The Butterflies and Moths of the Park and surroundings (Lepidoptera).

Abstract

An account of the 342 Lepidoptera species so far recorded from the Vesuvius National Park (Italy, Campania, Naples province) and surroundings is given. The fauna of the Park has so far proved fairly varied as a consequence of the complex environmental mosaic occurring in the area, but it is not particularly rich and is overall dominated by ecologically versatile common elements, often thermophilous ones with vagrant tendencies. Reasons for the comparatively low species richness are to be found both in the harsh conditions occurring on the volcano and in the impoverishment of the environment due to human activities. Among the Macrolepidoptera, fi ve species are newly recorded from Campania: Eupithecia pyreneata, E. gemellata (Geometridae), Cryphia ochsi, Metachrostis velox and Oligia strigilis (Noctuidae). The pyralid Nephopterix angustella is recorded for the fi rst time in peninsular Italy. RIASSUNTO I Lepidotteri del Parco e delle aree adiacenti (Lepidoptera) Nel territorio del Parco Nazionale del Vesuvio ed immediati dintorni sono state censite complessivamente 342 specie di Lepidotteri, delle quali viene fornito un sintetico profi lo biogeografi co ed ecologico. La fauna lepidotterologica del Parco si è dimostrata nel suo complesso piuttosto povera, verosimilmente in conseguenza delle peculiari condizioni ambientali vigenti nell'area, spesso estreme, e delle alterazioni dovute all'intervento antropico. In generale prevalgono nell'area gli elementi caratterizzati da ampia valenza ecologica, spesso ubiquisti o termofi li, tra i quali numerose entità inclini alla dispersione a lunga distanza. Il mosaico ambientale che si sviluppa nell'area è tuttavia assai articolato e rappresenta un patrimonio importante per il mantenimento e l'incremento dei livelli di diversità biologica. Tra i Macrolepidotteri cinque specie vengono segnalate per la prima volta per la Campania: Eupithecia pyreneata, E. gemellata (Geometridae), Cryphia ochsi, Metachrostis velox e Oligia strigilis (Noctuidae). Il piralide Nephopterix angustella è nuovo per l'Italia peninsulare.

Full text

307
The Butterfl ies and Moths of the Park and
surroundings (Lepidoptera)
Francesca VEGLIANTE, Alberto ZILLI
ABSTRACT
An account of the 342 Lepidoptera species so far recorded from the Vesuvius National Park (Italy, Campania, Naples province) and surroundings is
given. The fauna of the Park has so far proved fairly varied as a consequence of the complex environmental mosaic occurring in the area, but it is not
particularly rich and is overall dominated by ecologically versatile common elements, often thermophilous ones with vagrant tendencies. Reasons
for the comparatively low species richness are to be found both in the harsh conditions occurring on the volcano and in the impoverishment of
the environment due to human activities. Among the Macrolepidoptera, fi ve species are newly recorded from Campania:
Eupithecia pyreneata
,
E.
gemellata
(Geometridae),
Cryphia ochsi
,
Metachrostis velox
and
Oligia strigilis
(Noctuidae). The pyralid
Nephopterix angustella
is recorded for the
fi rst time in peninsular Italy.
Key words: Lepidoptera, species inventory, Italy, Campania, faunistics, volcanoes.
R
IASSUNTO
I Lepidotteri del Parco e delle aree adiacenti (Lepidoptera)
Nel territorio del Parco Nazionale del Vesuvio ed immediati dintorni sono state censite complessivamente 342 specie di Lepidotteri, delle quali
viene fornito un sintetico profi lo biogeografi co ed ecologico. La fauna lepidotterologica del Parco si è dimostrata nel suo complesso piuttosto povera,
verosimilmente in conseguenza delle peculiari condizioni ambientali vigenti nell’area, spesso estreme, e delle alterazioni dovute all’intervento
antropico. In generale prevalgono nell’area gli elementi caratterizzati da ampia valenza ecologica, spesso ubiquisti o termofi li, tra i quali numerose
entità inclini alla dispersione a lunga distanza. Il mosaico ambientale che si sviluppa nell’area è tuttavia assai articolato e rappresenta un patrimonio
importante per il mantenimento e l’incremento dei livelli di diversità biologica. Tra i Macrolepidotteri cinque specie vengono segnalate per la prima
volta per la Campania:
Eupithecia pyreneata
,
E. gemellata
(Geometridae),
Cryphia ochsi
,
Metachrostis velox
e
Oligia strigilis
(Noctuidae). Il piralide
Nephopterix angustella
è nuovo per l’Italia peninsulare.
ARTROPODI DEL PARCO NAZIONALE DEL VESUVIO: RICERCHE PRELIMINARI – CONSERVAZIONE HABITAT INVERTEBRATI – 4/2007: 307-364.
INTRODUCTION
In the framework of the preparation of a master
plan for the Vesuvius National Park (cf. Nardi
& Vomero 2007), in 2000 a survey on the Lepi-
doptera of this nature reserve was undertaken. In
fact, lepidopterans are useful in environmental
monitoring programmes for a variety of reasons,
which range from their being very speciose to the
fact that several species with specialised ecologi-
cal requirements are involved (cf. Pollard & Yates
1994). Moreover, the double interaction of butter-
fl ies and moths with plants, both as phytophagous
larvae and nectar- or sap-feeding adults, and the
remarkable amount of information accumulated
about them over the years make them suitable for
assessment of local environmental conditions and
representation of ecological gradients. Last but not
least, a number of species are migrants or, rather,
vagrants, and their distribution and abundance of-
ten strongly fl uctuate according to meteorological
and climatic factors, thus also revealing ecological
processes on a broader scale.
In this article all the Lepidoptera species so far re-
corded in the Park and nearby localities are listed and
shortly commented on, both those originally sampled
during the 2000 campaign and all those recorded in
the literature accessible to us.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study area consists of the territory of the Park as
comprised within its administrative boundaries (cf.
Nardi & Vomero 2007) and a few neighbouring lo-
calities for which data on the Lepidoptera were avail-
able, namely Boscoreale, Ercolano, Pompei, Portici

308
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
and Torre del Greco.
The sites sampled in 2000 are listed below (see abbre-
viations); for a general description of these sites see
Picariello et al. (2000), Cona & Di Pasquale (2007),
Filesi (2007) and Nardi & Vomero (2007).
Sampling techniques
Sampling carried out in 2000 was aimed at assess-
ing the Lepidoptera composition of as many habitat
types characterizing the Park as possible. Both adults
and larvae were collected; the latter were reared to
the adult stage for a sure species identifi cation. But-
terfl ies and day-fl ying moths were collected by day
using butterfl y nets, whereas larvae were collected di-
rectly by hand. Other moths were collected at night
by means of a light sheet provided with a mixed-light
ML 160 W lamp powered by a portable Honda Eu
1.0 generator and light traps with fl uorescent actinic
tubes (20W) provided with crepuscular switches and
powered by car batteries (45 Ah). In both cases the
killing agent was ethyl acetate. Some material was also
collected with pitfall traps which were positioned for
sampling soil arthropods (cf. Nardi & Vomero 2007);
this method is particularly useful for sampling moths
that are active in unusual periods or little attracted
by artifi cial lights (cf. Scalercio 2006). Specimens
collected with this method are usually damaged, but
they are generally easy to identify by dissection of
their terminalia.
Species identifi cation
Individuals of several day-fl ying species were only
temporarily captured, identifi ed on the spot and re-
leased in the wild; in such cases no name of collector
is provided in the species list. All individuals which
could not be unambiguosly identifi ed in the fi eld
were taken to the lab for identifi cation, together with
some voucher specimens and all night-active moths.
In diffi cult cases the specimens were dissected and
genitalia preparations were made according to the
standard methods used for Lepidoptera (cf. Grassi &
Zilli 2005).
Literature
All the accessible literature sources were checked for
data on the Lepidoptera of the study area. We deem
this information reasonably complete, but of course
a number of involuntary omissions may have oc-
curred. The dates of publication of “Fauna del Regno
di Napoli” by O. G. Costa are based on D’Erasmo
(1949).
Species list
All Lepidoptera species so far recorded from the Ve-
suvius National Park and surroundings are included,
together with some biogeographical and ecological
notes. In the “Records” section the material is listed
in alphabetical order according to locality, literature
data being cited fi rst. Name combinations used in
the literature are given only when the species names
were different from those currently in use (e.g. “as
old name”), whereas original misidentifi cations are
distinguished by “sub wrong name”. All localities are
listed in Italian, and those from the Vesuvius Nation-
al Park investigated during the sampling campaign of
2000 are abbreviated (see further on). Except when
otherwise stated, new original records with no year
of capture refer to 2000. Interpolations are given in
square brackets. Voucher specimens are shared be-
tween the authors’ collections and Museo Civico di
Zoologia, Rome.
Except when otherwise stated, information on phe-
nology and habitat is valid for populations from
peninsular or southern Italy, also when non-Italian
works are cited as references. This is not the case
for foodplant records, which are simply intended to
provide a general profi le of the trophic preferences
shown by the taxa. The nomenclature used in Fauna
Europaea (De Prins 2004; Karsholt & Nieukerken
2004) is followed omitting subgeneric and subspe-
cifi c names, whereas the systematic arrangement of
taxa follows Karsholt & Razowski (1996). Distri-
bution patterns are given in either a descriptive or
otherwise non-rigidly standardised way, according
to the tradition most used by European lepidopter-
ists.
Three species, namely Epilecta linogrisea (Denis &
Schiffermüller, 1775), Chersotis margaritacea (Villers,
1789) (Noctuidae) and Zygaena fi lipendulae (Linnae-
us, 1758) (Zygaenidae), were erroneously recorded
from the Park; these records are discussed in the fau-
nistic list.
ABBREVIATIONS
SAMPLING SITES IN THE VESUVIUS NATIONAL PARK. EColata = Er-
colano, Vesuvio vers. N, strada per il cratere, 890 m ca, edge of
lava fl ow; EGigante = Ercolano, Vesuvio, vers. N, Valle del Gi-
gante, 965-870 m, transect between tall Genista aetnensis-domi-
nated shrubland and lava fl ow covered with lichens; EGigante2
= Ercolano, Vesuvio vers. N, Valle del Gigante, 880-920 m ca,
pine plantation; EGinestre1 = Ercolano, Vesuvio vers. O, strada
per il cratere, 525 m, Spartium junceum shrubland; EGinestre2
= Ercolano, Vesuvio vers. O, strada per il cratere, 525-500 m,

309
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
S. junceum shrubland with small isolated Holm oak patches;
EOsserv = Ercolano, Vesuvio vers. O, dintorni dell’Osservatorio,
600-650 m, tall Mediterranean maquis; EPiazz = Ercolano, Ve-
suvio vers. N, presso C.ta Guide, 1000 m, dirt car-park bordered
by G. aetnensis shrubs and lava fl ows practically free of vegeta-
tion; ERimbos = Ercolano, Vesuvio vers. N, strada per il cratere,
960 m ca, reforested area with conifers and G. aetnensis; ERoad
= Ercolano, Vesuvio vers. N., strada per il cratere, 800 m, road
edges; ETirone = Ercolano, Vesuvio vers. N, strada per il cra-
tere, Riserva Tirone-Alto Vesuvio, 960-970 m, tall G. aetnensis
shrubland; OCast = Ottaviano, Castello del Principe, 275 m,
urban park; OCognoli = Ottaviano, M. Somma vers. E, “sen-
tiero per i Cognoli”, 600 m ca, mixed chestnut grove; OLamar
= Ottaviano, M. Vesuvio, vers. SE, ex Rifugio La Marca, 800 m,
dirt terrain with shrubs, mainly of G. aetnensis; OPrinc = Otta-
viano, M. Somma vers. E, a monte di Castello del Principe, 515
m, wasteland and pine plantation; OVallone = Ottaviano, M.
Somma vers. E, Vallone Mazzamei, 450 m ca, hazelnut grove on
pozzolana; SaOlivella = Sant’Anastasia, M. Somma vers. N, Sor-
genti Olivella, 350 m, mixed broadleaved woodland; SaTrocchia
= Sant’Anastasia, dint. Lagno di Trocchia, 190-250 m, apricot
plantation and mixed broadleaved woodland; SMaria = Somma
Vesuviana, M. Somma vers. N, Santa Maria di Castello, 500 m
ca, chestnut grove; SMaria1 = Somma Vesuviana, M. Somma
vers. N, Santa Maria di Castello, 450 m ca, margins of chestnut
grove and anthropized area; SMaria2 = Somma Vesuviana, M.
Somma vers. N, Santa Maria di Castello, 465 m, wasteland on
the edge of chestnut grove; SVpalm = Somma Vesuviana, Valle
Palmentiello, 450-500 m, apricot and chestnut grove; TFunivia
= Torre del Greco, Vesuvio vers. SO, stazione inferiore ex funivia,
754-800 m, mixed braodleaved woodland with False acacia and
Pine.
COLLECTORS. AZ = A. Zilli; CD = C. D’Antonio; FV = F. Ve-
gliante; GN = G. Nardi; VV = V. Vomero.
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS. at = pitfall trap on a cavity of a chestnut
tree at 3 m above ground level; dint. = environs; ex = speci-
men/s; ls = light sheet; lt = light trap; mc = at margin of ha-
zel grove on pozzolan, pitfall traps in chestnut stump; mm =
Mediterranean maquis; PNV = Parco Nazionale del Vesuvio [=
Vesuvius National Park]; pt = pitfall trap; sd = collection date
not indicated; tCD = teste C’Antonio; tGN = teste G. Nardi;
vers. = slope; wa = wasteland at the edge of chestnut grove; wg
= tall Genista aetnensis shrubland; wh = holm oak wood; wm =
mixed chestnut wood; wo = open rocky bushland; wp = pine-
wood; * = nearby locality outside the administrative boundaries
of the Park.
SPECIES LIST
ADELIDAE
1. Adela croesella (Scopoli, 1763)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 8.VI, CD & FV. SaOlivella: 8.VI, FV.
NOTES. Widely distributed Euro-Siberian species;
it is on the wing from mid-April to mid-June, fly-
ing in full sunshine in shrubby areas and hedge-
rows where its foodplant, Ligustrum vulgare, is
abundant (Küppers 1980; Kaltenbach & Küppers
1987).
TISCHERIIDAE
2. Tischeria ekebladella (Bjerkander, 1795)
RECORDS. *Portici, Bosco della R. Scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura:
larvae on oaks (Martelli 1909, as T. complanella Hb.).
NOTES. Widespread in Europe; the larvae are leafmin-
ers on deciduous Quercus spp. and Castanea sativa
(Baldizzone 2005).
TINEIDAE
3. Opogona sacchari (Bojer, 1856)
RECORDS. *Ercolano: in a greenhouse where cuttings of Dracaena
fragrans and Bouganvillea belmoreana were cultivated (Rotundo
& Tremblay 1982).
NOTES. Widespread in the Americas and Africa, it
is established in the Macaronesian area and is often
recorded in greenhouses from different regions. The
larvae are stem borers of several tropical-subtropical
cultivated plants, also ornamental ones, e.g. Saccha-
rum offi cinarum, Dracaena spp., Ficus spp., Sansevie-
ria spp. and Yucca spp. (Tremblay & Scognamiglio
1980).
PSYCHIDAE
4. Pachythelia villosella (Ochsenheimer, 1810)
RECORDS. Vesuvio: 1000 m, 15.VI.2000 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006). ERoad-ETirone: 800-960 m, 14.VI-28.IX, larval cases,
AZ, GN & VV.
NOTES. Polyphagous species with an European-
Centralasiatic distribution (Kozhanchikov 1956;
Hättenschwiler 1997), well abundant in the collect-
ing site.

310
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
GRACILLARIIDAE
5. Metriochroa latifoliella (Millière, 1886)
RECORDS. *Portici: in olive groves (Silvestri 1912a, as Oecophyl-
lembius neglectus Silv.).
NOTES. Multi-brooded species with a Mediterranean
distribution; the larvae are leafminers on Oleaceae,
e.g. Olea europaea and Phillyrea spp. (Parenti 2000).
6. Phyllonorycter millierella (Staudinger, 1871)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone (Viggiani 1962, 1967).
NOTES. Common species occurring in most of
Southern Europe (Karsholt & Nieukerken 2004);
the larvae are leafminers on Celtis australis (Viggiani
1967).
7. Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856
RECORDS.*Portici: sd (Viggiani & Giorgini 1995); 1.IX, 9.IX,
22.IX, 30.IX, 9.X, 15.X.2003, mines in Citrus leaves (Viggiani
& Matteucig 2003). *comune di Portici [= commune of Portici]:
VI-VII.1997, larvae in Citrus plantations on lemon-, orange- and
clementine-trees (Giorgini et al. 1998).
NOTES. This leafminer of Citrus spp. has spread from
its original range in Southeast Asia to almost anywhere
Citrus trees are cultivated (Viggiani 1998; Viggiani &
Giorgini 1995; Viggiani & Matteucig 2003; Landry
& Roque-Albelo 2006). Firstly recorded in Italy from
Sardinia in 1994, it has now spread to most of the
country (Viggiani & Giorgini 1995). It is also known
from the Iberian Peninsula and Greece (Karsholt &
Nieukerken 2004).
YPONOMEUTIDAE
8. Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller, 1838
RECORDS. *Portici (Masi 1907; Silvestri 1912b).
NOTES. This Euro-Caucasian species (Gershenson &
Ulenberg 1998) is strictly monophagous on Malus
sylvestris and is believed to have speciated from the
closely related polyphagous Y. padellus (Linnaeus,
1758) following a sympatric pathway of host adapta-
tion (Arduino & Bullini 1985). The caterpillars are
gregarious (Hannemann 1977).
9. Prays oleae (Bernard, 1788)
RECORDS. *Portici (Masi 1907; Silvestri 1907; Masi 1908, in all
cases as P. oleellus F.).
NOTES. Holomediterranean species attacking various
parts of Oleaceae such as leaves and fruits (Parenti
2000).
PLUTELLIDAE
10. Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Widespread cosmopolitan species showing
migratory behaviour (Eitschberger et al. 1991); the
larvae feed on Brassicaceae (Kaltenbach & Küppers
1987).
DEPRESSARIIDAE
11. Agonopterix adspersella (Kollar, 1832)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Ranging from Southern Europe to the Cau-
casus area and the Middle East, this thermophilous
species is mainly linked to rocky areas, where its food-
plants grow (e.g. Athamanta cretensis, Meum atha-
manticum, Buplerum spp.) (Hannemann 1995).
OECOPHORIDAE
12. Metalampra italica Baldizzone, 1977
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Formerly known only from the north to the
south of Italy, this species has recently been recorded
also from southern England (Tokár et al. 2005). Usually
collected in areas with broad-leaved trees (Parenti 2000),
the larvae have recently been found living in decaying
wood under the barks of deciduous Quercus spp. and
Ostrya carpinifolia (Parenti 2000; Tokár et al. 2005).
13. Borkhausenia sp.
RECORDS. *Portici: from infested carobs (Silvestri 1912b: 285, as
Borkhausenia sp.).

311
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
NOTES. No species of Borkhausenia Hübner, 1825
have so far been recorded from peninsular Italy (Bal-
dizzone et al. 1995). Larvae of Borkhausenia are gen-
erally polyphagous on withering leaves, fungi and
also animal debris (Tókar et al. 2005).
14. Batia inexpectella Jäckh, 1972
RECORDS. *Portici: “Carrube [= carobs]”, 8.VI.1912 and 12.VI.1912,
2 paratypes in Turati collection, c/o Istituto di Entomologia, Bol-
zano [currently in Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino]
(Jäckh 1972).
NOTES. The records are part of the type series, which
also includes specimens from other localities (Jäckh
1972). The species is only known from France, Italy
and Corfu (Karsholt & Nieukerken 2004; Tokár et al.
2005). Its bionomics are unknown but Jäckh (1972),
based on the collecting localities, suggested that the
larvae may feed on dead wood of Spartium junceum.
15. Dasycera oliviella (Fabricius, 1794)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 8.VI, CD, FV & VV. SVpalm: 24.V, FV.
NOTES. Euro-Anatolian species, the larvae of which
are highly polyphagous on decaying wood of both
angiosperms and gymnosperms, and have also been
observed to feed on lichens (Hannemann 1997;
Parenti 2000; Tokár et al. 2005).
LECITHOCERIDAE
16. Homaloxestis briantiella (Turati, 1879)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV.
NOTES. Species ranging from southernmost Central
Europe to the whole Mediterranean region; the lar-
vae feed on plant debris (Parenti 2000), mostly dead
leaves on the ground (Baldizzone 2005).
GELECHIIDAE
17. Recurvaria nanella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici (Silvestri 1923a, as R. nanella (Hubn.).
NOTES. Species with a West-Palaearctic distribution,
occurring also in the Nearctic where it has probably
been introduced; its larvae feed on several shrub- and
tree-like Rosaceae, occasionally turning out as pests
in orchards (Huemer & Karsholt 1999).
18. Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier, 1789)
RECORDS. *Portici: wheat attacked by S. cerealella (Silvestri 1912b:
276); sd (Candura 1926, 1931a).
NOTES. Accidentally introduced into Europe from
the Americas during the 18th century, this species is
nowadays spread over most of the world. The larvae
feed on grains of several grasses. Despite their prefer-
ence for stored grains, they may also attack ears in the
fi eld (Zangheri & Masutti 1993).
ZYGAENIDAE
19. Zygaena erythrus (Hübner, 1806)
RECORDS. “Die Gegend des Vesuvs” (Hübner 1824).
NOTES. This central-Mediterranean endemic, occur-
ring from southern France southward across the Ital-
ian peninsula to Sicily, was originally described pre-
cisely on material from the Vesuvius, as subsequently
stated by Hübner (1824). It is generally a xerother-
mophilous species occurring in arid prairies, often
on rocky substrates. The larval foodplant is Eryngium
campestre (Racheli 1990).
20. Zygaena transalpina (Esper, 1780)
RECORDS. Vesuvio (Zickert 1904).
NOTES. Central-Mediterranean species extending also
to the middle part of Central Europe (viz. excluding
the westernmost and easternmost sectors), generally
common in montane habitats, even though coastal
populations often occur. Univoltine, the larvae have
been recorded from the following Fabaceae: Hippo-
crepis comosa, Astragalus glycyphyllus, Coronilla spp.
and Lotus spp. (Racheli 1990).
Zygaena fi lipendulae (Linnaeus, 1758)
NOTES. This common and widespread species has to
be provisionally deleted from the list of species occur-
ring on Mt Vesuvius and surroundings, inasmuch as
the quotation for “Trocchia, Fonte la Trocchia” (Bal-
letto et al. 2005a) is a wrong citation of the record
“Abruzzo: Fonte le Trocchie” by Prola et al. (1978).

