No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Qualitative Studies of Recent Floods and Sustainable Growth and Development of Cities and Towns in Nigeria
Abstract
Extreme weather events have caused havoc to lives and properties in recent years. Research and development have also been focused on these global phenomena. The situation is getting alarmed in Nigeria. The aim of the paper is to study incidences of floods in Nigerian cities and towns. Topographical Maps of 25 cities and towns were studied. Floods, drainage channels, runoffs and effects of human activities on floods were observed and studied. Interviews were conducted with 20 professionals, urban dwellers and twenty Local Government Chairmen of the cities and towns. There was a questionnaire that was administered among 2,000 urbanites. It collected data about the frequency, sizes and havocs caused by floods. Some of the cities particularly Lagos, Warri and Port-Harcourt are under the sea level with average gradient of less than 1:100,000. Run-offs are increasing in volume and areas of coverage but relatively drainage channels are inadequate; and they have been blocked through the adverse living habits of the urban dwellers. Waste waters are contributing as base water to rain water in the drainage channels. These result in grievous consequences of flood. All forms of transportation are affected each time it comes; lives, farm lands and properties are lost; and economic activities are grounded. Human factors are predominantly the cause. More attention has to be paid to urban physical planning.
... Flood disaster occur as a result of excess water flowing on land that used to be dry (Adeniji, 2018). Among natural disasters, floods have been reported to be responsible for almost half of casualties (Aderogba, 2012). Floods are also the most frequent Environmental disasters (natural disasters), affecting over 2.8 billion people in the world and causing over 200,000 deaths over the past three decades (Agbonkhese, et.al. ...
... While climate change has led to more rains than in the past which has increased the incidence of flooding, Kano state's flooding is mostly human induced and exacerbated by human-nature interactions (Aderogba 2012). The human-nature interactions that cause flooding form the focus of this paper and include, but are not limited to: ...
... Over 50% of Nigerians live in urban areas today (Farrell 2018). Kano state is witnessing high urbanization rates without commensurate provision of urban infrastructure and amenities (Aderogba 2012). Agricultural lands are also being increasingly converted to residential areas to accommodate housing needs and development is carried out without proper controls and infrastructure in place, thus worsening the flooding problem (Dan-Jumbo, Metzger, & Clark 2018). ...
This paper examines flood disaster, its impacts on education and healthcare deliveries in Kano State. Flood is among the most devastating natural disasters in Kano State, claiming lives and causing more damage to education and healthcare sectors than any other natural phenomena. Prolonged rainfall events are the most common causes of flooding in the state. These events are usually associated with several days, weeks or months long of continuous rainfall. Flooding disrupts the schooling of children and the delivery of education in the state, even in non-major floods, parents are not keen to send their children to school as they fear them treading dangerous flood waters en route to schools. Similarly, flooding has both direct and indirect impacts on health sector. Increased deaths and injury are direct effects of flooding having occurred in various parts of the state. Kano state's fledgling health sector suffers setbacks from annual flooding disasters. Water-borne life-threatening disease epidemics like Typhoid, Cholera, and Dysentery are common during flooding. In a nutshell, floods provide a perfect breeding ground for parasites like mosquitoes which leads to a rise in the incidence of parasite borne diseases like Malaria. The paper concludes that, unless the causal factors of flooding are adequately controlled, the disaster would continue to impede educational and healthcare deliveries in Kano state. A major recommendation offered suggests that government should construct viable and quality drainage system in flood prone areas and around educational and healthcare facilities in the state in order to enable easy access and delivery of services.
... Over the past 2 decades, the causes of flooding in Nigeria have received significant attention in the literature [20] [16] [21][22][23][24][25][26]. Debates arising from the literature indicate that Port-Harcourt, Lagos as well as other states, floods are mainly the consequences of climate-change-induced short-duration high-intensity or long-duration-lowintensity rainfall [27]. ...
... Other factors have also been investigated with reference to the causes of these floods in Port Harcourt and Lagos. These include the topography of the area, land use (LU) and land cover (LC) modifications, and influence of canals, lagoons, and beaches [23] [29][30]. Other factors considered are urbanization and population growth, poor urban planning, and poor environmental management and the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste [31] [21]. ...
... Flooding and flood risk management are issues of grave significance in Port Harcourt and Lagos [23,29]. It is clear from previous studies [25] [37] [22], that flooding in the area can be devastating, affecting hundreds of thousands of people and causing considerable economic damage. ...
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as river, lake or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries, or it may occur due to Original Research Article Elekwachi et al.; JGEESI, 25(9): 46-57, 2021; Article no.JGEESI.73169 47 an accumulation of rain water on saturated ground in an area. To find out the most vulnerable communities, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and location data of selected communities were used. The Image Re-class and Map Overlay were performed on QGIS software to identify communities that are most affected. The result shows that the region has no river channel that discharge excess water easily. It also shows that four, out of twelve settlements were located at the high risk zone. The settlements are Uniport, Omuoda, Omuahunwo and Okparagwa. It was recommended that the high risk zone in the area should be provided with artificial water channel that will contain and convey surface sun-off to a nearby stream. The local authority should relocate the affected settlements to a safer zone.
... Flood which is a predominant natural and human induced hazard in Nigeria, occurs when the rate of rainfall or precipitation is higher than the rate of its absorption and it causes banks of rivers or seas to overflow its usual limits (Aderogba, 2012b). Aderogba (2012b), further classified flooding in Nigeria into two types: (1). ...
... Flood which is a predominant natural and human induced hazard in Nigeria, occurs when the rate of rainfall or precipitation is higher than the rate of its absorption and it causes banks of rivers or seas to overflow its usual limits (Aderogba, 2012b). Aderogba (2012b), further classified flooding in Nigeria into two types: (1). High Frequency Flood, which is the annual flooding, experienced in Nigeria. ...
... The causes and the effects of flooding on socioeconomic activities Aderogba (2012b), examined the substantive causes and effects of floods in South West Nigeria and the sustainable development of the cities and towns. The study focused on flood occurrences and its effects in the major cities and towns of the region with its adverse socio-economic consequences that has increased over the years. ...
Nigerian cities have experienced great physical development in the last three decades in terms of building, construction and reconstruction of roads, offices, markets and stores, manufacturing industries and others without any appreciable infrastructures such as drainages for roads and canals to safely drain storm waters. All these have made floods to be a serious seasonal challenge that plague many communities in Nigeria including communities in Anambra West Local Government, Anambra State, Nigeria. Hence, this research assessed the socio-economic effects of flooding in some selected communities of Anambra West Local Government Area South-East Nigeria and the imperative steps taken by the government and host communities to reduce the effects of this flood menace for sustainable development. The objectives are: to examine the socio-economic activities of the inhabitants of the study area; to determine the incidence of flood in the study area communities; to determine the socio-economic effects of flooding and the coping strategies for resilience adaptation to flood incidence in the study area. Principal component analysis, Chi-square, Linear regression and analysis of variance techniques were employed in the data analysis. The study revealed the significant pattern and the critical socio-economic effects of flooding on the communities which includes: animal production, crop production, fishing, food availability/affordability, employment, health/loss of human resources, loss of infrastructures and household properties. The study found that, there is significant relationship between flood incidence (frequency) and the socio-economic effects in the study area which implies that, an increase in the flood incidence has an increasing socio-economic effects on the study area. The study further revealed that, a significant difference exists in the socio-economic effects of flooding across the communities in the study area.
... Existing studies on floods in Nigeria, particularly those that have looked at vulnerabilities and flood disaster risk management efforts, include impacts and institutional responses (Olorunfemi, 2011), factors responsible for reoccurrence of floods in some Nigerian cities and flood effects on human activities (Aderogba, 2012), gender as well as urban or rural differentials from flood losses (Adeagbo et al., 2016) and factors influencing households' and individuals' adaptive capacity to flood disasters . Some other studies on flood management and risk response in Nigeria have recommended the need for building flood resilient infrastructure through restructuring our cities and the need for different stakeholders to participate (Barau et al., 2015). ...
... 3. Vegetation Land covered with natural forest and natural vegetation that is predominantly grasses, shrubs and grass-like plants. 4. Water body Areas covered by body of water e.g. ...
