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A revised family-level classification of the Polyporales ( Basidiomycota )
Abstract
Polyporales is strongly supported as a clade of Agaricomycetes, but the lack of a consensus higher-level classification within the group is a barrier to further taxonomic revision. We amplified nrLSU, nrITS and rpb1 genes across the Polyporales, with a special focus on the latter. We combined the new sequences with molecular data generated during the PolyPEET project and performed Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Analyses of our final 3-gene dataset (292 Polyporales taxa) provide a phylogenetic overview of the order that we translate here into a formal family-level classification. Eighteen clades are assigned a family name, including three families described as new (Cerrenaceae fam. nov., Gelatoporiaceae fam. nov., Panaceae fam. nov.) and fifteen others (Dacryobolaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Grifolaceae, Hyphodermataceae, Incrustoporiaceae, Irpicaceae, Ischnodermataceae, Laetiporaceae, Meripilaceae, Meruliaceae, Phanerochaetaceae, Podoscyphaceae, Polyporaceae, Sparassidaceae, Steccherinaceae). Three clades are given informal names (/hypochnicium,/climacocystis and/fibroporia+amyloporia). Four taxa (Candelabrochete africana, Mycoleptodonoides vassiljevae, Auriporia aurea and Tyromyces merulinus) cannot be assigned to a family within the Polyporales. The classification proposed here provides a framework for further taxonomic revision and will facilitate communication among applied and basic scientists. A survey of morphological, anatomical, physiological and genetic traits confirms the plasticity of characters previously emphasized in taxonomy of Polyporales.
... The order has long been the subject of research on taxonomic diversity, distribution patterns, and ecological functions (Hibbett et al. 2014). As of early 2024, more than 1,800 species are recognized in the order (Martinez et al. 2004;Martinez et al. 2009;Kirk et al. 2008;Grigoriev et al. 2013;Zhao et al. 2015;Justo et al. 2017). Due to its great diversity, the order is intensively studied worldwide (Justo et al. 2017). ...
... As of early 2024, more than 1,800 species are recognized in the order (Martinez et al. 2004;Martinez et al. 2009;Kirk et al. 2008;Grigoriev et al. 2013;Zhao et al. 2015;Justo et al. 2017). Due to its great diversity, the order is intensively studied worldwide (Justo et al. 2017). ...
... Polyporales is a large group of Basidiomycota with diverse morphology and phylogeny. There have been over 577 taxonomic proposals in the Polyporales and 2,183 publications with the keyword 'Polyporales' over the past decade (Binder et al. 2013;Justo et al. 2017). However, the species in the order are still not sufficiently investigated in Asia, especially in the subtropics and tropics (Li et al. 2016;Hyde 2022). ...
Two new species of Polyporales, Cerrena caulinicystidiata and Polyporus minutissimus, are illustrated and described on the basis of morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses from southern China and Vietnam. C. caulinicystidiata is characterized by annual, resupinate, sometimes effused-reflexed basidiocarps, greyish orange to brownish orange pore surface, irregular pores (3–8 per mm), a trimitic hyphal system, pyriform to ventricose cystidia, and subglobose basidiospores 3.2–4.5 × 2.8–3.5 µm in size. P. minutissimus is characterized by annual, solitary, fan-shaped with a depressed center or infundibuliform basidiocarps, obvious black stipe, cream to buff yellow pileal surface with glabrous, occasionally zonate and radially aligned stripes, angular pores (6–9 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and cylindrical basidiospores, 5–9.2 × 2.2–4 μm. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the two new species are provided. The differences between the two new species and their morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are discussed.
... Wood-inhabiting fungi are a cosmopolitan fungal group with a rich diversity in boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical vegetation, in which they degrade hard-to-digest substrates, such as lignin and cellulose that push the sustainable ecosystem cycle (Tedersoo et al. 2014, James et al. 2020. Polyporales is one of the most intensively studied clades of fungi (Justo et al. 2017). As major wood-inhabiting fungi, the species in Polyporales are of interest to both fungal ecologists and applied scientists (Justo et al. 2017). ...
... Polyporales is one of the most intensively studied clades of fungi (Justo et al. 2017). As major wood-inhabiting fungi, the species in Polyporales are of interest to both fungal ecologists and applied scientists (Justo et al. 2017). The species diversity, taxonomy, and phylogeny of Polyporales have been intensively studied in recent years, and the number of taxa has dramatically increased (Justo et al. 2017. ...
