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An Improved Microcontroller-Based Sensorless Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor Drive for Automotive Applications
Abstract
The direct back-electromotive-force (EMF) detection method previously described in a sensorless brushless dc (BLDC) motor-drive system (Proc. IEEE APEC, 2002, pp. 33-38) synchronously samples the motor back EMF during the pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) off time without the need to sense or reconstruct the motor neutral. Since this direct back-EMF-sensing scheme requires a minimum PWM off time to sample the back-EMF signal, the duty cycle is limited to something less than 100%. In this paper, an improved direct back-EMF detection scheme that samples the motor back EMF synchronously during either the PWM on time or the PWM off time is proposed to overcome the problem. In this paper, some techniques for automotive applications, such as motor-rotation detection, and current sensing are proposed as well. Experimental results are presented
... Engine temperature is regulated by mechanical pumps and valves in conventional vehicles, but in EVs, advanced techniques are required. Compared to traditional methods, electric motors provide faster cooling, consume less energy, and are easier to maintain [1], [2]. Electric motors are also suitable for EV applications with multiple cooling circuits due to the high number of components requiring heat control, such as the engine, batteries, and power electronic converters [3], [4]. ...
... As previously discussed, the PMSM model is utilized for flatness control. The unsaturated PMSM is regulated through Concordia and Park transformations, which leads to model described in (1). ...
... The nonlinear closed loop state-space presentation of the system for FOC control is described in (8) by calculating the V d and V q variables based on the state variables of the system and substituting in (1). ...
... This is the big jump of the BLDC 2 motor demand [6]. Moreover, the BLDC motor can produce high efficiency, and low noise of operation than other types of motors because the rotor part of the motor has permanent magnet can make the linearly magnetic flux line and smooth of current and voltage to effect of other noise from this motor [7]. ...
... The design calculation of the outer rotor BLDC motor can be used in following equation. In this motor can calculated into torque development equation in Tmax is the torque development of motor in Nm, P is number of poles, Bg is air gap flux density in the electrical degree of 120° in Wb/m 2 , Ic is current through a conductor in amperes, ns is the number of stator slot, L is conductor length in mm, Rinner is inner radius of stator in mm [7]; Tmax = 2 P Bg Ic ns L Ri n n e r (1) ...
Brushless Direct Current Motors are significantly improved for using many electrical applications. The design investigation is increased year by year and most of the motor design researchers find out the superior efficiency of the BLDC motor. The traditional motor consumed more electrical power than BLDC motor. The design of BLDC motors that are compact, small, easy to control, save energy and light weight. Due to this fact, the design of BLDC motor should be analyzed to improve the motor characteristics performance. The research focuses on the design of BLDC motor performance using Taguchi Method and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Finite Element Method (FEM). Firstly, the Taguchi Method is applied to identify the optimization point of design parameters and consider using the reference model of actual BLDC electric fan motor with a rated power of 26Watts design. Based on the Taguchi Method to create the RSM is used to two-step optimization design performance using in FEM analysis. The performances of motor design proposed approach to provide the effeteness for motor design investigator. In this investigation aims the better structural performances in output power, torque, efficiency and torque ripple. The final design of proposed model achieved an energy efficiency is 10% higher than the reference design of prototype modes, the output power result is 10W higher this reference design. We can reduce the loss of the proposed motor design. Furthermore, the maximum torque can also increase the 0.032Nm of that design. The design simulation results were produced and studied by the FEM analysis of JMAG software. From the evaluation results, the configurations of reference model design are compared with the proposed design by using the three methods of motor design optimization showed the best characteristics for performance of motor investigation design.
... This power consumption is one of the facts of global warming and climate change. The Paris Agreement, with Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), is aimed at contributing to carbon dioxide reduction [3], and we also supported the industrial process to replace the BLDC motor instead of using a traditional motor. The BLDC motors can be used in many electrical applications, such as electric fans, water pumping, rolling machines in various industries, and electric vehicles [4]. ...
... Increasing the demand for BLDC motors is a big jump [6]. Moreover, the BLDC motor can achieve higher efficiency and lower operation noise than other motors [3]. ...
Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors have seen significant improvements across various electrical applications. The growing focus on motor design research highlights the BLDC motor’s superior efficiency compared to traditional motors, which consume more power. BLDC motors are compact, lightweight, energy-efficient, and easy to control, making them ideal for modern applications. This study aims to enhance BLDC motor design and performance by employing the Taguchi method, Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and Finite Element Method (FEM) for multi-stage optimization. A 26-watt BLDC electric fan motor is the reference model for this study. The Taguchi method helps identify optimization points, guiding further enhancements in the second stage. The study proposes a design with improved output power, torque, and efficiency. The final design achieves a 15% higher energy efficiency than the reference model, with a 10 W increase in output power and a 0.032 Nm increase in maximum torque. The FEM analysis using JMAG software v 21.2 validates the proposed design, which shows improved configurations compared to the reference model, demonstrating the efficacy of the optimization techniques for BLDC motor design.
... In recent years, due to the rising awareness of environmental protection, electric motorcycles have gradually become the development focus. Permanent magnet brushless motors are widely used because of their benefits in maintenance, high power density, and simple control methods [1,2,3,4,5,6]. The three-phase full-bridge inverter with six active switches is the most common topology of the motor driver. ...
