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Galemys 22 (nº especial): 359-374, 2010
ISSN: 1137-8700
359
GIS-BASED RANGE AND LONG-TERM MONITORING OF
AMUR GORAL IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST
INNA VADIMOVNA VOLOSHINA & ALEXANDER IVANOVICH MYSLENKOV
Lazovsky State Nature Reserve, Lazo, Primorsky Krai, 692980, Russia
ABSTRACT
The use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for analysis of large quantity of wildlife
data is very important in the study of rare species. The Amur Goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus Milne-
Edwards, 1867) population monitoring took place from 1954 to 2008 in the Sikhote-Alin State
Nature Reserve and from 1947 to 2008 in Lazovsky State Nature Reserve. The database consists
of 1.808 observations of goral in Sikhote-Alin Reserve and 1.152 observations of goral in Lazovsky
Reserve. The database was grouped by decades and used the tag method for making image of
range. We used Arc View GIS 3.3 for constructing the goral range. The map of scale 1: 100 000
was base for plotting of X and Y coordinates. We constructed the 6 maps representing 10 year
periods (1951-2008). In 1960’s the goral range in the Southern and Central Sikhote-Alin was
very small and occupied only the coast of the Sea of Japan. After foundation of Zheleznyakovsky
Refuge in 1976 to the north from natural boundary of maternal grouping (Abrek Mt.), gorals
started to move gradually on its rocks. Goral breeding in Refuge began in the 1980s. Thus, we
can ascertain occurrence of two affiliated groupings to the north and to the south from natural
boundary of parent grouping during 50 years of XX century and during 10 years of XXI century.
We also observed movements of single males from a parent grouping on rock cliff on the sea coast
and we carried out monitoring of their life, but females did not join to them. In the Lazovsky
Reserve goral grouping has a linear structure of range along the Goral Mt. and Tumannaya Mt.
The GIS-range map shows more than 30 points of visual observations of single gorals out of
coastal habitats, so intensive goral movements are registered in South Sikhote-Alin.
Key words: GIS, goral, map, monitoring, range.
RESUMEN
Área de distribución basada en SIG y seguimiento a largo plazo
de la población de goral en el extremo oriente de Rusia
La utilización de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) para el análisis de grandes
cantidades de datos sobre vida silvestre es muy importante en el estudio de especies raras. Se hizo
un seguimiento de la población de goral de cola larga ( Nemorhaedus caudatus Milne-Edwards,
1867) entre los años 1954 y 2008 en Sikhote-Alin Central (Reserva Natural Estatal de Sikhote-
Alin) y entre 1947 y 2008 en el Sur de Sikhote-Alin (Reserva Natural Estatal de Lazo). La
base de datos incluye 1808 observaciones de goral en la Reserva de Sikhote-Alin y 1152 en
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Galemys 22 (nº especial), 2010
la Reserva de Lazo. Los datos de la base se agruparon por décadas y se utilizó el sistema de
etiquetas para confeccionar una imagen del área de distribución. Utilizamos ArcView GIS 3.2a
para confeccionar la imagen del área de distribución del goral. Se empleó un mapa a escala 1:
100.000 como la base para trazar las coordenadas X, Y; confeccionamos 6 mapas para representar
períodos de 10 años (195 -2008). En los años 60, el área de distribución del goral en Sikhote-
Alin Central y Sur era muy reducida y sólo ocupaba la costa del Mar de Japón. Después de la
creación del Refugio de Zheleznyakovsky en 1976 (Voloshina 2005), al norte del límite natural
del grupo de origen (Monte Abrek), el goral empezó a trasladarse paulatinamente hacia allí. El
goral comenzó a reproducirse en el Refugio en los años 80. Desde el año 2000, varios ejemplares
se han desplazado desde el límite natural de Abrek hacia el sur y han empezado a reproducirse
en el Cabo de Schastlivyi. Por lo tanto, podemos establecer la presencia de dos agrupaciones
segregadas al norte y al sur de lo que fuera el límite natural del grupo de origen durante 50
años del siglo XX y 10 años del siglo XXI. También hemos observado la separación de machos
solitarios del grupo de origen hacia un acantilado de la costa marina. Hicimos un seguimiento
de estos ejemplares (desde los 3 hasta los 18 años de edad) y observamos que las hembras no
se unieron a ellos. El área de distribución del grupo de gorales de la Reserva Lazo muestra una
estructura lineal a lo largo de las Montañas Gorales y Tumannaja. El mapa de GIS muestra más
de 30 etiquetas de avistamientos de goral fuera de los hábitats costeros, por lo que se registran
movimientos intensivos de goral en el Sur de Sikhote-Alin.
