Verbascum golawanense (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from Van, Turkey

Abstract

Verbascum golawanense is described and illustrated as a new species from Van, Turkey. The diagnostic morphological characters of this taxon and the morphologically similar species V. lasianthum are discussed. A distribution map of the new species and V. lasianthum is also provided.

Full text

Phytotaxa 305 (1): 021–028
http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/
Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press Article PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
Accepted by Christian Bräuchler: 30 Mar. 2017; published: 21 Apr. 2017
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.305.1.3
21
Verbascum golawanense (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from Van, Turkey
MEHMET FIRAT

:
Abstract
 is described and illustrated as a new species from Van, Turkey. The diagnostic morphological
characters of this taxon and the morphologically similar species are discussed. A distribution map of the new
species and  is also provided.
Key words:  endemic, taxonomy, Van, 
Introduction
 Linnaeus (1753:177) (Scrophulariaceae) includes about 360 species distributed throughout the world
(Mabberley 2008). The genus was divided into two sections by Murbeck (1933), namely Murbeck
(1933: 593) and Murbeck (1933: 82) primarily based on seed morphology. In  seeds
are longitudinally corrugated, whereas in , containing all taxa occurring in Turkey (Hartl 1977; Fischer
2004), they are transversally corrugated and alveolate. The first revision of 228  species in Turkey was
carried out by Huber-Morath (1978). Since that treatment, sixteen new species and 6 hybrids have been described
(Vural & Aydoğdu 1993; Karavelioğulları et al. 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011; Karavelioğulları 2009, 2012, 2015;
Sutorı 2001, 2004; Özhatay 2006; Kaynak et al. 2006; Dane & Yılmaz 2005, 2009; Yilmaz & Dane 2008, Çeçen et al.
2015, Fırat 2015). This adds up to a total of 247 species and 129 hybrids having been reported with a further 6 hybrids
being imperfectly known or doubtful records. Of the species occuring, 195 are restricted to the country revealing an
extremely high level of endemism (ca. 80%).
A recent molecular phylogenetic study (Ghahremaninejad et al. 2015) clearly supports the morphological
circumscription of the genus and points at a recent and rapid radiation as reason for the high number of species. Two
new endemic species from north of Iran has introduced:  Sotoodeh, Attar & Civeyrel (2016: 128)
considering the combination of some characteristics and the genetic distance using ITS and plastid regions (Sotoodeh
et al. 2015); and  Sotoodeh, Attar & Civeyrel (2015: 76) based on by having bi-colored hairs
on the stamen filaments and the unique anther and pedicel characters (Sotoodeh et al. 2016).
Hybrids are widespread in plants especially in some genera such as  (Sutorı 2001, 2004; Dane & Yılmaz
2005, 2009). We can differentiate hybrids from other plants depending on some characteristic features of hybrids. First
of all, hybrids occurs at the sympatric zone of the parental species as individuals, not as a population. Secondly, hybrid
individuals show much more morphological variation than individuals of the parental taxa.  have a
population that compose of approximately more than 500 individuals which are similar to each other. The new taxon
does not show as much variation as hybrid individuals usually do, and as much as other sympatric . 
co-occurs with  Boissier & Kotschy ex Boissier (1879: 304) var.  and . 
Schrenk (1841: 26) subsp.  but the new taxon is most similar to  Boissier ex Bentham (1846:
234) whose closest occurrence is aproximately 400 km far from the new taxon.   var.  and 
 subsp.  are morphologically are not related to new taxon.