... An electrical cycle is divided into six conduction periods according to the Hall-effect sensors signals respective to the motor back electromotive force (EMF). In each conduction period, only two of the six switches in the inverter are activated [1,10,11,12]. However, the current ripple at the commutation instant between two normal conduction periods is unignorable [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. ...
An integrated permanent magnet (PM) brushless motor driver with commutation current ripple reduction strategy is proposed in this study. The speed control and commutation current ripple reduction can both be achieved by only adjusting the duty ratio of the main switch. The other six active switches controlled by low-frequency commutation signals determined from the Hall effect sensors. The operation principles of the driver in normal conduction period and commutation period are both analyzed. To reduce the commutation ripple current, a compensation strategy is also provided by modifying the main switch duty ratio. A 500W prototype of proposed driver for a PM brushless motor with a rated speed of 3000 rpm was constructed to verify the performance and validity. From the experimental results under different load and speed conditions, it can be seen that the current ripple in the commutation period can be greatly reduced up to about 50%.
... In [5] - [8], many PWM modulation techniques and terminal voltage sensing strategies have been described to obtain ZCP of back-emf waveform. These do not need a virtual neutral point and also have comparatively less filtering requirement. ...
... In [6] and [7], ZCP is detected during PWM OFF period. In the back-emf detection method discussed in [8], back-emf is sampled synchronously during either the PWM OFF time or ON time. In [9], ZCP is detected during both PWM OFF and ON period. ...
... There has been an explosion in applications due to this large growth. (3) Figure 1. BLDC motor market size estimations A variety of tasks, including lifting, cutting, and bracing, are well-suited to BLDC motors. ...
In the field of dynamic applications, specifically within automotive, pumping, and rolling sectors, there exists a noteworthy preference for the use of Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors. Projections show that, by the year 2030, BLDC motors are poised to supersede classic induction motors as the dominating force in industrial power transmission. This transformation, however, is accompanied by crucial issues and unresolved research challenges in the environment of BLDC motors.The core concern revolves around the dependability and endurance of BLDC motors. These motors presently encounter obstacles in achieving advanced fault tolerance, reduced electromagnetic interference, lowered acoustic noise, as well as mitigated flux and torque fluctuations. The path of closed-loop vector control emerges as a possible technique to address these challenges.In recent literature studies spanning the previous five years, a striking scarcity of exploration in the domain of BLDC motor controllers and design becomes clear. Furthermore, key areas such as the comparative study of existing vector control schemes, the increase of fault tolerance control, the attenuation of electromagnetic interference inside BLDC motor controllers, and other pivotal elements remain undiscovered. These research lacunae serve as a motivator for the undertaking of an intensive investigation to face the fundamental issues related with BLDC motors. BLDC motors have quickly become the motor of choice for electric vehicle (EV) applications due to the fact that they are reliable, simple, and energy efficient.This detailed survey goes deep into numerous sophisticated control strategies for BLDC motors. These encompass fault tolerance control, electromagnetic interference reduction, field orientation control (FOC), direct torque control (DTC), current shaping, input voltage control, intelligent control, drive-inverter topology, and the underlying operational principles aimed at the minimization of torque irregularities. Additionally, the study goes through the historical narrative of BLDC motors, the categorization of BLDC motor kinds, their structural complexity, mathematical modeling, and the standards that govern BLDC motor uses in varied industries.
... [4] Suggests using hall position sensors in a closed-loop system to regulate BLDC motor speed. Jianwen Shao [5] introduced a direct back-EMFsensing method in 2006, eliminating duty-cycle restrictions during high-side-switch PWM on-time. J. X. ...
ABSTRACT-This study focuses on assessing the performance of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller integrated with an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) in the context of speed regulation and harmonic reduction in Brushless DC (BLDC) motor applications. Rising BLDC motor speed elevates Total harmonic distortion (THD) due to non-linearity. THD reduction is vital for efficiency, reliability, and compliance in applications like electric vehicles, HVAC, and industrial automation, ensuring optimal performance and longevity. Through simulation-based design and implementation, the effectiveness of the ANFIS-PID controller is evaluated for achieving precise speed control and reducing harmonic distortions in a virtual environment. Various conventional control topologies are considered, with the ANFIS-PID controller demonstrating superior performance. The synergy of adaptive fuzzy logic and classic control components allows the ANFIS-PID controller to outperform others, particularly in dynamic conditions and varying motor characteristics, offering enhanced speed regulation and harmonic reduction in BLDC motor applications. Detailed simulations in MATLAB/Simulink software thoroughly assess the controller's dynamic response and its ability to accurately regulate BLDC motor speed while concurrently reducing harmonic distortions.
... This allows the user to choose an appropriate controller for the project to be performed. No matter what kind of project is being realized, one can find a proper controller for its requirements, e.g., a Radio-Controlled (RC) model, electric scooter, automotive industry application, or large control cabinet for a high-power BLDC motor [15][16][17][18][19]. Moreover, the constant improvement of microcontrollers ensures that a variety of hardware solutions are available on the market. ...