Palabras claves: área de distribución, goral, mapas, monitorización, SIG.
INTRODUCTION
The Russian Far East is the north extreme of the range of Amur goral
(Nemorhaedus caudatus ruddeanus) as well as other species in the genus Nemorhaedus
total (Abramov 1939, 1963). The range of the Amur Goral in Russia consists
of two separate parts, Primorsky Krai and southern part of Khabarovsky Krai.
In the latter, a small number of goral inhabit Khingan Mountains along the
border between Russia and China. The largest population of this subspecies is
concentrated in The Primorsky Krai, where the goral occupies the Sikhote-Alin
Mountains. To conserve biodiversity of Sikhote-Alin Mountains including the
goral populations, two nature Reserves - Lazovsky and Sikhote-Alin with total
area of 468,000 ha - were organized in 1935 (Figure1).
The Goral typically dwells in the broad-leaved mountain forest in 2 types of
habitats: 1) rocky forests in mainland river valleys up to 800 m above sea level,
and 2) rocky areas along the coast up to 600 m a.s.l.
Range of Amur Goral
361
The mosaic structure
of the range of the goral
subspecies N. c. caudatus
in Russia (Weinberg at al.
1997) and South Korea
(Yang Byeong Gug 2003)
is specific to this species
as a whole.
Figure 1. Locality of Lazovsky
and Sikhote-Alin State Nature
Reserves in Primorsky Krai,
Russia.
The goral range has mosaic structure because of specific habitat preference.
The characteristic feature of the goral habitat is the mix of open (rocks and
meadows) and closed (oak forests) environments. Currently, gorals exist in the
following 11 administrative districts of the Primorsky Krai: Khasansky, Ussuriysky,
Partizansky, Anuchinsky, Chuguevsky, Lazovsky, Olginsky, Kavalerovsky,
Dalnegorsky, Krasnoarmeysky, and Terneysky.
In the Primorsky Krai there are two main goral populations concentrated in
Lazovsky and Sikhote-Alinsky Reserves where the population size is about 500
individuals. In addition, about 300 individuals occupy protected areas (refuges).
The total number of the Goral in Russia is about 900 individuals at present
and has remained stabilize over the past 20 years. The principal factors affecting
population size are poaching and natural mortality, which can be high in years
with heavy snowfall. Historically the major predator on goral was the wolf in the
1930s - 1950s, more recently it is lynx, and rarely tiger.
The objective of the study was to map the current and historic distributions
of Goral in Russia.
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Galemys 22 (nº especial), 2010
STUDY AREA
In the Primorsky Krai there are three isolated areas of goral range including
1) the South-Western spurs of the Bureya Range, 48° 30’ N , a small area near the
Amur River, which is closed with the South-Eastern part of the Little Khingan
Range in China; 2) the Sikhote-Alin Range, 42 ° 10’ - 45 ° 50’ N.; 3) Small area
named Black Mountains (43° N) the South-West of Vladivostok City, occupying
spurs of the Laoelin Range (in China).
The majority of goral in this subspecies are concentrated in the Primorsky
Krai: South Sikhote-Alin 42-43° N, 137° E, and Central Sikhote-Alin 44-45°
N, 137° E, where gorals occupy the Sikhote-Alin Mountains. G.F. Bromley
(1956) recorded 57 sites occupied by gorals. Our investigations of goral habitats
were conducted in 1975-1980. At that time there were 39 confirmed goral sites
(Myslenkov & Voloshina 1989, Voloshina & Myslenkov 2002).