FIRAT
22 •  305 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press
Materials and methods
During field exploration in 2011 in Van province (Turkey), an unusual population of was discovered. At
first glance, it seemed to be similar to . The specimens were cross-checked (calyx, corolla, filaments and
floral bracts) with the keys provided by Huber-Morath (1971, 1973, 1978, 1981) and the accounts given
in various relevant publications including Fedchenko (1955), Feinbrun-Dothan (1978a, 1978b), Meikle (1985),
Tahtadzhyana (1987), Boulos (2009) and Ekim (2000). Herbarium specimens from ANK, GAZI, HUB, KNYA and
VANF,herbaria were also examined and compared. Assessment of the conservation status for the new species was done
in accordance with IUCN criteria (IUCN 2014).
Taxonomy
Verbascum golawanense Fırat  (Figs. 1‒3).
Diagnosis:—is morphologically similar to Boissier ex Bentham, but differs from the latter in the
following characteristics: bracts lanceolate, acute (versus triangular-cordate to ovate, acuminate-caudate); pedicels 1 ̶ 11 mm (versus
5 mm); calyx 2 ̶ 3 mm, with lobes lanceolate acute and as long as or shorter than tube (versus 4 ̶ 6 mm, lobes triangular-ovate, acute,
slightly longer than tube); corolla 5 ̶ 16 mm (versus 20‒30 mm); the two anterior stamens with filaments glabrous near apex, (versus
all filaments woolly up to anthers); capsule 2 ̶ 3 × 1 ̶ 2.5 mm, stellate tomentose (versus 4 ̶ 6 × 3.5 ̶ 5 mm, densely tomentose). The
diagnostic characters to distinguish the two species are summarized in Table 1.
Type:—TURKEY. B9 Van: from Van to Muradiye, Bendi mahi region, fallow fields, edge of fields, 1659 m, 38°57’42’’N, 43°37’50’’E, 1
July 2011,  27749 (holotype ANK!, isotypes E!, GAZI!, HUB!, VANF!).
Description:—Perennial, 40 ̶ 200 cm tall, whitish or yellowish stellate tomentose, eglandular; stems robust, terete,
woolly, branched; basal leaves broadly lanceolate, 7 ̶ 40 × 3 ̶ 9 cm, entire, acute; petioles 1 ̶ 5 cm long, cauline leaves
triangular, acute, 1 ̶ 8 × 0.8 ̶ 6 cm; inflorescence forming a pyramidal panicle, well branched with clusters of 2 ̶ 9
flowers; bracts lanceolate, acute, similar to cauline leaves; pedicels 1 ̶ 11 mm long; bracteoles lanceolate; calyx 2 ̶ 3
mm, lobes lanceolate, acute, as long as or shorter than tube; corolla yellow, 5 ̶ 16 mm diameter, stellate-tomentose on
the outside, with pellucid glands only on the inside; stamens 5, filament wool whitish, anthers reniform, two anterior
with filaments glabrous near apex, their anthers obliquely inserted; ovary 0.9 × 0.5 mm, ovate; style 3 ̶ 6 mm long,
filiform, stigma 1 mm long, spathulate; capsule ovate-globose, 2 ̶ 3 × 1 ̶ 2.5 mm, stellate-tomentose.
Phenology:—Flowering from June to July, fruiting from August to September.
Habitat:—Fallow fields, edge of fields, 1600‒800 m.
Etymology:—This new species is named after Lake Wan (Gola Wanê), the only area where the species has been
recorded from.
Vernacular name:—In Van province the indigenous people use the name “Masîjark” for  (Fırat
2013).
Additional specimens examined (paratypes): B9 Van: Muradiye, Kale region, steppe, 1900 m, 28 June 1997,
   (VANF!-2917; det. by Murat Ünal as  ); Van: Erciş, Upper Kozluca district,
steppe, 2250 m, 24 June 2001, (VANF!; det. by Lütfi Behçet as); Van:
Erçiş, between İşbaşı village and Hasanabdal village, steppe, 1796 m, 39°11’47’’N, 43°21’96’’E, 12 July 2007, O.
 (VANF!-12937; det. by Osman Karabacak as  subsp. subdecurrens); Van:
Erçiş, Gözütok village, steppe, 1700 m, 39°06’34’’N, 43°19’56’’E, 29 June 2006,  (VANF-12935;
det. by Osman Karabacak as ).
Examined representative specimens of Verbascum lasianthum: A4 Ankara: Çubuk, Ovacık-Saraycık villages,
Borucağız Hill region, opening shrub, 1250‒1380 m, 3 August 1992,    (GAZI!); Ankara: Çubuk,
Hacıkadın stream, steppe, 9 May 1964, (ANK!); Ankara: Kızılcahamam, Kargasekmez
roadside, 1000 m, 12 July 1974, (ANK!); Ankara: Kızılcahamam, Kargasekmez roadside, 1000 m,
13 July 1974, (ANK!); Ankara: between Kızılcahamam and Kargasekmez region, creek open oak,
900 m, 9 June 1983, (GAZI!); Kastamonu: Korgun-Ilgaz, oak shrubs, 950 m, 19 July 1993, A.A.
(HUB!); Kırıkkale: around Sulakyurt, steppe, 900 m, 19 August 1990,(HUB!); A5
Çorum: Iskilip, Koçcağız village, Ayı stream region, 1350‒400 m, 17 July 1976, (ANK!); Kırıkkale:
Keskin, Dinek Mountain, Around Radar, rocky-steppe, 1250 m, 25 July 1993, (HUB!); Kırıkkale:

