experiments. The drying data were fitted to some empirical and semi empirical models in order to determine the kinetic parameters. Among of the models proposed, the Page model gave a better fit for all drying conditions applied. The effective moisture diffusivity values were calculated by using the method of slopes at various microwave output powers and sample amounts. Moreover, the activation energy was calculated using an exponential expression based on Arrhenius equation.
Article
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The aim of this review is to investigate the basic principles of red meat cooking technologies, including traditional and modern methods, and their effects on the physical, thermal, mechanical, sensory, and microbial characteristics of red meat. Cooking methods were categorized into two categories: traditional (cooking in the oven and frying) and modern (ohmic, sous vide, and microwave cooking). When red meat is subjected to high temperatures during food manufacturing, it undergoes changes in its engineering and quality attributes. The quality standards of meat products are associated with several attributes that are determined by food technologists and consumers based on their preferences. Cooking improves the palatability of meat in terms of tenderness, flavor, and juiciness, in addition to eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. The process of meat packaging is one of the important processes that extend the life span of meat and increase its shelf life due to non-exposure to oxygen during cooking and ease of handling without being exposed to microbial contamination. This review highlights the significance of meat cooking mathematical modeling in understanding heat and mass transfer phenomena, reducing costs, and maintaining meat quality. The critical overview considers various production aspects/quality and proposed methods, such as, but not limited to, hurdle technology, for the mass production of meat.
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Thermal processing of food products plays a crucial part in making food stable and microbiologically secure as enhanced shelf life, considerable volumetric diminution, and manufactured food products' multiplicity are the chief attainments for its recognition. The foremost patent, explaining a developed microwave (MW) system for industrial use, was issued in year 1952 for end drying of potato chips. From then, use of this dielectric heating application for thermal processing operations such as blanching, thawing, drying, cooking, pasteurization, and sterilization for improving the final product quality and shelf life is on the rise incessantly. Microwave energy has a wide array of advantages as compared to conventional technologies such as quick heating, volumetric heating of treated sample, which effectively yields an enhanced production, shortens time needed, and lowers the energy requirement. Current developments in microwave-assisted applications studied through previous research works aid microwave technology to gain momentum and stand out as a considerably promising technique for future industrial need.
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