![(a) Gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analysis of methyl esters fatty acids (FAME) present in corn oil sample from Ecuador. (b) Analysis of FAME present in corn oil described for Lantos et al., 2015 [10] a b](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wilman-Carrillo-Teran/publication/318857588/figure/fig2/AS:667869356511247@1536243871705/a-Gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometer-GC-MS-analysis-of-methyl-esters-fatty-acids_Q320.jpg)
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Vol 10, Issue 8, 2017
Online - 2455-3891
Print - 0974-2441
ZEA MAYS
CARRILLO W1*, CARPIO C21211
1
Chasquis y Rio Payamino, Campus Huachi, CP 1801334, Ambato, Ecuador. 2Research Department, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences,
Email: wi.carrillo@uta.edu.ec
Received: 30 March 2017, Revised and Accepted: 27 April 2017
ABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to determine the fatty acids content in corn seeds oil (Zea mays) sample cultivated in Ecuador.
Corn oil was obtained from corn oil seeds using the cold pressing method. Methyl esters fatty acids analysis were carried out using the gas
chromatography (GC) method with a mass selective detector and using the database library NIST 14.L to identify the compounds present in the corn
seed oil.
Results: Methyl esters fatty acids were identified from corn (Z. mays) seeds using the GC mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analytical method. Fatty acids
were analyzed as methyl esters on a capillary column DB-WAX 122-7062 with a good separation of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid,
linoleic acid, arachidic acid, and linolenic acid. The structure of methyl esters fatty acids was determined using the GS-MS method. Corn oil has a high
content of linoleic acid (omega 6) with a value of 52.68% of the total content of fatty acids in corn oil and 29.70% of oleic acid (omega 9) of the total
content of fatty acids in corn oil. The sample presented a value of 12.57% of palmitic acid.
Conclusions: Corn oil shows a good content of fatty acids omega 6 and 9. The higher value was of omega 6 with 52.68% content. Corn oil has a good
proportion of polyunsaturated of lipids (53.80%) and 14.86% of saturated lipids.
Keywords: Corn, Zea mays, Fatty acids, Lipids.
Maize (Zea mays L.) has been a crop extended and an important food for
the American societies since pre-hispanic times [1] the domestication
of crop was originated in Mexico ca. 8700 cal. BP and later spread to
North and South America [2]. The earliest evidence of maize cultivation
and consumption in South America are from the Pacific coastal regions
of Peru and Ecuador ca. 3000 BC [3,4]. Maize (Z. mays L.) is the third
most important food crop in the world and a major source of energy,
protein, and other nutrients for both human and livestock. Maize
contains 7-13 g/100 g proteins (d.m.). However, the quality of maize
proteins is poor, because they are deficient in the essential amino acids
lysine and tryptophan [5,6]. Due to the economic importance of maize,
genetic improvements have played a key role in the development of
genotypes that could grow in a wide range of environment, rainfall,
and altitudes. Corn seeds oil is mainly used for salad and cooking oil
and the production of products as margarine. Its fatty acid composition
comprises 40-68% of linoleic acid, 20-32% of oleic acid, and 8-14%
saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid [7].
Oil extraction
Corn is cultivated in the central region of Ecuador. Corn oil sample
was obtained from corn seeds using the cold pressed method. Oil was
then stored at 4.0±2°C. Oil extraction was conducted using a Soxhlet
apparatus for approximately 5 hrs with hexane as solvent, with a solid to
solvent ratio of 1/7 m/v. After the extraction process, the flask contents
were filtered, and the liquid fraction containing the lipid extract and
solvent was poured into a 250 mL flask of a rotary film evaporator to
remove the solvent. The obtained oil was collected, evaporated under
nitrogen, weighed, and stored in sealed amber glass vials at −20°C until
analysis [8].
Fatty acids analysis by gas chromatograph
The fatty acid composition of oil extracted from corn seeds was
analyzed by injecting fatty acid methyl esters [9] into an Agilent
Technologies 7980A system GC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) equipped
with a MSD 5977A GC/MSD, an auto-sampler 7693, column
(60 m × 250 µm × 0.25 µm, Agilent 122-7062). The oven temperature
was programmed as follows: From 80°C; ramp 1: To 100°C at 20°C/min
for 1 minute; ramp 2: At 200°C at 25°C/min for 10 minutes; ramp 3:
At 250°C at 2°C/min. The injector and detector temperatures were set
at 250°C. Helium was used as carrier gas at a linear flow velocity of
1.4 mL/min.
Corn oil was analyzed using the GC/MS method. The profile of peaks
analyzed show seven majoritarian peaks with different retention
times. The first peak was observed at 19,283 minutes of retention,
a second peak with 25,947 minutes of retention, a third peak
was observed at 26,819 minutes of retention, a fourth peak was
identified at 27,121 minutes of retention, a fifth peak was observed at
28,593 minutes of retention being this peak the more abundant, a sixth
peak was observed at 31,038 minutes of retention, and finally a seventh
peak was observed at 34,233 minutes of retention, with a residual
abundance (Fig. 1a). The profile of peaks from fatty acids of Z. mays
observed in the chromatogram is similar to the one described by Latons
et al., 2015 (Fig. 1b) [10].