Within the past decades, the impact of climate conditions is evident on crop productions across the Nigeria’s different regions. Between the years 2021 and 2022 Nigeria witnessed one of its worst floods in the last decade as hundreds of villages and urban centres were submerged in waters, displacing over 2.4 million people. These events had negative impacts on crop yield. Crop yield is the product of both growth and development. Thus, this study attempted to investigate the effects of flood on agricultural production in Auyo Local Government Areas of Jigawa State, Nigeria spanning a period of 30 years (1993-2022), with the aimed of conducting a land-use and land-cover change of the study area; analyze the temporal trends of rainfall in the area of study; examining the yields of agricultural production in the area and to establish the relationship between agricultural yields and flood occurrence in the Auyo Local Government Area. Thus, both primary and secondary sources of data were employed in this study. In view of this, Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) of 2002 and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data of 2022 where used. In order to examine the trend in rainfall and agricultural yields series, 5-year running mean and linear trend lines was calculated and plotted using Microsoft Excel Statistical Tool. The rainfall and agricultural yields series were also sub-divided into 5-year non-overlapping sub-periods and Cramer’s test was then used to compare the means of the sub-periods (5-years) with the mean of the whole record period (30 years). The relationship between the flood and agricultural yields were tested using R statistical analysis. The study revealed that built-up increased from 14% in 2002 to 19% in 2022. Bare lands occupied about 50km2 of the total area examined in 2002, but decreased to about 44km2 in 2022. In addition, the water body decreased from about 172km2 in 2002 to 155km2 in 2022. Besides, the positive nature of relationships between rice yields and flood occurrences indicated a significant degree of relationship at 95% confidence level. In view of this, it was recommended among other measures, the need for the development of a Response Farming Technique and longitudinal approach for comprehensive measures to address the shock and destruction that comes with re-occurrence of flood.
... They emphasized that watershed impervious cover threshold or hotspot can be utilized to address growth into watershed zoning districts by identifying locations where the least impact on stream water quality will be recorded due to development. As the imperviousness of a watershed increases, the greater volume of stormwater increases the possibility of flooding (Fabiyi, 2006;Adetoro & Salami, 2018;Aderogba, 2012;Weng & Lu, 2008) and reduces the potential for pollutants to settle out; meaning that more pollution is delivered to drinking water streams and aquifers (Zhang, 2012). Too much paving and hardening of a watershed can reduce infiltration and groundwater levels which in turn can decrease the availability of aquifers, streams and rivers for drinking water supplies. ...
... This runoff then carries organic matter, fertilizers, pesticides, oil and grease and other contaminants, directly into streams, water bodies, and local water supplies. Additionally, because water runs quickly off these surfaces, the quantity and velocity of runoff are increased, the physical structure of streams becomes altered and eroded, and there is a greater likelihood of more frequent and larger floods time (Daramola & Ibem, 2010;Wang et al., 2018;Aderogba, 2012). The degree of damage to watershed health depends on many factors: the nature of existing land uses or the topography, soils, and vegetation (Furniss et al., 2010;Ahn & Kim, 2017). ...
... Climate change is believed to have caused more rainfall than in the past which has exacerbated flooding, in Nigeria, flooding is majorly of anthropogenic cause and intensified by human-nature interactions (Aderogba, 2012). Some major flood disaster cases in Nigeria are summarized in Table 1 (Oluwaseyi, 2017). ...
... Flooding and urbanization are closely related in both developing and developed nations. In Nigeria, over 50% of the people live in urban areas (Farrell 2018) as such experiencing high rate of urbanization (Aderogba, 2012). However, development as a result of urbanisation is done without appropriate control thereby aggravating flood disaster (Dan-Jumbo et al., 2018). ...
Flood can be seen as a process that bring about a short-term immersing of a land with water that does not ordinarily occur. It is one of the most common environmental hazards in developing countries like Nigeria. Flooding, a recurrent events in Nigeria occur mostly in locations that are flat or low lying especially places with inadequate or no surface drainages, or where existing ones have been filled with refuse and other sediments. The exposure to flooding is due to a range of socioeconomic factors, like income, occupation, information technology, access to loan facilities, etc. Floods, although a natural disaster, could also be as a result of human activities and obstructions to natural processes, likes rise in built areas or population growth located in locations susceptible to flooding. It brings about destructions to lives, property and livelihood thereby exacerbating poverty and food insecurity. It is also among the major causes of human displacement in Nigeria. In order to ameliorate the consequence of flooding in the nation, the federal government launched the early warning system. As a way of informing the general public on the imminent menace of flooding, the federal government equipped the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) to enable it provide accurate weather forecast. Residents also engage in diversification of income, the use of materials that can alleviate damage due to flood, the use of improved crop varieties for farming and change in time of planting. Despite the measures applied, in most cases, residents are still affected by flood. Therefore, government at all levels and other stakeholders in flood related matters, need to improve on their efforts towards flood management in Nigeria.
... In February 2000, a cyclone swept across Mozambique which left some 950,000 people homeless as floods devastated large areas of low-laying lands. Roads, homes, bridges and crops were destroyed (Aderogba, 2012). Aderogba (2012) opined that behaviours averting the annual tragedy of floods often occasioned by torrential rains and living habits of the inhabitants, government at all level must step up renovation activities that would secure main roads and drainage channels across the cities and towns free of encumbrances and serviceable. ...
... Roads, homes, bridges and crops were destroyed (Aderogba, 2012). Aderogba (2012) opined that behaviours averting the annual tragedy of floods often occasioned by torrential rains and living habits of the inhabitants, government at all level must step up renovation activities that would secure main roads and drainage channels across the cities and towns free of encumbrances and serviceable. Epa (2011) gave a remark of the incident that happened in Ghana in August, 2007, where floods involved about 350,000 people with 49 casualties in the Northern parts of the country alone causing an estimated wreckage of over $130 million, not including long term losses. ...
Internal migration is one of the important livelihood strategies for poor community of Bangladesh. Numerous factors
i.e. social, economic, demographic and geographic factors perpetuate poor households’ decision of internal migration.
Two-step Heckman selection model is used to analyze the factors that influence households’ decision to send migrant.
In addition, the paper also tries to shed light on the factors that mediate the migrant’s destination preference.
Multinomial logit model is used in this regard. The sample size is 26,720 households. The data manifests that age,
dependency ratio, small land holding, seasonality, crop loss and house damage are preponderance factors for internal
migration. Meanwhile, in the case of destination preference the data delineates that household sends migrant more
towards Dhaka and Chittagong rather different districts or different villages of the same district. Dhaka and Chittagong
are the most preferred destination for migration as these mega cities are endowed with employment opportunities.
However, high concentration of migrant in Dhaka and Chittagong will yield unbalanced regional development in the
long run. Therefore, it is crucial to search policy options i.e. decentralization of industrialization, creating scope of job
in other parts of the country to ensure balanced economic growth of Bangladesh.
... Engineers study mostly related technologies intending to create a model or to curb the menace of flooding [7], [14] while researchers from the field of geo-informatics focus more on mapping and modeling flood risk areas [15], [16]. Economists heed their attention on monetary effects of flooding [8], [17]. ...
... For that, they do not believe media stations play a critical role in minimizing flooding. This negates the finding of Aderogba [17] which stated that media station in Nigerian media has been applauded by furnishing qualitative information regarding the widespread flooding in Nigeria. Only two local government areas (Fagge and Kumbotso) agreed that mostly they depend on NAMA on the amount of rain received every year through media stations. ...
... Engineers study mostly related technologies intending to create a model or to curb the menace of flooding [7], [14] while researchers from the field of geo-informatics focus more on mapping and modeling flood risk areas [15], [16]. Economists heed their attention on monetary effects of flooding [8], [17]. ...
... For that, they do not believe media stations play a critical role in minimizing flooding. This negates the finding of Aderogba [17] which stated that media station in Nigerian media has been applauded by furnishing qualitative information regarding the widespread flooding in Nigeria. Only two local government areas (Fagge and Kumbotso) agreed that mostly they depend on NAMA on the amount of rain received every year through media stations. ...
... Together, the earthquake and tsunami killed 521 people, damaged or destroyed approximately 650,000 homes and caused massive infrastructure damage throughout the central and southern parts of the country (Gobierno, 2010). However, of all the natural disasters, floods and droughts are more prevalent (Aderogba, 2012). Floods are triggered by the reaction of a tributary or rivulet or, simply, a valley/channel that contains abundant water to manage with (Aderogba, 2012). ...
... However, of all the natural disasters, floods and droughts are more prevalent (Aderogba, 2012). Floods are triggered by the reaction of a tributary or rivulet or, simply, a valley/channel that contains abundant water to manage with (Aderogba, 2012). While they upset many countries around the globe, deprived societies are the most vulnerable to flood and drought risk (Douben & Ratnayake, 2005). ...