312
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
SESIIDAE
21. Bembecia uroceriformis (Treitschke, 1834)
RECORDS. EGigante2: 880 m, 13.VII, AZ & FV, open wp.
NOTES. Holomediterranean species occurring also in
xerothermic areas of Central Europe. The larva is a
stemborer of several shrubs of the Fabaceae (Lastuvka
& Lastuvka 2001).
COSSIDAE
22. Cossus cossus (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. SMaria: 8.VIII-29.IX, GN, pt.
NOTES. The larvae of this Transpalaearctic species
are well-known woodborers in a wide variety of trees
(e.g. Salix spp., Populus spp., Betula spp., Ulmus spp.
and Quercus spp.) (Freina & Witt 1990). The adults
are on the wing from May to September (Zangheri
et al. 1992).
23. Zeuzera pyrina (Linnaeus, 1761)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 10.V.1988 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006).
NOTES. Another Transpalaearctic species woodboring
in many trees and often turning out as a pest of fruit
trees. The fl ight period spans from June to October,
and a maximum is reached in early summer (Freina
& Witt 1990; Zangheri et al. 1992).
TORTRICIDAE
24. Aethes deaurana (Peyerimhoff, 1877)
RECORDS. *Portici: 50 m, 16.V.1983 (Trematerra et al. 1997a).
NOTES. Holomediterranean; the larvae are stembor-
ers of Smyrnium olusatrum and Ferula communis (Ra-
zowski 2002; Trematerra 2003).
25. Aethes bilbaensis (Rössler, 1877)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Species occurring over most of the West-
Palaearctic region, the larvae of which have been re-
corded from Crithmum maritimum, Carum verticil-
latum and Daucus carota (Razowski 2002; Trematerra
2003). Bivoltine, adults are on the wing in April-July
and August-September.
26. Tortrix viridana Linnaeus, 1758
RECORDS. *Portici: 1917-1918 (Silvestri 1923b).
NOTES. Widespread West-Palaeartic species attacking
Quercus spp., deciduous ones in particular, common
in warm areas and often abundant where its food-
plants are present, including city parks (Razowski
2002).
27. Aleimma loefl ingiana (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. *Portici: 1917-1918 (Silvestri 1923b).
NOTES. Euro-Anatolian species the larvae of which
develop in rollen leaves of Quercus spp. (Razowski
2002).
28. Archips podana (Scopoli, 1763)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. This species was once deemed to have a Hol-
arctic distribution (e.g. Parenti 2000), but Razowski
(2002) stressed it to occur only in Europe, and prob-
ably Asia Minor. The larvae are highly polyphagous
and feed on a wide variety of shrubs and trees of sev-
eral families, including gymnosperms (Trematerra
2003).
29. Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner, 1799)
RECORDS. *Resina [= Ercolano]: 1925-1926, larvae in open culti-
vations of Dianthus (Colizza 1927); Via Quattro Orologi, 1925
(Colizza 1927).
NOTES. Widespread in the West-Palaearctic and also
introduced to the Americas, this species is remarkably
polyphagous and was recorded from some 160 spe-
cies from 42 plant families (Razowski 2002), includ-
ing some gymnosperms. In the site of Resina, Colizza
(1927) recorded at least four generations of the moth,
with adults on the wing from February to August.
30. Clepsis consimilana (Hübner, 1817)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt. SaTrocchia: 6.VI,
FV.

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THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
NOTES. Polyphagous species known from almost the
whole of Europe and Mediterranean region (intro-
duced also in North America); the larvae feed on sev-
eral plants, e.g. Carpinus spp., Crataegus spp., Ligus-
trum spp., Lonicera spp., Malus spp., Polygonum spp.
and Syringa vulgaris amongst others (Razowski 2002;
Trematerra 2003).
31. Eudemis profundana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici dint.: larvae on Pelargonium zonale cultivated
in balconies and gardens (Tremblay 1973).
NOTES. Species with Euro-Anatolian distribution.
Recorded foodplants are Quercus spp., Prunus spp.,
Pyrus spp., Malus spp., Crataegus spp., Ribes spp. and
Pelargonium zonale (Tremblay 1973; Razowski 2003;
Trematerra 2003).
32. Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici: sd (Masi 1907, 1908; Silvestri 1923a); in
vineyards (Silvestri 1912b, as Polychrosis botrana Schiff).
NOTES. Transpalaearctic, formerly considered to oc-
cur also in the Nearctic, but data relate to L. viteana
(Clemens, 1826) (Razowski 2003). Larvae are highly
polyphagous and commonly turn out as pests of vines,
fl ower ovaries and grapes being the preferred parts. In
the warmest districts of its range three generations are
produced, as in Portici, where adults were observed
from mid-April to early September (Silvestri 1912b).
Other foodplants are e.g. Olea europaea, Clematis
spp., Daphne spp., Hedera helix, Lonicera spp. Ros-
marinus offi cinalis and Viburnum spp.; recorded also
from mycelia of Botrytis cinerea (Trematerra 2003).
33. Thiodia major (Rebel, 1903)
RECORDS. SMaria2: 9.VI, FV, wm.
NOTES. This species occurs in central and eastern
parts of Southern Europe. In Italy there are quite a
few records from Tuscany, Campania, Calabria, Sicily
and Sardinia. The hostplants are unknown (Razowski
2003; Trematerra 2003).
34. Ancylis laetana (Fabricius, 1775)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Euro-Siberian species occurring in most of
Europe, with the exception of the Iberian Peninsula
and of the southernmost part of the Balcanic Penin-
sula. The larvae feed on poplars, particularly Populus
tremula, but also P. nigra (Parenti 2000; Razowski
2003; Trematerra 2003).
35. Grapholita funebrana (Treitschke, 1835)
RECORDS. Somma Vesuviana: countryside, in mixed cultivations
of apricot-, plum-trees and vines (Viggiani & Cancellara 1975).
NOTES. Transpalaearctic (Razowski 2003); the larvae
eat the fruits of several cultivated and wild Rosaceae,
showing a marked preference for Prunus spp. (Vig-
giani & Cancellara 1975). In the country around
Somma Vesuviana cultivations of plums suffered
from attacks due to this species (Viggiani & Cancel-
lara 1975).
36. Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916)
RECORDS. ”zone Vesuviane” [= Vesuvian area] (Lucchese 1940).
NOTES. Nowadays spread in most of the world (e.g.
Europe, North Africa, Americas, Australia and New
Zealand), the primary range of this species was prob-
ably Eastern-Palaearctic. The larvae develop on fruits
of several Rosaceae, both cultivated (e.g. Malus do-
mestica, Pyrus domestica,) and wild (e.g. Malus sylves-
tris, Pyrus pyraster), but also on Diospyros kaki (Luc-
chese 1940; Zangheri et al. 1992; Razowski 2003;
Trematerra 2003).
37. Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Somma Vesuviana (Sciarra 1915; Lucchese 1938).
NOTES. There are probably no regions in the world
where this cosmopolitan species does not occur. Its
primary range was probably Euro-Siberian (Razowski
2003). The larvae attack fruits of several trees such as
Castanea sativa, Citrus spp., Ficus spp., Juglans spp.,
Malus spp., Pyrus spp., Prunus spp., Sorbus spp. and
Quercus spp. (Trematerra 2003).
38. Cydia fagiglandana (Zeller, 1841)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species ranging from Ma-
deira, North Africa and Western Europe across the
whole of Europe to the Caucasus and the Middle
East (Razowski 2003). It preferably lives in deciduous
woods, particularly on limestone grounds (Razowski

314
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
2001). The larvae preferably develop on nuts of Fa-
gus sylvatica, but may also feed on other Fagaceae and
Corylaceae (e.g. Castanea sativa, Quercus spp., Cory-
lus spp.) (Parenti 2000; Trematerra 2003).
CHOREUTIDAE
39. Choreutis nemorana (Hübner, 1799)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco del R. [= Regio] Istituto Superiore
Agrario: 1923-1924, larvae and adults on sparse fi g-trees (Cu-
scianna 1927).
NOTES. Holomediterranean species, the larvae of
which feed on leaves of Ficus carica (Cuscianna 1927;
Parenti 2000). The adults were observed in Portici
from June to September in two-three generations
(Cuscianna 1927).
ALUCITIDAE
40. Alucita sp.
RECORDS. Vesuvio, near a fumarole at the base of the [volcano]
cone: 28.VIII.1827 ([O.G. Costa] 1839, as “pteroforo esadat-
tilo”).
NOTES. As species of Alucita Linnaeus, 1758 are dif-
fi cult to identify and the notation by O.G. Costa as
“pteroforo esadattilo” might well relate to A. hexadac-
tyla (Linnaeus, 1758), A. huebneri Wallengren, 1859
(= hexadactyla auct.) or any other European species,
we prefer to avoid arbitrarily assigning this record to
any given species.
PTEROPHORIDAE
41. Stenoptilia aridus (Zeller, 1847)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 8.VI, CD & FV.
NOTES. Xerothermophilous species with a Mediter-
ranean distribution; recorded foodplants are several
Scrophulariaceae and Dipsacaceae (Gielis 1996).
42. Crombrugghia laetus (Zeller, 1847)
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Xerothermophilous species occurring from
the Canary Islands across the Mediterranean region
to the Middle East; the larvae are associated with
Asteraceae such as Andryala integrifolia and Hiera-
cium lanatum (Gielis 1996).
THYRIDIDAE
43. Thyris fenestrella (Scopoli, 1763)
RECORDS. EGigante: 880-965 m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, CD &
FV, wg. SMaria2: 9.VI, CD & FV, wa.
NOTES. Euro-Caucasian species. Adults fl y in full
sunshine and may be easily observed on fl owers in
sunlit woods, along wood margins and hedgerows,
and in wood clearings where its foodplant, Clematis
vitalba, grows (Chinery 1990; Freina & Witt 1990;
Parenti 2000).
PYRALIDAE
44. Lamoria anella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Widespread in almost the whole of the Pal-
aearctic Region (Martin 1986b; Slamka 2006), this
species typically develops in wasps’ nests, although it
may also be occasionally reared on plants (Hanne-
mann 1964).
45. Hypotia corticalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Holomediterranean species (Leraut 2004);
its larvae feed on fl owerheads and seeds of Daucus
carota, Inula crithmoides, Allium cepa and Halyssum
maritimum (Hasenfuss 1960; Slamka 2006). Up to
date there were no confi rmed records for this spe-
cies from peninsular Italy (Bassi et al. 1995; Slamka
2006).
46. Synaphe punctalis (Fabricius, 1775)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Species occurring over most of Europe and
the Mediterranean region including the Near East
(Leraut 2005); the eastern limit of its distribution is
unclear (Leraut 2005). Slamka (2006) records it also

315
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
from the Nearctic. The larvae are polyphagous on
mosses and roots of various herbs and grasses (Slamka
2006).
47. Herculia incarnatalis (Zeller, 1847)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Holomediterranean species extending also
into southernmost Central Europe, its larva is unde-
scribed and probably feeding on plant debris (Slamka
1997, 2006).
48. Herculia cf. rubidalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. OCognoli: 8.VIII-28.IX, GN, pt. SMaria: 8.VIII-
28.IX, GN, at.
NOTES. The identifi cation of the collected specimens,
two females, is tentative as they were poorly preserved
due to the sampling method employed. Herculia ru-
bidalis is widespread in Southern Europe, Northwest
Africa and the Near East (Martin 1986a; Speidel
1998; Slamka 2006). The larva is unknown, but it
probably feeds on plant debris (Slamka 1997, 2006).
49. Endotricha fl ammealis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Widespread common species occurring over
most of the West-Palaearctic, it occurs in a variety
of habitats but is mainly linked to Quercus woods in
warm areas. Quercus spp. are also amongst its pre-
ferred foodplants (Hannemann 1964; Goater 1986;
Martin 1986a; Slamka 2006).
50. Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière, 1867)
RECORDS. *Portici: from infested carobs (Silvestri 1912b).
NOTES. Species with a South-European distribution;
the larvae have been recorded from several plants, e.g.
Daphne gnidium, Tamarix spp., Citrus spp., Vitis spp.
and Mespilus spp. (Spuler 1910; Slamka 1997).
51. Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke, 1832)
RECORDS. EGigante: 875 m, 6.VI, FV, wo. EGigante2: 13.VII,
AZ & FV. OPrinc: 9.VI, wp. SMaria2: 9.VI, FV, wa. TFunivia:
700 m, Lava del 1944, 8.VI, FV.
NOTES. Following the diffusion of agricultural prod-
ucts this species has spread in all warm regions of the
Northern Hemisphere. As a matter of fact, the larvae
live in the pods of several Fabaceae, both cultivated
and wild. Among the latter, Cytisus scoparius, Spar-
tium junceum, and Colutea arborescens may be cited
(Sbordoni 1964; Gómez de Aizpúrua 1990; Slamka
1997).
52. Nephopterix angustella (Hübner, 1796)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Occurring in Central and Southern Europe
(Sinev 1986; Speidel 1996) and strictly monopha-
gous on Euonymus europaeus (Hannemann 1964;
Goater 1986), this species was hitherto unrecorded
from the Italian peninsula (cf. Bassi et al. 1995).
53. Conobathra tumidana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Widespread in Europe and Western Asia
(Sinev 1986; Speidel 1996); the larvae feed on Quer-
cus spp. (Hannemann 1964).
54. Acrobasis consociella (Hübner, 1813)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Widespread European and West-Asiatic spe-
cies (Sinev 1986; Speidel 1996) usually abundant
wherever its foodplants, Quercus spp., are present, on
the leaves of which the caterpillars feed gregariously
(Hannemann 1964; Goater 1986).
55. Acrobasis glaucella Staudinger, 1859
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Euro-Caucasian, it is generally a scarce species
(Sinev 1986; Slamka 1997; Speidel 1996), the larvae of
which develop on Quercus spp. (Hannemann 1964).
56. Apomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller, 1839)
RECORDS. *Portici: from infested carobs (Silvestri 1912b, as Mye-
lois ceratoniae).
NOTES. Synanthropic species with a Mediterranean
distribution, it may occur also in other areas after
the trading of dried seeds and fruits. The larvae are
known to feed on legumes of Ceratonia siliqua and

316
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
Robinia pseudoacacia but have also been recorded
from other plants, e.g. Castanea sp. (Spuler 1910;
Slamka 1997).
57. Eccopisa effractella Zeller, 1848
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Euro-Centralasiatic species (Sinev 1986;
Speidel 1996), the larvae of which feed on a number
of deciduous trees including Malus spp., Pyrus spp.,
and Corylus avellana (Hannemann 1964; Slamka
1997).
58. Homoeosoma sinuella (Fabricius, 1794)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species (Sinev 1986; Speidel
1996); thermophilous element mainly occurring in
areas with open vegetation. The larvae feed in roots
of herbaceous plants, mostly Plantago spp. and Che-
nopodium spp. (Goater 1986; Slamka 1997).
59. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879
RECORDS. *Portici: in warehouses and mills (Candura 1928).
NOTES. Cosmopolitan, it is a synanthropic species
associated with fl our, grains, nuts and other stored
products; it was also recorded once from dried insects
(Roesler 1973; Sinev 1986).
60. Ephestia elutella (Hübner, 1796)
RECORDS. *Portici: from infested carobs (Silvestri 1912b).
NOTES. Cosmopolitan species the larvae of which de-
velop on a wide range of food sources, from stored
tobacco and other products to dried insects in collec-
tions (Roesler 1973; Sannino et al. 2001).
61. Ephestia parasitella Staudinger, 1859
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Widespread West-Palaearctic species
(Roesler 1973; Sinev 1986; Speidel 1996); its larvae
are probably detritivorous (Goater 1986), but ac-
cording to Roesler (1973) and Sinev (1986) they
infest grapes.
CRAMBIDAE
62. Eudonia mercurella (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Widespread in all of Europe and in the Medi-
terranean region from lowlands to montane areas; its
larvae of feed on mosses (Hannemann 1964; Speidel
1996; Slamka 1997; Goater et al. 2005).
63. Euchromius ocellea (Haworth, 1811)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, 20.V, wh (Ippolito 1987).
NOTES. Cosmopolitan species, with the exception of
the Neotropics, probably accidentally introduced to
the Neartic region and Hawaii, it is also a well-known
migrant reaching Northern Europe. The larvae feed
on dry plant debris and roots of Poaceae, and may
sometimes occur in strored products (Bleszynski
1965; Fal’kovich 1986; Goater 1986; Slamka 1997).
64. Agriphila latistria (Haworth, 1811)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Species occurring in most of Europe and the
Mediterranean region, it is a thermophilous and com-
paratively psammoalophilous element mainly occur-
ring along coasts. The larvae feed on Poaceae, Bromus
erectus above all (Hannemann 1964; Bleszynski 1965;
Goater 1986; Slamka 1997; Ganev 1996).
65. Agriphila trabeatellus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Little is known about the bionomics of this
species with Holomediterranean distribution, which
is on the wing from late summer to mid-autumn
(Bleszynski 1965; Ganev 1996).
66. Agriphila tolli (Bleszynski, 1952)
RECORDS. ERimbos: 8.IX-14.XII, GN, pt.
NOTES. Central-Eastern Mediterranean species
(Fal’kovich 1986; Ganev 1996), fl ying from mid-
summer to late autumn. The larva is undescribed
(Slamka 1997) and probably associated with Poaceae
(Parenti 2000).

317
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
67. Catoptria falsella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. European and West-Asiatic species with larvae
developing on mosses (Hannemann 1964; Bleszynski
1965; Fal’kovich 1986; Ganev 1996).
68. Aporodes fl oralis (Hübner, 1809)
RECORDS. *Pompei: a male and a female collected “am 8 August;
wo es in dem Mittagsstunden auf durchwaermten Lavapfl aster
langsam und unstaet hinschwaermte” (Zeller 1847, as Pyrausta
fl oralis).
NOTES. Widely distributed in the SouthWest-Pal-
aearctic and touching also the Oriental Region in
Northern India (Martin 1986c), it is a common spe-
cies fl ying by day. Convolvulaceae and Asteraceae
have been recorded as foodplants (Parenti 2000).
69. Hellula undalis (Fabricius, 1781)
RECORDS. *Pompei: 8.VIII (Zeller 1847).
NOTES. Widespread in Europe, the larvae of this com-
mon species feed on Brassicaceae (Parenti 2000).
70. Udea ferrugalis (Hübner, 1796)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Migrant Transpalaearctic species (Martin
1986c) with highly polyphagous larvae (Hannemann
1964; Goater 1986).
71. Pyrausta despicata (Scopoli, 1763)
RECORDS. *Pompei: one male and one female collected along the
road, 8.VIII (Zeller 1847, as P. cespitalis).
NOTES. Common, often abundant Euro-Asiatic spe-
cies (Martin 1986c) with polyphagous larvae devel-
oping e.g. on Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae and Astera-
ceae (Parenti 2000).
72. Uresiphita gilvata (Fabricius, 1794)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Migrant thermophilous species widely distrib-
uted in the whole Old World; its larvae develop on
Genista (s.l.) spp. and other Fabaceae (Hannemann
1964; Martin 1986c; Eitschberger et al. 1991).
73. Algedonia terrealis (Treitschke, 1829)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic (Martin 1986c; Speidel 1996)
species the larvae of which develop on several Astera-
ceae (Hannemann 1964; Goater 1986; Slamka 1997).
74. Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner, 1796)
RECORDS. *Portici (Leonardi 1927).
NOTES. Holarctic, well-known pest of Zea mays and
other thick-stalked herbaceous plants (Mutuura &
Munroe 1970; Martin 1986c; Parenti 2000; Sannino
et al. 2001).
75. Agrotera nemoralis (Scopoli, 1763)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt. SaTrocchia: 6.VI,
FV.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species (Martin 1986c; Speidel
1996) the larvae of which develop on several decidu-
ous trees, including Carpinus spp., Corylus avellana,
Castanea sativa and Quercus spp. (Hannemann 1964;
Novak & Severa 1983; Goater 1986; Slamka 1997).
76. Dolicharthria punctalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 8.VI, FV. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV,
ls. SMaria2: 9.VI, FV, wm.
NOTES. Euro-Centralasiatic species; its larvae are
probably associated with dead leaves and other debris
(Martin 1986c; Goater 1986; Slamka 1997; Speidel
1996) of several plant species (Parenti 2000).
77. Dolicharthria bruguieralis (Duponchel, 1833)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Holomediterranean species (Marion 1973),
the larva and bionomics of which are unknown
(Parenti 2000).
78. Nomophila noctuella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Migrant subcosmopolitan species which can

be observed in almost every type of environment; its
larvae are highly polyphagous and feed on several
plants of various families, e.g. Polygonaceae, Fabace-
ae, Ericaceae and Poaceae (Hannemann 1964; Mar-
tin 1986c; Eitschberger et al. 1991; Slamka 1997;
Parenti 2000).
LASIOCAMPIDAE
79. Lasiocampa quercus (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: at all elevations in various environments (Volpe
et al. 1999). *Torre del Greco: 10.VI.1955 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006). EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Euro-Centralasiatic species (Freina & Witt
1987), generally spread and common in Italy in all
kinds of woods and bushlands from sea level to mid-
dle elevations. Univoltine, the larvae feed on a wide
range of broad-leaved trees and shrubs, both decidu-
ous and evergreen (Freina & Witt 1987; Bertaccini
et al. 1994).
80. Lasiocampa trifolii (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici: 21.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species, widespread and of-
ten abundant principally in rich meadows and pas-
tures with plenty of its foodplants, i.e. herbaceous
Fabaceae (cf. Freina & Witt 1987).
SATURNIIDAE
81. Saturnia pyri ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
RECORDS. PNV: near orchards (Volpe et al. 1999).
NOTES. Holomediterranean species extending also to
parts of Central Europe and Northern Iran; its larvae
feed on several deciduous plants, fruit trees in par-
ticular (Freina & Witt 1987). Due to the widespread
use of pesticides the species is undergoing regression
in Italy (cf. Bertaccini et al. 1994).
SPHINGIDAE
82. Laothoe populi (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1995).
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species; it is a mesohy-
grophilous element mostly occurring in riparian
woods where its main foodplants, species of Salix
and Populus, occur. As the larvae do also accept other
deciduous trees (e.g. Betula spp. and Fraxinus spp.)
(Bertaccini et al. 1994), the species also occurs in
other kinds of deciduous forest. Bivoltine, as most
European Sphingidae.
83. Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: in all environments, V-VI and VIII-IX (Volpe et
al. 1999). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006).
NOTES. Practically occurring in the whole Eastern
Hemisphere, it is a highly vagile thermophilous ele-
ment breeding in warmer areas and spreading north-
wards after migration. In Italy it is very common along
coasts and comparatively scarcer in inner areas (Prola
et al. 1978). Bivoltine, the larvae develop principally
on Convolvulus spp. but may also feed on other herba-
ceous plants such as Rumex spp., Persicaria spp., Impa-
tiens spp. and Phlox spp. (Bertaccini et al. 1994).
84. Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: at all elevations, but it prefers lowland areas, V-
VI and VIII-IX (Volpe et al. 1999). *Torre del Greco: 10.V.1957,
ex larva on aubergine (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Southwest-Palaearctic and African species; it
breeds in warm areas, from where it spreads to north-
ern temperate zones where a summer brood can of-
ten be produced. The larvae are highly polyphagous,
but a neat preference for Solanaceae and Oleaceae has
been recorded (Bertaccini et al. 1994).
85. Macroglossum stellatarum (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: everywhere, at various elevations, IV-X (Volpe et
al. 1999). EGigante: 880-965 m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, wg and
wo. EGinestre2: 8.VI. SMaria1: 28.IX. TFunivia: 8.VI, wp.
NOTES. Everywhere common in the Palaearctic and
also occurring in the Oriental Region, it prefers open,
often rocky habitats; the larvae feed on several Ru-
biaceae (Bertaccini et al. 1994).
HESPERIIDAE
86. Erynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758)
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
318