... As major wood-inhabiting fungi, the species in Polyporales are of interest to both fungal ecologists and applied scientists (Justo et al. 2017). The species diversity, taxonomy, and phylogeny of Polyporales have been intensively studied in recent years, and the number of taxa has dramatically increased (Justo et al. 2017. In previous research work, Polyporales contained about 1,800 species, 216 genera, and 13 families (Kirk et al. 2008), while the latest research showed that about 2,500 species, 285 genera, and 18 families were included in Polyporales (He et al. 2019). ...
Wood-inhabiting fungi are a cosmopolitan fungal group worldwide. Two new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Rhodoantrodia purpurascens and Steccherinum wumengshanense are proposed based on a combination of the morphological features and molecular evidence. Rhodoantrodia purpurascens is characterized by the corky basidiomata with a pale lilac to lavender pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. Steccherinum wumengshanense is characterized by the corticoid basidiomata having a white to cream hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamp generative hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Full descriptions, photo plates and phylogenetic analysis results of the new species are provided.
... Ce dernier genre est polyphylétique (LARSSON, 2007), et son démembrement n'est pas encore achevé. Idem pour le clade phlébioïde (LARSSON, 2007) auquel appartiennent les Phanerochaetaceae et les Meruliaceae, ensemble qui mérite d'être encore étudié pour préciser les délimitations et le contenu de ces deux familles(BINDER et al. 2013 ; FLOUDAS & HIBBETT, 2015 ;JUSTO et al., 2017). Sans le concours de la biologie moléculaire ou d'une vision élargie du genre Phlebia, il serait difficile de parvenir à identifier facilement Quasiphlebia densa, raison pour laquelle il nous a semblé intéressant de proposer une clé macroscopique (GRUHN & TRICHIES, 2024) qui aide les mycologues de terrain à appréhender ce groupe compliqué. ...
Les auteurs présentent la première récolte européenne de Quasiphlebia densa (Phanerochaeta-ceae, Polyporales), découverte en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Ces observations permettent de compléter la description de cette espèce qui n'était connue que par deux récoltes aupara-vant.-Abstract The authors present the first European collection of Quasiphlebia densa (Phanerochaetaceae, Polyporales), discovered in the French region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. These observations complete the description of this species, only known by two collections hitherto.
... Meanwhile, the family status of Panus has been changed several times and it has been placed in Agaricaceae, Polyporaceae, Tricholomataceae and Meruliaceae (Fries 1838;Imai 1938;Singer 1961aSinger , 1961bSinger , 1962Miller 1972;Douanla-Meli and Langer 2010;Zmitrovich and Kovalenko 2016). However, in recent years, the taxonomic status of Panus has been significantly changed again, due to phylogenetic studies and it has been upgraded to a separate family rank, Panaceae (Justo et al. 2017). Now, genus Panus could be clearly distinguished from the genus Lentinus because of its skeletal hyphae (Corner 1981;Pegler 1983). ...
Panus is a typical wood-rotting fungi, which plays considerable roles in ecosystems and has significant economic value. The genus Panus currently consists of more than 100 species; however, only eight species have been reported from China. This study aims to distinguish and describe two novel species from the Panus similis complex, namely Panus minisporus and Panus baishanzuensis, one new record species from Zhejiang Province, Panus similis and three common species, Panus conchatus, Panus neostrigosus and Panus rudis, based on detailed morphological and phylogenetic studies, relying on Chinese specimens. Panus minisporus is characterised by its reddish-brown pileus, decurrent lamellae with cross-veins, slender stipe, smaller basidiospores, wider generative hyphae and absence of sclerocystidia. Panus baishanzuensis is featured by its pileus with concentric and darker ring zone, decurrent lamellae with cross-veins, shorter stipe, longer basidiospores, diverse and shorter cheilocystidia and smaller sclerocystidia. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU) and translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef-1α) were employed to perform a thorough phylogenetic analysis for genus Panus and related genera, using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analysis. The results indicate that Panus minisporus and Panus baishanzuensis form two independent clades within the Panus similis complex themselves. Detailed descriptions, taxonomic notes, illustrations etc. were provided. In addition, a key to the reported species of Panus from China is also provided.
... Recently, many authors have undertaken consistent taxonomic revisions within Polyporales. For instance, Binder et al. [7] and Justo et al. [8] specified that the genera Climacocystis Kotl. & Pouzar and Diplomitoporus Domański exhibit an independent status in the phylogenetic analyses, and their familial placement remained uncertain [9] . ...