There is increasing awareness in disaster research about the diverse ways in which disasters affect humanity. The impact of disaster stretches from individuals and households to nation-states. Most disaster discourses focus on the impact, mitigation, management, preparedness and response, but neglecting the issues surrounding the social and natural causes of disaster and their interrelationship. Using content analysis from previous studies, we review some of the discussions on disaster construction as a social or natural phenomenon. The review showed that issues about disaster construction largely centre on natural, social or human and technological factors. It is concluded that the issues triggering the construction of disasters are central to disaster preparedness and mitigation, as they lay the platform upon which decisions are made regarding which policy to put in place to prevent, mitigate or prepare for disasters. Keywords: Disaster, Literature Review, Management, Natural Phenomenon, Social Phenomenon, Mitigation
... While climate change has led to more rains than in the past which has increased the incidence of flooding, Nigeria's flooding is mostly human induced and exacerbated by human-nature interactions (Aderogba 2012). The human-nature interactions that cause flooding in Nigeria form the focus of this paper and include, but are not limited to: ...
... Over 50% of Nigerians live in urban areas today (Farrell 2018). Nigeria is witnessing high urbanization rates without commensurate provision of urban infrastructure and amenities (Aderogba 2012). Agricultural lands are also being increasingly converted to residential areas to accommodate housing needs and development is carried out without proper controls and infrastructure in place, thus worsening the flooding problem (Dan-Jumbo, Metzger, and Clark 2018). ...
Nigeria has Africa’s biggest economy and a population of over 200 million people. Nigeria faces numerous challenges as it struggles to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with flooding being the most serious with wide-reaching impacts. This paper highlights the impact flooding has on Nigeria reaching SDGs and enumerates the specific SDGs most directly impacted. A systematic literature review provides an overview of the relationship between flooding in Nigeria and the SDGs. It highlights the main causes of Nigeria’s flooding problem are man-made and advocates spatial planning as a suitable Flood Risk Management (FRM) strategy for the Nigerian environment. The paper calls for collaborative action by all concerned stakeholders to address the flooding problem and to help move Nigeria closer to meeting the United Nations (UN) 2030 SDGs. Most importantly, the evidence presented in this paper seeks to promote action on a national scale to combat the flooding in Nigeria and help the nation work more effectively toward achieving the SDGs.
... orldwide, there has been a rapid growth in the number of mortality and/or people seriously impacted by storms and floods (Aderogba, 2012;Giwa, 2007). Also, in the amount of economic damage caused, a large and growing proportion of these impacts are in urban areas in low-and middle-income nations. ...
... There is nowhere estimated shortfall in the drainage channels is less than 50% except at Abuja (27%) and Calabar (48%). It is as high as 78% and 76% at Onitsha and Jalingo respectively (Aderogba, 2012). Adeleye and Rustum (2011). ...
Among areas prone to flood disaster yearly in Ilorin is Isale koko. The study involved the reconnaissance survey to ascertain the current capacity of the existing drainage in the flood disaster prone area of Isale Koko, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. The dimension of the drainage network of the area was taken at eight (8) various points and the average area of the drainage was obtained to be 0.44m². The already existing drainage in the area was divided into 3 sections for easy computations of flow value, length, depth and width. The rainfall intensity for the study area was found to be 98.49mm/hr. The rational method and Manning’s equation were used for the surface runoff and the proposed drainage respectively. The peak flow of the area and maximum flow velocity in the drains were determined to be 48.46mᶟ/s and 2.21mᶟ/s respectively. The best hydraulic section method was employed to obtain new drainage dimensions for both rectangular and trapezoidal channels. The new designed rectangular channel had dimensions of 1.16m × 0.812m while the trapezoidal channel had dimensions of 1.43m×0.72m×0.87m. The area of both channels was obtained to be 0.67m². A comparative analysis was carried against the average area of the pre-existing drainage that showed a 53.3% increase in drainage area; proving that the current drainage infrastructure of the area is grossly inadequate. Sequel to the analysis, the trapezoidal shaped drainage was recommended for the study area. Keywords—Drainage, Flood, Infrastructure, Runoff, Storm water
... About 31% of economic losses from natural disasters are caused by floods making it the most expensive natural hazards globally (Yahaya, 2008). According to Aderogba (2012), floods are the most common and serious natural hazards in Nigeria, with significant negative impacts on life and property. Since 1985, a total number of 1 803 deaths were reported from flood occurrences (EM-DAT-CRED). ...
... Results showed that high flood hazard areas are prevalent in the State capital with the highest population density, residential areas and infrastructural facilities; therefore, a single flood event can prove to be very fatal, leading to significant impacts on the socio-economic activities of the area and the displacement of a considerable percentage of the population. In Nigeria, flood accounts for the highest occurring natural hazards, with great consequences on life and property (Aderogba, 2012). In 2012, Nigeria's deadliest flood was reported to have caused the death of 363 people. ...
Soil loss estimation and flood hazard mapping cannot be overemphasized due to their environmental, economic and societal concern. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess the potential soil erosion and flood hazards zones using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Hand Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) models, respectively for appropriate conservation and prevention measures in Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. The result reveals annual soil erosion ranges from 0 to 889 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The estimated total annual soil loss in the state was around 1.5 million tonnes, of this, 193223.3 tonnes which covers 7508 ha was lost at a rate much greater than the tolerable soil loss rate. Soil erosion vulnerability mapping was done using six (6) categories of soil loss severity from slight to very severe. Soil erosion rates varied from 0.21 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in forests to 1.69 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ under bare soils. The very steep slope category had the highest soil erosion rate of 15.07 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ while the gentle slope regions had the least soil erosion rate of 0.39 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. About 23% of the area which covers 115847.58 ha was prone to high flood hazard whereas 15.69% (80932.30 ha) was moderately susceptible to flood risk. Approximately 15% of the area was susceptible to low flood hazard zone while 44.90% were vulnerable to very low flood occurrence. LULC has significant effect on the spatial pattern of soil loss in the study area. Potential soil loss risk zones were highly related to the degree and inclination of slope. The reported results can serve as preliminary information to determine erosion and flood hotspots in the study area and as input for policy decision for disasters prevention and conservation measures.
... As it has been observed in Nigeria and specifically Rivers State, more often than not, the cause and magnitude of floods is attributed to poor physical planning, poor living habits of people (e.g. dumping of refuse in drainage areas and putting up shanties without care on water channels) and disregard for city plans, building codes, environmental rules and regulations in affected communities (Aderogba 2012). Specifically, city expansion due to increasing population in Port Harcourt has been perceivably marred with challenges, resulting in informal settlements and the building of houses on unapproved sites and on flood plains, all in a bid to have cheap accommodation for the growing urban population (Obinna, Owei & Mark 2010). ...
Rapid urbanisation is contributing to increasing societal vulnerability to disaster. This study aimed at exploring the perception on flood risk and ascertaining the determinants of disaster preparedness among residents in flood-prone urban communities. Descriptive statistics and discriminant regression model were employed on primary data collected from 240 urban households across five communities at risk of flooding in the study area. The results showed that most households had low awareness of flood risk and exhibit low levels of adaptive capacity, having adopted little or no measures to deal with disaster floods. Also, awareness of flood risk was observed to discriminate the most between the two groups of adopters and nonadopters of flood preventive and management measures (proxy for disaster preparedness), followed by flood risk perception, age, location and household size.
Contribution: The study suggests an integrated approach (a combination of preventive, protective and control measures) by all stakeholders, including government and other relevant bodies, increasing public awareness of flood risk and its attending effects for greater responsiveness, supporting communities in regular clearing of drainage areas and strictly regulating the construction of buildings, particularly in flood prone areas.
... These changes in the remote areas are even not documented. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Science (GIS) technology has tremendous capabilities to overcome the challenges faced in these data scary places and complex topographic regions around the world (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). ...
Geospatial techniques integrated by Remote Sensing data has the vast potential in planning and decision making in a scientific way. Geographic Information Science has been widely used for Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM) based planning under MGNREGA in the rural areas of India. In present case study, we have explored the open-source data products from various satellites and integrated them in a GIS environment for INRM based planning in the subject area. We have also developed some techniques for the retrieval thermodynamical data from satellites which can be used in the data scary places such as the subject area for resourceful management. The changes in the Land use Land cover over the study area were generated from Google Earth, and the slope, watershed, drainage etc were derived from SRTM DEM and further rectified on field. As there is no record for meteorological parameters in the study area all the data sets were derived from Remote Sensing satellites. We have used MODIS, TRMM, ERA reanalysis and Global Precipitation models for retrieval of the meteorological parameters over the study area. Temperature and precipitation (both snow and rainfall) shows a decline from 1998 to 2020 and there is a rise in the extreme weather event in the study area which pose a risk to occurrence of natural disasters like landslides and flash floods. We have also explored a few glaciers located in the study area which are showing a vibrant retreat, about 50% of the area falling on moderate slopes are drying up recklessly. A sharp decline in discharge due to decrease in the precipitation and increase in the temperature is observed which is leading to the drying up of the spring-sheds.