RECORDS. Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species occurring in most of Eu-
rope and Italy. The larvae feed on Fabaceae, mainly
Lotus corniculatus, L. uliginosus, Hippocrepis comosa
and Coronilla varia (Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri
2001).
87. Carcharodus alceae (Esper, 1780)
RECORDS. Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species known from the whole of
Italy; its larvae are associated with a number of Mal-
vaceae but have also been recorded on Chrozophora
spp. (Euphorbiaceae) (Tolman 1997; Benyamini 2005).
88. Spialia sertorius (Hoffmannsegg, 1804)
RECORDS. Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). PNV: sd
(Volpe et al. 1999); at various elevations, V-VIII, sunny rocky
slopes (Volpe et al. 2000). EGigante: 4.VII. SaTrocchia: 6.VI,
FV. TFunivia: 8.VI, wp.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic species occurring in the
whole of Italy, with the exception of Sicily, where
the congeneric species S. orbifer (Hübner, 1823) is
present. Main foodplants are species of Sanguisorba,
but it reputedly also feeds on other herbaceous plants
(Tolman 1997).
89. Pyrgus malvoides (Elwes & Edwards, 1897)
RECORDS. Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001, sub P. mal-
vae Linné, 1758).
NOTES. We attribute the above record to Pyrgus mal-
voides as this common species of fl owery meadows
substitutes P. malvae (Linnaeus, 1758) in peninsular
Italy (cf. Balletto & Cassulo 1995; Tolman 1997).
90. Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761)
RECORDS. Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001, as T. fl avus
Brünnic [sic],1763).
NOTES. Euro-Caucasian and Mediterranean species
widespread in Italy; the larvae feed on a number of
Poaceae, e.g. Holcus lanatus, Brachypodium sylvaticum
and Phleum pratense (Tolman 1997).
91. Thymelicus acteon (Rottemburg, 1775)
RECORDS. Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). EGinestre1:
14.VI, AZ.
NOTES. Widely distributed from Central Europe, the
Canary Islands and the Mediterranean region to the
Middle East; it is a thermophilous species associated
with several Poaceae (Tolman 1997).
92. Hesperia comma (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: bushes along roads and paths in the woods, VII-
VIII, not abundant (Volpe et al. 1999); around 800 m, VII-VIII,
rare (Volpe et al. 2000). Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Holarctic species fl ying in meadows and
other open habitats, granted that these are not par-
ticularly xeric (Balletto & Kudrna 1985). The larvae
were recorded in the wild from several Poaceae, but in
captivity they readily accept Fabaceae as well (Tolman
1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
93. Ochlodes sylvanus (Esper, 1777)
RECORDS. PNV: grassy clearings, common up to 1000 m (Volpe
et al. 1999, as O. venatus (Bremer & Grey, 1853)); V-IX, wide-
spread up to 1000 m, scarce at the highest elevations, woods and
meadows (Volpe et al. 2000, as O. venatus). Somma-Vesuvio
(Volpe & Palmieri 2001, as O. venatus). EGigante: 875 m, Lava
del 1891-93, 6.VI, wo. EGinestre2: 8.VI. ETirone: 14.VI, AZ.
SaTrocchia: 6.VI. SMaria2: 470 m, 9.VI, wa.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species, fairly common in most
open habitats in Italy (Sardinia excepted). The larvae
feed on several Poaceae (Tolman 1997, as O. venatus;
Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
94. Gegenes pumilio (Hoffmannsegg, 1804)
RECORDS. PNV: 400 m, VI-VII, X, meadows and clearings near
Colutea arborescens bushes (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Vesuvio
(Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Xerothermophilous species ranging from the
Mediterranean region eastwards to the Himalayas
and southwards to austral Africa (Prola et al. 1978;
Tolman 1997). It is a typical inhabitant of very dry
soils, both rocky and sandy. On account of observa-
tions in Africa, the larval foodplants are deemed to
be members of the Poaceae, but the actual hostplants
in Europe are so far unknown (Tolman 1997). The
species is also recorded from localities adjacent to the
Park (Balletto et al. 2005b).
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
319

PAPILIONIDAE
95. Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: up to 600 m, V-IX (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000).
Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). *Torre del Greco: VI-
VIII.1952/1956 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osserva-
torio: VII.1956 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EGigante: 4.VII.
EGinestre2: 17.VII.
NOTES. Well known West-Palaearctic species the lar-
vae of which develop on both wild and cultivated
Prunus spp., less commonly also on Crataegus spp.
and Malus spp. (Tolman 1997).
96. Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758
RECORDS. PNV: V-VI, VII-VIII, up to 1000 m (Volpe et al.
1999); V-VIII, up to 1000 m (Volpe et al. 2000). *Torre del
Greco: V-VIII.1952/1958 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Som-
ma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). Vesuvio, Osservatorio,
VII.1956 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EGinestre1: 19.VI.2006,
tGN. SMaria2: 9.VI, fruit orchard. EGigante: 4.VII; 880-965
m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, wg.
NOTES. Well-known Holarctic species trophically
linked to several species of Apiaceae but also freely
feeding on Rutaceae (Tolman 1997). The caterpillars
were occasionally noted as pests on fennel cultivations
in the nearby Sarno Valley (Tremblay 1966: 46).
PIERIDAE
97. Leptidea sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: up
to 1000 m, agricultural wasteland (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000).
Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). SaOlivella: 8.VI.
SaTrocchia: 6.VI.
NOTES. Euro-Centralasiatic species common every-
where in Italy, where it may also be triple-brooded
(Prola et al. 1978; Tolman 1997). Fabaceae such as
Vicia spp., Lathyrus spp., Lotus spp. and Coronilla
spp. are amongst its foodplants (Tolman 1997; Volpe
& Palmieri 2001).
98. Anthocharis cardamines (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: clearing near wood margins, mainly 300-700 m
(Volpe et al. 1999); cultivations and man-modifi ed habitats, III-
V (Volpe et al. 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
EGigante: 880-965 m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, wg. EGinestre2:
8.VI. EPiazz: 24.V. OLamar: 24.V. TFunivia: 24.V; 8.VI, wp.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic, it is a widespread species rang-
ing from sea level to high elevations; the larvae feed
on several Brassicaceae, above all Cardamine pratensis,
Arabis turrita, Alliaria petiolata, Lunaria annua, Bi-
scutella mollis, Hesperis laciniata and Sinapis arvensis
(Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
99. Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, 1804)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: up to
600 m (Volpe et al. 1999); uncultivated and ruderal areas (Volpe
et al. 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Southeast-European and Turanian species
with closely allied vicariants in the Nearctic, it oc-
curs in a variety of open habitats including cultivated
land, where its larvae develop on a number of spe-
cies of Brassicacee, e.g. Iberis sempervirens, Sinapis ar-
vensis, Isatis spp. and Biscutella mollis (Tolman 1997;
Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
100. Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: mixed bushlands and pinewoods up to 400 m,
VI (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri
2001). *Torre del Greco: 10.VI.1954 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
EGinestre2: 17.VII.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic species with migratory in-
clination (Eitschberger et al. 1991), well known and
common in bushland, hedgerows and other habitats
with open vegetation. Its larvae feed on several species
of Crataegus and Prunus, occasionally also on other
Rosaceae, both wild and cultivated (Tolman 1997).
101. Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. “Per tutte le campagne, che da Resina [= Ercolano] alla
base del Vesuvio frappongonsi, non menoché per quelle intercette
tra Resina e Napoli” [= Countryside between Resina and Vesuvio
foothills and between Resina and Napoli]: 28.VIII.1827 ([O.G.
Costa] 1839). PNV: foothill belt bordering on cultivations, dry
meadows and lavas (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). *Portici (Martelli
1907; Masi 1909). *Portici: in vegetable gardens (Silvestri 1912b).
Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). EGigante: 4.VII; 880-
965 m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, wg and wo. EGinestre2: 8.VI.
OLamar: 24.V. SaOlivella: 8.VI. SMaria2: 9.VI, wa.
NOTES. Common and widespread species in the West-
Palaearctic, it shows migratory behaviour and may be
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
320

observed also at high elevations. The larvae feed on both
wild and cultivated Brassicacee (of which they often be-
come pests) and on Tropaeolaceae, Resedaceae and Cap-
paridaceae (Tolman 1997; Sannino et al. 2001).
102. Pieris mannii (Mayer, 1851)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: up to
1000 m, cultivations, wastelands and road margins (Volpe et al.
1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). *Torre
del Greco: 10.V. (Parenzan 1980, as Artogeia mannii Mayer); sd
(Balletto et al. 2005b). Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 1999; Volpe et
al. 2001). SaOlivella: 8.VI, FV. SaTrocchia: 6.VI, FV. SMaria2:
9.VI, wa.
NOTES. Xerothermophilous species occurring in al-
most the whole of the Mediterranean and in south-
eastern parts of Europe; it is mostly observed in
bushland and along hedgerows and wood margins
(Balletto & Kudrna 1985). Wild Brassicaceae such
as various species of Iberis are its main foodplants
(Chinery 1990; Tolman 1997).
103. Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: every-
where common, it is mostly abundant at low elevations, near cul-
tivated fi elds (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). *Pompei (Zeller 1847).
Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). Vesuvio (Volpe et al.
2001). EGigante: 875 m, 6.VI, Lava del 1891-93, wo; 4.VII;
17.VII. EGinestre2: 8.VI. OLamar: 24.V. OPrinc: 2.VIII, tCD.
SMaria2: 9.VI, wa.
NOTES. Common Transpalaearctic species introduced
also into the Nearctic Region and in Australia (Prola
et al. 1978; Tolman 1997). It is an ecologically ubiq-
uitous multi-brooded element, the larvae of which
feed on several Brassicacee (also cultivated), Rese-
daceae, Tropaeolaceae, Capparidaceae and Chenopo-
diaceae (Tolman 1997; Sannino et al. 2001), often
becoming pests.
104. Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). *Ottaviano
(Balletto et al. 2005b). PNV: common up to 800 m (Volpe et al.
1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). *Torre
del Greco (Balletto et al. 2005b). EGigante: 880-965 m, Lava del
1891-93, 6.VI, wg and wo; 4.VII. EGinestre2: 8.VI. SaTrocchia:
6.VI. SMaria2: 9.VI, wa. TFunivia: 8.VI, wp; 14.VI, AZ.
NOTES. Widespread Holarctic species that lives in
a variety of habitats but shows some preference for
mesophilic ones and, accordingly, may also be ob-
served well inside shaded woods (Prola et al. 1978;
Devarenne 1983; Novak & Severa 1983; Balletto &
Kudrna 1985). The larvae have been recorded from
several species of Brassicaceae (Tolman 1997).
105. Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777)
RECORDS. PNV: sunny meadows and open stony places, VI and
VIII (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). *Pompei: 7.VIII (Zeller 1847,
as Pontia (Pieris) daplidice): sd (Verity 1947). Somma-Vesuvio
(Volpe & Palmeri 2001). Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 1999).
OLamar: 24.V. SaOlivella: 8.VI.
NOTES. Euro-Centralasiatic species, generally com-
mon and occurring also in urban ecosystems. A
number of Brassicaceae and Resedaceae are its larval
foodplants (Devarenne 1983; Tolman 1997; Volpe &
Palmieri 2001).
106. Colias croceus (Fourcroy, 1785)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV:
everywhere common, except for uppermost areas of crater (Volpe
et al. 1999, 2000, in both cases as C. crocea (Geoffroy, 1785)).
Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). EGigante: 880-965
m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, wg and wo; 17.VII. EGinestre2:
17.VII. OLamar: 24.V. OPrinc: 9.VI, wasteland; 2.VIII, tCD.
OVallone: 28.IX, GN & AZ. SMaria2: 9.VI, wa. SaOlivella:
8.VI. SaTrocchia: 6.VI.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic, it is a common and ecologi-
cally highly versatile species which may be observed
in several habitat types, also at high altitudes (Prola et
al. 1978; Tolman 1997). Balletto & Kudrna (1985)
stress its preference for fl ying in full sunshine in warm
sites. The larvae feed on a wide variety of Fabaceae
(Devarenne 1983; Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri
2001).
107. Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: in
the Mediterranean maquis (Volpe et al. 1999). Somma-Vesuvio:
evergreen woods (Volpe et al. 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe &
Palmieri 2001). EGigante: 17.VII.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species occurring in sev-
eral habitat types (Tolman 1997). It is less xerother-
mophilous than the following species, although they
may often coexist locally, and is commonly observed
in rural habitats. The larvae feed on Rhamnaceae
(Tolman 1997).
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321

108. Gonepteryx cleopatra (Linnaeus, 1767)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: VI,
VII (Volpe et al. 1999). Somma-Vesuvio: evergreen woods (Volpe
et al. 2000); sd (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). EGigante: 4.VII.
NOTES. A Mediterranean species both in biogeo-
graphical and ecological terms, which occurs outside
of the Mediterranean belt only in particular xerother-
mophilic sites (Racheli & Zilli 1985). Its foodplants
are various species of Rhamnus (Tolman 1997; Volpe
& Palmieri 2001).
LYCAENIDAE
109. Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: 200-
800 m (Volpe et al. 1999); uncultivated and ruderal areas (Volpe
et al. 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). *Torre
del Greco: 1.VI.1959 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EGigante:
880-965 m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, wg. EGigante2: 13.VII,
wp. TFunivia: 8.VI, wp.
NOTES. Holarctic species, nearly ubiquitous in Italy,
where it is commonly observed fl ying in full sunshine
also in urban parks; the larvae feed on various species
of Rumex (Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
110. Lycaena alciphron (Rottemburg, 1775)
RECORDS. EGigante: 880-965 m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, wg
and wo. SaTrocchia: 6.VI.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species mostly occurring in
Italy at middle-high elevations in montane areas, par-
ticularly in open sites near woods. The larvae are asso-
ciated with several species of Rumex (Tolman 1997).
111. Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: com-
mon at all elevations, III-VI (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-
Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). *Torre del Greco: 10.V.1964
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EGigante: 880-965 m, Lava del
1891-93, 6.VI, wg and wo. TFunivia: 24.V.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic mesophilous species particu-
larly occurring in shrubby places, open woods and
hedgerows. The larvae are polyphagous on several
herbaceous plants and shrubs but are clearly associ-
ated with Fabaceae, less commonly feeding on Rham-
naceae, Ericaceae and Rosaceae (e.g. Rubus spp.) (Tol-
man 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
112. Satyrium ilicis (Esper, 1779)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: near
holm oaks, V-VI (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio
(Volpe & Palmieri 2001). EGinestre2: 8.VI, FV.
NOTES. Species widespread in Western Eurasia, both
thermophilous and sciaphilous and which mainly oc-
curs in wooded areas (Prola et al. 1978; Balletto &
Kudrna 1985; Tolman 1997). The larvae feed on de-
ciduous and evergreen Quercus spp., and are attended
by several ant species (Tolman 1997; Volpe & Pal-
mieri 2001).
113. Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898
RECORDS. *Ercolano: in town, IX.2005 (Vicidomini 2006).
*Pompei: in town, IX.2005 (Vicidomini 2006); villa comunale,
IX.2005 (Vicidomini 2006); piazza Brunelleschi, sd (Vicidomini
2006). *Torre del Greco (Vicidomini 2006). Vesuvio (Vicido-
mini 2006).
NOTES. Firstly recorded in Italy from Rome and sur-
roundings (Zilli 1997), this South African species was
probably introduced to Europe together with Pelargo-
nium spp. (cf. Trematerra et al. 1997b).
114. Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)
RECORDS. “Per tutte le campagne, che da Resina [= Ercolano] alla
base del Vesuvio frappongonsi, non menoché per quelle inter-
cette tra Resina e Napoli” [= Countryside between Resina and
Vesuvio foothills and between Resina and Napoli]: 28.VIII.1827
([O.G. Costa] 1839). Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999).
PNV: warm and sunny places, V-VI and VIII (Volpe et al. 1999);
maquises and shrubby areas (Volpe et al. 2000). *Pompei (Zel-
ler 1847, as Lycaena (Polyommatus) baeticus). Somma-Vesuvio
(Volpe & Palmieri 2001). Torre del Greco, Falde Vesuvio [= Ve-
suvio foothills]: 18.VIII.1955, 30.IX.1955 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006). OVallone: 28.IX, GN & AZ.
NOTES. Cosmopolitan, it is a thermophilous species
living in areas with open vegetation such as bush-
lands, hedgerows and wood margins (Balletto &
Kudrna 1985). The larvae feed on several Fabaceae,
e.g. Colutea arborescens, Spartium junceum, Lupinus
spp., Ulex europaeus, Pisum sativum, Chamaecytisus
spp., Lathyrus spp. and Trifolium spp., and are at-
tended by ants (Sbordoni 1964; Devarenne 1983;
Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
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322

115. Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: IV-V,
VII-IX, warm and dry areas, up to 800 m (Volpe et al. 1999); ag-
ricultural wasteland (Volpe et al. 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe
& Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Southwest-Palaearctic species touching also
the Oriental Region. Its thermophily leads it to ex-
ploit a number of warm habitats from sea level to
middle elevations, particularly in wooded but open
areas. Due to its migratory behaviour, it may be ob-
served also at very high elevations or in any case in
areas where it cannot breed. The larvae accept several
herbaceous plants and shrubs of different families,
like Fabaceae, Lythraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Ericaceae
and Oleaceae amongst others (Tolman 1997; Volpe
& Palmieri 2001).
116. Cupido minimus (Fuessly, 1775)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: on all
slopes, in humid areas sheltered from the wind, mainly at mid-
elevations (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe &
Palmieri 2001). SMaria2: 9.VI, wm.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species mainly linked to open
grassland and distributed along a wide altitudinal
range from lowlands to very high elevations (Prola
et al. 1978; Balletto & Kudrna 1985; Tolman 1997).
Anthyllis vulneraria is recorded as its main foodplant,
but the species is known to feed also on many other
Fabaceae, including Melilotus spp., Astragalus spp.
and Colutea arborescens; its larvae are attended by ants
(Devarenne 1983; Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri
2001).
117. Cupido osiris (Meigen, 1829)
RECORDS. Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Mediterranean-Centralasiatic species the lar-
vae of which are associated with various Fabaceae,
particularly Onobrychis montana, O. viciifolia and
Colutea arborescens, and are attended by ants (Tolman
1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
118. Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: bushlands at all evelations (Volpe et al. 1999,
2000). Sant’Anastasia (Balletto et al. 2005b). Somma-Vesuvio
(Volpe & Palmieri 2001). *Torre del Greco (Balletto et al.
2005b). EGigante: 875 m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, wo. EColata-
ERimbos: 930 m ca, 13.VII, ex larva, AZ & FV, on Rubus sp.
fl ower. OCast: 9.VI. OPrinc: 2.VIII, tCD. SaOlivella: 8.VI.
SMaria2: 9.VI, wa.
NOTES. Holarctic mesophilous species principally oc-
curring in bushland and woods (Prola et al. 1978;
Tolman 1997; Balletto & Kudrna 1985); its larvae
develop on a remarkable variety of shrubs and her-
baceous plants belonging to several families, includ-
ing Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Celastraceae, Rhamnaceae,
Ericaceae, Oleaceae and Cornaceae, and are attended
by a number of ant species (Tolman 1997; Volpe &
Palmieri 2001).
119. Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761) (fi g. 1)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV:
everywhere, up to 1000 m, V-VII (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000).
Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). *Torre del Greco:
10.V.1964 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EGigante: 880-965
m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, wg and wo. EGinestre2: 8.VI.
ERimbos: 19.VI.2006, GN. OLamar: 24.V, FV. SaTrocchia:
6.VI. TFunivia: 14.VI, AZ.; 8.VI, wp.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic species ranked as “vulner-
able” in Europe because of its decline in a number
of countries (Van Swaay & Warren 1999). In Italy
its status is undefi ned (Van Swaay & Warren 1999),
but the species can still be commonly observed in
bushlands, wood clearings, along hedgerows, etc. (cf.
Balletto et al. 2005b). The larvae feed on several Fa-
baceae and are attended by ants (Tolman 1997; Volpe
& Palmieri 2001). A shift in land use from wood-
land to farmland was identifi ed as the main threat to
populations of this species, and a regular monitoring
on the status of local populations in countries like
Italy was deemed as necessary by Van Swaay & War-
ren (1999).
120. Glaucopsyche iolas (Ochsenheimer, 1816)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: V,
300-600 m, around bushes of its foodplant Colutea arborescens
(Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri
2001). *Torre del Greco (Balletto et al. 2005b). “pendici del Ve-
suvio presso [= Vesuvius foothills near] Torre del Greco”: 10.V,
4.VII and 20.VIII (Parenzan 1980). SaTrocchia: 6.VI, FV.
NOTES. Ranging from the whole Mediterranean re-
gion to Iran, the populations of this xerothermophil-
ous species are very scattered in consequence of the
spotted distribution of its foodplants, i.e. species of
Colutea (Prola et al. 1978; Tolman 1997). Adults may
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
323

be seen fl ying along wood margins or in bushlands
(Balletto & Kudrna 1985). The larvae develop in
seed-capsules and exclusively feed on seeds, occasion-
ally sharing the very same microhabitat with other
lycaenid larvae (Sbordoni 1964; Tolman 1997).
121. Glaucopsyche arion (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. “Au pied du Vésuve du côté de Resina [= Ercolano] au
commencement de mai en 1838” (De Selys-Longchamps, 1845,
as Lycaena arion (L.) var? aldrovandus).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species the larvae of which feed
on Thymus spp. (also Origanum spp., after Volpe &
Palmieri 2001) in their early instars, subsequently
entering Myrmica nests, where they behave as social
parasites of the ants (Tolman 1997). Mt Vesuvius is
the type locality of var. aldrovandus De Selys-Long-
champs, 1845, quoted as aldovrandus [sic!] by Verity
(1920, 1943).
122. Plebeius argus (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species which, as a consequence
of its ecological versatility, may occur in most habitats
along a wide altitudinal range. A preference for sites
with low grass may however be noted. The larvae feed
on several Fabaceae, but may also accept Ericaceae
and Cistaceae (Tolman 1997).
123. Plebeius argyrognomon (Bergsträsser 1779)
RECORDS. Boscoreale [dint.]: 300 m (Verity 1943). SMaria1:
14.VI, AZ. SMaria2: 9.VI, CD & FV, wa.
NOTES. Central-Eastern European species extending
also to Turkey, generally localized and scarce (Prola
et al. 1978), and mostly occurring in warm sites with
low vegetation in the low montane belt (Balletto &
Kudrna 1985). Coronilla varia and other Fabacee
are recorded as foodplants (Tolman 1997; Volpe &
Palmieri 2001).
124. Plebeius agestis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
RECORDS. PNV: III-VIII, warm dry places, sandy soils and bare
rocks (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe &
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
324
Fig. 1. Glaucopsyche alexis, a common lycaenid species on Mt Vesuvius (OLamar site, 24.V.2000) (photo by A. Zilli).

Palmieri 2001). *Torre del Greco: 10.X.VII.1968 [sic] (Parenzan
& Porcelli 2006). SMaria2: 9.VI, wa.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic (cf. Tolman 1997), it is stat-
ed to be a mesophilous species with a neat preference
for subnemoral environments (Balletto & Kudrna
1985); in our experience it is much commoner in
mesoxeric areas with low herbaceous vegetation. Vari-
ous species of Erodium, Geranium and Helianthemum
have been recorded as its foodplants, and the larvae
are also attended by ants (Tolman 1997; Volpe &
Palmieri 2001).
125. Polyommatus semiargus (Rottemburg, 1775)
RECORDS. SaTrocchia: 6.VI. SaOlivella: 8.VI, FV. SMaria2:
9.VI, wm.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic mesophilous species which is
most frequently observed in open woods, bushlands,
wood margins and clearings (Balletto & Kudrna
1985). The larvae develop on Trifolium spp. and oth-
er herbaceous Fabaceae, and are attended by various
ant species (Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
126. Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792)
RECORDS. Boscoreale [dint.]: 300 m (Verity 1943).
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species mainly observed in
rich meadows with plenty of its foodplants, species
of Vicia above all (Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri
2001); the larvae are attended by ants.
127. Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)
RECORDS. Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). PNV: IV-X,
in all environments (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). EGinestre2: 8.VI.
SaOlivella: 8.VI. SaTrocchia: 6.VI.
NOTES. Widely distributed in almost the whole of the
Palaearctic Region, it is a highly ecologically versatile
species, nearly ubiquitous in most habitat types in
Italy. Accordingly, its foodplants are most diverse and
include many genera of Fabaceae, both herbaceous
and shrub-like; as for other Lycaenidae, also the lar-
vae of this species are usually attended by ants (Tol-
man 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
128. Polyommatus daphnis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Boscoreale, Vesuvio: 300 m (Verity 1943).
NOTES. South-European and Caucasian element oc-
curring in bushy and grassy habitats, mainly at low
elevations. Recorded foodplants are Coronilla varia
and species of Astragalus; the larvae are attended by
diverse ant species (Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri
2001).
129. Polyommatus bellargus (Rottenburg, 1775)
RECORDS. Sopra Boscoreale [= above Boscoreale]: 300 m (Verity
1943).
NOTES. Euro-Caucasian species occurring in sev-
eral habitat types but most common on limestone
grounds, also at middle elevations, where its food-
plants Hippocrepis comosa and Coronilla varia grow
(Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001). Various ant
species attend its larvae (Tolman 1997).
LIBYTHEIDAE
130. Libythea celtis (Laicharting, 1782)
RECORDS. *Portici, R. [= Real] Boschetto: X (O.G. Costa 1832-
1836).
NOTES. Widespread Transpalaearctic species absent
however from most cold areas of the Region; gener-
ally scarce and localized, it occasionally undergoes re-
markable population outbreaks. It is a clearly nemoral
species preferring warm deciduous woods and bushy
areas of the lower montane belt (Prola et al. 1978;
Balletto & Kudrna 1985). The larvae are monopha-
gous on Celtis australis, other foodplant records re-
quiring confi rmation (Tolman 1997).
NYMPHALIDAE
131. Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Common and widely distributed West-Palaearc-
tic species occurring in most habitat types from sea
level to high elevations. The larvae feed on several spe-
cies of Viola (Tolman 1997).
132. Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: most
common at foothills, at the border with urban settlements (Volpe
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
325

et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
EGigante: 4.VII, 17.VII. OPrinc: 9.VI, wp. SaTrocchia: 6.VI.
NOTES. Well-known Holarctic species, nowadays oc-
curring also in other regions of the world, probably
as a consequence of accidental introductions. It has a
migratory inclination and was recently confi rmed to
be a “true” migrant, as “return” fl ights from North-
ern to Southern Europe were demonstrated (Mikkola
2003). Nearly ubiquitous, it is a common colonizer
of urban habitats, where individuals may display ter-
ritorial behaviour (Zilli & Mezzana 1991); in the
wild it occurs most commonly in open wooded ar-
eas (Balletto & Kudrna 1985). The larvae typically
feed on species of Urtica, and in Southern Italy also
on Parietaria spp. (Tolman 1997, Volpe & Palmieri
2001; Vegliante, unpublished). Chinery (1990) also
indicates Humulus lupulus as hostplant.
133. Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. “Per tutte le campagne, che da Resina [= Ercolano] alla
base del Vesuvio frappongonsi, non menoché per quelle intercette
tra Resina e Napoli” [= Countryside between Resina and Vesuvio
foothills and between Resina and Napoli]: 28.VIII.1827 ([O.G.
Costa] 1839). Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV:
common, 300-700 m (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio
(Volpe & Palmieri 2001). EGigante: 880-965 m, Lava del
1891-93, 6.VI, wo; 4.VII, 17.VII. EGinestre2: 8.VI. ERimbos:
19.VI.2006, tGN. OPrinc: 2.VIII, tCD.
NOTES. Cosmopolitan species missing only in the
Neotropics; it is a well-known migrant capable of
colonizing almost any habitat type from sea level to
very high altitudes (Eitschberger et al. 1991). A pref-
erence for open grassy and sunny places may however
be noted (Balletto & Kudrna 1985). The larvae feed
on a very wide range of plants, including Asteraceae,
Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Vitaceae, Brassi-
caceae and Boraginaceae (Tolman 1997).
134. Inachis io (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: VI, up
to 500 m (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe &
Palmieri 2001). OCast: 9.VI.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic mesophilous species mainly oc-
curring in Italy in clearings and forest margins in
montane areas (Balletto & Kudrna 1985; Tolman
1997); also a colonizer of city parks and gardens.
Urtica dioica and Parietaria offi cinalis are recorded as
foodplants (Tolman 1997).
135. Polygonia egea (Cramer, 1775)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: com-
mon in man-modifi ed areas (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-
Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). SaOlivella: 8.VI.
NOTES. Thermophilous species ranging from the Cen-
tral Mediterranean to the Middle East and Northern
India, mainly occurs in Mediterranean-Submediter-
ranean rocky places where its foodplants (Parietaria
spp.) grow; for the very same reason it often settles in
urban areas with plenty of walls and archaeological
ruins (Tolman 1997; Zilli 1998).
136. Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. EGigante: 17.VII. ERimbos: 965 m, 6.VI, road edges.
OPrinc: 2.VIII, tCD. SaOlivella: 8.VI. SaTrocchia: 6.VI.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species; it is a powerful fl yer
mainly occurring in open wooded areas, river banks
and also orchards. The larvae feed on several decidu-
ous trees (Ulmus spp., Salix spp., Populus spp.) and
some fruit trees such as Pyrus communis and Malus
domestica above all (Tolman 1997).
137. Melitaea didyma (Esper, 1778)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: VI-
VIII, 600-700 m (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio
(Volpe & Palmieri 2001). SaOlivella: 8.VI.
NOTES. Widely distributed in the Palaearctic Region,
with the exception of the Far East (Tolman 1997),
it is a thermophilous species mainly fl ying in full
sunshine in open grassy places (Balletto & Kudrna
1985). The larvae develop on several herbaceous
plants, e.g. Plantago spp., Linaria spp., Stachys recta,
Veronica spp., Verbascum thapsus, Valeriana offi cinalis
and Digitalis spp. (Tolman 1997).
138. Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg, 1775)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV:
common, especially between 400-800 m (Volpe et al. 1999,
2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). Vesuvio
(Balletto et al. 2005b). EGigante: 880-965 m, Lava del 1891-
93, 6.VI, wg. EGinestre1: 14.VI, AZ; 19.VI.2006, GN.
EGinestre2: 8.VI. SaOlivella: 8.VI, abundant. SaTrocchia:
6.VI, FV.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic, it is a mesophilous species
mainly occurring in grassy fl owery sites and wood
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
326

clearings (Balletto & Kudrna 1985; Tolman 1997);
the larvae feed on several herbaceous plants, includ-
ing Plantago spp., Veronica spp., Digitalis spp. and
Melampyrum spp. (Tolman 1997).
139. Limenitis reducta Staudinger, 1901
RECORDS. Ottaviano: mixed woods (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000).
NOTES. South-Mediterranean and Caucasian species,
commonly observed fl ying in bushlands and other ar-
eas with open wooded vegetation. The larvae feed on
several species of Lonicera (Tolman, 1997), but also
Symphoricarpos rivularis has been recorded as food-
plant (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
140. Charaxes jasius (Linnaeus, 1767)
RECORDS. PNV: VI-VIII, rare, places where strawberry-tree grows
(Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri
2001). EGigante: 17.VII.
NOTES. Traditionally regarded as an Afro-Mediterranean
species, but the Afrotropical populations are current-
ly mostly considered as separate species (cf. Larsen
2005). Typical C. jasius must therefore be considered
as a genuine Mediterranean element, both in biogeo-
graphical and ecological terms. In Italy it mostly oc-
curs in coastal areas or in inland areas with Mediterra-
nean maquis (Prola et al. 1978). Thermophilous, the
larvae feed principally on Arbutus unedo, but other
plants (principally Citrus spp.) may be accepted too
(Tolman 1997; Longo et al. 2000).
SATYRIDAE
141. Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: IV-IX,
clearings in mixed woods (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Ve-
suvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). EGigante: 875 m, Lava del 1891-
93, 6.VI, wo. SaOlivella: 8.VI. SaTrocchia: 6.VI. SMaria: 8.VII-
28.IX, GN, pt. SMaria2: 9.VI, orchard. TFunivia: 8.VI, wp.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species typically occurring
in wooded areas, also in reafforested stands, from sea
level to middle elevations (Prola et al. 1978; Balletto
& Kudrna 1985; Tolman 1997). The larvae develop
on a wide range of Poaceae (Tolman 1997).
142. Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: VI-IX,
everywhere, but prefers dry warm places, lavic rocks and bush-
lands (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Sant’Anastasia (Balletto et al.
2005b). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). EGinestre2:
8.VI. SaOlivella: 8.VI. SaTrocchia: 6.VI.
NOTES. Euro-Turanian species living in a wide range
of open and sunny habitats albeit preferably in grass-
lands with stony or rocky grounds, also at high el-
evations (Balletto & Kudrna 1985; Tolman 1997).
Several Poaceae have been recorded as foodplants
(Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
143. Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. TFunivia: 14.VI, AZ.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species that may be easily
observed in stony and rocky areas with sparse grasses,
from sea level to high altitudes, often along moun-
tain slopes. The larvae are reported to feed on several
Poaceae, e.g. Calamagrostis spp., Hordeum murinum
[sic], Glyceria fl uitans, Deschampsia fl exuosa and Fe-
stuca spp. (Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
144. Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: in
every environment (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Somma-Vesuvio
(Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. West-Palaearctic, it is a very common and of-
ten abundant species in most grassy places, except at
high altitudes. The caterpillars accept a wide range of
Poaceae (Tolman 1997).
145. Pyronia cecilia (Vallantin, 1894)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: VI-
VII, located at 600 m (Volpe et al. 1999); broad-leaved forests and
brushwoods (Volpe et al. 2000). *Pompei: 1876 (Oberthür 1909,
as Epinephele ida Esper, race neapolitana; Oberthür 1911: 328, as E.
ida-neapolitana Obthr.). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Thermophilous species with a Holomediter-
ranean distribution, it is mostly observed in xeric
bushlands and open places inside Mediterranean
woods and maquis. Little is known of its bionom-
ics and actual foodplants in the wild; the larvae are
reputed to feed on Deschampsia caespitosa, but this
datum seems incorrect (Tolman 1997). The race
neapolitana Oberthür, 1909 was erected on the basis
of male specimens collected in Pompeii in 1876 and
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
327

females collected in Sulmona (Abruzzi) in 1908.
146. Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: V-
VII, especially between 500-600 m (Volpe et al. 1999, 2000).
Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001). EGinestre2: 8.VI.
SaTrocchia: 6.VI.
NOTES. Widely distributed and common West-Palaearctic
species, nearly ubiquitous and occurring in most habi-
tat types, albeit with a preference for grassy places,
from lowlands to montane areas. Balletto & Kudrna
(1985) stress however its mesophily and subnemoral
preferences. The larvae develop on several Poaceae
(Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
147. Hipparchia fagi (Scopoli, 1763)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: VII-
VIII, Somma slope and Vesuvio slope, bushlands and pinewoods
(Volpe et al. 1999, 2000). Vesuvio and Monte Somma (Volpe &
Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Euro-Turanian mesophilous species, mostly
occurring in woods, bushlands and wooded steppes,
from low to middle elevations (Prola et al. 1978; Bal-
letto & Kudrna 1985; Tolman 1997); a number of
Poaceae, e.g. Bromus erectus, Festuca rubra and Bra-
chypodium pinnatum, are recorded as larval foodplants
(Tolman 1997; Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
148. Hipparchia statilinus (Hufnagel, 1766)
RECORDS. Monte Somma (Volpe & Palmieri 1999). PNV: bare
and dry places, particularly on the slopes of Mt Somma (Volpe et
al. 1999); VIII-IX, sunny rocky slopes of Mt Somma (Volpe et al.
2000). Somma-Vesuvio (Volpe & Palmieri 2001).
NOTES. Central-European and Mediterranean species
characterized by pronounced xerothermophily, fl ying
from sea level to middle elevations in dry grasslands,
rocky places and along wood margins (Prola et al.
1978; Balletto & Kudrna 1985). The larvae develop
on a number of Poaceae, Stipa pennata and Bromus
erectus amongst others (Tolman 1997).
DANAIDAE
149. Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (fi g. 2)
RECORDS. *Torre del Greco: 1806-1807 (Gagliardi [1808]).
NOTES. Palaeotropical-Subtropical species character-
ized by a pronounced migratory inclination. Quite
regularly observed in Italy in the last twenty years
(Borgo et al. 1992; Balletto et al. 2005b), but for
a long time the only known record was that of a
temporary colony in Torre del Greco mentioned by
Gagliardi ([1808]). The larvae feed on a number of
Asclepiadaceae, both cultivated and wild (cf. Zilli
1988).
DREPANIDAE
150. Watsonalla binaria (Hufnagel, 1767)
RECORDS. *Portici: 15.VI-6.VII.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 30.V.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Considering the collecting localities it can-
not be excluded that the above records actually relate
to the closely resembling W. uncinula (Borkhausen,
1790), by far more characteristic and abundant in the
Mediterranean belt (cf. Bertaccini et al. 1997).
Fig. 2. The plate by Gagliardi ([1808]) depicting Danaus chrysippus
from Torre del Greco, fi rst record of the species in Italy.
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
328

THYATIRIDAE
151. Thyatira batis (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 30.VII.1985 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006). ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls. OVallone: 31.V-
8.VIII, GN, mc. SMaria: 28.IX-14.XII, GN, pt.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic species touching also the
Oriental Region; it is a common element of decidu-
ous and evergreen woods, both light and shaded ones,
from coasts to middle elevations. The larvae feed on
Rubus spp. (Bertaccini et al. 1997).
152. Habrosyne pyritoides (Hufnagel, 1766)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio, 600 m (Parenzan 1995).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species occurring in a variety of
habitats but most abundant in humid areas at low-
middle elevations. The larvae develop on several spe-
cies of Rubus (Bertaccini et al. 1997).
GEOMETRIDAE
153. Ligdia adustata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Widespread Euro-Centralasiatic species oc-
curring in most of Italy from lowlands to middle-high
elevations, with some preference for warm wooded
areas where it is usually bivoltine in March-June and
July-October. The main foodplant is Euonymus euro-
paeus, but the larvae have been observed also on Rosa
spp. (Flamigni et al. 2007).
154. Macaria notata (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls. ETirone: 13.VII,
AZ & FV, lt.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species mainly occurring in
shaded woods and mostly known in Italy from north-
ern and central regions. Records from Southern Italy
(e.g. Cannaviello 1904) are generally considered as
misidentifi cations of the next species, which is com-
moner in the south (Flamigni et al. 2007). Bivoltine,
on the wing in April-May and July-August; the larvae
feed on a variety of broad-leaved trees and shrubs,
including Salix spp., Alnus spp., Betula spp., Corylus
avellana, Quercus spp. and Prunus spp. Cannaviello
(1904) also records it on Populus alba.
155. Macaria alternata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species living in open woods and
bushlands, occasionally also in xeric prairies; in Italy
it is widespread from north to south, from lowlands
to middle elevations, but it is missing in Sicily and
Sardinia (Flamigni et al. 2007). In Southern Italy it
occurs mostly in mountain areas (Parenzan 1994).
Bivoltine, adults are on the wing in March-June and
July-September; recorded foodplants include a wide
variety of shrubs and trees, mainly broad-leaved ones
such as e.g. Prunus spp., Alnus spp., Salix spp., Popu-
lus spp., Quercus spp., Malus spp., Fagus spp., Cra-
taegus spp. Rhamnus spp., but also on Pinus spp. and
some herbaceous Fabaceae (Flamigni et al. 2007).
156. Rhoptria asperaria (Hübner, 1817)
RECORDS. Camaldoli della Torre [= Camaldoli di Torre del
Greco]: VII, A. Costa leg. (O.G. Costa 1850, as Larentia collaria
var.). Camaldoli di Torre del Greco: VII.1849 (Cannaviello 1904,
as L. collata Hb.). Monte Somma, Camaldoli di Torre del Greco
(Cannaviello 1904). EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Holomediterranean, this species is decidedly
scarce in the north but common elsewhere in Italy,
where it is mostly present in lowland Mediterranean
habitats but may well also occur in montane areas
(Parenzan 1994; Flamigni et al. 2007). Cannaviello
(1904) regarded it as rare and living in shaded humid
woods. Bivoltine or locally trivoltine, its preferred
foodplants are various species of Cistus, and probably
of other genera as well (Flamigni et al. 2007), e.g.
Clematis spp. (Cannaviello 1904). Costa (1850: 101,
pl. 13 fi g. 4, as Larentia collaria var.) described a new
variety occurring only at Camaldoli della Torre, but
without naming it.
157. Opisthograptis luteolata (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Widespread West-Palaearctic species touch-
ing also the Oriental Region in Northern India; in
Italy it is very common everywhere from sea level
to high altitudes (Parenzan 1994; Flamigni et al.
2007). Ecologically very versatile, it lives in a wide
variety of habitats, from forests to open woods,
including parks and gardens (Cannaviello 1904;
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
329