METHODS
Long-term observations of mammal populations are the key to ecological
monitoring in Lazovsky Reserve. The Goral investigations demonstrated
continuity of many generations of researchers and we have accumulated long
term monitoring data for the periods: 1) 1947-2008 in the South Sikhote-Alin
and 2) 1954 to 2008 in Central Sikhote-Alin. All sightings were described by
X and Y coordinates. The database consists of 1.779 staff visual observations of
goral groups in the Sikhote-Alin Reserve and 1.152 observations in Lazovsky
Reserve. In addition, we did goral surveys from a ships and boats from 1979-
1996 in Abrek Mt. population and from 1978-1990 in Lazovsky Reserve
population. The database of goral visual observations was compiled in Microsoft
Excel program. The ranger’s and researcher’s staff of Lazovsky and Sikhote-Alin
Reserves was relatively stable during these years and routes were constant and
regular excluding 1950s. So we may to compare the different decades.
We constructed the distribution maps of goral of point range by decade in
Arc View GIS 3.3 program. The range of the Goral for 61 years was constructed
for Lazovsky Reserve and for 50 years for Sikhote-Alin Reserve.
Range of Amur Goral
363
In addition to available three protected areas (two reserves and one refuge) in
the Primorsky Krai during 1980s were created 6 special refuges for goral protection
(Nesterov, 1992). These refuges included goral habitats with small number of
gorals. In the 1980s, the investigations on goral biology in both Reserves were
carried out very intensively. The goral range, population dynamics, age and sex
composition were studied. The grassland classification was conducted and 286
forage plants were exposed (Solomkina 1983, Myslenkov & Voloshina 1989,
Shaulskaya 1992).
RESULTS
Range of Goral in 1940s
Bromley (1963) studied the goral range and ecology from 1944 to 1948 and
constructed the map of local distribution on Lazovsky Reserve. He was the first
who described the maternal goral group in the cost of this Reserve. Except for the
basic parent grouping, G. F. Bromley also recorded 22 places in Lazovsky Reserve
where hunters described meetings or shot gorals (Bromley 1963). Bromley
plotted a map of 37 points of observations (sightings) with single gorals in the
Reserve.
Range of Goral in 1950s
The monitoring of goral population began 1958 in Lazovsky Reserve. From
1958 to 1960 only 31 observations of goral were recorded in the Reserve (Figure
2). The 24 observations were recorded by Inna Yurgens who worked specially
on goral during that time period (Yurgens 1963). The first scientific report that
contained dates of observations of gorals, and the first photos of goral naturally
was presented in 1960. Yurgens also visited upper part of the Big Ifam Creek
inland where she observed 2 individual goral. The basic visual meetings with
gorals have taken place on cape Ostrovnoy. In 50th years with staff of Reserve
it is confirmed except for a parent grouping of 8 places of dwelling gorals in a
continental part of Reserve and one place on the coast of Sea of Japan, a rock of
Sokolovka bay, it is marked for the first time. The Bromley’s article on goral in
Russian Zoological Journal (Bromley 1956) was published in this decade.
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Galemys 22 (nº especial), 2010
Figure 2. Distribution of gorals in Lazovsky Reserve in 1950s-2000s.
Range of Amur Goral
365
The goral range in 1950-th has had a chaotic structure because it has been
very fragment investigated.
At the same time Sikhote-Alin Reserve entered monitoring from 1954.
During the period from 1954 to 1960 54 observations of single gorals and goral
groups were recorded (Figure 3). Henry Veinger studied the goral population in
Abrek Mt. and published his findings in 1963. He provided the first goral survey
by count-keepers (Veinger 1963). He marked a special indexed observation
points on the rocks and used it by Reserve’s stuff every year in winter during
snow period. These observation points are still present today. The goral range
had a linear structure and occupied the coast of the Sea of Japan.
Range of goral in 1960s
For 1960s a database of Lazovsky Reserve consists of 76 observations. Since
1969 on a permanent study of the goral population the scientific employee E.I.
Sidun has been accepted. He provided 52 observations which basically have been
concentrated on Tumannaya Mt. and Goral Mt. near the sea cost. His results
were unpublished. We superimposed these data onto a GIS map of goral habitat
(Figure 2) and the goral range in Lazovsky Reserve accepted the linear structure
along the sea cost. As a consequence the data base increased more than 3 times,
we can feel that this range more closely resembles the real situation. Thus, 9 places
of goral stay inland were confirmed in 1960-th years, one place is marked for the
first time, and the parent grouping was observed constantly on the coast.