... The state is ranked 15 th in the world in terms of population exposed to coastal flooding because over 70 % of its population are living in slum settlements [1]. This is not surprising as only 45.2 % of its built-up areas are connected with drains [25] and only less than 30 % of the existing drains are maintained [3]. Lagos has two distinct climatic seasons; dry and wet (rainy). ...
... Relief occupies a low-lying topography of 1-4 % slope, an elevation of 0-2 m above sea level (Awosika et al., 2000) represented by the dendritic drainage system of rivers Ogun, Adiyan, and Ossa (Idowu and Martins, 2007). The state is ranked 15th globally in terms of the population vulnerable to coastal flooding because over 70 percent of its population live in unplanned settlements such as slums (Adelekan, 2010), this is not surprising as only 45.2 percent of its builtup areas are connected with drains (Nwigwe and Emberga, 2014), and only less than 30 percent of the existing drains are maintained (Aderogba, 2012). There is two distinct climatic seasons experience in the state; dry and wet (rainy). ...
... decades, Lagos state government have registered massive, repeated flooding disasters which has attracted research attentions(Ayoade J. O. & Akintola, 1980) (Soneye A., 2014). To better understand Lagos Island flooding hazard, it requires as cross-discipline assessment, which is not limited to just the Island alone, but the whole state(Aderogba, 2012a) (Ajibade I., 2014). The Lagos-island flood hazard has caused severe infrastructural damages, mortality, physical injuries, and disruption of economic activitiesFig 3.-3.1 (Ugwu L. I., 2013)(Olajuyigbe, 2012). ...
Mapping the Vulnerabilities of Lagos Island, Nigeria using remote sensing
... Flooding in Nigeria is usually coastal, flash, fluvial or pluvial [4]. The river environment mostly experiences coastal and fluvial flooding which is mostly caused as a result of seasonal water surge from large rivers and increasing sea level rise. ...
Flooding is one of the natural hazards affecting various parts of Nigeria, causing loss of life, impeding health, and disrupting human livelihood. This paper seeks to address the flooding issue by using geospatial analysis to model flood susceptibility in Amuwo Odofin Local Government Area of Lagos State. A multi-criteria method was adopted, using parameters such as rainfall, distance from rivers and streams, land use and slope. The flood susceptibility map produced from the analysis indicates the fourlevels of risk to flooding (very high, high, low, and very low-risk levels) at different locations of the study area. The findings revealed that Amuwo Odofin covers about 171.19 sq km, 10 percent of which fall within the very high-risk zone, while the high-risk zone covers 50 percent of the total area. The final map shows that locations nearer to the water bodies and within low terrains are susceptible to flooding. The communities within the very high and high-risk zones include; Iyagbe, Ibese, Isunba, Irede, Kirikiri, Aiyetoto- Asogun, Elachi, Isuba, Olute, Satellite town, Alapako, Amuwo, Agboju. Communities at lowrisk zones include Ijegun, Iseri- Osun, Ijagemo. Notably, roads and buildings will be flooded if the right actions are not taken on time. These findings are vital for appropriate government agencies such as town planners, civil society, emergency management agencies and other key stakeholders who can implement preparedness, evacuation planning, and early warning to settlements within the inferred flood risk zones.
... Also, it appears that most studies (Adeaga, 2008;Aderogba, 2012a;Aderogba, 2012b;Akanni & Bilesanm, 2011;Aderogba et al., 2012;and Akintola, 1982) on climate-induced flooding in Nigeria focused on the southern part of the country creating the impression that incidents of heavy rainfalls resulting from wetter years do not have any impact in the north. ...
The rationale examining the rainfall characteristics during the years of significant departures from normal in the Sudano-Sahelian Ecological Zone (SSEZ) of Nigeria is based on the devastating effects of extreme weather events and their subsequent implications for agriculture and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. This study designated Significant Years of Positive Departure (SYPD) and Negative Departure (SYND) of rainfall from normal using a Z-score analysis on 39 years of rainfall data (1980-2018) for Sokoto, Kano, Maiduguri, and Nguru. The results show that nine years possessed significant positive departures in rainfall versus six years of negative departures significant at α = 0.05. The frequency of occurrence of intra-seasonal dry spells outweighed that of wet spells in all the years except in 2000 (Maiduguri), 2012 (Kano and Nguru), and 2016 in Sokoto. Light rainfall contributed almost 60% of the total annual rainfall in the zone with heavy rains comprising 17.6% of the total in SYPD versus only 3% in SYND. The average length of the growing season (106 days) was higher during the SYND than the SYPD with an average of 99 days. Onset and retreat days were mostly recorded during June and September respectively in SSEZ. This study found that SYPD in Sudano-Sahelian Ecological Zone possessed more wet occurrences than dry periods resulting from below-normal rainfall. These wetter occurrences also possess food security concerns because of their timing, while the SYND years portend to drought and possible famine.
... Assets are often represented as a pentagon in the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, consisting of the following five categories: natural resources (also called 'natural capital'), physical reproducible goods ('physical capital'), monetary resources ('financial capital'), manpower with different skills ('human capital'), social networks of various kinds ('social capital') [8]. These various categories cover the following types of issues and details according [9], [10] and [11]. ...
The study examined the livelihood assets and socioeconomic characteristics of communities to flood hazards In Niger Delta, Nigeria. The population of the study consists of communities impacted by flood within the Niger Delta States. Purposive and random sampling methods were adopted in selecting the sample size of the respondents for this study as three of those most vulnerable Local Government Areas are selected. A self-designed instruments titled "Livelihood Assets and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Communities" were used for data collection. Face and content validities of the instruments were ensured. Its instrument consists of 10-item while grand mean statistics was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study found among others that considering the various factors that may have contributed to flooding residents' strategy to mitigate and survive its effects are imminent. Actions to control and/or cope with the factors that are mainly responsible for flooding in the study area are more than necessary in order to save human lives and forestall loss of properties to flood ravage. Based on the findings, the study recommended that massive campaign against improper dumping of refuse and public awareness of flood risks should be highlighted; creation of awareness among people living in disaster-prone areas of the risk they face and how best to respond when it occurs can be done to enhance local people's confidence and empower them to act when faced with danger and there should be policies that target the marginalized in society, such as women, children, elderly, or the poor otherwise these groups will remain most vulnerable.
... Review of previous studies on flood disaster management cycle have focused on causes, impacts and remedies of flooding disasters. Causative factors, such as: climate change, topography of the area, land-use/land cover modifications, influence of canals, urbanisation and population growth among others were discussed in literatures (Odunuga, 2008, Aderogba, 2012a, Adelekan, 2013. The impacts of flood disaster on people and environment that resulted in mortality, physical injuries displacement of human population, spread of disease, submerging of buildings, destruction of urban infrastructure and disruption of economic activities were also addressed (Adigun et al 2013, Ugwu & Ugwu, 2013andOlajuyigbe et al, 2012, Adelekan, 2013). ...
There is an upsurge in global migration, this is evident in the increasing number of people migrating from rural habitats to urban locations as a result of the existing socio-economic inequality between the rural and urban spaces. In Nigeria, the issue of migration-urbanisation is fast aggravating, which has earned it a front row in the country’s human development agenda. However, there is paucity of works in the literature that focus on the drivers of the nexus between urban migration, urban mobility and regional development and the need to know the extent of the effect of such movement. While it is debatable that the migrant’s productivity increase with transition to urban areas, studies are yet to determine the overall impact on human capital development, what extent does it impact on the host city, the rural community and the nation at large? The study examined the impact of urban mobility on regional development from 1995 to 2016 using the error correction method and found out that rural-urban mobility has a negative and significant effect on regional development. The study recommends that there is need to check rural-urban migration by developing development policies that provide for equitable development between rural and urban centres. This would go a long way in reducing negative consequences of urbanisation such as poverty, crime, poor housing, and unemployment among the legion of challenges of urbanisation caused essentially by the uncontrolled rural urban migration in a less developed country like Nigeria.
Keywords: Migration, Regional Development, Rural Areas, Urbanisation, Urban Mobility.