Novak & Severa 1983; Leraut 1992; Carter &
Hargreaves 1988). Bivoltine, its fl ight periods vary
according to latitude and elevation. The larvae are
markedly polyphagous and are recorded from sev-
eral trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. Cannaviello
(1904) recorded them from Hieracium pilosella, Poly-
gonum bistorta, and Teucrium scorodonia, but some
preference for Rosaceae was stated by other auhors
(Flamigni et al. 2007).
158. Ennomos quercaria (Hübner, 1813)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Mediterranean and West-Asiatic species oc-
curring in Quercus woods throughout almost all of
Italy (Sardinia excepted) (Flamigni et al. 2007). In
Southern Italy it is common from low to middle el-
evations, with two generations in May-August and
September-October (Parenzan 1994). Preferred food-
plants are Quercus ilex, Q. robur and Q. pubescens
(Flamigni et al. 2007).
159. Selenia dentaria (Fabricius, 1775)
RECORDS. *“Bosco Reale” [= Boscoreale], 1 ex (Cannaviello 1904,
as S. bilunaria Esper).
NOTES. Euro-Siberian species distributed throughout
all of continental and peninsular Italy, where it lives in
several habitats from lowlands to montane areas, with
some preference for woods and hedgerows (Flamigni
et al. 2007). According to Cannaviello (1904) it is
easily found in Southern Italy, where it would occur
in bushlands with two generations, whereas accord-
ing to Parenzan (1994) it is moderately scarce in hills
and montane areas. The larvae are extraordinarily
polyphagous on several broad-leaved trees and shrubs
(Carter & Hargreaves 1988; Flamigni et al. 2007).
160. Crocallis elinguaria (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Camaldoli di Torre del Greco: V.1897 (Cannaviello
1904, as C. elinguaria Dup., ab. (et var.) trapezaria B.). “nei ter-
reni vesuviani” [= in Vesuvian lands]: larva on Spartium scoparium
(Cannaviello 1904).
NOTES. Transpalaearctic species recorded from almost
the whole of Italy (Sardinia excepted) from sea level
to high altitudes (Flamigni et al. 2007). It occurs in
various habitat types such as wooded areas, bushlands
and heathlands (Cannaviello 1904; Carter & Har-
greaves 1988; Flamigni et al. 2007). It is typically on
the wing from mid-summer to mid-autumn (Paren-
zan 1994; Flamigni et al. 2007). The larvae are poly-
phagous on a wide variety of broad-leaved trees and
shrubs, principally on Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Betulace-
ae, Salicaceae and Papilionaceae (Cannaviello 1904;
Carter & Hargreaves 1988; Flamigni et al. 2007).
161. Lycia hirtaria (Clerck, 1759)
RECORDS. SVpalm: 24.VI, ex larva on Castanea sativa, FV.
NOTES. Widespread Euro-Siberian species particular-
ly abundant in woods from the coasts to the montane
belt, e.g. in evergreen Mediterranean and montane
deciduous forests, but it also occurs in other wooded
areas such as hedgerows and city parks (Carter &
Hargreaves 1988). Univoltine, in Southern Italy it is
on the wing from mid-March to mid-May (Parenzan
1994). According to Cannaviello (1904), in south-
ern Italy the species is “little common in warm and
dry places at low elevations”; furthermore, he quotes
two foodplants which seem quite disputable, namely
Saponaria offi cinalis and Delphinium staphysagria. In
fact, the larvae are known to feed on several trees,
such as Quercus spp., Tilia spp., Ulmus spp., Fraxinus
spp. Populus spp. and also cultivated fruit trees (e.g.
Malus domestica, Prunus domestica and Pyrus com-
munis) (Novak & Severa 1983; Carter & Hargreaves
1988; Leraut 1992; Ebert et al. 2003).
162. Biston betularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Widespread Holarctic species (Ebert et al.
2003); mesophilous element principally occurring
in mixed deciduous forests in submontane and mon-
tane areas, with a single early generation per year (cf.
Parenzan 1994). The larvae feed on a wide range of
plants from different families, deciduous trees above
all, e.g. Quercus spp., Betula spp., Populus spp. and
Salix spp., but also on several herbs and shrubs (e.g.
Artemisia vulgaris, Rubus idaeus, Urtica dioica) (Cart-
er & Hargreaves 1988; Ebert et al. 2003; Fajcík &
Slamka 2003).
163. Menophra abruptaria (Thunberg, 1792)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
“Regione vesuviana” [= Vesuvius district] (Cannaviello 1904).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, sd (Parenzan 1994); 21.VIII.1985
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
330

NOTES. Widely distributed in Europe and in the Med-
iterranean; this is a common and often abundant spe-
cies mainly associated with wooded areas, both open
and shaded ones, including bushlands, maquis and
city parks (Carter & Hargreaves 1988; Leraut 1992).
The larvae develop on a number of shrubs, Ligustrum
spp., Syringa vulgaris, Linaria vulgaris, Genista (s.l.)
spp. and Ribes spp. amongst others (Carter & Har-
greaves 1988; Schanowski & Ebert 2003). In South-
ern Italy it is very common and spread from lowlands
to middle elevations; adults may be observed from
January to September (Parenzan 1994). Cannaviello
(1904) recorded the species as “uncommon in wood-
ed and humid areas”.
164. Synopsia sociaria (Hübner, 1799)
RECORDS. *Pompei: “ove la raccolse Millière” [= “where Millière
collected it”] (Curò 1878, as S. sociaria Hb. v. (ab.) propinquaria).
*Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, IV, wh (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species recorded from all
over Italy with a wide altitudinal range (0-1700 m
a.s.l.), although it is mainly found at low elevations
(Parenzan 1994). The larvae feed on several herbs
and shrubs, e.g. Cytisus spp., Thymus spp., Calluna
vulgaris, Echium spp. and Prunus spp. (Leraut 1992;
Fajcík & Slamka 2003).
165. Peribatodes rhomboidaria (Denis & Schiffermüller,
1775)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994). EPiazz: 14.VI,
AZ, GN & VV, ls. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls. SMaria:
14.VI, AZ.
NOTES. Widespread West-Palaearctic species, com-
mon almost everywhere but most abundant in wood-
ed areas, from bushlands to sunlit and shaded forests,
along a wide altitudinal range (Carter & Hargreaves
1988; Parenzan 1994). Adults may be observed all
year round. Recorded larval foodplants are numer-
ous trees, shrubs and herbs belonging to different
families, e.g. Crataegus spp., Betula spp., Hedera helix,
Ligustrum vulgare, Syringa vulgaris, Lonicera tatarica,
Quercus spp., Fraxinus spp., Picea abies, Rosa canina,
Cerastium tomentosum, Clematis vitalba, Cytisus nigri-
cans, Genista tinctoria and Euonymus europaeus (Cart-
er & Hargreaves 1988; Schanowski & Ebert 2003).
166. Peribatodes umbraria (Hübner, 1809)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Mediterranean-Turanian species (Prout 1912-
1916), fairly common particularly in wooded areas at
low elevations; its fl ight period spans from April to
November (Parenzan 1994). Quercus ilex and Olea
europaea are recorded as larval foodplants (Lhomme
1923-1935).
167. Hypomecis punctinalis (Scopoli, 1763)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species (Schanowski & Ebert
2003); mesophilous, fairly scarce element in South-
ern Italy, almost exclusively living in deciduous
woods from lowlands to middle elevations (Parenzan
1994). Usually bivoltine in the south, the larvae feed
on several broad-leaved plants, particularly Quercus
spp., but also Betula spp., Salix spp., Prunus spp.,
Tilia spp., Lonicera spp. and Genista spp. (Carter &
Hargreaves 1988). Larix decidua is also recorded as a
foodplant (Schanowski & Ebert 2003).
168. Ascotis selenaria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 12.VI.1985, 6-8.VII.1985
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Common and widespread Euro-Asiatic spe-
cies; it is a mesoxerophilous element occurring in
several habitat types, from xeric grasslands to open
woods, along a wide altitudinal range. Bivoltine, the
larvae feed on several foodplants of various fami-
lies, e.g. Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Ericaceae, Betulaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae and Fabaceae (Fajcík &
Slamka 2003; Schanowski & Ebert 2003).
169. Ectropis crepuscularia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, 6.VII.1985 (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Holarctic species, common in woods. Its lar-
vae feed on a very wide range of trees, shrubs and her-
baceous plants, e.g. Picea excelsa, Atropa belladonna,
Robinia pseudoacacia, Scrophularia nodosa and Salix
caprea, just to mention a few (Fajcík & Slamka 2003;
Schanowski & Ebert 2003).
170. Bupalus piniaria (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Monte Somma: VIII (Cannaviello 1904).
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
331

NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species characteristic of conifer-
ous forests, for which most records from peninsular
Italy are disputable (cf. Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). The
statement by Cannaviello (1904) that it feeds on Quer-
cus spp., including Q. ilex, is clearly disputable as well.
171. Campaea margaritaria (Linnaeus, 1761)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Widespread in the West-Palaearctic (Viida-
lepp 1996), this is a common species in wooded ar-
eas, also open ones, from sea level to high elevations.
Known from all over Italy, it is on the wing from late
spring to mid-autumn (Parenzan 1994). The larvae
feed on a wide range of deciduous trees and shrubs
(Carter & Hargreaves 1988; Ebert et al. 2003).
172. Campaea honoraria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Camaldoli di Torre del Greco: in the monastery, Rev.
P. Basilio Camaldolese leg. (O.G. Costa 1848a, as Metrocampa
honoraria). *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Central-European and Mediterranean species,
in Southern Italy it is very common at low elevations
and occurs with two generations (Parenzan 1994).
Cannaviello (1904) stated it to mainly occur in xeric
and shrubby sites, where the larvae would feed on
Quercus cerris, Populus nigra and Carpinus betulus,
that is, also on trees which are not xerophilous at all.
In contrast, according our experience the species is
clearly associated with Q. ilex and exceedingly abun-
dant in mature holm oak forests. Costa (1848a) de-
scribed a new variety found in Camaldoli di Torre del
Greco, without naming it.
173. Costignophos pullata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. ”Regione vesuviana” [= Vesuvius district] (Cannaviello
1904).
NOTES. Orophilous species occurring in Central and
South-Eastern Europe. Cannaviello (1904) recorded
it as not very common during summer in xeric mon-
tane prairies of Southern Italy, with larvae feeding
on Thymus serpillum, Cytisus scoparius and “Melissa
nepeta L.”. The larvae are known to feed on several
shrubs and herbaceous plants, ferns included (Ebert
et al. 2003).
174. Euchrognophos cf. variegata (Duponchel, 1830)
RECORDS. Camaldoli di Torre del Greco: in the monastery, A.
Costa leg. (O.G. Costa 1849, sub Gnophos mucidaria). Camaldo-
li di Torre del Greco, VII.1848, A. Costa leg. (Cannaviello 1904,
sub G. mucidata Tr.). Monte Somma: VII (Cannaviello 1904, sub
G. mucidata Tr.).
NOTES. Following also Parenzan & Porcelli (1994),
we prefer to refer to this Euro-Anatolian species the
above records of the closely resembling E. mucida-
ria (Hübner, 1799), a species quoted several times
for peninsular Italy but never confi rmed with cer-
tainty.
175. Aspitates ochrearia (Rossi, 1794)
RECORDS. *Portici, R. [= Real] boschetto: IV.[18]17 (O.G. Costa
1848b, as Aspilates citraria).
NOTES. South-European and Anatolian species very
common and abundant from coasts to low elevations;
it is on the wing in March-June and August-October
(Prola & Racheli 1980; Parenzan 1994).
176. Dyscia innocentaria (Christoph, 1885)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994, as D.
sicanaria Oberthür).
NOTES. Mediterranean-Turanian species, mainly oc-
curring in areas with open xeric vegetation, from low-
lands to middle elevations (cf. Prola & Racheli 1980,
as D. sicanaria (Zeller, 1852); Parenzan 1994).
177. Pseudoterpna pruinata (Hufnagel, 1767)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. European and West-Asiatic species showing
a clear scattering of local populations southwards
along the Italian peninsula (Parenzan 1994; Haus-
mann 2001). It mostly occurs in xeric biotopes with
open vegetation where Genista (s.l.) spp., its main
foodplants, grow. Univoltine, exceptionally double-
brooded, it is on the wing in early summer (Carter &
Hargreaves 1988; Hausmann 2001).
178. Pseudoterpna coronillaria (Hübner, 1817) (fi g. 3)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, sd (Parenzan 1994);
21.VIII.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ,
GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Holomediterranean species associated with a
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
332

number of Genista (s.l.) spp., it is very common in
Central and Southern Italy (Parenzan 1994), where
a peculiar subspecies – fl amignii Hausmann, 1997
– characterized by the shorter harpe and dilated cor-
nuti on the aedeagus vesica (Hausmann 2001), oc-
curs. The species inhabits maquis and xeric habitats
with open vegetation from sea level to high elevations
(Cannaviello 1904; Hausmann 2001). Univoltine or
bivoltine depending on the sites, it has been observed
on Mt Etna where only Genista aetnensis occurs. This
is likely to be its foodplant also in the “EPiazz” site.
Around “Osservatorio” Spartium junceum grows as
well, but so far this species has not been recorded as a
hostplant (cf. Hausmann 2001).
179. Phaiogramma etruscaria (Zeller, 1849)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994). EPiazz:
14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Xerothermophilous species spread all over
the Mediterranean region, across Southern Russia
and the Middle East to the Central Asiatic moun-
tains. Bivoltine or trivoltine depending on the local
climate, it mostly occurs in xeric areas with open
vegetation from sea level to middle elevations. The
larvae are polyphagous, but in the wild they seem-
ingly prefer a number of Apiaceae (Hausmann
2001).
180. Microloxia herbaria (Hübner, 1813)
RECORDS. *“Bosco Reale” [= Boscoreale]: VII.1900, 1 ex (Canna-
viello 1904, as Eucrostes erbaria Hb. v. (et ab.) advolata Ev.).
NOTES. Mediterranean-Centralasiatic species rela-
tively widespread in Southern Italy, where it occurs
in xerothermophilic habitats such as Mediterranean
pseudosteppes and rocky areas from sea level to low
elevations (Parenzan 1994; Hausmann 2001). Tri-
voltine, its larva is polyphagous and is recorded from
Helychrysum stoechas, Teucrium polium and Vernonia
centaureoides (Hausmann 2001).
181. Cyclophora puppillaria (Hübner, 1799)
RECORDS. “Foro Volcani” [=crater of Vesuvio] (O.G. Costa
1834, as Aspilates mirtalis sp. n.). *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50
m, wh (Parenzan 1994). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan
1994).
NOTES. Species with Mediterranean-Turanian distri-
bution, present also in warm areas of Central Europe
and occasionally spreading further north as a conse-
quence of its migratory behaviour. Preferred food-
plants are evergreen Quercus spp. and other Mediter-
ranean shrubs, e.g. Cistus spp., Phillyrea angustifo-
lia, Myrtus communis, Erica spp. and Arbutus unedo
(Hausmann 2004).
182. Scopula imitaria (Hübner, 1799)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
“Terreni vesuviani” [= Vesuvian lands] (Cannaviello 1904).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, sd (Parenzan 1994); 12.VI,
13.VIII.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Distributed from Western to Southern Eu-
rope and in all the Mediterranean region, whereas
the easternmost records from the Caucasus area
and Northern Iran need confi rmation (Hausmann
2004). Xerothermophilous species, common all over
Italy up to middle elevations (Parenzan 1994; Bella
et al. 1999). Cannaviello (1904) considered it as
fairly uncommon in shrubby and wooded areas in
July and September; he also stressed the more intense
reddish colour of specimens from Vesuvius in com-
parison to the paler ochre-yellowish ones from other
areas of Southern Italy. The larvae, polyphagous on
many plant species belonging to several families (e.g.
Ranunculaceae, Oleaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Scrophu-
lariaceae, Rosaceae etc.) (Hausmann 2004), were re-
corded by Cannaviello (1904) on Valeriana offi cinalis
and Athamantha macedonica.
Fig. 3. Pseudoterpna coronillaria from Vesuvius (EPiazz site,
14.VI.2000), a geometrid species which was collected at various
elevations (photo by A. Zilli)
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
333

183. Scopula emutaria (Hübner, 1809)
RECORDS. “Terreni vesuviani” [= Vesuvian lands] (Cannaviello
1904, sub Acidalia imitaria Hb. var. emutaria Hb.).
NOTES. Despite several records from Central-Eastern
Europe and Asia Minor, this species is seemingly re-
stricted to the Western and Central Mediterranean
and to the Atlantic coasts of Europe (Hausmann
2004). It is an uncommon hygrothermophilous spe-
cies, found in Southern Italy mainly in moist areas
along coasts or inland (Bella et al. 1999), hence some
doubts may be raised about the records by Cannaviel-
lo (1904). According to Parenzan (1994) the fl ight
period of this species in Southern Italy is from mid-
May to the beginning of June and again from mid-
July to early October.
184. Glossotrophia cf. confi naria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847)
RECORDS. Monte Somma: at an elevation of more than 800 m,
VII, 1 ex (Cannaviello 1904, sub Acidalia [aversata Linn. or mar-
gine punctata Göz.] var. confi naria H-S).
NOTES. Species with a South-Eastern European
range, which in Italy may be easily mistaken for other
taxa, particularly the recently separated G. alba Haus-
mann, 1993, which is by far more common (Haus-
mann 2004); thus, the records by Cannaviello (1904)
might actually relate to the latter species. As there is
no indication that Cannaviello’s collection has been
preserved (cf. Poggi & Conci 1996), it was not pos-
sible to check the above specimen.
185. Idaea leipnitzi Hausmann, 2004
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, 28.V.1983, wh (Paren-
zan 1988, sub I. mediaria Hb.).
NOTES. Hausmann (2004) showed that all records of
I. mediaria (Hübner, 1819) from Southern Italy and
the Balcanic Peninsula must be related to this species.
Xerothermophilous, it is mostly linked to lowlands
near coasts, where the larvae probably feed on Eu-
phorbia spp. and other plants (Hausmann 2004).
186. Idaea consanguinaria (Lederer, 1853)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 17.VII.1985 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006). EGigante2: 13.VII, wp, AZ & FV.
NOTES. Species with a Central-Eastern Mediterranean
distribution, occurring in Southern Italy in Mediter-
ranean-type habitats such as open Quercus ilex and Pi-
nus spp. woods, often common in coastal hills (Haus-
mann 2004). The fl ight period is June-July (Parenzan
1994). The larva is thought to feed on withered leaves
of many herbaceous plants (Hausmann 2004).
187. Idaea rusticata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Pompei: 5.VII.1936 (Worm-Hansen 1939, as Acida-
lia rusticata Hb.). *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan
1994, as Idaea vulpinaria H.S. ). “Regione vesuviana” [= Vesuvius
district] (Cannaviello 1904, as Acidalia rusticata S.V.).
NOTES. Widely distributed in the West-Palaearctic
from Western Europe and Eastern Algeria to Central
Asia; it is a xerothermophilous species with usually
a single generation per year, occasionally two in the
southern parts of its range (Hausmann 2004). Paren-
zan (1994, as I. vulpinaria) mentioned the species as
common in Southern Italy from sea level to low el-
evations. The larvae feed on a wide variety of plants,
mainly on withered or mouldy leaves (Hausmann
2004). According to Cannaviello (1904) the species
was not very common in the Vesuvius area, mainly
occurred in July in shrubby areas or woods, and the
larva would feed on Campanula rapunculus and Ru-
bus idaeus [sic].
188. Idaea fi licata (Hübner, 1799)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 30.V.1985, 13.VIII.1985 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006). EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Ranging from Southern Europe to the Middle
East, this is a practically ubiquitous species in the Med-
iterranean belt. The larvae are probably polyphagous
on withered leaves of many herbs (Hausmann 2004).
189. Idaea effl orata Zeller, 1849
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, 24.VI.1983, wh (Paren-
zan 1994).
NOTES. West-Mediterranean species known from most
of peninsular Italy, Sardinia and Sicily (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006). It is usually found in lowlands near coasts
but also occurs inland in xerothermic areas, where it
may reach middle elevations (Bella et al. 1999). Its bio-
nomics are unknown (Hausmann 2004).
190. Idaea moniliata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
334

RECORDS. EGigante2: 13.VII, AZ & FV, wp.
NOTES. European-Centralasiatic species, fairly com-
mon in several habitat types from lowlands to nearly
1400 m a.s.l. (Parenzan 1994). As with many conge-
neric species, the larvae are deemed to live on with-
ered leaves of herbaceous plants (Hausmann 2004).
191. Idaea elongaria (Rambur, 1833)
RECORDS. *Bosco di Portici (Cannaviello 1904, as Acidalia
elongaria Rb.).
NOTES. Species with a Mediterranean-Turanian distri-
bution, fairly common from sea level to middle eleva-
tions. Preferred habitats are maquis, xeric prairies and
rocky slopes (Hausmann 2004). In Southern Italy it
is fairly widespread but comparatively scarce from the
coasts up to nearly 900 m above sea level, with adults
on the wing from mid-May to early October (Paren-
zan 1994). Foodplants are various herbaceous plants
(Hausmann 2004).
192. Idaea obsoletaria (Rambur, 1833)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Mediterranean-Turanian species occurring in
xerothermic habitats from sea level to middle eleva-
tions. Generally rare and localized in Southern Italy
(Parenzan 1994), its fl ight period is in full summer.
The larvae feed on a number of herbaceous plants
(Hausmann 2004).
193. Idaea inquinata (Scopoli, 1763)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone (Candura 1931b, as Ptychopo-
da herbaria F.).
NOTES. Widely distributed in the West-Palaearctic
Region, the larvae of this species show an unusual
preference for dry petals and leaves, and are often
recorded from herbaria, fl oral decorations, teas and
other dried plant material inside houses. Accordingly,
it is usually found associated with human settlements
or not far from these, and can be multi-brooded
(Hausmann 2004).
194. Idaea fuscovenosa (Goeze, 1781)
RECORDS. SaTrocchia: 6.VI, CD & FV.
NOTES. Species with a Euro-Caucasian range; fairly
common in Central Italy in several lowland areas
and at middle elevations, it becomes progressively
scarcer in Southern Italy (Parenzan 1994). The lar-
vae are polyphagous on several herbaceous plants and
shrubs, showing a neat preference for withering and
dry leaves (Hausmann 2004).
195. Idaea politaria (Hübner, 1799)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994, as
I. politata).
NOTES. Mediterranean-Turanian species, compara-
tively widespread in Southern Italy but never very
common; univoltine, it is on the wing from the
end of May to July from sea level to mountain ar-
eas (Parenzan 1994; Hausmann 2004). Hausmann
(2004) points to its occurrence in wet areas along
coasts and rivers, and recalls the polyphagy of the lar-
vae on herbaceous plants.
196. Idaea seriata (Schrank, 1802)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. A very common and nearly ubiquitous species
in peninsular Italy, where it occurs in a wide altitudi-
nal range (Bella et al. 1999; Hausmann 2004) and
reaches the peak of its abundance in the evergreen
Mediterranean belt. In the most favourable areas up
to three generations per year may be produced. As
it lives on a wide variety of food sources, including
almost any kind of dry or rotting plant material, it
is occasionally anthropophilous and isolated speci-
mens may occur in houses all year round (Hausmann
2004). The pattern of distribution of this species is
Euro-Mediterranean-Caucasian, but it is missing in
most of the Western Mediterranean, where it is re-
placed by I. minuscularia (Ribbe, 1912) (Hausmann
2004).
197. Idaea subsericeata (Haworth, 1809)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Xerothermophilous species widely distrib-
uted in the Western Palaearctic (Hausmann 2004);
it is not very common in Southern Italy and mostly
occurs in lowland and hilly areas (Parenzan 1994).
The larvae are polyphagous on withered and mouldy
leaves of several herbaceous plants, but can also be
reared on leaves of Fagus sp. (Hausmann 2004).
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
335