This paper deals with the application of a fuzzy-logic-based controller for a drive with a BLDC motor. Two main aspects of the work are presented in this paper. The first of them is focused on the design process of the fuzzy model. For this purpose, the rules of the applied fuzzy system are defined according to the Lyapunov function. The gain coefficients of the controller are optimized using the Chameleon Swarm Algorithm. Various issues and aspects were analyzed in the simulation tests (robustness against parameter changes, the influence of the controller parameters on the precision of control, stages of optimization, etc.). The presented work confirms the assumptions regarding precision and stable operation (also in the presence of changes in the object parameters—the mechanical time constants of the engine) in connection with the applied fuzzy speed controller. Moreover, the second part of the manuscript presents the low-cost power electronic device developed for laboratory tests. It uses STM32 ARM-based microcontrollers (state variable measurement, control algorithm calculation, control signal generation) and a Raspberry Pi 4B microcomputer (control application—reference value and parameter definition). The experiment performed for the control structure—an electric drive with a BLDC motor—verified the theoretical considerations.
... The primary devices based on PM technology are PM synchronous motors (PMSMs) fed by sine wave current and PMBLDC motors fed by square wave current [2]. PMBLDCs are getting more attraction because of their extraordinary efficacy, longer lifespan, quieter working, good dynamic response, and minimum maintenance [3][4][5][6][7]. ...
... Figure 1 shows the permanent magnet rotor (moving component) and stator windings make up a BLDC motor (fixed part). The brushless DC motor is an AC synchronous motor without brushes or commentators [16]- [19]. It has a compact form, noiseless operation, long operation life, and high efficiency, unlike DC motors. ...
Due to its key advantages of top performance, strong torque, and simple volume, brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are now extensively employed in a variety of industrial sectors, including the automotive industry, robotics, and electrical vehicles. Yet, in some circumstances, it can be challenging to use speed control techniques for specific devices. The major goal of this work is to use a proportional integral derivative (PID) converter to regulate the speed characteristics of BLDC. PID converter is preferred over all other converters because of its straightforward design and straightforward implementation. Using MATLAB simulation results are verified at different reference speed changing conditions, the motor input current and back electromotive force (EMF) values are verified. The speed and torque characteristics are verified during steady and transient state conduction.
... Each phase of this motor is supplied by means of inverter or switching mode power supply through a closed loop controlling technique. The absence of slip rings leads to improving the efficiency, reliability and power factor [1].The position feedback requirement for a BLDC motor is much simpler compared to PMSM as it requires ceaseless and momentary absolute rotor position. In a BLDC motor the conventional method of position estimation involves only the six active voltage vectors with which it is modeled resulting saving in the major cost in the feedback sensor [2]. ...
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are becoming an engaging alternative to DC and Induction motors. Various types of control strategies like direct vector control and indirect vector controls are illustrated for variable speed Alternating current drives. When those control strategies are applied to the proposed drive, there are certain drawbacks like instability, sensitive to parameter variations, etc. In this work, in order to get rid of the above difficulties, a design methodology is proposed in the closed loop control of BLDC drive, in which there is an instinctive flexibility to produce the required torque for various possible set of currents. Using this methodology we can attain better control over the drive. A suitable nonlinear and a robust controller makes the drive robust, which in turn makes the system insensitive to the parameter variations and increases the degree of stability. Robust control is a technique, which can precisely deals with uncertainty. These control techniques are used to accomplish robust performance and stability in the existence of bounded modeling errors. This paper gives more information regarding the design features of BLDC motor using MATLAB software.
... For example, Iizuka et al. [10] An application of motional-EMF sensing in a brushless drive for an automotive fuel pump has been presented by Shao et al. [11], who overcame the starting problem with an experimentally determined open-loop excitation ramp. Same author has presented a paper on the methods for the microcontroller to detect the motor rotation and the current sensing method for protection with out current sensing resistor [12]. Toliyat et al. [13] described position sensing in a surface-mount magnet machine with insignificant saliency. ...
The operation of a brushless permanent-magnet machine requires rotor-position information, which is used to control the frequency and phase angle of the machine's winding currents. Sensorless techniques for estimating rotor position from measurements of voltage and current have been the subject of intensive research. This paper reviews the state of the art in these sensorless techniques, which are broadly classified into three types: motional electromotive force, inductance, and flux linkage. Index Terms-Brushless machines, estimation, permanent magnet (PM) machines, position measurement, reviews.
... The benefits are main processor operation decreases, but this method doesn't have synchronization between phase current and back-EMF. One more way of sensor-less scheme is using un-energized phase voltage for detecting the cross over point of motional EMF [12]- [14]. It is also called indirect estimation of back-EMF which is most commonly implemented sensor-less control scheme. ...
Recent power sector targets on cleaner and sustainable generation and distribution system. This can be done by improving DC based applications for low voltage DC residential homes. During summer air cooling systems are very much useful in reducing the room temperature. Brushless-DC (BLDC) motors are best suited these days as electric motors of fans and air cooling systems with very low power utilization and many other reasons like lesser maintenance, compact and huge gain of torque to volume ratio etc., the control of BLDC motor classified mainly of two types sensor scheme and sensor-less schemes. This paper presents simulation and analysis of two control schemes for BLDC motor drive for air cooling system. The BLDC drive system was developed in MATLAB for both sensor and sensor-less schemes and simulated for different loading conditions.