Polypores, as wood-rotting fungi, play a vital ecological role in breaking down the wood substrate, releasing crucial nutrients into the soil, shaping the carbon dynamics, and contributing to the overall health of the forest ecosystem. Despite their significance, the fungal diversity in the Hindu Kush region remains inadequately explored. This study collected specimens from district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan, a part of the Hindu Kush region. After a rigorous examination of the collected specimens for the morphoanatomical characteristics, the concatenated sequence dataset (ITS + nrLSU) derived from generated sequences along with valid and published reference sequences was subjected to phylogenetic analyses using different methods: maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. The study revealed two new species from the country, belonging to two polypores families i.e., Climacocystaceae and Fomitopsidaceae. Furthermore, the analysis confirmed the identification of Daedalea dickinsii Yasuda, Neoantrodia serialis (Fr.) Audet, and Rhodofomes roseus (Alb. & Schwein.) Kotl. & Pouzar as a new addition to the polypore inventory of Pakistan. These species received phylogenetic support and were proven to have corresponding morphological characteristics concerning pertinent original descriptions. The inclusion of these new wood-inhabiting fungi in the country's mycofloral list expands our understanding of fungal diversity, and distribution patterns, and contributes to global fungal biodiversity.
Polypores play a crucial role in energy recycling and forest regeneration in forest ecosystems. The majority of them are wood degraders; some are forest pathogens and others are ectomycorrhizal symbionts. The basidiocarps provide food and shelter for many organisms, mostly invertebrates, but also some vertebrates, as well as food and medicine for humans. Despite extensive research on the species diversity and phylogenetic relationships of polypores in recent years, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding of their distribution patterns and species composition at the large scale. Checklists of polypores from the tropical zone, including tropical Africa, tropical America, and tropical Asia, were analyzed for species diversity, distribution patterns, major taxa, and nutritional modes. A total of 1902 polypore species was found in the three regions, representing 8 orders, 46 families, and 250 genera of Agaricomycetes. The orders Polyporales (especially the family Polyporaceae) and Hymenochaetales (especially the family Hymenochaetaceae) had the most prolific taxa, with their species accounting for 93.4% of the total polypores listed. Each of 1565 (or 82.3%) of the total 1902 species were found in only one of the three regions studied, and we treat them temporarily as “regional endemic species”. Only 141 species were shared among all three regions, accounting for a mere 7.4%. Tropical Africa and tropical America had the greatest number of shared species and the highest Sørensen similarity index (SC) value. Tropical forests had a higher species richness compared with temperate to boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, and in addition, also a higher proportion of white rot polypores compared to brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. This study outlines the distribution patterns and species diversity of polypores in the world, shedding light on their ecological significance in diverse ecosystems.
Huishuhua (maitake) is a macrofungus with high edible and medicinal values in China. It was commonly recognized as Grifola frondosa. A total of 45 huishuhua samples from East Asia,
Europe and North America was analyzed on the basis of morphological and multi-gene phylogenetic methods. The results showed that highly supported clades of huishuhua samples were corresponding to each continent, indicating that genetic differences existed to a certain extent among strains from different regions. All huishuhua strains isolated from China nested in the East Asian clade. The European and North American clade members are not yet found in China. The East Asian huishuhua was described in Japan as G. albicans, and this has been once regarded as a synonym of G. frondosa. Because most wild and cultivated huishuhua in China has dark-colored pileus, a new form G. albicans f. huishuhua is thereby proposed. Holotype specimen
and extype strain of this form are designated (voucher specimen HBAU15778, voucher strain HBAU LM502).
This paper presents an annotated checklist of the Basidiomycota taxa (including lichenicolous fungi and the subdivision Pucciniomycotina) from the Azores archipelago and reviews the published records to account for their taxonomic status. The number of Basidiomycota species recorded in the Azores has increased considerably during the 20th century and now stands at 544 species. This study provides distribution data and includes changes in the nomenclature of the listed taxa. Sampling campaigns contributed to 116 new records of Basidiomycota for the Azores archipelago. In addition, there were new records for eight islands: 162 species found for the first time on São Miguel Island, 55 species new to Santa Maria Island, 33 species new to Flores Island, 15 species new to Terceira Island, 9 species new to Pico Island, 17 species new to São Jorge Island, 4 species new to Graciosa Island, and 2 species new to Corvo Island. The transformation of vegetation cover in the archipelago has been very drastic, and this is reflected in the presence of many foreign fungal species on the islands. From these data, we conclude that within Macaronesia, the diversity of Basidiomycota in the Azores is more similar to that in Madeira than in the Canary Islands.