Sikhote-Alin Reserve database for the 1960s decade has 109 visual
observations. The Reserve administration provided the co-ordination of every
year goral survey by staff of rangers from permanent observation points. The
goral range confirmed a linear structure on Abrek Mt. and occupied the coast
of the Sea of Japan (Figure 3). Several goral individuals emigrated 25 km to the
south from Abrek Mt. to the Kalancha Rock and to the Schastlivy Cape (50 km).
This is the first pulsation of goral range detected by regular monitoring. Two
points of goral meetings inland were recorded in this decade.
We can see a linear structure of maternal range as a result for two Reserves
and different number of continental sites.
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Galemys 22 (nº especial), 2010
Figure 3. Distribution of gorals in Sikhote-Alin Reserve in 1950s-1990s.
Range of Amur Goral
367
Range of Goral in 1970s
During the 1970s the database of Lazovsky Reserve contains 641 observations
of gorals. The quantity of the base increased more than in 10 times due to diligent
and laborious work of two researchers; Valerij Glebov and Nelly Solomkina.
V. V. Glebov was the first in Lazovsky Reserve to use goral helicopter surveys
which were carried out in 1976 and 1978. In addition, in 1975 a study was
begun keeping gorals in captivity for which catching kids on rocks of a parent
grouping was carried out, and also network catching of adults’ gorals.
V. V. Glebov was also the first to plot a map of goral distribution on rocks
of a parent grouping for every day of aerial survey (Glebov et al. 1976). It
has enabled to define the coordinates of goral meetings and the GIS analysis
of spatial distribution of a parent grouping. It was confirmed that the area of
a parent grouping of goral is tape (Figure 2) and this grouping had the same
structure as in 1960s. In addition, V.V. Glebov undertook expeditions, both
on Lazo, and on next to areas Olga District with the purpose of investigating
the goral distribution. For the first time he has established goral transition with
Tumannaya Mt. on rocks of Zarya Bay in 1976, that has explained abolition of
the Sika deer park. He also went on Razgradsky Cape and has established there
staying of one goral. In 1977 he has confirmed goral local population on Kozy
Cape and on Stone Creek. Thus, the goral range on coast has extended to the
north up to rocks of Zarya Bay and to the south up to Razgradsky Cape. On
check polling given observers and V.V. Glebov survey and confirm 8 places of
goral dwelling, two new on the cost of the Sea of Japan.
During the same decade, Sikhote-Alin Reserve database increased up to
449 observations. The yearly goral survey was conducted by staff of rangers and
researchers from 20 permanent observation points. After 1978, 37 observation
points covered all goral habitats in maternal grouping (Myslenkov & Voloshina
1989). From 1979 the goral survey observation points were combined with the
boat surveys. Motorboat moved very slowly along the rocky coast. Due to this
combined method it was possible to take into account during 3 h 111 gorals on
14 km of rocky habitats. The goral range in a parent grouping occupied all Abrek
Mt., keeping still linear character. Six times single gorals were observed in the
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Galemys 22 (nº especial), 2010
Refuge, which recorded the beginning of moving of a population to the North.
Goral moving to the South is recorded only in three points (Figure 3).
In 1976 a special protected are for goral was created called Zeleznyakovsky
Refuge located 4,749 ra to the north from Abrek Mt. on the coast of Sea of
Japan. Validity of it has not been limited, and in 1998 it has received the status
of the World Heritage of UNESCO.
Range of Goral in 1980s
For 1980s in Lazovsky Reserve 238 observations are collected. The aerial
survey in March, 1981 was carried out. The map of productive day on March,
17 (46 individuals) has confirmed linear character of goral range in a parent
grouping. The survey on April, 4 in 1984 carried out by A.A. Laptev (Laptev
1987) used the combined method from an observation points and from the sea
by two motor boats. For the first time absolute number of 118 gorals in a parent
grouping from Ezovaya Bay to Proselochnaya Bay (25 km) was obtained. The
maximal goral numbers were recorded on the same area during the survey from
motor boat on January, 20 in1987 when in a parent grouping 147 gorals during
3 hours were counted (Khokhriakov 1991). Unfortunately, in March 1987, the
large goral mortality (41 dead bodies) on the Tumannaya Mt. was happened
(Khokhriakov 1997). Only 10 gorals from them were killed by predators. The
most of animals have been infected by protostrongilosis. Their lungs have been
affected by larva most likely of Protostrongylus andrejevi, earlier revealed by
parasitologists from same grouping of the Reserve (Schultz & Kadenacii 1950).