... However, the direct back-EMF sensing scheme needs a minimum PWM 'off' time, the duty cycle is less than 100% which is required in many automotive applications. Shao (Shao, 2006) presented an improved back-EMF detection scheme for DC motor drives in automotive applications. The back-EMF is sampled concurrently during either the PWM 'on' time or the PWM 'off' time to overcome the problem associated with 'off' time sampling earlier reported. ...
The ubiquity of DC motor in industrial, and home applications makes it one of the most important components in various categories of machines. The unending demands for automation in appliances productions have led to continuing efforts aimed at advancing simpler, cost-effective, and efficient DC motor drive to take maximum advantage of its performance. A simple but robust bidirectional DC motor drive has been presented in this work. The PWM technique is used to generate pulses signals which are used to vary the speed of the motor. The device is designed to run bi-directionally, and the H-bridge was used to control the direction of the DC motor.
... The converter switching sequence at initial position are more complex, when the motor runs backwards. The sensor-less controllers are made for measuring stator winding current flow caused by the direction of magnets to get the position of rotor [16][17][18]. BLDCM has numerous advantages but has the biggest disadvantage of having high cost in comparison to the regular DC motor that uses brushes for commutation, because of the use of an inverter and microcontrollers to get rid of the brushes used in regular DC motor. The most common comparison of the BLDCM is with PMSM, the speed adjusting performance and power density of the BLDCM is high compared to PMSM. ...
The electric vehicle traction of Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDCM) is better from other electric machines due to its magnetic flux linkage, power to weight ratio and so on. The conventional Field Orientation Control (FOC) scheme with sensor for BLDCM has few shortcomings like deviation of current and thrust characteristics. In this paper, we have proposed a sensor less FOC for BLDCM. The back emf and speed of machine are estimated using slide mode controller which is given as a feedback to the motor controller part. The results are observed by varying reference speed which results in controlling the speed of machine accordingly. The results are verified by simulation and experimental evaluation. Simulation is done through MATLAB 2020a software and the experimental evaluation is done through Altair Embed Emulator which controls the BLDCM.
... The motion controller can be implemented in a microcontroller [14]- [17], digital signal processor (DSP) [18], or field-programmable gate array (FPGA) [13], [19]. The rotor position can be calculated using the information from the Hall sensors [14], [18]- [20] or electromotive force (back-EMF) [15], [16], [21]- [23]. While the 3-phase inverter is principally formed by three half-bridge circuits [10]. ...
p>This research is focused on the design and implementation of an electronic circuit for commuting a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor and its data acquisition system, as well as conducting experiments on them. We propose a drive circuit using two modules, each consist of a dual H-bridge, that are cheap and can be easily obtained. Two different commutation methods, namely six-step and sine-wave commutations, are applied. Each of these implements a different way for its open-loop speed control, i.e., a voltage-controlled-current-source is implemented along with the six-step commutation and the step duration approach is implemented along with the sine-wave commutation. The experiment data are acquired using a developed desktop application. Some experiment results lead us to find that, on its own, both commutation methods have a narrow range of speed. Nevertheless, if both methods are used together, this range can be increased. Also, the relation between speed and its controlling signals for both methods are shown.</p
... The switching frequencies are used for many IGBTs that rely on a feedback device to restrict power switches. This is accomplished by replacing the two-level torque controller with a three-level torque controller [4]. Torques ripples reduction method for BLDC drives varied in a linear manner IVSC in [5,6]. ...
The wide torque ripple of BLDC machines is a major drawback that restricts their use in dynamic performance for motor speed drives. Average torque control algorithm and a fuzzy logic technique are used in this investigation. The torque ripple mitigation mechanism is the focus of this proposed research for a brushless DC motor detecting the back electromotive force (EMF). To produce the excitation field rotor position exploring the information, no sophisticated observer is required. Hall effect sensors are not used in this system to determine the rotor direction; instead, the voltage and current are taken as the feedback. MATLAB/Simulink is used to simulate the proposed method. The results of simulations show that the proposed approach is capable of reducing torque ripples, major lower harmonics, and increasing device stability.KeywordsBLDCTorqueTopologyRipple reductionInverter
... The BLDC motors global market is expected to reach a size of 15.2 billion USD by 2025, from an estimated 9.6 billion USD by 2020 as illustrated in Fig.1. The enormous growth of this machine has lured several applications [3]. Depending on the purpose of applications such as static or dynamic, BLDC motors provide a good response. ...
Brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are mostly preferred for dynamic applications such as automotive industries, pumping industries, and rolling industries. It is predicted that by 2030, BLDC motors will become mainstream of power transmission in industries replacing traditional induction motors. Though the BLDC motors are gaining interest in industrial and commercial applications, the future of BLDC motors faces indispensable concerns and open research challenges. Considering the case of reliability and durability, the BLDC motor fails to yield improved fault tolerance capability, reduced electromagnetic interference, reduced acoustic noise, reduced flux ripple, and reduced torque ripple. To address these issues, closed-loop vector control is a promising methodology for BLDC motors. In the literature survey of the past five years, limited surveys were conducted on BLDC motor controllers and designing. Moreover, vital problems such as comparison between existing vector control schemes, fault tolerance control improvement, reduction in electromagnetic interference in BLDC motor controller, and other issues are not addressed. This encourages the author in conducting this survey of addressing the critical challenges of BLDC motors. Furthermore, comprehensive study on various advanced controls of BLDC motors such as fault tolerance control, Electromagnetic interference reduction, field orientation control (FOC), direct torque control (DTC), current shaping, input voltage control, intelligent control, drive-inverter topology, and its principle of operation in reducing torque ripples are discussed in detail. This paper also discusses BLDC motor history, types of BLDC motor, BLDC motor structure, Mathematical modeling of BLDC and BLDC motor standards for various applications.