A new monotypic polypore genus, Caudicicola Miettinen, Kotir. and Kulju, is described for the new species C. gracilis Kotir., Kulju and Miettinen. The species was collected in central Finland from Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris stumps, where it grew on undersides of stumps and roots. Caudicicola gracilis is characterized by very fragile basidiocarps, monomitic hyphal structure with clamps, short and wide tramal cells, smooth ellipsoid spores, basidia with long sterigmata and conidiogenous areas in the margins of the basidiocarp producing verrucose, slightly thick-walled conidia. The genus belongs to the residual polyporoid clade of the Polyporales in the vicinity of Steccherinaceae, but has no known close relatives.
We explored whether DNA-phylogeny-based and morphology-based genus concepts can be reconciled in the basidiomycete family Phanerochaetaceae. Our results show that macromorphology of fruiting bodies and hymenophore construction do not reflect monophyletic groups. However, by integrating micromorphology and re-defining genera, harmonization of DNA phylogeny and morphological genus concepts is possible in most cases. In the case of one genus (Phlebiopsis), our genetic markers could not resolve genus limits satisfactorily and a clear morphological definition could not be identified.
We combine extended species sampling, microscopic studies of fruiting bodies and phylogenetic analyses of ITS, nLSU and rpb1 to revise genus concepts. Three new polypore genera are ascribed to the Phanerochaetaceae: Oxychaetegen. nov. (type Oxyporus cervinogilvus), Phanerinagen. nov. (type Ceriporia mellea), and Riopa (including Ceriporia metamorphosa and Riopa pudenssp. nov.). Phlebiopsis is extended to include Dentocorticium pilatii, further species of Hjortstamia and the monotypic polypore genus Castanoporus. The polypore Ceriporia inflata is combined into Phanerochaete.
The identity of the type species of the genus Riopa, R. davidii, has been misinterpreted in the current literature. The species has been included in Ceriporia as a species of its own or placed in synonymy with Ceriporia camaresiana. The effort to properly define R. davidii forced us to study Ceriporia more widely. In the process we identified five closely related Ceriporia species that belong to the true Ceriporia clade (Irpicaceae). We describe those species here, and introduce the Ceriporia pierii group. We also select a lectotype and an epitype for Riopa metamorphosa and neotypes for Sporotrichum aurantiacum and S. aurantium, the type species of the anamorphic genus Sporotrichum, and recommend that teleomorphic Riopa is conserved against it.
The polypore genera Antrodiella, Junghuhnia and Steccherinum have been proven polyphyletic, and are here partly revised based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence. The new genera Antella Miettinen, Austeria Miettinen, Butyrea Miettinen, Citripora Miettinen and Trulla Miettinen & Ryvarden are described, and the poroid-hydnoid Metuloidea re-introduced. Two new species are described: Citripora bannaensis Miettinen from subtropical China and Trulla meridae Miettinen & Ryvarden from the Venezuelan Andes. Twenty-one new combinations in the above-mentioned genera and Steccherinum are made. Lectotypes are selected for Physisporus flavicans P. Karst. (= Butyrea luteoalba) and P. variecolor P. Karst. (= Trechispora hymenocystis).
Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the brown-rot fungi, Fomitopsis and its related genera, are carried out. On the basis of morphological characters and phylogenetic evidence of DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), six new genera, Fragifomes, Niveoporofomes, Piptoporellus, Rhodofomitopsis, Rubellofomes and Ungulidaedalea are established. Four new species, Buglossoporus eucalypticola, Daedalea allantoidea, Piptoporellus hainanensis and P. triqueter are descibed from China. Illustrated descriptions of the novel species are provided. Identification keys to Fomitopsis and its related genera, as well as keys to the species of each genus are provided.