(SCROPHULARIACEAE)  305 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 23
FIGURE 1. ( 27749): A. habit, B. basal leaves, C. cauline leaves.
Keskin road, roadside, 27 June 1987, (HUB!); Kırıkkale: Koçubaba Town, Bağlar region, steppe, 1200
m, 10 August 1989,  (HUB!); B3 Afyon: Bayat, Asar hill NW-Inpazarcık, 1300 m, 3 August 1975,
 (ANK!); Köroğlubeli, 1400‒1510 m, 2 August 1993, GAZI!); Eskisehir: Sivrihisar,
1200‒1300 m, 36028! (E!); Isparta: Şarkikaraağaç, Kızıldağ National Park, Çatakbaşı hill, 1150‒1300 m, 16 July
1195,   (HUB!); B4 Ankara: Haymana, Karacaören village, Demirhavey village, stony slopes, 1040
m, 29 July 1992,  (GAZI!); Ankara: Beynam,  (E!); between Konya and Halatlıbel,
afforestation area, serpentine, 1000 m, 4 October 1992,  (GAZI!); Tesiz street, 
(ANK!); B5 Kayseri: 19 km from Kayseri to Sivas road, fallow field, 9 July 1956  

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24 •  305 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press
FIGURE 2. ( 27749): A. externally of corolla; B. internally of corolla, C. cluster of flovers and stamens,
D. calyx lobes, E. ovary and style-stigma, F. capsule.

(SCROPHULARIACEAE)  305 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 25
(ANK!); Kırşehir: Kaman, Çağırkan, Baran Mountain, rocky slopes, 1300‒1350 m, 2 August 1993, 
(GAZI!); Kaman, Çağırkan, Baran Mountain, rocky slopes, 1300‒1350 m, 2 August 1993, 
(GAZI!); Kırşehir, 20 km Çiçekdağı, from Attepesi to Akçakent, roadside, step, 1300‒1450 m, 5 August 1995, 
(GAZI!); 20 km Çiçekdağı, from Attepesi to Akçakent, roadside, step, 1300‒1450 m, 5 August 1995, 
2319 (GAZI!); Akören-Kamah, roadside, 1230 m, 1 August 1993, (GAZI!); B5 Kayseri: Yemliha,
Drawbridge around, 1000‒1030 m, 22 August 1999, (HUB!); Nevşehir: Ürgüp, Göreme valley, volcanic
tuff, moist and shady valley, 1200 m, 8 August 1989, (GAZI!); Ürgüp, Göreme between Avanos
and, alluvial plains, volcanic tuff, 940 m, 23 June 1983, (GAZI!); B5 Niğde: Nevşehir-Ürgüp, step,
1200‒1300 m, 22 June 1952, (ANK!); Niğde: Nevsehir to Urgup, 1200‒1300 m, 19112
(ANK!); B6 Kahramanmaraş: Kapıdere, 3 July 1952, (ANK!); Sivas: Sivas to Malatya, near
Uluguney, 1200 m,  (ANK!); B7 Elazığ: 90 km from Elazığ to Kalemdan Bridge, 840 m,
11 July 1956, ( ANK); C4 Antalya: Gazipaşa, Çobanlar villages plateau, Deli eğrik
region, 1800‒2000 m, 19 July 1981, (ANK!); Isparta: around Lake Kovada, open Pinus brutia forest,
850 m, 29 August 1993, (GAZI!); Karaman: Ermenek, Damlaçal, Cedrus libani forest, 1750 m,
6 July 1978,  (ANK!); C5 Içel: Mut, Adras Mountain, 1500 m, 20 July 1977, (KNYA!);
Içel: Mut, Kelçe village, opening step, 500 ̶ 700 m, 26 June 2012, (KNYA!); Konya: Ermenek, Damlaçalı,
Cedrus libani forest, 1700 m, 7 July 1978, (KNYA!).
Conservation status assessment: The new species has been found in three locations so far. The overall area
of occurrence was estimated as 10 km2. grows on limestone rocks and steppe. Its habitat
continues to decline due to agricultural activities and other local land use. is thus ranked
critically endangered CR according to criteria [B1ab (iii)] IUCN (2014).
FIGURE 3. Distribution map of (▲) and .  (■) in Turkey.
TABLE 1. Diagnostic characters of compared with the related 
Character  golawanense V. lasianthum*
Plant height
Basal leaves
Inflorescence
Floral bracts
Pedicels
Calyx
Corolla
Filaments and anthers
Capsule
perennial, 40 ̶ 200 cm
7 ̶ 40 × 3 ̶ 9 cm, broadly lanceolate
clusters with 2 ̶ 9 flowers
lanceolate, acute
1‒11 mm
2 ̶ 3 mm long, lobes lanceolate, acute, as
long as or shorter than tube
5 ̶ 16 mm diameter
filaments of two anterior stamens
glabrous near apex
2 ̶ 3 × 1 ̶ 2.5 mm, stellate tomentose
biennial, 50 ̶ 100 cm
8 ̶ 30 × 2.5 ̶ 8 cm, obovate to oblong,
lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate
clusters with 2 ̶ 7 flowers
triangular-cordate to ovate, acuminate-
caudate
up to 5 mm
4 ̶ 6 mm long, lobes
triangular-ovate, acute, slightly longer than
tube
20 ̶ 30 mm diameter
filaments woolly up to anthers
4 ̶ 6 × 3.5 ̶ 5 mm, densely tomentose
* data from Huber-Morath (1978).