198. Idaea trigeminata (Haworth, 1809)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. European-Centralasiatic species fairly lo-
calised and scarce in Southern Italy, where it occurs
along a wide altitudinal range and is on the wing
from the end of April to the middle of July (Parenzan
1994). The larvae are very likely polyphagous, as they
have been reared on several plants of different fami-
lies (Hausmann 2004).
199. Idaea ostrinaria (Hübner, 1813)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. A truly Mediterranean species, both in a bio-
geographical and ecological sense, linked to coast-
al, lowland and little elevated areas. Univoltine in
April-July, exceptionally double-brooded, the larvae
are polyphagous on a number of herbaceous plants,
feeding also on fl owers and withered leaves (Parenzan
1994; Hausmann 2004).
200. Idaea aversata (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic species recorded from the
whole of Italy, in the south particularly common in
hilly and montane areas (Parenzan 1994); according
to Cannaviello (1904) it is associated with shaded,
humid biotopes, and in fact it is a well-known mes-
ophilous wood-frequenting species, which rarely oc-
curs in open habitats (Hausmann 2004) unless they
are very moist (e.g. marshes) (Carter & Hargreaves
1988). Bivoltine in the southern parts of its range,
the larvae are highly polyphagous on many broad-
leaved trees, shrubs and herbs, feeding on their with-
ered leaves (Hausmann 2004).
201. Idaea bilinearia (Fuchs, 1878)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, 17.VII.1985 (Paren-
zan et al. 1998, as I. rubraria (Staudinger, 1901)). EGinestre2:
16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Central-Southern-European and Anatolian
species occurring, in the southern part of its range,
in temperate habitats from sea level to high elevations
(Hausmann 2004). Never very abundant, adults
are on the wing in the second half of the summer
(Parenzan 1994). The larvae are polyphagous on
withered leaves of herbaceous plants.
202. Idaea degeneraria (Hübner, 1799)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994). EGinestre2:
16.VIII, CD & FV, lt. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Mediterranean-Centralasiatic, it is one of the
most common species in Italy where it is triple-brooded
and nearly ubiquitous from sea level to high altitudes
in most environmental types, showing however a
neat preference for Mediterranean ecosystems, both
open and wooded ones (Parenzan 1994; Hausmann
2004). The larvae are recorded from several herba-
ceous plants, preferably from withered and dry parts
(Hausmann 2004). Foodplants mentioned by Can-
naviello (1904) are Ononis spinosa, Medicago sativa
and Ferula communis ssp. glauca.
203. Idaea straminata (Borkhausen, 1794)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 17.VII.1985 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006).
NOTES. Transpalaearctic xerothermophilous species,
widely distributed in Italy from sea level to mountain
areas. The larvae are polyphagous on several herbs
and shrubs (Hausmann 2004).
204. Idaea deversaria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Widespread West-Palaearctic species rang-
ing from Northwest Africa and Western Europe to
the Altai Mts. Accordingly with its xerothermophil-
ous habitat preferences, in Italy it regularly occurs at
all elevations in the south and is restricted to more
xerothermic biotopes in the north. However, Paren-
zan (1994) found it to be most common at middle
altitudes. Univoltine or, rarely, double-brooded, the
adults fl y in late-spring and summer, preferably in
wooded areas. The larvae accept a wide variety of
withered leaves of trees, shrubs and herbs, and have
also been recorded from mosses (Hausmann 2004).
205. Rhodostrophia vibicaria (Clerck, 1759)
RECORDS. “Terreni vesuviani” [= Vesuvian lands] (Cannaviello 1904).
NOTES. Widely distributed in all the West-Palaearctic,
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
336

from Northwestern Africa and Western Europe to Cen-
tral Asia, in the southern parts of its range it behaves as
a xeromontane element (Parenzan 1994; Hausmann
2004). Cannaviello (1904) stressed it was common in
xeric prairies on hills, and recorded Cytisus scoparius
as its main foodplant in the Vesuvius area. Univolt-
ine or exceptionally double-brooded, the larvae are
polyphagous but clearly associated with a variety of
Fabaceae. This species has not been recorded on Mt
Vesuvius since Cannaviello (1904), so a misidentifi -
cation with the more common R. calabra (Petagna,
1786) cannot be excluded.
206. Rhodostrophia calabra (Petagna, 1786)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, sd (Parenzan 1994);
12.VI.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). SaTrocchia: 6.VI, CD
& FV. TFunivia: 14.VI, AZ.
NOTES. South-European and Caucasian species with a
very limited occurrence in Morocco (Rif), particular-
ly common all over peninsular Italy, mainly in xero-
thermic biotopes with open vegetation and maquis
on hills and mountains (Parenzan 1994; Hausmann
2004). Univoltine, it is on the wing from late spring to
early summer. Recorded foodplants are various herbs
and shrubs such as Fabaceae, particularly broom-like
ones (Leraut 1992; Hausmann 2004).
207. Rhodometra sacraria (Linnaeus, 1767)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994). ETirone: 28.IX,
GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Subcosmopolitan or even cosmopolitan spe-
cies, should records from the Americas be confi rmed
(cf. Hausmann 2004); it occurs throughout most of
Eurasia and Africa. It is also a well-known migrant,
probably continuously brooded in the Mediterrane-
an belt, where it may be observed almost all the year
round (Carter & Hargreaves 1988; Parenzan 1994;
Hausmann 2004). In the south it is ecologically ubiq-
uitous and ranges from sea level to high elevations.
Despite its ecological versatility, the food spectrum of
this species is not as wide as one may expect, the spe-
cies being principally associated with Polygonaceae,
although a number of other plant families are accept-
ed (Hausmann 2004).
208. Lythria cruentaria (Hufnagel, 1767)
RECORDS. ”Regione vesuviana” [= Vesuvius district] (Cannaviello
1904, as “Lythria purpuraria L, var. cruentaria Bork.”).
NOTES. The quotation by Cannaviello (1904) is am-
biguous inasmuch as L. purpuraria (Linnaeus, 1758)
and L. cruentaria are two different albeit closely re-
sembling species. Nevertheless, his wording leaves no
doubt that he meant the latter, as he clearly stated
that specimens from Vesuvius show wider and more
neatly marked purple bands, with the outer one
forked at the margin, and explicitly concluded that
they had better to be ascribed to “var. Cruentaria,
Bork.”. Fajcík & Slamka (2003) indicate Acetosella
vulgaris and Acetosa pratensis as larval foodplants,
Cannaviello (1904) mentions Polygonum aviculare
and Cytisus scoparius.
209. Nycterosea obstipata (Fabricius, 1794)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Subcosmopolitan species occurring in large
sectors of the Holarctic, African and Oriental Re-
gions; it is a migrant (Eitschberger et al. 1991) which
may occur in every habitat type, from arid zones to
marshes, and even on snow (Carter & Hargreaves
1988; Bella et al. 1999); it is on the wing all the year
round (Parenzan 1994). The larvae are highly poly-
phagous on several herbaceous plants of different
families (Carter & Hargreaves 1988).
210. Epirrhoe alternata (Müller, 1764)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994). EPiazz:
14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Holarctic species, it is a very common ele-
ment mainly living in wooded areas, also open ones,
from lowlands to high elevations (Parenzan 1994;
Bella et al. 1999). Bivoltine, the caterpillars feed on
Galium spp. and other Rubiaceae (Ebert & Steiner
2001; Fajcík & Slamka 2003).
211. Epirrhoe galiata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Euro-Anatolian species, widespread but rela-
tively uncommon in Southern Italy from lowlands
to montane areas (Parenzan 1994; Fajcík & Slam-
ka 2003). Bivoltine, the larvae develop on Galium
spp. (Carter & Hargreaves 1988; Ebert & Steiner
2001).
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
337

212. Costaconvexa polygrammata (Borkhausen, 1794)
RECORDS. Camaldoli di Torre del Greco: VII.1887 (Cannaviello
1904, as Phibalapteryx polygrammata Tr. var. (et ab.) conjunctaria
Ld.).
NOTES. Species widely distributed in the West-Palaearctic
from Western Europe and Northwestern Africa to Cen-
tral Asia (Viidalepp 1996; Ebert & Steiner 2001).
It is often common in coastal and low altitude areas
but generally scarce and linked to humid areas and
woods in Southern Italy, where it is on the wing from
mid-March to mid-July and in autumn (Cannaviello
1904; Parenzan 1994; Bella et al. 1999). Species of
Galium are recorded as larval foodplants (Ebert &
Steiner 2001; Fajcík & Slamka 2003), but Canna-
viello (1904) records several other species, namely
Taraxacum offi cinale, Aconitum lamarckii (= neapoli-
tanum), and explicity mentions Cytisus scoparium,
Archangelica offi ciclis [sic] and Rosa canina for larvae
of ab. conjunctaria.
213. Camptogramma bilineata (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt. SaTrocchia: 6.VI, CD &
FV. SMaria2: 14.VI, AZ.
NOTES. Species widely distributed in the West-Palaearctic
up to Central Asia (Viidalepp 1996; Ebert & Steiner
2001); it is common at all elevations in Italy, mainly
occurring in areas with rich vegetation. The larvae
feed on several herbaceous plants, among which Stel-
laria spp., Taraxacum spp., Ononis spp., Urtica spp.,
Rumex thyrsifl orus, Potentilla spp., Fragaria spp., Plan-
tago spp. and Galium spp. (Novak & Severa 1983;
Carter & Hargreaves 1988; Leraut 1992; Ebert &
Steiner 2001).
214. Coenotephria salicata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. European and South-West-Asiatic species,
common and widespread in Italy at all elevations
(Parenzan 1994); it has a cryptic coloration for rocks,
on which it usually rests (Leraut 1992). Considering
this behaviour, the colour of individuals from Vesu-
vius, darker than the average, may be due to local
adaptation to the lavic substrate. Bivoltine, the larvae
feed on various Rubiaceae (Ebert & Steiner 2001;
Fajcík & Slamka 2003).
215. Thera cupressata (Geyer, 1831)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. South-European species the larvae of which
develop on Cupressus sempervirens and Juniperus spp.;
it is usually widespread and common in Southern
Italy, above all in lowlands with Mediterranean veg-
etation (Prola & Racheli 1979; Parenzan 1994).
216. Horisme tersata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic mesophilous species, which
in Southern Italy is uncommon and restricted to
montane areas (Parenzan 1994). Bivoltine, its larvae
feed on Clematis vitalba, Lonicera spp., Ranunculus
spp. and Anemone spp. (Carter & Hargreaves 1988;
Leraut 1992; Fajcík & Slamka 2003; Mörtter & Mei-
er 2003).
217. Horisme radicaria (de La Harpe, 1855)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. A Central-Southern-European species, close
relative of the previous one but more markedly ther-
mophilous. The larvae have been recorded from Cle-
matis vitalba (Mörtter & Meier 2003).
218. Perizoma bifaciata (Haworth, 1809)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. A West-Palaearctic species known from all
over Italy, but never very adundant. It occurs in a
variety of habitats with open vegetation, from sea
level to middle elevations (Parenzan 1994; Mironov
2003). Univoltine or locally bivoltine, the larvae feed
on Odontites spp., Bartsia alpina and Euphrasia spp.
(Mironov 2003).
219. Eupithecia haworthiata Doubleday, 1856
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Euro-Anatolian species known from most of
Italy, where it occurs from lowlands to middle eleva-
tions in several habitat types, from open woods to
rocky slopes. In Southern Italy it is on the wing from
mid-May to early August (Parenzan 1994). The only
foodplant so far recorded is Clematis vitalba, on the
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
338

fl owers and fl ower buds of which the larvae develop
(Carter & Hargreaves 1988; Mironov 2003).
220. Eupithecia pyreneata Mabille, 1871
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Euro-Turanian species often misidentifi ed as
E. pulchellata Stephens, 1831; it occurs in a wide va-
riety of habitats including shaded woods and xeric
prairies; univoltine or bivoltine, depending on local
climates. Monophagous, it is associated with species
of Digitalis. The larvae eat the seed capsules or, rarely,
the fl owers of their foodplants (Carter & Hargreaves
1988; Leraut 1992; Mironov 2003).
221. Eupithecia venosata (Fabricius, 1787)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. West-Palaearctic, fairly common species
ranging from lowlands to high elevations, preferably
in xeric or mesoxeric biotopes (Mironov 2003). In
Southern Italy it is normally on the wing in April-
June (Parenzan 1994). The larvae feed on seed cap-
sules and fl owers of a number of Caryophyllaceae,
above all species of Silene (Leraut 1992; Mironov
2003).
222. Eupithecia breviculata (Donzel, 1837)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Holomediterranean species widespread but
fairly uncommon all over Italy, where it is mostly
linked to Mediterranean habitats and xeric mountain
areas up to 1100 m a.s.l. (Parenzan 1994; Bella et al.
1999; Mironov 2003). Univoltine or locally bivolt-
ine, the larvae feed on a number of Apiaceae (Leraut
1992; Mironov 2003).
223. Eupithecia subfuscata (Haworth, 1809)
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Holarctic and ecologically ubiquitous species
(Mironov 2003); the larvae are extraordinarily poly-
phagous on herbaceous plants, rarely trees and shrubs,
of many families (Leraut 1992; Mironov 2003).
224. Eupithecia distinctaria Herrich-Schäffer, 1848
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, 16.VII.1985 (Hausmann
& Parenzan 1990). EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic xerothermophilous species,
mainly associated with rocky areas; it may occur also
at high altitudes where its ecological requirements are
fulfi lled. It is univoltine or double-brooded in the
southern districts of its range, the larvae feeding on
several herbaceous plants and shrubs, most often on
Lamiaceae, mainly Thymus spp., but also on Apiace-
ae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae etc. (Carter & Hargreaves
1988; Leraut 1992; Mironov 2003). First record for
Campania (cf. Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
225. Eupithecia gemellata Herrich-Schäffer, 1861
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. North-Mediterranean species occurring in
warm habitats from sea level to high elevations.
Parenzan (1994) recorded it as scarce and clearly biv-
oltine (May-June and July-September) in Southern
Italy. The larvae feed on fl owers and seed capsules of a
few species of Caryophyllaceae (Mironov 2003). First
record for Campania (cf. Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
226. Eupithecia innotata (Hufnagel, 1767)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Common and widespread species in the West-
Palaearctic, fairly localized in Southern Italy from sea
level to low elevations (Parenzan 1994). Bivoltine, the
larvae feed on several herbaceous plants and shrubs of
different families (Leraut 1992; Mironov 2003).
227. Eupithecia abbreviata Stephens, 1831
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, 3.VI.1984, wh (Haus-
mann & Parenzan 1990).
NOTES. Euro-Mediterranean species inhabiting almost
every habitat type where oaks, both deciduous and ev-
ergreen, are present; univoltine, the adults are on the
wing typically in spring. The larval foodplants are vari-
ous species of Quercus (Leraut 1992; Mironov 2003).
228. Eupithecia dodoneata Guenée, 1858
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, 10-25.VI.1983, wh
(Hausmann & Parenzan 1990).
NOTES. Like the previous species, it is a Euro-Mediter-
ranean spring-active moth associated with deciduous
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
339

and evergreen Quercus spp. (Leraut 1992; Mironov
2003).
229. Gymnoscelis rufi fasciata (Haworth, 1809)
RECORDS. *Portici: 1959-1961 (Tremblay 1961, as G. pumilata
Hb.). *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan 1994). *Por-
tici, Orto botanico del R. [= Regio] Istituto Superiore di Agraria
(Candura 1931c, as Tephroclystia pumilata Hb.). EPiazz: 14.VI,
AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Widespread in the Palaearctic Region from
the Canary Islands to Northwestern China, this is
an ecologically ubiquitous species that can be en-
countered in such different habitats as semideserts
and moors or coniferous forests, from coasts to very
high altitudes (Carter & Hargreaves 1988; Parenzan
1994; Bella et al. 1999; Mironov 2003). Usually biv-
oltine, in southern areas it is multivoltine and adults
occur all year round; the larvae feed on fl owers and
seeds of an astonishing range of herbaceous plants
and shrubs, shifting plant species depending on the
season (Tremblay 1961; Carter & Hargreaves 1988;
Mironov 2003).
230. Chloroclystis v-ata (Haworth, 1809)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan 1994).
NOTES. Transpalaearctic and ecologically very versatile
species; in Southern Italy it occurs mostly in montane
areas from June to mid-August (Parenzan 1994). The
larvae are highly polyphagous on fl owers and seeds of
many herbaceous plants and shrubs (Carter & Har-
greaves 1988; Leraut 1992; Mironov 2003).
231. Aplocera efformata (Guenée, 1858)
RECORDS. *Pompei: 5.VII.1936 (Worm-Hansen 1939).
NOTES. A widespread Euro-Mediterranean xerother-
mophilous species, which can be easily confused with
some of its congeners; bivoltine, Hypericum perfora-
tum is recorded as its larval foodplant (Trusch 2001;
Fajcík & Slamka 2003).
THAUMETOPOEIDAE
232. Traumatocampa pityocampa (Denis & Schiffer-
müller, 1775)
RECORDS. PNV (Volpe et al. 1999). Vesuvio, Osservatorio:
21.VIII.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Widely distributed from Central Europe and
the Mediterranean region to the Middle East (Freina
& Witt 1987); it is a well known pest of Pinus spp.
NOTODONTIDAE
233. Pterostoma palpina (Clerck, 1759)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 12.VII.1985 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006).
NOTES. European and West-Asiatic species (Freina
& Witt 1987); it is a mesohygrophilous element the
ecological preferences of which are above all for shad-
ed and riparian woods. Bivoltine, the larvae develop
on several deciduous trees such as Salix spp., Popu-
lus spp., Quercus spp. and Tilia spp. (Freina & Witt
1987; Leraut 2006).
234. Peridea anceps (Goeze, 1781)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 30.V.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006).
NOTES. Widespread species with a Euro-Caucasian
distribution, often abundant where its main food-
plants (Quercus spp., both deciduous and evergreen)
are present. Univoltine, the adults are on the wing in
spring (cf. Freina & Witt 1987).
NOCTUIDAE
235. Cryphia pallida ([Bethune-]Baker, 1894)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, 28.IX.1983 (Parenzan
1984).
NOTES. Little is known about this presumably Holo-
mediterranean species (Zilli et al. 2001), mostly re-
corded in Italy from coastal or inland areas with Medi-
terranean vegetation (cf. Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
According to Leraut (1992) the larvae feed on lichens.
236. Cryphia ochsi (Boursin, 1940)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Central-Eastern Mediterranean species asso-
ciated with the evergreen Mediterranean vegetation
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
340

belt; it is single-brooded but its bionomics are actu-
ally still poorly known (Hacker 1989). First record
for Campania (cf. Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
237. Cryphia muralis (Forster, 1771)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Euro-Anatolian mesophilous species mainly
occurring in deciduous woods with plenty of lichens,
on which its larvae develop (Hacker 1989).
238. Idia calvaria (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. SMaria: 8.VIII-29.IX, GN, pt.
NOTES. Holomediterranean species, usually scarce
and occurring in hygrothermophilic woods (Berio
1991). Bivoltine, the larvae are stated to develop on
fallen and withering leaves (Hacker 1989).
239. Paracolax tristalis (Fabricius, 1794)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.VI.1985 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Widespread Euro-Asiatic forest species, the
larvae of which develop on fallen leaves of Quercus
spp. (Bretherton 1983).
240. Polypogon plumigeralis (Hübner, 1825)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 18.VI.1983 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Mediterranean-Asiatic species, mostly living
in bushland and open Quercus woods of the Mediter-
ranean and Submediterranean belts; bivoltine, its lar-
vae are polyphagous and feed on several trees, shrubs
and herbaceous plants (cf. Hacker 1989).
241. Catocala nupta (Linnaeus, 1767)
RECORDS. PNV: VII-IX, warm places near mixed woods (Volpe
et al. 1999).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species mainly living in meso-
hygrophilic woods in which its foodplants, Salix spp.
and Populus spp., occur. Locally it may also occur in
city parks. Univoltine, it is on the wing from mid-
summer to mid-autumn (Goater et al. 2003).
242. Catocala nymphagoga (Esper, 1787)
RECORDS. *Portici: 18.VI.1983, 21.VI.1983, 6.VII.1983, 16.VII.1983
(Parenzan et al. [2006]). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 12-16.VII.1985, mm
(Parenzan et al. [2006]). SMaria: 8.VIII-29.IX, GN, pt.
NOTES. Holomediterranean species with a pronounced
migratory inclination, so strays may also reach north-
ern countries; it is a termophilous element particularly
abundant in Mediterranean and Submediterranean
Quercus woods, where massive outbreaks are some-
times observed. Univoltine, its fl ight season is typically
the summer. The larvae develop on various species of
Quercus, above all Q. ilex (Goater et al. 2003).
243. Catocala nymphaea (Esper, 1787)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 12-16.VII.1985, mm (Parenzan
et al. [2006]). SMaria: 8.VIII-29.IX, GN, pt.
NOTES. Mediterranean-Turanian element the ecologi-
cal preferences and bionomics of which are substan-
tially the same as for the previous species (cf. Goater
et al. 2003).
244. Ophiusa tirhaca (Cramer, 1773)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone dint.: IX.1968, larvae on Pe-
largonium zonale (Tremblay 1973).
NOTES. Palaeotropical-Subtropical species widespread
but uncommon in all the Mediterranean area; well-
known migrant which may also reach northern re-
gions, where it cannot breed (Tremblay, 1973). Biv-
oltine, the larvae feed on a number of shrubs, par-
ticularly Pistacia lentiscus, P. terebinthus, Cistus spp.
and Rhus cotinus (Goater et al. 2003). The adults are
also fruit-piercers.
245. Dysgonia algira (Linnaeus, 1767)
RECORDS. *Portici: 30.VI.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Ve-
suvio, Osservatorio: 6-12.VII.1985, 21.VIII.1985 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Mediterranean-Turanian species showing mi-
gratory behaviour, which may be observed in almost
every habitat type although it attains its maximum
abundance in the Mediterranean vegetation belt.
From spring to autumn at least two or three genera-
tions are produced. The larvae are stated to feed on
several foodplants of different families, e.g. Salix spp.
and Parietaria spp., to mention two of the less related
genera (Goater et al. 2003).
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
341