... The Brushless DC (BLDC) motor has been implemented in various application due to its numerous advantages likes, higher efficiency, steady-state response, high reliability, small size, and low-cost maintenance etc., [Cui, C. et al., 2015;Shao, J., 2006]. Nowadays, BLDC motor is very demanding due to electric vehicle market. ...
This article represents the torque ripple performance of modular multilevel converter (MMC) fed brushless dc (BLDC) motor using different current control technique. For reducing the ripple current in BLDC motor, a phase-modulated model predictive control (PMMPC) technique has been proposed. The stator ripple current is almost negligible using PMMPC. This PMMPC current control method is a significant minimization of torque ripple in BLDC motor. A comparative torque ripple behaviour of MMC fed BLDC motor has been done using phase-modulated model predictive control, model predictive control (MPC) and proportional integral (PI) control at different switching frequency. It has been observed that a PMMPC current control technique is more efficient as compared to the MPC as well as PI current control technique. It has also been observed that the torque ripple performance is improved while using PMMPC as compared to the MPC and PI controller. Simulation results have been verified with the help of experimental result and these results are obtained in good agreement to the simulated results.
... The BLDC motors are the most preferred motors for the electric vehicle application due to its traction characteristics and high speed [13]. However, the ripple torque and core losses of the BLDC motor are very high, making it unsuitable for high performance applications. ...
... For the last several years brushless DC motor is widely used in UAV, household robot, industrial robot industry, especially small brushless DC motor, which needs different adaptability for different application environment [3,4]. High tolerance error performance, high reliability and high safety have become the research hotspot of BLDC motor [1]. ...
... The permanent magnetic synchronous machines (PMSMs) have been extensively used in the vehicle powertrains (Naseri et al. 2017;Shah et al. 2010;Zhang et al. 2016), mainly due to its high efficiency, high torque and low maintenance (Daya et al. 2015;Lee et al. 2016;Shao 2006). Generally, the PMSMs are classified in accordance with the back-EMF waveform, which can be sinusoidal or nonsinusoidal. ...
This paper presents a sensorless control strategy for non-sinusoidal permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) based on a positive sequence detector + phase-locked loop (PSD+PLL) approach. The non-sinusoidal characteristic of the back-EMF results in oscillations when the speed and position are estimated through conventional methods. The proposed approach estimates the back-EMF using a Luenberger observer on stationary reference frame. Furthermore, a PSD is built using a dual second-order generalized integrator (DSOGI), which is tuned in the synchronous frequency estimated by the PLL and is employed to calculate the observed back-EMF fundamental component. Thus, it is possible to re-reduce the back-EMF harmonic content through the proposed scheme. The PLL is adjusted by a PI mechanism and the gain design is performed using pole-placement. The design analysis is also presented and the constrains regarding the PLL natural frequency and damping ratio are investigated. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed sensorless control scheme allows the position and speed to be properly estimated even in a machine with non-sinusoidal back-EMF.
... Assim, devido às suas diversas vantagens, a BLDC se torna interessante para uma larga escala de aplicações, como o acionamento de bombas hidráulicas [4], [5], operação de drones [3], indústria aeroespacial [6], [7], sistemas de controle de processos industriais [8], sistemas de elevadores verticais [9] e acionamento de veículos elétricos [10], [11], [12], [13]. ...
O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo e comparação de dois algoritmos para a redução do ripple de torque de máquinas BLDC. Devido às suas características, como a forma de onda da força contra-eletromotriz, e dificuldade em sintetizar correntes retangulares, pode-se resultar na presença de ripple de torque quando a máquina BLDC é acionada. Para reduzir este ripple de torque, vários estudos são encontrados na literatura. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo apresenta a comparação de dois métodos para redução do ripple de torque de máquinas BLDC. Resultados de simulação são apresentados para demonstrar as vantagens de cada técnica.
... The construction and working of DC motor are shown in Fig. 4. The DC bias of 12 V is given to DC motor, which is limited by resistor and fed to timer IC; here, diode protects the motor from back electromotive force [15]. The timer IC produces a timing pulse at pin 3 relies upon VR1 and C2 components, and this timing pulse controls the MOSFET consequently the engine associated through MOSFET is controlled, and the beat yield from IC 555 has the control of DC engine speed, by changing the pulse span we can control the speed of DC engine [16]. ...
Negative impacts from the dominant use of petroleum-based transportation have propelled the globe toward electrified transportation. Toward overcoming it, here proposed to design an efficient dynamic induction charging vehicle for the future road transportation in view of pollution-free environment. To charge the vehicle while driving without any mechanical contact used electric motors, boost converter, battery packs, smart switching system, alternators and microcontroller. Self-charging electric vehicle is designed and developed and it is in the working condition capable of carrying or taking a load up to 500 kg by the motor.