FIRAT
26 •  305 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press
Discussion
 is similar to but differs in numerous characters (Table 1), distribution area and
some ecological features. is a narrow endemic from eastern Anatolia, district of Van.
 belongs to the informal group “L” of Flora of Turkey (Huber-Morath 1978), up to now
including17 species (Karavelioğulları 2012); after the addition of this group now comprises
18 species.
Although shares a diffrent distribution area with the morphologically related 
Boissier (1844: 323), the former is easy to recognise on the basis of its cauline leaves triangular, acute (not broadly
or narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate), bracts lanceolate, acute, similar to cauline leaves (not lanceolate to linear,
long acuminate or caudate), pedicels 1‒11 mm long (not to 16 mm long), bracteoles lanceolate (not linear), calyx
2‒3 mm, lobes lanceolate (not 3‒5 mm, lobes linear to linear-lanceolate), Corolla 5 ̶ 16 mm diameter (20‒30 mm
diameter), filaments two anterior with filaments glabrous near apex, whitish wool (not whitish-yellow wool up to
anthers), Capsule ovate-globose, 2 ̶ 3 × 1 ̶ 2.5 mm, stellate tomentose (not broadly ovate to globose, 4‒6 × 3.5‒5 mm,
densely tomentose) (Huber-Morath 1978)
is morphologically close to  Schrenk (1841: 26) subsp. subdecurrens (1955: 53),
but is separated clearly by the following characters: whitish or yellowish stellate tomentose indumentum (not soft and
±dense, greyish or whitish f1occose-tomentose indumentum); calyx 2 ̶ 3 mm long, lobes lanceolate (not 6‒10 mm,
lobes linear-lanceolate); corolla 5 ̶ 16 mm diameter (not 25 ̶ 35 mm diameter); apsule ovate-globose, 2 ̶ 3 × 1 ̶ 2.5 mm,
stellate tomentose (not ovate to ovate-elliptic, 5‒7 × 4‒5 mm, tomentose, glabrescent) (Huber-Morath 1978).
 is morphologically close to  Huber-Morath (1960: 338), but is separated
clearly by the following characters: perennial, 40 ̶ 200 cm tall (not biennial, 80 cm tall); whitish or yellowish stellate
tomentose, eglandular (not densely and softly whitish or yellowish floccose-tomentose, glabrescent); stems robust,
terete, woolly, branched (not slender, terete, longitudinally striate, simple); basal leaves broadly lanceolate, entire,
acute, petioles 1 ̶ 5 cm long (not obovate to lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, crenate, with indistinct winged
petiole 1‒3 cm); cauline leaves triangular, acute (not decurrent, ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, denticulate);
calyx 2 ̶ 3 mm, lobes lanceolate (not 4–6 mm, lobes linear); corolla 5 ̶ 16 mm diameter, stellate-tomentose on the
outside, with pellucid glands only on the inside (not c. 25 mm diameter, tomentose outside, without pellucid glands);
filament wool whitish (not upper filament hairs yellowish, lower purple-violet); capsule ovate-globose, 2 ̶ 3 × 1 ̶ 2.5
mm (not elliptic-ovate, 5‒7 × 3.5‒5 mm) (Huber-Morath 1978).
 is morphologically close to   Hochstetter (1845: 336), but is separated
clearly by the following characters: perennial (not biennial); inflorescence forming a pyramidal panicle, with clusters
of 2 ̶ 9 flowers (not forming broad, loose panicle, with clusters of 1‒4 flowers); bracts lanceolate, acute, similar to
cauline leaves (not ovate, acuminate); calyx 2 ̶ 3 mm (not 4 ̶ 6 mm); corolla 5 ̶ 16 mm diameter, with pellucid glands
only on the inside (not 20 ̶ 30 mm diameter, without pellucid glands); capsule ovate-globose, 2 ̶ 3 × 1 ̶ 2.5 mm (not
broadly elliptic to subglobose, 5‒6 × 4‒5 mm) (Huber-Morath 1978).
Acknowledgements
Dr. Faik Ahmet Karavelioğulları is thanked for support in the description and critical discussion of the manuscript.
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