... This clearly demonstrates that flood is one of the greatest natural and climaterelated threats to human existence, and that those living in informal settlements will constitute the most vulnerable group, whether or not such cities are located in coastal areas, inland areas or flood plains. Existing studies on floods in Nigeria, particularly those that have looked at vulnerabilities and flood disaster risk management efforts, include impacts and institutional responses (Olorunfemi, 2011), factors responsible for reoccurrence of floods in some Nigerian cities and flood effects on human activities (Aderogba, 2012), gender as well as urban/rural differentials from flood losses (Adeagbo et al., 2016) and factors influencing households' and individuals' adaptive capacity to flood disasters and so on. Some other studies on flood management and risk response in Nigeria have recommended the need for building flood resilient infrastructure through restructuring our cities and the need for different stakeholders to participate (Olorunfemi, 2011;Barau et al., 2015). ...
Climate change and/or climate variability has heightened the frequency and re-occurrence of climate related disasters, particularly floods in the past two decades globally. In line with achieving disaster resilience and sustainable development, particularly the eradication of flood risks in urban areas and in line with recommendations in the literature on the need to combine both structural and non-structural measures to help reduce people's vulnerability, improve adaptation to and mitigate against climate-linked disasters like flooding. This paper seeks to estimate the costs and benefits of improving households' resilience to floods through the construction of a dam for flood mitigation, as well as for promoting agricultural activities and improved welfare (income) of households living in high-risk flood areas in Jigawa State. Using secondary data combined with cross-sectional data collected through questionnaires from 251 households (flood victims of 2016) and well-structured interviews (involving government institutions and community elders). This paper used contingent valuation technique (benefit-cost analysis) for the estimation. The study found the proposed dam project to be feasible when used for the production of rice or wheat in the selected study area. The study therefore, recommends the need for disaster risk management authorities to improve on post-flood risk assessment and data collection to aid future planning for improved flood resilient projects.
... Existing studies on floods in Nigeria, particularly those that have looked at vulnerabilities and flood disaster risk management efforts include impacts and institutional responses to floods [7], factors responsible for reoccurrence of floods in some Nigerian cities and flood effects on human activities [9], gender and urban/rural differences in the impact of floods [10] and factors influencing households' and individuals' adaptive capacity to flood disasters [11]. Some flood management and risk response studies in Nigeria have recommended the need for building flood resilient infrastructure through restructuring cities, a call that require the participation of all stakeholders [7,12]. ...
Despite efforts by the Nigerian government to improve on flood infrastructure, the yearly incidences of floods have remained unabated and put households under threats. This study examined the factors that determine households' (flood victims) choice of flood coping strategies in the Jigawa State, Nigeria. Although some of the strategies can also be considered as flood mitigation strategies, the emphasis is on coping strategies. The study used survey data from 251 randomly selected households (flood victims of 2016) and the data was analysed using multivariate probit and random forest models. The results show that factors such as sex, age, education, occupation , income, housing status, flood education and location in specific local government areas are significant in determining households' choice of flood coping strategies. Among the flood coping strategies analysed, access to credit from banks, seeking government's support and access to early warning information systems are crucial. The findings led to the conclusion that policies and programmes designed to manage and reduce flood risks must take into account the input of all relevant stakeholders, particularly the different age and income groups. The study also recommends the need for institutions in charge of flood disaster risk reduction and management to focus more on investing in non-structural measures of flood control to improve households resilience to floods.
... Other factors like poor planning, inadequate drainage channels, heavy rainfall, nature of terrain, dumping of refuse on drainage channels, only aided the incidence of flooding in tropical urban areas of Nigeria. This has been confirmed by several studies (Abam 2006;Etuonovbe, 2011;Aderogba 2012). It is therefore important that in the construction of drainages the authority should take note of the fact that Anyigba is located within the tropics characterized by prolong and intense rainfall to avert or reduce flood events that has become a recurrent decimal in today. ...
The study examined the effectiveness of drainage networks on floods in Anyigba, Kogi state, Nigeria The specific objectives included; to examine the frequency and intensity of flood, evaluate the geometry of selected drainage channels, determine of the relationship between drainage width and depths on floods and determine the effect of flooding on the people within the study area. The dumping of wastes in the drainage channels has led to the rapid increase in flood incidences in Anyigba as the available drainage channels cannot contend with the volume of storm water. In view of this, the study established gauging stations for the measurement of drainage run off using measuring tape and copies of questionnaire were administered to 400 households purposively to the four areas (Ogana-aji, Abuja area, Eti Aja area and kaduna-efekpe area), the results from the findings were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 20.00for descriptive and inferential statistics tools to give an assessment and understanding ofthe variables. The results from the findings revealed that 74.1% ofthe respondents agreed that drainage network in the study area are inadequate, 22.9% agreed that government negligence is the major cause of inadequate drainage in the study area. The study further revealed that 32.7% agreed that erosional activities cause distortion in the beauty of the environment while 51% of the respondents are of the view that drainage system in the study area are not well designed. The study concluded that building on storm water drainages, poor physical planning, inadequate drainage channels, heavy rainfall, dumping of waste on drainage networks and nature of the terrain are the major factors responsible for poor drainage network in the study area. The study therefore recommended that proper planning of the area is needed and also building on drainage channels should be avoided.
Keywords: Drainage Networks, Drainage Channels. Flood Incidences. Physical Planning and Terrain
... Intermittent floods occur on several rivers, forming a contiguous space mentioned becau se of the terrain, rural urban migration, percentage of yearly urbanization, mismanagement of solid wastes and land use [15,16,17,18]. ...
There are notching unresolved issues and environmental hazards traceable to flood and erosion in major rural areas and notable communities in Nigeria. Researchers’ efforts on erosion control and flood mitigation have not yielded notable fruits due to inadequate planning and implementation strategies. Maintenance of roads and other infrastructures are the bed rock of any development round the globe. This paper assessed recent occurrence of flood and erosion. The study examined the causes, urban and regional planning of the affected area, construction practices, damages and maintenance practices. Questionnaires, field study and interview of experts were wont to elicit information from people within the affected location, officials from state and native government agencies charged with rehabilitation of affected areas. The research finding revealed that there are inadequate drainage systems, lack of enforcement of plan, corruptions, failure of systems, poor supervision, construction malpractices, lackadaisical attitude and lack of maintenance culture. Implementation strategies were highlighted to avert flood and erosion ravaging several areas of the country. The paper concluded that stakeholders, researchers, engineers should partner with government agencies within the planning, construction, management and maintenance of rural and concrete drainages for adequate funding and sustainable construction. It is recommended that strategies for alleviating flood and erosion should be implemented supported latest technology for sustainable infrastructural development. Periodic hazard assessment should be planned in various geopolitical zones especially Lagos, Niger delta and rain forest region of Nigeria. Land use control, landscape maintenance, weather stations, proper enforcement of construction works consistent with plan should be strategically put in situ for effective monitoring and alleviation of flood and erosion in Nigeria.
... Floods are among the most expensive natural disasters (Munich Re 2014). Recurrent flood episodes in most part of Lagos city are harsh indication to the loss of wetlands and floodplain forests (Aderogba, 2012a;Aderogba et al., 2012). Traditionally, wetlands are perceived as areas with limited development potential, hence the reclamation for beneficial human purposes. ...
Urban flood risks and vulnerability in coastal cities have been directly linked to unplanned urbanization and development solutions that isolate ecosystem peculiarity. Whereas, Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) as Nature-Based Solutions are capable of reducing the impact of urbanization on flooding. This study investigated public perceptions of Nature-Based Solutions to flood management in Lagos-State, Nigeria. Data for this study were obtained from primary and secondary sources. Using a multi-level approach, 339 respondents participated in the mailed survey randomly administered across the five (5) administrative divisions of Lagos-State and results were analyzed using tables and Chart. Ecosystem services connected with Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and design strategies for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) were reviewed from secondary sources. Results obtained revealed a high level of awareness of the determinants of flood risks. Most of the respondents (73%) consider NbS applicable in Lagos State. Although, a larger percentage has a fair knowledge of NbS as a concept, when provided with specific examples, 68% indicated that they are familiar with the methods. The result further revealed that majority (85%) are strongly disposed to "trees planting" as a SUD strategy. 71% will consider permeable pavements and rainwater harvesting while 61% are inclined to rain garden, 47% and 35% will consider green roof and wetlands respectively. Analysis of survey revealed that the greatest barrier to implementing SUDS is the lack of awareness of the value and multiple benefits of NBS. We conclude that there is a clear need for the design of the built environment of Lagos coastal city, particularly housing to integrate NbS and optimize its traditional function for improved urban flood resilience. Therefore, a consistent design approach and framework is required and thus calls for further studies. .
... The increasing variation in climate, accompanied by excessive rainfall and its devastating consequences remain indelible in the lives of many people and the environment. Over the years and in almost every part of the world, excessive rainfalls due to climate change have resulted to flood, which has claimed lives and properties [3]. These unpleasant experiences have placed many communities, on hold in their struggle for development. ...