Particularly for automobiles, the global automotive industry is expanding quickly. One of the most often used forms of transportation in Indonesia is the automobile. A variety of cars, including MPVs, SUVs, City Cars, and Sedans, each with the sophistication and benefits of its own type, are being supplied by producers of four-wheeled vehicles. With a focus on sustainability and minimalism, designers create designs for city cars. This essay's goal is to examine how the environmentally friendly City Car is used in cities. The writing uses analytic techniques, design sketches, and three-dimensional visual representations.
In this paper, a novel multi-input high gain (MIHG) DC-DC converter with PV and battery as inputs is proposed for minimization of commutation torque ripple in BLDC motor. The operation which is degrading the motor efficiency and overall performance mostly depends on speed and transient of line current in the commutation interval. For maintaining the outgoing and incoming phase currents, which are changing at the same rate during commutation phenomenon, a MIHG circuit topology and a dc link voltage management approach were used with brushless dc motor, which helps in mitigation of torque ripples while keeping speed constant. The dc link voltage control strategy is applied in the proposed (MIHG) converter for controlling voltage source inverter (VSI) input. The proposed topology is compared with boost and buck-boost which gives better torque ripple reduction during commutation and high voltage gain. Finally, simulation MATLAB/Simulink and experimental findings using dSpace 1104 microcontroller is used to obtained results, in comparison to buck, buck-boost dc-dc converter, the proposed method can obtain the output voltage=300V, which can drive the BLDC motor suitable for E-rickshaw application. Index Terms-Brushless dc (BLDC), Commutation, Dc link voltage, DC-DC converter, Multi-Input and high gain (MIHG).
An external rotor brushless direct current (BLDC) motor for a light electric vehicle (EV) was designed in this study. The slot/pole ratio was chosen as 24/22 and the power of the motor is 2 kW. Motor's boundary dimensions, magnet thickness, stator winding type, number of winding turns, stator tooth structure, and tooth thickness were determined. Electromagnetic analyses were performed to determine the optimal design, and motor output values were verified. Rated output torque and rated output speed were achieved 17.27 Nm and 1105 rpm respectively. After the cover, body, and shaft designs were completed in accordance with the final design, the motor prototype was produced.
This work proposes a control scheme for tuning a neural network (NN) with a multi-objective optimizer in order to reduce the torque ripple and losses of a non-sinusoidal PMSM driver over a wide speed operation range. To achieve these goals, the neural network structure and the cost functions are defined, then a virtual machine running in cloud service massively executed the optimization algorithm to obtain several sets of dominant gains and the most appropriate one has been picked. Using these gains and feeding the inputs, the NN is able to add disturbances in both currents and voltages in dq current control loops, allowing torque ripple mitigation. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the reduction in torque ripple and the losses when compared with approaches using only SPWM or DPWM.
The development of parameter independent position sensor free control of permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor is one of the most challenging tasks. A motor parameter independent parametric observer based electronic commutation control is developed here without using rotor position sensor. The effect of motor parameter variation along with the change of motor, on electronic commutation control without using the rotor position sensor is considered as the disruption parameter for the developed control algorithm to mitigate the external disruption. Mitigation of control loop disturbances is done using the parametric observer based feedback control. A hybrid maximum power extraction algorithm using traverse and incremental conductance is implemented here for effective solar maximum power extraction. The implemented parametric observer motor invariant (POMI) based position sensor free control algorithm is verified using experimental process. Performance of the implemented POMI control is observed better in performance in comparison with the conventional position sensor free control as parametric variation is not considered in conventional control. The solution proves to be the best fit for any type of BLDC motor based water pumping solution irrespective of the pump configuration.
This paper presents the torque ripple analysis of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor. This torque ripple is generated by generating the ripple in the stator current. For reducing the ripple, a phase-modulated model predictive current control strategy has been implemented in an MMC-fed BLDC motor. The performance of the torque ripple of the BLDC motor is enhanced by using the proposed phase-modulated model predictive control (PMMPC) technique as compared to the model predictive control (MPC) and proportional-integral (PI) controller. Moreover, the performance of the torque ripple is enhanced by increasing the switching frequency for all controllers. A comparative analysis of the torque ripple of the BLDC motor is depicted for different current control and different switching frequency. A harmonic distribution is also shown for all control techniques at switching frequencies of 1, 5, and 10 kHz. The harmonic content is minimum for the PMMPC technique when compared to the other mentioned control technique. The experimental validation of simulation results has also been done here.
This article proposes a novel drivetrain design of a solar-powered e-rickshaw with the controller. Hall-Effect position sensorless brushless dc (BLDC) motor drive often suffers from delayed commutation at high speed and even at low speed, conventional control does not work well due to low magnitude of back EMF. Here, the proposed sensorless control with commutation error compensation is implemented, which drives the motor over the entire range. A simple commutation error compensation algorithm is designed to detect the freewheeling pulses, reducing the control complexity for low-cost EV application and eliminating low pass filter requirement. Moreover, a zero-crossing detection (ZCD) algorithm is suggested, which inherently compensates the delay and removes the need of any additional phase compensator. A fixed delay digital filter is used to eliminate any unwanted spikes in ZCD circuit. For effective MPPT control, a modified Landsman converter is used, which provides ripple-free current at output and reduces the requirement of ripple filter at front end. The BLDC motor drive is capable of energy regeneration, which reduces the range anxiety for EV. The solar energy and the battery ensure that the vehicle never runs out of power irrespective of the climate conditions. The average distance covered by the vehicle on a single charge is improved
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This article provides an overview of the evolution of metamaterials (MTM) and all the aspects related to metamaterial development for antenna applications. It will be a useful collection of information for antenna researchers working in metamaterials applications. It gives an insight into the various metamaterial structures utilized along with miniature antenna designs. Different types of design parameters studied by the previous researchers are showcased to understand better perception of the metamaterial usage.