GIS map of parent grouping for this decade displays the pulsation of goral
range to the South and to the North (Figure 2). In 80th years the goral survey
inland on rocks of the Stone Creek and on rocks of Paramonovsky Creek were
carried out also. The reserve staff has confirmed goral dwelling in 7 places, except
for a parent grouping and it was found 3 new places of dwelling. Results have
shown that besides the increase of numbers, gorals expanded the habitat area
in 80th years a little. On the coast two affiliated groupings were fixed: on rocks
of Zarya Bay, on rocks from a Kit Bay up to settlement Valentine. Almost all
continental groupings existed and supported their numbers.
Range of Amur Goral
369
At the same decade Sikhote-Alin Reserve database increased up to 582 visual
observations. The goral range kept linear character, and population density on
Abrek Mt. was increased (Figure 3). There was a goral occupy a southern part of
Abrek Mt. (on an area of abolished settlement) and gradual increase of density.
The number of sightings with gorals in the Refuge was increased up to 105. In
this decade the regular surveys from boats were begun in the Refuge both in the
summer and in the spring. Settling of refuge in the first five years was slowly and
was speed in the next years. The goral females have started to bring kids in the
Refuge.
The most surprising phenomenon has taken place in 1990. On the western
Sikhote-Alin macroslope on a rocky cliff of the Sinuncha River (Basin of Ussurka
River) summer of 1990 was shot one goral. The ranger V.P. Sharov has informed
about this place that is on continent more than 100 km from a parent grouping
on the sea coast. These data speak about dispersal of gorals on western macroslope
of Sikhote-Alin Mountains where they were earlier in 1930s.
Range of Goral in 1990s
In 1991 there was a disintegration of the USSR, and Primorsky Krai entered
in territory of the Russian Federation. Then in Russia began crisis, reserve’s
husbandry fell into decay, and protection of Refuge has become worth.
Lazovsky Reserve has stopped to carry out the goral surveys. For 1990s the
database contains only 43 observations on the goral. The GIS map (Figure 2)
shows an interrupting area in a parent grouping. In the contrary, the continental
places of goral dwelling achieved a maximum in this decade.
Constant continental places of goral dwelling have were confirmed during
this decade in 14 places. Three new places outside of the Reserve were found
where gorals were moved. Two sightings with gorals were to the north from
Lazovsky Reserve, but urgent check of these places has shown absence of gorals.
Probably, animals have been seen on a migratory way.
Crisis and disorder in Russia during 1990s affected on the Sikhote -Alin
Reserve also, but the quantity of observations decreased insignificantly. For this
decade there were 499 sightings with gorals, and 150 of them were recorded in
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Galemys 22 (nº especial), 2010
the Refuge. GIS map of parent grouping in this decade displays the pulsation
of goral range to the north in the Refuge (Figure 3). The continuous area
of a parent grouping of the Reserve was extended to the Refuge. One male
occupied the Kalancha Rock (the south of Reserve) in 1988, and lived there
up to the end 90s. Sightings with gorals on significant distance from the sea
coast increased. On the eastern macroslope were 3 of them and on western
there were 3 observations in the Columbe River basin. It means high density
of gorals in a parent grouping that is cause of dispersal of young gorals on the
western macroslope.
Range of Goral in 2000s
For this period in Lazovsky Reserve 102 observations are collected. It is
not so small database as in 1990s, but not so large. The two surveys from
motor boats in 2005 - 2006 demonstrated very low results: 31 and 21 gorals,
that speaks about bad conditions for survey: absence of a snow cover in the
goral habitat. In February, 2004 the aerial survey from the helicopter for all
ungulates species in Lazovsky District has confirmed 2 continental places of
goral dwelling: on rocks of Bolsherechenskaya Mt. were seen 5 gorals and
2 gorals were recorded by I.V. Voloshina in the Petrovsky Creek. Thus, for
ten years of XXI century except for a parent grouping 9 places of goral stay
in the Lazovsky District were confirmed, and the twice gorals has been seen
on a migratory ways. GIS map of parent grouping in this decade displays no
pulsation of goral range (Figure 2). In the contrary, the continental places of
goral dwelling achieved a 10 last decade.