Polyporoid and lentinoid fungi contain the important producers of substances having immunomodulatory, antitumoral, antiviral, and antihyperlipidemic effects. The discovery of several phylogenetic lines within the lentinoid-polyporoid continuum will help with target metabolomic analysis of species still not studied in pharmacological respects. The purpose of the present work was to increase a resolution in the lentinoid-polyporoid phylogenetic zone by means of selection of both the main representatives of Lentinus-related genera and poorly known/intermediate taxa such as Lentinus suavissimus, Neofavolus spp., and the resupinate part of Polyporus (genera Perenniporia and Pachykytospora) in the context of the basic structure of the Polyporales tree. The molecular phylogeny of highlighting all the polyporoid and lentinoid nodes was reconstructed using nLSU ITS rDNA and TEF datasets. The data obtained from ITS, TEF, and LSU coincide in support of core Polyporaceae of 10 clades corresponded to the generic level and 7 of these (Cerioporus, Cladomeris, Favolus, Lentinus, Neofavolus, Picipes, and Polyporus s.str.) contain generic units characterized by polyporoid or lentinoid morphotypes. The other 2 clades containing lentinoid taxa are outside the core Polyporaceae, namely Panus (Meruliaceae, Polyporales) and Neolentinus (Gloeophyllaceae, Gloeophyllales). A new genus, Picipes, is described and 25 new combinations are proposed.
Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of the Funalia gallica species complex and its related species were carried out. The phylogenetic analyses were based on datasets of either combined ITS, nrLSU and RPB2 sequences or single ITS sequences. The results reveal that at least four strongly hispid to strigose Funalia species can be recognised, i.e. the cosmopolitan F. trogii, Eurasian F. gallica, North American “F. gallica” and a new species F. subgallica discovered from tropical China. Morphologically, F. subgallica is characterised by its strongly hispid to strigose pileal surface, large pores (1–3 per mm) and basidiospores (11–15 × 4–5 μm).
Ceriporiopsis latemarginata and Antrodiella angulatopora are two Neotropical polypores that are very similar morphologically and are characterized by effused-reflexed basidiomes, large angular pores, small ellipsoid to ovoid basidiopsores and a monomitic hyphal system with presence of thick-walled hyphae with infrequent clamps. In order to verify the evolutionary relations of C. latermarginata and to find its taxonomic placement, morphological, biological and phylogenetic studies were carried out, as well as comparisons with Antrodiella s.s. and Ceriporiopsis s.s. Mono- and polysporic cultures were obtained and used for mating system and nuclear behavior studies, as well as for DNA sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit of ribosomal RNA gene, translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit-like gene. Type specimens of C. latemarginata and A. angulatopora were morphologically examined and their synonymy was confirmed. The results obtained support the description of a new polypore genus Rickiopora in the residual polyporoid clade characterized by a bipolar mating system, an astatocoenocytic nuclear behavior, and a monomitic hyphal system that display a metachromatic reaction in cresyl-blue.
We used sequence data from mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal DNA to infer phylogenetic relationships of the Polyporaceae. We examined 62 species representing 14 families of Aphyllophorales and Agaricales. Parsimony analyses of these sequences suggest that the Polyporaceae are polyphyletic. Higher order relationships are poorly resolved, but seven groups of species are generally well supported (as measured by bootstrapping) or are congruent with previous taxonomic hypotheses. Group 1 includes Polyporus s.str., seven other genera of Polyporaceae, Lentinus, and Ganoderma. Because this clade contains the type species of Polyporus, it may serve as the core for a future recircumscription of the Polyporaceae. Group 2 is morphologically and ecologically diverse, but all members have amyloid, ornamented spores (with the possible exception of Heterobasidion). This group includes Bondarzewia, Heterobasidion, Hericium, Echinodontium, Lentinellus, Auriscalpium, and Russula. Group 3 includes five exemplars of the Hymenochaetaceae, as well as Oxyporus and Trichaptum. Trichaptum and members of the Hymenochaetaceae are unusual among the holobasidiomycetes in their possession of imperforate parenthosomes. Group 4 represents the Boletaceae and includes Boletus and Suillus. Group 5 includes Bjerkandera, which is a polypore, and Pulcherricium and Phanerochaete, which are corticioid. In Group 5 the corticioid habit may have been derived by reduction. Group 6 includes Fomitopsis, Piptoporus, acid Daedalea, all of which are brown rot polypores with bipolar mating systems. Group 7 includes Laetiporus and Phaeolus. Laetiporus is classified in Polyporaceae, but Phaeolus has been placed in both the Polyporaceae and Hymenochaetaceae. In general, our results suggest that macromorphology is evolutionarily flexible, but that certain anatomical and physiological characters, while not free from homoplasy, contain clues to higher order relationships of polypores.