The limitation of the commonly used back-emf sensorless detection technique is that it is not possible to control the speed of the BLDC motor over a wide speed range as required in electric vehicles. In particular, it is not possible to control at low speeds due to the presence of noise signals near pulse width modulated (PWM) back-emf zero-crossing points at low speeds. Therefore, the duty-cycle of direct sensorless back-emf technique is limited to less than 100% since a minimum turn-off time is required to get the sample of back-emf and apply control action. In this paper, a microcontroller-based enhanced PWM back-emf zero-crossing detection method is proposed to control the speed of the BLDC motor over a wide speed range. The experimental results are presented in this paper for validation.
This paper presents the design procedure of a high-performance sensorless control strategy for the widely used brushless DC (BLDC) motors. Generally, conventional sensorless techniques are based on detecting the zero-crossing instants (ZCP) of the back electromotives forces (back-EMFs) of the three phases. These methods, although widely adopted and marketed on an industrial level, involve many limitations such as filtering delays, difficulty to operate at low speeds and immunity against Electromagnetic Interferences (EMI). In this paper, the main objective is to develop a sensorless control technique integrally independent from the zero-crossing points of the back-EMFs. In the proposed method, a zero-delay adaptive filter was used to extract the fundamental and the quadrature components of the line-to-line voltage of the motor. Then, the Synchronous Reference Frame Phase Locked Loop (SRF-PLL) is used to estimate the electrical angle of phase-to-phase back-EMF along with the rotor speed. The conventional SRF-PLL was implemented using a second-order loop filter (type-3 PLL) in order to improve synchronization performances and for better rejection of voltage spikes induced in motor phases during commutations. The benefits of the control technique are brought to light through simulation results. An experimental prototype was designed to confirm the validity of the proposed method.
The brushless DC motor (BLDC) is a low cost, reliable and efficient motor for low power applications. In general, the speed, torque and current of the BLDC motor are controlled using a well tuned PI controller in the inner and outer control loops. This controller will be effective in reducing the dynamic speed error, but will produce large current ripples. This reference current when given to the inner control loop and controlled using hall-effect position sensing technique, leads to comparatively large ripples in the torque. Because of large dynamic behavior of dc link voltage when nominal rating capacitor is used, there will be torque ripples and reduction in rotor speed from the reference current value. Hence, to mitigate this torque ripples in BLDC motor a fast acting adjustable dc link voltage like chopper is generally used. The effective dc link voltage control with voltage boosting and controlling action is observed with Y-source converter and is compared with a Z-source converter in this paper. The Y-source converter is designed in such a way that, it will effectively control the speed and also produces lesser current ripples reference. Further, the inverter topology uses a six switch basic configuration but with a new switching strategy. The results are compared with a Z-source converter with the proposed Y-source converter under variable load torque and variable speed cases in MATLAB/ SIMULINK environment. It is found that, the torque ripples are reduced effectively without much change in the reference speed. Also, even at higher rotor speeds, the torque ripples and surges are also lesser.
Introduction
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In the sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor control system, the commutation signal is the key to measure the system performance. To improve the commutation accuracy, a commutation compensation strategy based on terminal voltage reconstruction is proposed. By analyzing the commutation process, the integral of ideal terminal voltage is adopted to determine the commutation error. Then considering the voltage clamping of the freewheel diode, the actual terminal voltage is analyzed in different periods. In the non-commutation period, a PWM cycle is divided into three regions, and the corresponding duration can be calculated by floating phase current, and then the equality of actual and ideal terminal voltage integrals is revealed. In the commutation period, the instantaneous value of back-electromotive force (back-EMF) at commutation point is used to construct the ideal terminal voltage and the commutation time is determined by the edge detection. In this way, the integral of terminal voltage can be calculated precisely. Then the error index is introduced and the relationship between the commutation error and the error index is presented. To eliminate the commutation error, the PI controller is adopted which outputs the compensation angle. The proposed strategy avoids the phase shift errors and the accumulation of integral errors, moreover the feasibility and effectiveness are verified by simulations and experiments under different conditions. In addition, the strategy can also be used to correct the installation error of Hall sensor.
In this paper, the three-phase inverter power efficiency of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive is analyzed theoretically and verified experimentally. An inverted pulsewidth modulation driving scheme has higher power efficiency than a conventional six-step driving scheme, particularly under low rotor speed due to less diode conduction power loss of Sync metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). However, the difference in the power efficiency decreases as the rotor speed increases; for a rotor speed above 1000 r/min, the difference in the power efficiency is negligible. In addition, the power efficiency of the inverted driving scheme drops further than one for the conventional six-step driving scheme with sampling frequency increase. It is due to the additional switching power loss of Sync MOSFET. The theoretical analysis of power loss in a three-phase inverter verifies the experimental results.