At the same decade Sikhote-Alin Reserve database decreased up to 115 visual
observations. It is very small database for this Reserve. The Reserve administration
deleted the goral surveys from scientific projects, and we can not to construct
the GIS range for this decade. In the Sikhote-Alin Reserve the goral surveys were
carried out annually during 38 years since 1959 on 1996. The discontinuance of
monitoring of the goral population in the Sikhote-Alin Reserve is a crime against
researches of diversity and studying of biology of rare mammalian species.
Range of Amur Goral
371
DISCUSSION
We have considered 6 decades of monitoring of goral populations in two
Reserves of the Primorsky Krai. It is established, that the continuous range the
species it is formed only on rocks of the coast of Sea of Japan here again passes
intensive breading of a species. Therefore, the internal structure of an area is
a tape, which very narrow and stretches only on rocks of the coast. In both
Reserves are observed homologous parent groupings, and they can pulse both
to the north along the coast, and to the south depending on goral moving from
it. Dispersal of gorals to continental places of dwelling every decade is observed.
During 60 years of monitoring it was possible to establish some migratory ways
on the continent and even on the western macroslope of Sikhote-Alin.
Each species within the limits of its range is distributed not entirely, and
occupies only suitable habitats. It rather evidently shows the Goral in the
Primorsky Krai. The exchange of individuals between separate groupings passes
on so-called the ecological channels. The nature of them is not investigated
yet, but there is an assumption, that they pass basically there where there are
habitat chains, similar to the best habitats of the species. These habitats-parts
are too small, for maintenance of existence of a local population, but sufficient
to give a temporary forage and a refuge for moving individuals. In the American
literature these chains of habitats refer to as ecological corridors. In ecological
channels there are only separate individuals during the certain seasons of year, are
short time, and, probably, do not form high numbers. A typical example of an
ecological channel: upper parts of some creeks of the Kievka River. They create
a chain of temporary habitats up to the upper part of the Lazovka River, whence
gorals can migrate to the other ridge.
These migratory ways exist very much for a long time, and in some points
gorals can stay for a long time or live constantly. It is very indicative, that plus
to G.F. Bromley’s 24 points the reserve’s staff and the local people of Lazovsky
District revealed more 12 places of goral stay. Only a few points (8) were are
specified incorrectly or inexact and did not confirmed during all 60 years. For this
there are some reasons. The first of them - lack of inspection of high mountains,
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Galemys 22 (nº especial), 2010
because these places during 60 years not visited by people. The second reason,
that gorals has been met by accident on a migratory way, and then this way did
not use.
In every decade goral stay in some places is not confirmed but from 1 up
to 3 new places of dwelling it is revealed. This indicates not on reduction of
places of goral stay, but on expansion of its range. From stated follows, these
disappearances of places of goral dwelling in Lazovsky District a few. There are
pulsations of some points with an interval of 5-10 years or 40 years, but they
have property to renew.
Thus, goral as the species, has parent constantly existing groupings and
affiliated groupings in the best habitats. Besides that, it has migratory ways and
chains of seasonal habitats in which, probably, young and adult individuals are
moved or there leave for a season.
The review of all decade results by Lazovsky Reserve shows that only one
parent grouping of goral. Three others inhabit the rocks in Paramonovsky Creek,
Korean Creek, and Kamenny Creek that are temporary habitats. Gorals often
spent the winter in these places but not every year.
The review of all decade in Sikhote-Alin Reserve shows that a parent grouping
can provide the affiliated groupings in the best habitats. Pulsations of an area
are more characteristic for the population of Sikhote-Alin Reserve, as there less
human settlements on the coast.
Periodicity of migrations, seasonal prevalence and quantity moved gorals are
the most unexplored questions in goral population biology at the present time.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express special thanks to S.N. Bondarchuk (Sikhote-Alin Biosphere
Reserve). The manuscript was greatly improved by the comments of Dr. Kerly Linda Le
(Zoological Society of London).
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