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT History of Article This study assesses the level of risks and damages associated with flood disaster in the area for five years (2014-2018). Makurdi has been ravaged with episodes of floods over the years. The aim of the study is to assess flood risk in Makurdi. A combination of both field and archival data were used, and survey method involving the use of questionnaire was adopted in obtaining the required information, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was also employed in identifying flood-prone areas. Findings from the study revealed that flood is the most common environmental disaster in the study area 97.75%, mismanagement of water reservoirs (mainly dams), heavy rainfall, and inadequate drainage facilities are the major causes of the flood disaster. The frequency of flood occurrence in the study area was found to be often, occurring at uneven intervals. About 447.02km 2 of land area (55.6%) is exposed to a high risk of flood. It was discovered also that disaster management/response organizations are making efforts in responding to the menace, however, their efforts are skewed primarily towards relief and rehabilitation support for the victims. This is highly inadequate in addressing the situation. There is strong need for the community, institutions, and all stakeholders to strengthen efforts towards providing feasible precautionary measures to the risks and menace of flood disaster in the area.
... Local populations through their indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) have developed and implemented extensive coping strategies that have enabled them reduce their vulnerability to past hazards, hence the need to understand and adapt such practices (Nelson et al. 2009). Aderogba (2012) in his study of 25 cities/towns in Nigeria, identified Anambra State as one of the most flood prone States in Nigeria. The State is situated along the lowest points of the River Niger and as also experiences high annual rainfall making it flood prone. ...
The study examined the effectiveness of indigenous coping strategies in flood prediction, management and control in selected communities in Anambra State Nigeria. Three communities namely Umuleri, Umunze Anam that are susceptible to flooding were selected for study. The study adopted the survey research design. A Sample size of 400 adult members of households was randomly selected for the study. The questionnaire and an interview schedule were used to elicit information from household heads and key community leaders. Respondents for interviews were purposively selected while respondents for questionnaire survey were randomly selected from adult household members. Table summaries and percentages, were used in the analysis, while the chi square test was used to test the postulated hypotheses. Findings show that respondents are aware of the risk of floods in the area. Indigenous floods prediction strategies used by the community include changes in colour of the rivers, terrestrial animal behavior especially their change of abode, and duration of rains. The use of these indigenous methods shows that there is a lacuna between professional messages from government meteorological and emergency management agencies and the local people. To contain the effects of floods self-help indigenous coping strategies adopted by the communities include construction of floodways/local drainages, raising the plinths of houses/shops, early planting and harvesting of crops, planting flood resistant crops, placement of sand bags around houses/shops, manual and water bailing system. These measures help to reduce the damages caused by flooding. Based on these findings it is concluded that recent flooding have surpassed the strength of indigenous strategies both in the prediction and management of flooding, thus the need for more scientific and holistic approach to flood hazard prediction and management.
... The first record of flooding in Lagos was in July 1947; an event occasioned by a period of heavy rainfall (Daily times, 1947). Afterwards, flooding events have been documented to occur almost every year particularly during the rainy season resulting in the loss of lives; destruction of buildings and properties; loss of soil from valuable farmland, disruption of socio-economic activities as well as the transmission of waterborne diseases (Oyebande, 1974;Ayoade & Akintola, 1980;Action Aid, 2006;Adeloye & Rustum, 2011;Etuonovbe, 2011;Aderogba, 2012a;Odunuga et al., 2012;Oshodi, 2013;Adelekan, 2013;Ajibade et al., 2013Ajibade et al., , 2014Soneye, 2014, Nkwunonwo et. al, 2016. ...
This study focuses on understanding ecosystem peculiarity and man’s influential role at intelligently and adaptively building with nature for eco-social sustainability. The research method employs a mixed method sequential explanatory design. In the first phase, a mailed survey collected the following data (n = 116) in June 2020 from ten residential communities within Kosofe local government area of Lagos state: the attributes of the flooding experienced, causes of flood occurrences, and factors influencing occurrence of floods. In the second phase, equifinality is used to explain the results of analysis of the quantitative data. Findings reveal that ‘flooding’ as an end state may occur from different initial states and in different ways, based on dynamic interaction in the environment. In conclusion, an objective approach to sustainability is one founded on acknowledging the importance of the ideologies of environmental determinism and possibilism. While it is common for the environment to set constraints, man has the choice to intelligently journey with sustainability towards a fulfilling and equitable future.
... Halley (2001) identifies the major cause of flood in Africa to be inadequacy of drainage. On the contrary, the major cause of flood in Nigeria has been identified to be excessive rainfall (Wetch, 1977;Taiwo, 2008;Akanin and Bilesanmi, 2011;Aderogba, 2012a and2012b). Meanwhile, flood usually occurs when there is a continuous downpour of rain for a long period, while resulted excess water has capacity beyond what available drainage can easily convey, due to its inadequacy or blockage of the drainage. ...
... Consequently, due to the issue of flooding and erosion; some streets in the neighbourhoods become impassable due to their poor state and flooding. Aderogba (2012) states that the regularity and length of time of rainfall in most cities in Nigeria (Benin City included) is often over ten days. This alongside other infrastructural challenges explain why there is constant flooding within these cities and why access to transportation is made difficult for interviewees at such times. ...
Infrastructural provision as a sine qua non for quality housing delivery cannot be overlooked. This is highly essential for the population of any given urban area in Nigeria if the quality of life is to be enhanced. This paper explores how access to basic infrastructural provision impacts on people's experiences of housing quality in Benin City, Nigeria. Interviews and visual methods were adopted for this study and findings revealed that the provision of adequate infrastructure varied across the different neighbourhoods and/or significantly impacted people's experiences of housing quality. Given these variations in the provision of infrastructure, the paper suggests more government intervention schemes that will ensure that those who deliver houses provide adequate infrastructure for the residents.
... Various scholars(Israel 2017;Elias and Omojola 2015;Ajibade et al. 2013), working on vulnerabilities of Lagos to hazards suggest that floods and storm surges are the paramount natural hazards affecting the city. Based on the available flood data of cities in Nigeria between 1985 and 2014 and investigations conducted byAderogba (2012), Nkwunonwo (2016) andAjibade and colleagues (2013), Lagos is identified ...
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are taking up an increasing role in the management of disaster risks within historic neighborhoods; yet, loss of historic sites due to disasters is increasing. Local Non-Governmental Organizations (LNGOs) usually collaborate with international Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) and the government to conduct post-disaster interventions within the ‘affected’ neighborhoods. In this context, the question arises that how LNGOs can contribute to making the neighborhoods around historic sites prepared to face any disaster. This chapter, therefore, examines the participation of LNGOs in addressing disaster risks before, during and after disaster events, especially flooding and coastal storm within historic neighborhoods focusing on Lagos, one of the vulnerable cities in Nigeria and where diverse historic sites are located. A quantitative survey of LNGO staffs and local community leaders was conducted to collect data and information, focusing on disaster risk reduction interventions and community perception towards LNGO interventions. The analysis focused mainly on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the interventions implemented by the LNGOs. The chapter finds that interventions of LNGOs focused primarily on post-disaster responses rather than pre-disaster planning to address the vulnerabilities of the historic sites and neighborhoods to avert the future damages. The preservation of historic sites within the settlement requires community-driven interventions addressing the concerns of the local people. The chapter concludes that LNGOs need to rethink and refocus their roles and interventions in planning and mitigating risks and assisting communities in preparing for disaster events.
... Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area, or if the area was already saturated from poor waste disposal (i.e., blockage of drainage channels, especially in urban centres); and poor land use policy planning and management (i.e., improper sitting of buildings, structures, road and drainage construction and land use ordering (Adeloye [15], as well as available control tools to oversee development standards). It is unfortunate Nigerian authorities lack proper planning and orderly conduct when it comes to sound promotion of flood prevention [16]. ...
There are notching unresolved issues and environmental hazards traceable to flood and erosion in major rural areas and urban centers in Nigeria. Researchers' efforts on erosion control and flood mitigation have not yielded notable fruits because of inadequate planning and implementation strategies. Maintenance of roads and other infrastructures are the bed rock of any development around the globe. This paper assessed recent occurrence of flood and erosion. The study examined the causes, urban and regional planning of the affected area, construction practices, damages and maintenance practices. Questionnaires, field study and interview of experts were used to elicit information from people in the affected location, officials from state and local government agencies charged with rehabilitation of affected areas. The research finding revealed that there are inadequate drainage systems, lack of enforcement of master plan, corruptions, failure of systems, poor supervision, construction malpractices, lackadaisical attitude and lack of maintenance culture. Implementation strategies were highlighted to avert flood and erosion ravaging several areas of the country. The paper concluded that stakeholders, researchers, engineers should partner with government agencies in the planning, construction, management and maintenance of rural and urban drainages for adequate funding and sustainable construction. It is recommended that strategies for alleviating flood and erosion should be implemented based on latest technology for sustainable infrastructural development. Periodic hazard assessment should be planned in various geopolitical zones especially Lagos, Niger delta and rain forest region of Nigeria. Land use control, landscape maintenance, weather stations, proper enforcement of construction works according to master plan should be strategically put in place for effective monitoring and alleviation of flood and erosion in Nigeria.