The direct back EMF detection method previously described (J. Shao, et al., 2002) synchronously samples the motor back EMF during PWM "off" time without the need to sense or reconstruct the motor neutral in a sensorless BLDC motor drive system. Since this direct back EMF sensing scheme requires minimum PWM "off" time to sample the back EMF signal, the duty cycle can't reach 100%. Also in some applications, e.g. high inductance motors, the long settling time of a parasitic resonant between the motor inductance and the parasitic capacitance of power devices can cause false zero crossing detection of back EMF. In this paper, an improved direct back EMF detection scheme which samples the motor back EMF synchronously during PWM "on" time is proposed to overcome the problems. In the final system, the motor back EMF can be detected during PWM "off' time at start-up and low speed, and it is detected during PWM "on" time at high speed. With the combination of the original and the improved back EMF sensing scheme, the duty cycle can be extended to 100% duty cycle, and the impact of the parasitic resonant between motor inductance and the power device capacitance can be minimized. Experimental results verify the analysis
Improved back EMF detection circuits for low voltage/low speed and high voltage sensorless BLDC motor drives are presented in this paper. The improvements are based on the direct back EMF sensing method from our previous research work described in reference, which describes a technique for directly extracting phase back EMF information without the need to sense or re-construct the motor neutral. The reference method is not sensitive to switching noise and requires no filtering, achieving much better performance than traditional back EMF sensing scheme. A complementary PWM (synchronous rectification) is proposed to reduce the power dissipation in power devices for low voltage applications. In order to further extend the sensorless BLDC system to lower speed, a pre-conditioning circuit is proposed to amplify the back EMFs at very low speed. As a result, the brushless DC motor can run at lower speed with the improved back EMF sensing scheme. On the other hand, another improved detection circuit is presented for high voltage applications to overcome the delaying problem caused by large sensing resistors. The detailed circuit models are analyzed and experimental results verify the analysis.
A novel back EMF detection method for sensorless BLDC motor drives
without the motor neutral point voltage information is presented in this
paper. The true phase back EMF signal can be directly obtained from the
motor terminal voltage by properly choosing the PWM and sensing
strategy. As a result, the method proposed is not sensitive to switching
noise, no filtering is required, and good motor performance is achieved
over a wide speed range. The detailed circuit model is analyzed and
experimental results verify the analysis and demonstrate advantages of
the new technique
This paper describes an indirect sensing, or sensorless, method for the rotor flux position in permanent magnet (PM) AC motors operating in a wide speed range, while keeping maximum torque per current and/or maximum efficiency capabilities. The method of indirect sensing the rotor flux position proposed here is particularly applicable to trapezoidal back EMF type of PM AC motors. For these types of motors, the open circuit stator phase voltages, also called back EMF, have a trapezoidal shape that contain fundamental and higher order frequency harmonics. In particular, the third harmonic component is extracted from the stator phase voltages while the fundamental and other polyphase components are eliminated via a simple summation of the three phase voltages. The resulting third harmonic signal keeps a constant phase relationship with the rotor flux for any speed and load condition, and is practically free of noises that can be introduced by the inverter switching, making this a very robust sensing method
The fundamentals of starting are investigated, and the development
of an algorithm based on such an understanding is reported. The proposed
algorithm is simulated, working with a full-wave inverter-controlled
permanent-magnet DC brushless (PMDCBL) motor drive system. The
simulation flowchart and results are described. Experimental results
validating the starting algorithm are provided
A four-quadrant brushless electronically commutated motor (ECM)
drive is presented which provides high-quality torque control without
discrete current sensors or a rotor position sensor. Rotor position
feedback is developed by extracting sufficient information from the
motor back-EMF voltage waveforms, and current feedback is provided by
current sensors integrated into MOS-gated power switches (MOSFETs or
IGBTs). Controller parts count is minimized using a custom VLSI chip
which performs the rotor position sensing, pulse-width-modulated (PWM)
current regulation, and various protection functions. The interface
between the low-power logic and inverter power switches is accomplished
using a high-voltage integrated circuit (HVIC) gate-driver for each of
the three phase legs. Experimental results using a compact prototype ECM
drive card are presented which demonstrate the desired four-quadrant
performance without discrete sensors
The microcomputer control of a brushless motor without a shaft position sensor is studied. A method which permits the determination of the permanent magnet rotor position by the back electromotive force (EMF) induced in the stator windings and the starting technique which uses the motor as a synchronous motor at standstill are explained. The motor voltage is chopped by commutator transistors to change the motor speed. The control system consists of a 4-b single-chip microcomputer and two quad-comparators.
This paper presents a novel back-electromotive-force (EMF) detection method for sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive systems. By this method, a true back-EMF signal can be directly extracted for each phase without sensing the neutral point of the motor. The method proposed is not sensitive to switching noise and requires no filtering. Good motor performance is achieved over a wide speed range as well. This novel sensing scheme is implemented into a hardware macro cell inside a mixed-signal microcontroller. The proposed microcontroller-based sensorless BLDC drive system has been successfully applied to automotive fuel-pump applications, which require high reliability and intelligence at a low cost.
Sensorless Control of AC Motor Drives
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Microcomputer control for sensorless brushless motor
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