246. Grammodes stolida (Fabricius, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici: 20.VI.1983, 21.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006).
NOTES. Practically known from every warm quar-
ter of the Eastern Hemisphere, occasionally reach-
ing temperate or cool areas as a vagrant; common in
the Mediterranean belt. Bivoltine, the larvae feed on
several plants, including Quercus spp., Paliurus spina-
christi and Rubus spp. (Goater et al. 2003).
247. Lygephila craccae (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 12-16.VII.1985, 21.VIII.1985
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species provided with a wide eco-
logical versatility which enables it to colonize a broad
spectrum of habitat types from sea level to mountain
areas. Univoltine or bivoltine, in the southern districts
of its range, it is on the wing in summer. The larvae
develop on several Fabaceae (Goater et al. 2003).
248. Lygephila procax (Hübner, 1813)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 27.VI.1985, mm (Parenzan et
al. [2006]). OVallone: 8.VIII-28.IX, GN, mc.
NOTES. Central-Eastern Mediterranean species, it is
a xerothermophilous element mainly occurring in
maquis, bushlands and open xeric woods. A number
of herbaceous and shrub-like Fabaceae are recorded as
its foodplants, e.g. Lathyrus spp., Coronilla spp. and
Colutea spp. (Goater et al. 2003).
249. Catephia alchymista (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 16.VI.1983 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 12-13.VII.1985 (Parenzan
& Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Euro-Mediterranean species with some mi-
gratory inclination, occurring in a variety of habitat
types from coasts to low elevations, but most fre-
quently observed in open wooded areas. Univoltine
or bivoltine in the south, the larvae feed on Quercus
spp. (Goater et al. 2003).
250. Aedia leucomelas (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. *Portici: 2.VI.1982 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Palaeotropical-Subtropical species reaching
the Australian region. Everywhere common in the
Mediterranean region, it is also a well-known mi-
grant. Bivoltine, its foodplants are species of Calyste-
gia (Goater et al. 2003).
251. Hypena obsitalis (Hübner , 1813)
RECORDS. *Portici: 6.VI.1983, 10.VI.1983, 14.VI.1983, 18.VI.1983
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Holomediterranean species; a generally
thermophilous element occurring at low elevations.
Bivoltine or triple-brooded, the larvae feed on Urti-
caceae, whereas the adults behave as subtroglophiles
and are often found in caves and other sheltered sites
(Hacker 1989).
252. Hypena lividalis (Hübner, 1796)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 21.VIII.1983 (Parenzan
& Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Circumtropical species (Lödl 1994), also oc-
curring in the whole Mediterranean region where it
is often common and characteristic of the evergreen
vegetation belt. Bivoltine, the larvae develop on Urti-
caceae (Hacker 1989).
253. Macdunnoughia confusa (Stephens, 1850)
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic migrant and nearly ubiquitous
species, double- or triple-brooded in the Mediterra-
nean region; the larvae develop on several herbaceous
plants (Goater et al. 2003).
254. Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. *Portici: sd (Masi 1908; Silvestri 1911); 26.III., 22.IV-
25.VI.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio:
29.IX.1983, 12-16.VII.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). ETirone:
28.IX, GN & AZ, ls. SMaria2: 28.IX, larva on Solanum sp.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic species, probably the most
common and extensively ubiquitous element of the
whole European Lepidoptera fauna. Migrant, the lar-
vae and adults may be observed all year round. The
larvae feed on a huge variety of plants, often turn-
ing out as pests of crops and garden plants (Silvestri
1911; Tremblay 1966, 1973; Sannino et al. 2001;
Goater et al. 2003).
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
342

255. Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici (Silvestri 1911, as Plusia aurifera (Hb.)).
NOTES. Palaeotropical migrant species regularly occur-
ring in the Mediterranean region, with strays reaching
also further north. Adults may be seen all year round,
but they are generally scarce. The caterpillars develop
on herbaceous plants (Goater et al. 2003).
256. Trichoplusia ni (Hübner, 1803)
RECORDS. *Portici: IX, common on cabbages (Silvestri 1911).
EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN &
VV, ls.
NOTES. Cosmopolitan species occurring practically
everywhere, but most common in open cultivations;
it is also a migrant, continuously brooded in favour-
able areas. The larvae attack a wide range of herba-
ceous plants, often turning out as pests (Sannino et
al. 2001; Goater et al. 2003).
257. Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper, 1789)
RECORDS. *Portici: sd (Silvestri 1911, as Plusia chalcytes);
16.VII.1983, 21.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Os-
servatorio: 29.IX.1983, 21.VIII.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Another migrant species, common every-
where and nearly ubiquitous, ranging all across the
Palaearctic and African regions. Multi-brooded, the
larvae feed on a wide variety of plants, both wild and
cultivated, often turning out as pests (Tremblay 1973;
Sannino et al. 2001).
258. Abrostola triplasia (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic species mainly occurring in
open wooded areas with mild climate on hills and
mountains, on the wing from April to October in
two generations. The larvae feed on Urticaceae and
Cannabaceae (Goater et al. 2003).
259. Abrostola agnorista Dufay, 1956
RECORDS. *Portici: 5.V.1983, 2.VI.1983, 24.VI.1983 (Parenzan
et al. [2006]). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 6.VI.1985, mm (Parenzan
et al. [2006]).
NOTES. A xerothermophilous species distributed in
Southern Europe and preferring dry rocky habitats;
bivoltine, its foodplants are reputedly Urticaceae
(Goater et al. 2003).
260. Eublemma pulchralis (Villers, 1789)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Xerothermophilous species with a Mediter-
ranean-Turanian distribution; it prefers open, highly
xeric biotopes from the coasts to middle elevations.
Bivoltine, the larvae develop on Helichrysium spp.
and Gnaphalium spp. (Hacker 1989).
261. Metachrostis velox (Hübner, 1813)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. A characteristic xerothermophilous species
with a Holomediterranean distribution. It occurs
exclusively in the Mediterranen belt (Hacker 1989),
preferably in open bushlands, xeric prairies and pseu-
dosteppes on rocky substrates.
262. Cucullia santolinae Rambur, 1834
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 3.VI.1983 (Parenzan 1984).
NOTES. Holomediterranean xerothermophilous spe-
cies mainly occurring in arid biotopes, from semi-
deserts to xeric montane prairies with presence of
Artemisia spp., which are its foodplants (Ronkay &
Ronkay 1994).
263. Cucullia tanaceti (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. SMaria2: 9.VI, wa, larvae on Achillea sp., FV.
NOTES. Southwest-Palaearctic species living in a va-
riety of warm and arid habitats, generally uncom-
mon; bivoltine, the larvae feed on several Asteraceae
(Ronkay & Ronkay 1994).
264. Shargacucullia sp.
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio (Parenzan & Porcelli 1993, sub
Cucullia (Shargacucullia) caninae Rambur, 1833).
NOTES. Shargacucullia caninae (Rambur, 1833) is the
West-Mediterranean sibling species of its Eastern vi-
cariant S. blattariae (Esper, 1790), and it is generally
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
343

recorded from peninsular Italy, where it may well oc-
cur. Nevertheless, Morandini & Zilli (in press) show
that only S. blattariae can be so far confi rmed for the
Italian peninsula, so we provisionally avoid relating
the populations from Vesuvius to any fi xed entity.
The larvae of both species feed on Scrophularia spp.
(Ronkay & Ronkay 1994).
265. Omphalophana antirrhinii (Hübner, 1803)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 10.VI.1985, mm (Parenzan et
al. [2006]).
NOTES. Xerothermophilous species ranging from
Southern Europe to the Middle East; it preferably lives
in open dry habitats from the sea level to middle el-
evations, most often on rocky grasslands. Bivoltine ac-
cording to Ronkay & Ronkay (1995), according to our
experience it is on the wing from April to June. The
larvae feed on Linaria spp., Antirrhinum spp., Scabiosa
spp. and Cephalaria spp. (Ronkay & Ronkay 1995).
266. Amphipyra pyramidea (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. OVallone: 8.VII-28.IX, GN, mc. SMaria: 14.VI-
8.VIII, 8.VIII-29.IX, 28.IX-14.XII, all GN, all pt.
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic and highly ecologically versatile
species which, however, is most characteristic of shad-
ed mesophilic deciduous forests. Univoltine, it is on
the wing typically from late summer to mid-autumn.
The larvae develop on several broad-leaved trees in-
cluding Quercus spp., Carpinus spp., Tilia spp., Cra-
taegus spp., Prunus spp. and Fraxinus spp. (Hacker
1989; Carter & Hargreaves 1988).
267. Amphipyra tragopoginis (Clerck, 1759)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 30.VI.1983 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 12-13.VII.1985 (Parenzan
& Porcelli 2006). ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Holarctic species occurring in several habitat
types, more associated with open vegetation than the
previous species; it is usually observed in bushlands,
wood clearings and mesoxeric prairies along a wide
altitudinal range. Its fl ight period is in summer-early
autumn. The larvae are polyphagous on several her-
baceous plants (Hacker 1989).
268. Panemeria tenebrata (Scopoli, 1763)
RECORDS. Torre del Greco [dint.]: 100-250 m, 1.IV. (Parenzan 1979).
NOTES. Day-fl ying species widely distributed in Eu-
rope, Northwestern Africa and Asia Minor, it fl ies
in full sunshine in areas with open vegetation, from
xeric grasslands to rich pastures, usually at low-mid-
dle elevations. Cerastium spp. and Stellaria spp. are
recorded as larval foodplants (Hacker 1989).
269. Heliothis viriplaca (Hufnagel, 1766)
RECORDS. OLamar: 24.V, FV. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Widely distributed West-Palaearctic species
occurring almost everywhere from the coast to high
elevations; it is most abundant in sites with open step-
pic vegetation (Steiner 1997) at middle altitudes and
in rural habitats (Hacker 1989), fl ying also in full
sunshine. Bivoltine, the larvae are highly polyphagous
on several plants of different families, e.g. Silene spp.,
Ononis spp., Trifolium spp., Cytisus spp., Centaurea
spp., Linaria spp. and Crepis spp. (Steiner 1997; Cart-
er & Hargreaves 1988; Sannino et al. 2001).
270. Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici, bosco della Reggia: 5.V.1983, 23.V.1983,
15.VI.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Widespread in most of the Palaearctic Region
and in xerothermic areas of the African and Oriental
Regions, it is a migrant species which may colonize a
wide range of habitat types, but which is most abun-
dant in xeric ones, including semideserts. Multivol-
tine in suitable areas, the larvae are polyphagous on
several herbaceous plants, both wild and cultivated
(Hacker 1989; Sannino et al. 2001).
271. Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 21.IX.1983 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 20-29.IX.1983 (Parenzan
& Porcelli 2006). ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Migrant subcosmopolitan species widely
distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere, it is deemed
to have a Palaeotropical-Subtropical origin (Hacker
1989); most abundant in warm and rural areas, it
may however be observed in every habitat type at all
elevations. The larvae are remarkably polyphagous,
and are well-known pests of crops (Carter & Har-
greaves 1988; Sannino et al. 2001).
272. Phyrria umbra (Hufnagel, 1766)
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
344

RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 21.IX.1983, wh (Parenzan
et al. [2006]).
NOTES. Holarctic species which may colonize dif-
ferent habitat types, from xeric grassland to rich
mesohygrophilic meadows. Bivoltine, the larvae feed
on several herbaceous and other deciduous plants
(Hacker 1989).
273. Caradrina morpheus (Hufnagel, 1766)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 6.VI.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006).
NOTES. A clearly mesohygrophilous species with a
Euro-Asiatic distribution, not very common and
mainly occurring in rich humid meadows and cool
habitats such as wood clearings in the submontane-
montane belts. Univoltine, adults are on the wing in
summer. The larvae develop on a number of plants of
different families, including Rumex spp., Polygonum
spp., Urtica spp. and Lamium spp. (Hacker 1989).
274. Paradrina selini (Boisduval, 1840)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 28.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006). EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Widespread in the westernmost part of the Pal-
aearctic, this is a nearly ubiquitous and very common
species with polyphagous larval habits (Hacker 1989).
275. Paradrina clavipalpis (Scopoli, 1763)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 10.V.1983 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 28.IX.1983 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species, common at low eleva-
tions where areas with open xeric vegetation are pre-
ferred, although it may occasionally spread higher in
altitude. Multivoltine in suitable areas in the south, the
larvae develop on herbaceous plants (Hacker 1989).
276. Paradrina fl avirena (Guenée, 1852)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Holomediterranean species mainly occurring
in areas with open vegetation in the Mediterranean
belt. Bivoltine, the larvae feed on several herbaceous
plants (Hacker 1989).
277. Hoplodrina octogenaria (Goeze, 1781)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m (Parenzan & Scalercio 1996).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic, mesohygrophilous species oc-
curring in a number of habitat types, but most fre-
quent in rich pastures and grasslands. Univoltine or
partially double-brooded in the southern districts of
its range, its larvae are polyphagous (Hacker 1989).
278. Hoplodrina blanda (Denis & Schifermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici: 28.V.1983 (Parenzan et al. [2006]). Vesuvio,
Osservatorio: 28.IX.1983, mm (Parenzan et al. [2006]).
NOTES. Euro-Centralasiatic species which colonizes
several habitat types, both wooded and open, from
the coasts to high elevations. Univoltine, the larvae
are polyphagous (Hacker 1989).
279. Hoplodrina superstes (Ochsenheimer, 1816)
RECORDS. *Portici: 28.V.1983 (Parenzan et al. [2006]). Vesuvio,
Osservatorio: 28.IX.1983, mm (Parenzan et al. [2006]).
NOTES. Holomediterranean species mainly occurring
in areas with substeppic vegetation, from the Mediter-
ranean belt to high elevations. Bivoltine in suitable areas,
the larvae develop on a number of herbaceous plants,
Rumex spp. and Plantago spp. above all (Hacker 1989).
280. Hoplodrina ambigua (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Monte Vesuvio: 810 m (Sannino 1997). *Portici: 16.V-
20.VI.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio:
30.V.1985, 6.VI.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EPiazz:
14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Widely distributed West-Palaearctic species,
ubiquitous and common from sea level to very high
elevations. Up to triple-brooded in suitable areas,
the larvae feed on several herbaceous plants (Hacker
1989; Sannino 1997; Sannino et al. 2001).
281. Athypha pulmonaris (Esper, 1790)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, 30.V.1985 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 1993).
NOTES. Euro-Anatolian species characteristic of rich
humid meadows where its foodplants grow. The lar-
vae feed in particular on Pulmonaria offi cinalis, but
also on other species of Pulmonaria and Symphytum
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
345

(Hacker 1989). The species is spread over most of
Italy, but uncommon (Grillo et al. 1996).
282. Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808)
RECORDS. *Portici: 22.IV-22.V.1983, 2-30.VI.1983 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983, 13-21.VIII.1985
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Migrant cosmopolitan species of econom-
ic importance as a pest of several cultivations, it is
nearly ubiquitous but most abundant in rural areas at
low-middle elevations; it is also almost continuously
brooded in favourable areas (Hacker 1989; Bella et al.
1999; Sannino et al. 2001).
283. Spodoptera cilium Guenée, 1852
RECORDS. *Portici: 21.IX.1983 (Parenzan 1984).
NOTES. Palaeotropical-Subtropical thermophilous
species; a vagrant element, the northern border of its
distributional range may shift according to the years.
In Italy its numbers have increased considerably over
the last decades and it has so far been recorded from
almost the whole peninsula (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006), often behaving as a pest in garden lawns (Tus-
cany, Ansedonia, summer 2005: Zilli unpublished).
284. Proxenus hospes (Freyer, 1831)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 23-28.V.1983, 2-15.VI.1983,
20-25.VI.1983, 21.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EGinestre2:
16.VIII, CD & FV, lt. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Holomediterranean species characteristic of
lowlands, it may be observed in several habitat types
such as evergreen woods or xeric grasslands, but it
clearly reaches its maximum abundance in warm, hu-
mid areas such as coastal marshes. Probably up to tri-
ple-brooded in suitable southern areas, the larvae are
polyphagous on various herbaceous plants (Hacker
1989; Sannino et al. 2001).
285. Dypterygia scabriuscula (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Torre del Greco [dint.]: 100-250 m, 15.VI. (Parenzan
1979). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 30.V.1985, 12.VI.1985 (Parenzan
& Porcelli 2006). SMaria: 8.VII-28.IX, GN, pt.
NOTES. Euro-Anatolian species mainly occurring in
bushlands and sunlit woods from the coasts to mid-
dle elevations; its larvae are polyphagous and mostly
feed on Polygonum spp. and Rumex spp. (Carter &
Hargreaves 1988; Leraut 1992).
286. Rusina ferruginea (Esper, 1785)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 12-16.VII.1985, mm (Parenzan
et al. [2006]).
NOTES. Euro-Anatolian mesophilous species charac-
teristic of mixed deciduous forests; it also occurs in
wood margins and clearings. Univoltine, the adults
are on the wing from late spring to mid-summer. The
larvae feed on several shrubs and herbs, e.g. Coronilla
spp., Rubus spp. and Viola spp. (Hacker 1989).
287. Euplexia lucipara (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 30.V. 1985, 10.VI.1985 and
12.VI.1985, mm (Parenzan et al. [2006]).
NOTES. Transpalaearctic species and a clearly mesophilous
element associated with woods, open ones in particular,
at low-middle elevations. Bivoltine, the larvae are poly-
phagous on several herbaceous plants (Hacker 1989).
288. Phlogophora meticulosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 21.VIII.1985 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006).
NOTES. Central-European and Mediterranean species,
widespread and nearly ubiquitous but mainly associ-
ated with wooded areas such as bushlands, open and
shaded forests. Bivoltine, the species is also known to
migrate; the larvae are polyphagous on several broad-
leaved plants (Hacker 1989; Sannino et al. 2001).
289. Methorasa latreillei (Duponchel, 1827)
RECORDS. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Widely distributed thermophilous species
occurring in the Southern Palaearctic and Oriental
Regions, clearly associated with woods in the Medi-
terranean-Submediterranean belts where its larvae
develop on ferns of various genera, e.g. Pteridium and
Ceterach (Hacker 1989).
290. Agrochola lychnidis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Monte Vesuvio: 810 m (Sannino 1995).
NOTES. A widespread and generally very common
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
346

West-Palaearctic species, most abundant in wooded
areas from sea level to middle elevations. Univoltine,
adults may be observed throughout the autumn, of-
ten also in winter in warm sites. The larvae feed on
a wide variety of herbs, shrubs and trees, including
Quercus spp. (Sannino 1995; Ronkay et al. 2001;
Sannino et al. 2001).
291. Spudaea ruticilla (Esper, 1791)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 26.III.1983, 3.IV.1983,
22.IV.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Species with a western Euro-Mediterranean
distribution, decidedly associated to Mediterranean
and Submediterranean Quercus woods, where it is
often abundant. Univoltine, it is on the wing from
late winter to spring. The larvae are oligophagous on
Quercus spp. (Ronkay et al. 2001), seemingly with a
preference for evergreen ones.
292. Conistra rubiginea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 16.X.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006). ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Euro-Caucasian species colonizing several
habitat types such as Mediterranean maquis, bush-
lands and open woods, also at comparatively high
elevations. Interestingly, this species, the wing col-
our of which is known to vary greatly (fi gs. 4-5), was
found to occur in the fi rst site only with darkened
individuals, this circumstance suggesting that an ad-
justment to background is possibly involved (cf. Zilli
2002). Univoltine, the adults are autumn-winter ac-
tive and may readily be attracted by sugar baits. The
larvae feed on several broad-leaved trees and shrubs
(Ronkay et al. 2001).
293. Dryobotodes monochroma (Esper, 1790)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, 28.IX.1982 (Parenzan
1984). ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Holomediterranean species typically occurring
in Submediterranean thermophilic Quercus woods,
also in open ones, from sea level to middle elevations.
Univoltine, adults are on the wing from the very end
of the summer to autumn. Larvae show a preference
for Quercus pubescens (Ronkay et al. 2001).
294. Dryobotodes tenebrosa (Esper, 1789)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 16.X.1985, mm (Parenzan et al.
[2006]).
NOTES. Like the previous species, another Holomedi-
terranean element which is nevertheless more decid-
edly linked to evergreen Quercus spp. woods, and is
thus more closely associated with the Mediterranean
vegetation belt. Univoltine, it is an autumn-active
species the larvae of which develop on evergreen
Quercus spp. (Ronkay et al. 2001).
295. Trigonophora fl ammea (Esper, 1785)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 30.VII.1985 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006). ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Species with an expansive West-Mediterra-
nean distribution, mainly occurring in bushland and
open woods in the Submediterranean and submon-
tane belts. Its fl ight period is in late summer-mid
autumn. The larvae feed on a wide variety of herba-
ceous plants and shrubs, including Ranunculus fi ca-
ria, Cytisus scoparius, Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior
and Ligustrum vulgare (Carter & Hargreaves 1988;
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
347
Figs. 4-5. Conistra rubiginea. 4. Average phenotype occurring on Vesuvius (ETirone site, 20.IX.2000) (photo by A. Zilli). 5. Average
phenotype occurring in the Central Apennines (Latium, Rieti province: Pescorocchiano, 2.IV.1995) (photo by A. Zilli).