... In Nigeria, floods account for the most common natural hazards, with severe consequences on life and property (Aderogba 2012). Between 1985 and 2018, there were more flood events in Nigeria relative to other West African countries, with six events in 2000 alone, five in 2004 and four in 2011. ...
In this study, a GIS-based integration of multi-criteria analysis and the Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) terrain model was adopted to delineate potential flood hazard zones and vulnerability of the Ogun River Basin, Nigeria. Flood causative factors were used as input for multi-criteria analysis using an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted overlay ArcGIS 10.5 to generate potential flood hazard zones. The flood hazard map was overlaid with demographic population data to identify areas where vulnerable people and assets are located. The results show the varying degree of people’s susceptibility to flood hazards. Flood hazard zones were classified into Very High, High, Moderate, Low and Very Low, with area coverage of 1269.40, 14139.50, 7188.40, 17.41 and 0.85 km², respectively (occupied by 466 290, 355 542, 69 554, 231 and 54 people, respectively). This study serves as a preliminary guide for early warning and policy decision-making for flood disaster risk reduction.
Purpose
There is an increasing need for greater awareness and understanding of the risks climate change poses to farming communities so as to inform appropriate adaptive responses. The purpose of this study is to investigate farmers’ climate change impacts, awareness, risk perception and current adaptation strategies adopted to deal with the impacts of climate change on their livelihood.
Design/methodology/approach
This research was undertaken with 67 farmers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. This study used a combination of focus group discussion and quantitative survey to obtain data. Surveyed farmers were invited to an initial workshop and asked to take photos of climate change impacts on their land and the adaptation strategies being adopted. The photos were analysed and discussed with the farmers in a second workshop. Then, in a third workshop, farmers and other stakeholders came together to rank the most important consequences of climate change and shared knowledge on adaptation strategies. The survey and photovoice data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Findings
The results of this study showed that a majority of the farmers were knowledgeable of climate change, mostly got climate information through media. Floods and high temperatures were perceived as the most occurring climate change-related disaster risks. Majority of the farmers perceived climate change as high risk and have taken up multiple adaptation strategies in response to it, including changing planting times, mulching their land and digging irrigation pits. Farmers’ responses indicated that they want to do more but are restricted by financial resources.
Practical implications
This study outcomes provide evidence for a need to consider stakeholders’ participation in planning climate change responses to effectively address the challenges posed by climate change, particularly in coastal agricultural communities. Government and relevant agencies as recommended need to support farmers to undertake needed adaptive strategies to adapt with future flooding, high temperature and drought, providing them with necessary facilities to enhance their adaptive capacities.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this was one of the first studies to use photovoice to investigate climate change awareness, impacts and adaptations strategies with majority female farmers in west Africa. This study highlights the importance of participatory approaches to capture grassroots climate adaptation approaches.
The ground can become saturated during prolonged downpours. If sewers and drains are unable to cope, overflows will be inevitable. This situation could affect properties that are not designed to cope with flood hazards. It is pertinent that property investors should consider flooding and the likelihood of its occurrence when making investment decisions. The question is, “do they?” This study investigates the factors that influence residential property investment decisions in flood-risk areas of the Lagos metropolis. This is achieved by evaluating a range of locational, neighbourhood, structural, market/economic, behavioural, and risk characteristics in the determination of residential property investment choices in areas that are susceptible to flood risk. The data were sourced from private investors and registered real estate agents in the risk areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection purposes, and only valid responses were used for the data analysis. The results show that the availability of infrastructural supply, the crime rate in the neighbourhood, and the property location could significantly motivate investors’ decisions with respect to property investment in flood-risk areas. The perception plot shows that behavioural factors have the highest bearing on the investment decisions for private investors, at 4.4, followed by economic factors at 4.0 and locational factors at 3.6. The plot also shows that neighbourhood factors have the highest bearing on the investment decisions for estate agents, at 4.6, followed by economic factors at 4.0 and locational factors at 3.6. This implies that there are various degrees of correlation between the factors examined in this study. It is important to highlight the relevance of the findings for the field and pave the way for future scientific development in flood-risk management.
Over the years, flooding has affected numerous aspects of the lives of the people in Karim-Lamido Local Government Area. The study aimed at assessing the effects of flood on socio-economic activities in Karim-Lamido Local Government Area of Taraba State using GIS techniques. The study employed questionnaires, oral interviews, personal observations and descriptive statistics to analyse data using pie charts and graphs to present data. ArcGIS 10.1 was used to analyse the flood vulnerability using LandSat images. The flood vulnerability analysis of Karim-Lamido indicates that about 80% of the area is flood vulnerable and the major stream order in Karim-Lamido is between 3-5. Results also revealed that rainfall received annually in the area and the proneness of the area to flood. In addition, loss of agricultural products, properties and lives were revealed as some of the negative effects of flooding in the study area. The result also revealed that the major effects of flood are the washing away of the community’s farms lands and their businesses equipment. Furthermore, the researchers recommend that the resettlement scheme programs should be embarked on by the government to resettle most of the communities in the study area. Additionally, for good area planning, individuals, corporate entities, and the government should provide adequate funding for disaster management organisations. Furthermore, a local flood warning system needs to be created. This will go a long way towards educating and preparing the people of Karim-Lamido for major flooding.
Telukjambe Barat and Telukjambe Timur Sub-Districts, Karawang Regency, have a high flood risk level due to changes in Land Use/Land Cover and the yearly occurrence of runoff water discharge. This research aims to analyze the rate and pattern of land-use change due to industrial development, examine the correlation of flood impacts with environmental-socio-economic factors, and develop a flood risk model in industrial areas. Data were collected through methods of system dynamics, remote sensing, geographic information system, questionnaire distribution, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. The results showed that floods in this regency are due to massive inland changes, such as the transition from vegetation and water bodies to industrial and residential areas and a strong relationship between environmental-social-economic factors. In other cases, areas with urban land conversion are likely to be flood-prone zones in places such as the Philippines, Belgium, and China. Based on the correlation test that has been conducted, the relationship with the highest level of closeness is the correlation between environmental factors and the impact of flooding, which has a value of 0.791. Therefore, the disaster risk model with an integrated spatial plan approach and an ecological perspective is an option for realizing sustainable development in industrial areas in Karawang Regency. © 2022 Faculty of Geography UGM and The Indonesian Geographers Association.
This paper assesses flood incidences and their socioeconomic implications in Damaturu. The study examined people's awareness of the flashflood, determined the frequency of the menace far year, read the causes, assessed the effects of the problem and identified the control measures that were put in place. The study utilizes both primary and secondary data. The primary includes observation, interview, use of camera and questionnaire. In contrast, the secondary used relevant journals to justify the necessary findings. The study revealed that most of the respondents were aware of the existence of the flood. The study also showed that the menace used to occur more than once a year. Moreover, the study found that the primary cause of the flood includes Encroachments posed by human activities, heavy rainfall and poor drainage system. On the other hand, the study revealed that the significant effects of floods in the study area include damage to their houses and farmland. Lastly, the study found out that very few in the study area are using sandbags to limit the destruction, so 0it concludes by identifying the reasons for the flash floods as both natural and human induces; so finally, the study recommends the establishment of the functional hydrological office in Damaturu to monitor the flow of floods, Proper mapping of flood-prone zones, law enforcement and finally Government needs to encourage enlightenment about the wrong side of violating environment and help the victims that are affected by the flooding in the study area.