Fatty acids of corn oil from Ecuador were methyl esterified. Fatty acids
from corn oil were identified using the GC/MSD. The precursor ions
were compared to three database library NIST 14. L. Seven majority
peaks were identified with their associated retention time. The
concentration of fatty acids in corn oil obtained in the laboratory was
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18786
Research Article
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Carpio et al.
calculated with a peak area percentage. Fatty acids methyl esters were
characterized: C16:0 palmitic acid with 12.57% of fatty acids content,
C18:0 stearic acid with 2.02% of fatty acids content, C18:1 oleic acid
with 29.70% of fatty acids content, C18:1 trans elaidic acid with 0.81%
of fatty acids content, C18:2 linoleic acid with 52.68% of fatty acids
content, C18:3 linolenic acid with 1.12% of fatty acids content, and
finally C20:0 arachidic acid with 0.27% of fatty acids content (Table 1).
The content of linoleic acid (omega 6) was very high, whereas the
content of linolenic acid was very low with a value of 1.12% of linolenic
acid of corn oil. The content of oleic acid from corn oil was higher with a
value of 52.68% of oleic acid. The content of polyunsaturated lipids was
very high with a value of 53.80% of polyunsaturated lipids. Our results
are in accordance with values reported by other authors.
The mass spectrum of methyl esters fatty acids obtained from corn oil
is shown in Fig. 2. The identity and structures of these fatty acids were
confirmed with the GC-MS method. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was identified
using the mass spectrum with ions of mass/charge (m/z) between 55
and 270 m/z. In the previous range, the ions 74 and 87 m/z were the
most abundant in the mass spectrum (Fig. 2a). Stearic acid (C18:0)
(Fig. 2b), oleic acid (C18:1) (Fig. 2c), linoleic acid (C18:2) (Fig. 2d), and
linolenic acid (C18:3) (Fig. 2e).
The food diet in the developing countries is changing continually and
rapidly, especially the consumption of fats, edulcorates, preservatives,
additives, and food of animal sources. The consumption of food of
vegetal sources is increasing with vegetal proteins, antioxidants, and
vegetal oil. In the Western developed countries, a diet rich in animal
food is popular. The nutrition transition in the developing countries
starts when the consumption of vegetal oils and seed oils start
to be high together with higher consumption of meat and bovine
milk [11,12]. In 1997, the world production of vegetal oils and vegetal
fats was around 71 million tons whereas the production of animal fat
(butter and tallow) was stable with 12 million tons in the world. Vegetal
oils such as soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, palm, and groundnut oil have
triplicated their consumption from 1961 to 1990 [13,14]. When the
economic capacity of a country increases, intake of fats increases. In
poor countries, the consumption of fats can also increase as today the
cost of vegetal oils is extremely low. It has been studied that saturate
fat consumption is harmful to human health and can increase the
cardiovascular risks in consumers. “Oil world” indicates that in the
next 10 years the production of vegetal oil can increase to 118 million
tons. The production of palm oil can increase from 15 million tons to
et al.,
ab
Retention time Numbers of carbons % Peak area
19,283 min Palmitic acid Hexadecanoic acid C16:0 12.57±0.014
25,947 min Stearic acid Octadecanoic acid C18:0 2.02±0.057
26,819 min Oleic acid Cis-9-octadecenoic acid C18:1 29.70±0.113
27,121 min Elaidic acid Trans-9-octadecenoic acid C18:1 trans 0.81±0.000
28,593 min Linoleic acid (9Z,12Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid C18:2 52.68±1.435
31,038 min Linolenic acid (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid C18:3 1.12±0.007
34,233 min Arachidic acid Eicosanoic acid C20:0 0.27±0.014
GC/MS: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometer
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Carpio et al.
17 million tons worldwide. Around 13.5% of the world population is
obese (OECD 2011), Denmark has one of the least obese populations
in Europe [15]. Despite this and some generally positive trends in diet
composition, many Danes have intakes of sugar and saturated fat that
are too high: 65% of children and 35% of adults consume higher than
recommended sugar intakes and 80% of both adults and children have
intake of saturated fat that exceed dietary recommendations [16]. For
this reason, in October 2012, Danish government decided to introduce
a tax fat to saturate fat in Danish foods. The fat tax is a tax paid per
kilogram of saturated fat in the following foods if the content of saturated
fat exceeds 2.3 g/100 g. Corn oil has tax for the content of saturated fat
with a value between 8% and 15%. Gofman and Böhme, 2001 reported
content of fatty acids from 30 corn hybrids, the major fatty acids were
palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, whose contents were in the ranges
9.2-12.1%, 19.5-30.5%, and 53.0-65.3%, respectively [17]. Living style
is very important to human health and a good diet.
The content of oleic acid in olive oil is reported to have a value between
62% and 80% of oleic acid [18]. The oleic acid is recommended to
reduce cardiovascular risk [19-21]. Vegetal oils with a good proportion
of omega 3, 6, and 9 are recommended for their benefits for human
health.
Corn oil (Z. mays L.) is vegetal oil very used in the food industry for their
good composition of fatty acids. In development, countries are a good
alternative for cooking food for their low cost. Corn oil has high content
of omega 6 with a value of 52.68% but has a 12.57% of palmitic acid.
This study was supported by Universidad Técnica de Ambato,
Ecuador (Project CPU-1373-2014-UTA) and (Project Canje de Deuda
España-Ecuador). This work has been reviewed in the English edition
by Emilio Labrador.
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