Flood remains a very serious environmental problem in Uyo Urban, Akwa Ibom State. Recurrent flood events in the city of Uyo the State Capital of Akwa Ibom State have been traced to inadequate drainage channels. Many properties have been destroyed, lives lost and thus subjecting the people to unquantifiable trauma. More so, the menace of flood has been on the increase as a result of incipient and prolonged weather conditions. The study assessed community resilience on matters of recurrent flood disaster in Uyo Urban, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. This study aims at assessing community adaptation and coping strategies to this salient environmental monster. Reconnaissance survey on four demarcated zones enables identification of active flood sites for effective data collection in the study area. 97 copies of structured questionnaires were administered to each of the four zones making a total of 388 in order to assess community resilience and adaptation strategies. The study revealed that flood occurs every year and the people have adapted through various strategies ranging from scooping, channelization of drains, clearing of gutters, water retention pit, raising of household materials, relocation to safer zones, timely evacuation of drains and fencing. In most parts of the season, the flood intensity fluctuates from a very high to fairly high intensity. Chi-square manipulation revealed that there is significant community resilience on matters of recurrent flood disaster in Uyo Urban, Akwa Ibom State as accentuated by adaptation and coping strategies identified. The study recommended among others that the government should promote community awareness and participation in flood prone area and also put in place a people-driven community flood management initiatives in Uyo Urban to mitigate to the barest minimum environmental casualties.
Within the past decade, flood disaster had had a devastating effect on Nigerian communities destroying lives and property and displacing thousands of people. The aftermath of every flood disaster left marks to show that Nigeria has not put adequate mechanism in place to prevent and manage flood disaster occurrences especially in the flood prone areas. One major approach that can enhance proper mitigation of flood disasters is risk and behavioural change communication. This study, therefore, evaluated the influence of flood risk awareness information on the adaptive behavior of people living in flood prone areas in southeastern Nigeria. The main objective of the study was to ascertain if there is availability of flood risk awareness information, major source of information, influence of accessibility on diffusion, relationship between awareness, adoption, and adaptive behavior. Anchored on Reasoned Action Approach, Habermas' Theory of Communicative Action and Media Synchronicity Theory, the researcher adopted the survey design in carrying out the study with a projected population of 21,298,033 and a sample size of 384 drawn using Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination table. Findings revealed that there is availability of flood risk awareness information which majority access mainly through radio/TV in form of early warning but limited or uneasy access to sources of flood risk awareness information hampers its diffusion which results to low adoption and affect their adaptive behavior. The researcher, therefore, recommended that community-based communication process using communication forms such as interpersonal, seminar; town hall meeting should be maximally utilized in creating disaster awareness and to complement effort of the TV and radio stations being used presently.
In the face of climate change, mapping flood vulnerability has become important. This is because it helps to identify vulnerable people in particular communities and provides a better understanding of the causes of their vulnerability. The objective of this scoping literature review paper is to describe the components, elements, criteria selection methods, scale and settings, data, analytical approaches, the purpose of the maps, sensitivity analysis and accuracy assessment techniques used for mapping flood vulnerability in developing countries. A search over the last decade was conducted in Web of Science and Scopus using the keywords: “flood vulnerability” OR “Spatial Modelling” AND “developing country”. The results reveal that flood vulnerability mapping in developing countries was integrated and multi-disciplinary and the mapping was mainly done at a community level or local level. Indicator-based multi-criteria analysis approaches and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were commonly used in mapping flood vulnerability. The selection of criteria or indicators was mostly based on the existing literature and expert knowledge. Stakeholder participation and use of indigenous knowledge in producing the flood vulnerability maps was limited in the reviewed studies. Sensitivity analysis was hardly done and the lack of reliable, updated and high-resolution data adversely affected the validation and usability of the flood vulnerability maps. Since a lot of people especially in urban areas are expected to be vulnerable to flood hazards due to climate change, validated and accurate flood vulnerability maps are crucial in supporting decision making and strategic interventions aimed are reducing flood risks.
The concept and practice of knowledge management in development have been largely shaped by the emergence and complexity of modern times. The increasing number and intensity of natural catastrophes as a result of the changing climate renders a new social order that is highly complex, oftentimes uncertain, and largely ambiguous. This exploratory research on the case of Marikina City, Philippines aimed to provide evidences on how local governments can use adaptive knowledge sharing to manage complexity inherent in urban disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM). Using Complexity Theory as a guide, this research examined the interrelated variables of knowledge sharing channels, knowledge sharing behavior, and social networks of the members of the DRRM Council. The social networks were mapped out in terms of the four thematic areas of DRRM: disaster prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery and rehabilitation. Result of analyses suggest that (1) flexibility is a key component in developing adaptive capacity; (2) network density reflects robustness and resilience of system; (3) skewed attention given to scientific knowledge undermines the importance of local knowledge in reducing uncertainties and dealing with complexity; and (4) social networks are important in navigating DRRM organizations towards the edge of chaos.
This chapter examines both concept of global hazard and disaster and its management in the lights of its vulnerability. It categorized the different types of hazards and disasters and their components. From the research findings, it is observed that hazards and disaster are two sides of a coin. They occur at the interface between human systems and natural events in our physical environments. This chapter highlights that the major environmental changes driving hazards and vulnerability to disasters are climate change, land-use changes, and degradation of natural resources. After presenting a typology of disasters and their magnitude globally, management of disaster has transited from just being a “response and relief”-centric approach to a mitigation and preparedness approach.
The study aimed at evaluating the impacts of flooding on socio-economic activities in Oleh, Isoko South Local Government Area of Delta State. The study employed questionnaires, oral interviews, and personal observations. The data obtained from questionnaires and oral interviews were presented and interpreted using percentages, averages, bar graphs and pie charts. The hypothesis was formulated and tested. The statistical technique used in testing the hypothesis was Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Thus, the hypothesis reveals that flooding has significant relationship with socio-economic activities in Oleh. In addition, loss of portable water and agricultural products were revealed as some of the negative impacts of flooding in the study area. Furthermore, the researcher recommends provision of improved varieties of crops that are highly water resistant to farmers. Also, individual, corporate bodies and government should allocate adequate fund to disaster management bodies for proper planning of the area. In addition, community-based flood warning system should be developed. This will go a long way in creating awareness and preparedness of the inhabitants of Oleh against severe flooding. Keywords: Evaluation, impacts, flooding, socio-economic, activities
The extreme poor increasingly reside in cities, often in high-risk settlements such as slums. Unfortunately, the risk in cities is an incredibly complex product, shaped by interactions between groups of people, natural and physical infrastructures, and different institutions. This chapter conceptualizes cities and their risks as a complex adaptive system and examine the methods for risk reduction. To do so, it reviews how the international NGO Concern Worldwide reduces risks for the extreme poor living in four cities: Port au Prince, Haiti; Dhaka, Bangladesh; Nairobi, Kenya; and Freetown, Sierra Leone. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in these cities, this chapter finds that while many commonly used disaster management techniques can be employed for risk reduction, the complex and dynamic nature of urban systems creates unique challenges that must be accounted for. Risk reduction can be enhanced by implementing a multiplicity of interventions spanning scales and perspectives, structured along the lines of preparedness and response to crisis, direct services provision, and enhancing social inclusion. To truly to escape crises, these interventions must address not just the immediate symptoms of risk, but the underlying macro processes creating hazards and vulnerabilities. From these results, the argument is made that a complex system approach that is cognizant of interconnections among hazards, vulnerabilities, and forces of creating risks, is crucial for addressing risks in cities. By introducing this complex system perspective and providing a series of real-world examples of risk reduction in cities, this chapter should be relevant for researchers and policymakers working to understand how risks in an urban context can be managed in better ways.
This chapter introduces some of the key issues facing scholars and practitioners of disaster risk reduction (DRR) in urban areas, which are now home to over half of the global population. After a brief introduction, the chapter defines cities as socio-technical systems distinguished not only by their large populations but by containing a diversity and concentration of institutional structures, cultures, and industries. There is much variety among cities as well as within them, with wide ranges on many factors, including size, governance type and quality, and wealth. The next section explores the risks that exist in cities. The authors argue that many of the aspects of risks are the results of human decisions. This includes decisions that increase potential exposure to hazards and people’s vulnerabilities to them, such as land use policies, natural resource management, building regulations, and the provision of social services. The result of such decisions often leaves poor and marginalized people more exposed and more vulnerable to the wide spectrum of hazards that impact cities. These hazards generally fall into three categories: natural hazards (e.g., earthquakes and floods), human-caused yet unintentional hazards (e.g., transportation accidents and industrial accidents), and intentional human-caused hazards (e.g., war and terrorism). But the line between these types are often unclear, as neglect, negligence, corruption, poor planning, and lax enforcement raise questions of human culpability in the production of disasters triggered by seemingly natural hazards. The next section discusses potential solutions for addressing urban risks. The authors warn, however, that the interaction of hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities in every city is unique, which means that there is no single ‘formula’ for successful urban DRR. With this caveat in mind, the authors raise exciting paths forward for DRR based on complexity approaches, climate change adaptation, governance, technology, and a focus on equity.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.