Ronkay et al. 2001).
296. Mniotype solieri (Boisduval, 1840)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983, 12-16.VII.1985,
16.X.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). ETirone: 28.IX, GN &
AZ, ls. SMaria: 28.IX-14.XII, GN, pt.
NOTES. Central-Eastern Mediterranean species with
a few strays recorded from Northern Europe; from
an ecological standpoint, due to its vagrant inclina-
tion it is a nearly ubiquitous element, at least from
sea level to low elevations. The most abundant popu-
lations, however, are usually located in coastal and
Submediterranean woods. The larvae accept several
herbaceous plants (Ronkay et al. 2001; Sannino et al.
2001), and in Campania they have also been recorded
from Pelargonium zonale in gardens (Tremblay 1973,
as Blepharita solieri).
297. Apamea lithoxylaea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Euro-Centralasiatic, mesoxerophilous species
widespread, but never very abundant, in open mon-
tane habitats. Univoltine, the larvae feed on Poa spp.
and other Poaceae (Zilli et al. 2005).
298. Oligia strigilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (fi g. 6)
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Euro-Centralasiatic species showing a high
ecological versatility and occurring in several habitat
types. Single-brooded, the larva feeds on a wide range
of Poaceae (Zilli et al. 2005). The species was unusu-
ally abundant in the collecting site. First record for
Campania (cf. Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
299. Mesapamea secalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls. ETirone: 28.IX,
GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species so widely ecologically
versatile as to occur practically in every habitat type,
from coasts to high elevations. Univoltine, the larvae
feed on several Poaceae (Zilli et al. 2005).
300. Lacanobia w-latinum (Hufnagel, 1766)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 23.V.1983, wh (Parenzan
et al. [2006]).
NOTES. A widespread and usually common species
with a West-Palaearctic distribution; it lives in vari-
ous habitat types, preferably wooded ones, from open
mixed forests to wood margins and clearings, city parks,
beechwoods and Mediterranean maquis. Univoltine, it
is on the wing from spring to summer, depending on
the altitude. The larvae live on several herbaceous and
shrubby plants of various families, e.g. Fabaceae, Ro-
saceae and Ericaceae (Hacker et al. 2002).
301. Hecatera bicolorata (Hufnagel, 1766)
RECORDS. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls. Vesuvio, Osservato-
rio: 30.V.1985, 10.VI.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. European-Centralasiatic species, common in
open habitats from sea level to middle elevations, in-
cluding cultivated lands and xeric mountain slopes.
Bivoltine, the larvae develop on several herbaceous
plants, Asteraceae above all (Hacker et al. 2002).
302. Hadena bicruris (Hufnagel, 1766)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 6.VII.1983 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Species distributed in Western Europe and
Northwestern Africa, recently separated from the
eastern Hadena capsincola (Denis & Schiffermüller,
1775); it occurs in various open habitats from the
coasts to low elevations. Univoltine or double-brood-
ed in the south, the larvae are associated with species
Fig. 6. Oligia strigilis, an abundant noctuid on Mt Vesuvius
(EPiazz site, 14.VI.2000) (photo by A. Zilli).
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
348

of Silene, Dianthus and Lychnis, the seeds of which are
devoured (Hacker et al. 2002).
303. Hadena magnolii (Boisduval, 1829)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 30.V.1985 and 6.VI.1986, mm
(Parenzan et al. [2006]).
NOTES. Mediterranean-Turanian species generally oc-
curring in xeric habitats such as rocky slopes, sand
dunes and arid montane prairies. Single-brooded, lar-
vae develop, as usual for the genus Hadena Schrank,
1802, on fl owers and seeds of Caryophyllaceae, Silene
spp. in particular (Hacker et al. 2002).
304. Hadena perplexa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 30.V.1985, 12.VI.1985 (Paren-
zan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species characterized by a high
ecological versatility which enables it to settle in sev-
eral habitats from sea level to montane biotopes; also
common in rural areas. Single- or double-brooded
depending on local conditions, the larvae develop on
seeds and fl owers of Dianthus spp., Silene spp. and
Lychnis spp. (Hacker et al. 2002).
305. Sideridis rivularis (Fabricius, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 8.V.1985 and 6.VI.1985, mm
(Parenzan et al. [2006]).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species mainly living in mesoxeric
habitats, also in rural sites, which may produce up to two
generations per year. The larvae develop in seed capsules
of Silene spp. and Lychnis spp. (Hacker et al. 2002).
306. Conisania luteago (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici: 21-28.V.1983, 2-20.VI.1983 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 12.VI.1985, 29.VI.1985,
6-8.VII.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ,
GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Species (fi g. 7) widely distributed from the
Mediterranean region to Eastern Europe and the
Middle East; it mainly occurs in mesoxeric areas at
low and middle elevations, usually in sites with open
vegetation, including rural habitats. Univoltine, it is
on the wing from late spring to mid-summer. The
larvae feed on several Caryophyllaceae (Hacker et al.
2002). In the site of “EPiazz”, with the light sheet
facing along a slope very rich in these plants, it was
recorded as particularly abundant.
307. Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. *Portici (Silvestri 1908, 1911, 1912b; Masi 1909).
*Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, wh (Parenzan & Scalercio 1996).
*Portici, Parco della Reggia: 6.VI.1983, 16.VII.1983, 21.IX.1983
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Widespread Euro-Asiatic species touching also
the Oriental Region; it is a migrant element which oc-
curs in a wide altitudinal range, from sea level to high
elevations. Most abundant in lowlands with open
vegetation and also in rural areas, its caterpillars are
markedly polyphagous and well-known pests on cab-
bages and other cultivated plants (Sannino et al. 2001;
Hacker et al. 2002). Tremblay (1966) recorded larvae
from fennel cultivations, and Carter & Hargreaves
(1988) also mention trees like Quercus spp. and Betula
spp. as hostplants. The species is at least bivoltine, lo-
cally multi-brooded (Hacker et al. 2002).
308. Mythimna albipuncta (Denis & Schiffermüller,
1775)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 26.IV.1983, 25.VI.1983,
6.VII.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio:
6-8.VII.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ,
GN & VV, ls. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Mediterranean-Turanian species, spreading
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
349
Fig. 7. Conisania luteago, another noctuid species that turned
out to be particularly abundant on Mt Vesuvius (EPiazz site,
14.VI.2000) (photo by A. Zilli).

however over most of Europe in consequence of its
migratory behaviour. It is generally very common,
often abundant, and so ecologically versatile as to oc-
cur from coasts to very high elevations. Usually dou-
ble-brooded, the larvae are markedly polyphagous on
several herbaceous plants, including Poaceae (Hacker
et al. 2002).
309. Mythimna congrua (Hübner, 1817)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco Gussone: 50 m, 23.V.1983 and
10.VI.1983, wh (Parenzan & Scalercio 1996).
NOTES. Holomediterranean species, in our experi-
ence it is a clearly hygrothermophilous element with
a neat preference for marshes and other damp places
in the Mediterranean belt, but Hacker et al. (2002)
state that it inhabits xeric biotopes. Bivoltine, its lar-
vae feed on Poaceae (Hacker et al. 2002).
310. Mythimna l-album (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. *Portici: 30.VI.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 6.VI.1985, 29.VI.1985, 6-8.VII.1985,
21.VIII.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ,
GN & VV, ls. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Extremely vagile species the range of which
extends over almost the whole West-Palaearctic; it oc-
curs in almost every environmental type from coasts
to montane areas. Bivoltine, the larvae feed on several
Poaceae (Hacker et al. 2002).
311. Mythimna vitellina (Hübner, 1808)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 21.VIII.1985 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006).
NOTES. Mediterranean-Turanian species reaching also
northern areas after its migratory movements, it colo-
nizes practically every habitat type from sea level to high
elevations, where it probably does not breed. Bivoltine,
larvae feed on various Poaceae (Hacker et al. 2002).
312. Mythimna sicula (Treitschke, 1835)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 6.VI.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006).
NOTES. Holomediterranean species showing a high
ecological versatility, but mainly associated with xeric
grassland, from coasts to middle elevations. Bivolt-
ine or locally triple-brooded, its larvae feed on several
Poaceae (Hacker et al. 2002).
313. Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809)
RECORDS. *Portici: 16.VII.1983, 21.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983, 12-16.VII.1985
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Migrant species spread in the West-Palaearc-
tic and in the Americas; common everywhere but
most abundant in warm humid areas. In less favour-
able years it may be observed almost exclusively along
coasts, but normally it also reaches high elevations.
Multivoltine in the southern districts of its range, its
larvae feed on a wide variety of herbaceous plants,
above all but not exclusively Poaceae (Sannino et al.
2001; Hacker et al. 2002).
314. Leucania loreyi (Duponchel, 1827)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Widespread from the whole Southern Palae-
arctic to the African and Indoaustralian Regions, it
is a very vagile element which, for this reason, may
also reach places at very high altitudes starting from
its quarters in the Mediterranean area (Hacker et
al. 2002). Multi-brooded, the larvae feed on several
Poaceae, often turning out as pests (Hacker et al.
2002).
315. Orthosia cerasi (Fabricius, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici: 22.IV.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006; Paren-
zan et al. [2006]).
NOTES. European-Westasiatic species, very com-
mon and often exceedingly abundant in deciduous
woods. Univoltine, it is on the wing from late winter
to mid-spring. The larvae feed on a wide variety of
trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, and also ferns are
recorded as foodplants (Ronkay et al. 2001).
316. Orthosia cruda (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici: 3-26.IV.1983 (Parenzan et al. [2006]).
NOTES. European-Holomediterranean species mostly
occurring in woods, both deciduous and evergreen.
Univoltine, it is on the wing in spring. The larvae
feed on a wide range of broad-leaved trees and shrubs
(Ronkay et al. 2001).
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
350

317. Lasionycta calberlai (Staudinger, 1883)
RECORDS. SMaria: 8.VII-29.IX, GN, pt. ETirone: 28.IX, GN
& AZ, ls.
NOTES. Endemic to the Italian region (in geographi-
cal terms), it is a summer-fl ying mesophilous element
mainly occurring in deciduous woods from low el-
evations to the submontane belt. The slightly, but
appreciably darker phenotypes of the populations of
Vesuvius may be noted. According to Hacker et al.
(2002) the larval foodplant is Clematis vitalba.
318. Axylia putris (Linnaeus, 1761)
RECORDS. *Portici, Parco della Reggia: 6.VI.1983, 24.VI.1983
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species characteristic of open
and cultivated areas (Fibiger 1990), which shows
in peninsular Italy a pronounced hygrophily, and is
therefore abundant in damp places from the coasts
to middle elevations, e.g. in marshes and clearings of
humid deciduous forests. Univoltine, adults are on
the wing from late spring to summer; the larvae feed
on a number of herbaceous plants, including Plan-
tago spp., Atriplex spp., Sonchus spp., Rumex spp. and
Stellaria spp. (Fibiger 1990; Sannino et al. 2001).
319. Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. *Portici: 22.IV-15.VI.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 18.IX.1983, 29.IX.1983, 29.VI.1985
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic migrant species, one of the
most common and abundant in every habitat type,
from the coasts to very high altitudes. Univoltine, the
adults are on the wing from spring to autumn, inas-
much as they are particularly long-lived and undergo
aestivation as well (Fibiger 1993). The larvae feed on
a wide variety of herbaceous plants and shrubs, often
turning out as pests of crops (Sannino et al. 2001).
320. Noctua comes Hübner, 1813
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983, 12-16.VII.1985
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). ERimbos: 8.IX-14.XII, GN, pt.
ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Widespread in the westernmost part of the
Palaearctic Region (Fibiger 1993), this is another mi-
grant and very ecologically versatile species occurring
in almost every habitat, even though a certain de-
crease in abundance as the altitude increases has to be
noted. The larvae are extraordinarily polyphagous (cf.
Carter & Hargreaves 1988; Sannino et al. 2001).
321. Noctua tirrenica Biebinger, Speidel & Hanigk, 1983
RECORDS. *Portici: 21.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Ve-
suvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, 28.IX.1982 (Parenzan 1984).
NOTES. Holomediterranean and markedly vagile spe-
cies, common and abundant from lowlands to middle
elevations, particularly in areas with open vegetation.
Foodplant records (e.g. cabbages) are not many as
the species remained unrecognised until 1983 within
the old concept of N. fi mbriata (Schreber, 1792), but
rearing evidence in captivity indicates a high poly-
phagy (Sannino et al. 1998, 2001).
322. Noctua janthe (Borkhausen, 1792)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 600 m, 12-16.VII.1985 (Paren-
zan & Porcelli 1993).
NOTES. Ranging over the whole of Western Europe
and the Western Mediterranean, it is a fairly com-
mon species mainly occurring in bushlands and other
open areas from coasts to middle elevations. Wide-
spread all over Italy (Rotundo et al. 1999; Parenzan
& Porcelli 2006), adults are on the wing in summer
(Fibiger 1993).
323. Noctua janthina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006).
NOTES. Widely distributed from Central and South-
ern Europe to Iran, the bionomics of this species are
essentially similar to those of its sibling N. janthe, al-
though it is usually more widespread and common
(cf. Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
324. Noctua interjecta Hübner, 1803
RECORDS. *Portici: 16.VII.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Ve-
suvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983, 12-16.VII.1985 (Parenzan &
Porcelli 2006). ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Widely distributed in Western Europe and
Northwestern Africa, it is a generally common spe-
cies occurring in most habitat types from lowlands to
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
351

high elevations (Fibiger 1993); the larvae develop on
several herbaceous plants (Steiner 1998).
Epilecta linogrisea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
NOTES. This species must be provisionally deleted
from the list of taxa occurring in the Park and sur-
roundings, inasmuch as the quotation for “Camal-
doli della Torre (Zeller, 1847)” given by Zilli (2005)
actually relates to a homonymous locality in Naples,
namely “Collina dei Camaldoli” [= Camaldoli hill].
In fact, Zeller (1847, as Triphaena linogrisea) states
“in dem Castanienwalde zwischen Camaldoli und
Antignano bey Neapel” [= in the chestnut grove be-
tween Camaldoli and Antignano near Naples].
Chersotis margaritacea (Villers, 1789)
NOTES. Also this species must be provisionally de-
leted from the list of taxa occurring in the Park and
surroundings inasmuch as the quotation for “Camal-
doli della Torre (O.G. Costa 1850, Fauna del Regno
di Napoli)” given by Zilli (2005) actually relates to
the homonymous locality in Naples of “Collina dei
Camaldoli” [= Camaldoli hill]. In fact, O.G. Costa
(1832-1836, Nottuini: 19, sub Caradrina glareosa)
states “Sopra i Camaldoli” [= on the Camaldoli hill],
which is a common wording for the Camaldoli hill by
the people of Naples. Moreover, O.G. Costa always ex-
plicited “Camaldoli della Torre” in his “Fauna del Re-
gno di Napoli” when he actually meant this locality.
325. Xestia xanthographa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 28.IX.1983, 30.IX.1983 and
16.X.1985, mm (Parenzan et al. [2006]). ETirone: 28.IX, GN
& AZ, ls.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species occurring in a variety
of habitats, but particularly associated with all kinds of
wood from sea level to the timberline. The adults are
on the wing in late summer and early autumn (Fibiger
1993). The larvae, polyphagous, develop on several
herbs and shrubs, e.g. Poa spp. Rumex spp., Plantago
lanceolata, Stellaria media, Primula spp., Trifolium spp.,
Salix spp., Crataegus spp. and Cytisus spp. (Carter &
Hargreaves 1988; Steiner 1998; Sannino et al. 2001).
326. Xestia triangulum (Hufnagel, 1766)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 27.VI.1985 and 12-16.VII.1985,
mm (Parenzan et al. [2006]).
NOTES. Euro-Asiatic species living in wooded areas
from low to middle elevations. The fl ight period is in
summer (Fibiger 1993).
327. Peridroma saucia (Hübner, 1808)
RECORDS. *Portici: 13.IV.1983, 10.V.1983, 6.VI-16.VII.1983
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Extremely vagile species with a cosmopolitan
distribution, occurring practically everywhere, also at
very high elevations, and which may be observed all
year round. The larvae feed on a wide range of her-
baceous plants, both wild and cultivated, including
Plantago spp., Brassica spp., Lactuca spp., Trifolium
spp., Nicotiana spp. and Rumex spp. (Carter & Har-
greaves 1988; Sannino et al. 2001).
328. Agrotis puta (Hübner, 1803)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. West-Palaearctic thermophilous species, usual-
ly common in several habitat types including maquis,
sand dunes, rural areas and rich pastures, up to high
elevations. Multi-brooded, the larvae develop on
herbaceous plants, e.g. Rumex spp., Polygonum spp.,
Taraxacum spp. and Lactuca spp. (Fibiger 1990).
329. Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766)
RECORDS. *Portici: 2.VI-6.VII.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983, 21.VIII.1985
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EPiazz: 14.VI. ETirone: 28.IX,
GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Extremely vagile and cosmopolitan species
virtually present everywhere in the world (Fibiger
1990), in warm areas it is on the wing all year round.
The larvae are highly polyphagous and behave as “cut-
worms” on several cultivations (Sannino et al. 2001).
330. Agrotis trux (Hübner, 1824)
RECORDS. ETirone: 28.IX, GN & AZ, ls.
NOTES. Widespread in Western Europe, the Mediter-
ranean and the Near East (Fibiger 1990), it is gener-
ally a thermophilous species which occurs from the
coasts, mainly in agricultural wastelands, to xeric sub-
montane prairies. The larvae are polyphagous on a
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
352

number of herbaceous plants (Steiner 1998).
331. Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. *Portici: 22.IV-28.V.1985, 20-30.VI.1985, 16.VII.1985,
21.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservatorio:
8.VI.1983, 12-16.VII.1983, 29.IX.1983, 21.VIII.1985 (Paren-
zan & Porcelli 2006). EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Occurring everywhere in the Old World
(Fibiger 1990), this species has such a high ecological
versatility that it occurs in every habitat type, from
sea level to very high elevations, often turning out
as abundant; however, it shows a preference for open
and rural environments. Often active with severe cli-
matic conditions, this species seems to be locally mul-
ti-brooded, and isolated specimens may be observed
also in winter. The larvae are well-known cutworms
attacking a wide variety of herbaceous plants, often
becoming pests in cultivations (Carter & Hargreaves
1988; Sannino et al. 2001).
LYMANTRIIDAE
332. Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. *Portici: 30.VI-16.VII.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 6-8.VII.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
EGinestre2: 8.VI, larva on Quercus ilex; 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
NOTES. Palaeartic species also introduced into the Ne-
arctic Region; it occurs wherever broad-leaved trees
are present, both evergreen such as Quercus ilex or
Q. suber and deciduous ones. It is therefore a highly
polyphagous species, often undergoing massive out-
breaks. Univoltine, adults are on the wing from early
summer to mid-autumn (Bertaccini et al. 1997).
333. Calliteara pudibunda (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 8.VI.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006). EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Transpalaearctic species mainly occurring in de-
ciduous forests, often abundant from the coasts to mid-
dle elevations. Univoltine, several broad-leaved trees are
recorded as larval foodplants (Bertaccini et al. 1997).
NOLIDAE
334. Meganola strigula (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 13.VIII.1985, mm (Parenzan et
al. [2006]).
NOTES. Euro-Anatolian element widely occurring in
a variety of wooded areas from sea level to middle el-
evations; double-brooded species the larvae of which
develop on lichens (Bertaccini et al. 1997).
ARCTIIDAE
335. Eilema caniola (Hübner, 1808)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006). EGigante: 870 m, Lava del 1891-93, 6.VI, FV, wo. EGinestre2:
16.VIII, CD & FV, lt. EPiazz: 14.VI, AZ, GN & VV, ls.
NOTES. Euro-Anatolian species regularly occurring
from coasts to montane areas at middle elevations,
preferably in wooded areas, also light, open ones such
as maquis and other bushlands; sometimes it also oc-
curs in other habitats where lichens are available as
food for the larvae. Population outbreaks are often re-
corded (Bertaccini et al. 1994), even in urban habitats.
336. Amata phegea (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: up to an elevation of 1000 m, V-VII (Volpe et al.
1999). ETirone: 14.VI, AZ. OPrinc: 9.VI., wp (Amata sp.)
NOTES. Central-Southeastern European thermophil-
ous species typically occurring in wooded areas, both
shaded and sunlit ones, along wood margins and
in clearings; its altitudinal range spans from coastal
evergreen oakwoods to montane deciduous forests
at middle elevation. Another congeneric species, A.
ragazzii Turati, 1917, is very common in Campania
(e.g. Mt Faito) and is therefore expected to occur also
in the Park (cf. Obraztsov 1966).
337. Dysauxes famula (Freyer, 1836)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 8.VI.1985, 12-16.VII.1985
(Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EGigante: 875 m, Lava del 1891-
93, 6.VI, CD & FV, wo. EGinestre2: 16.VIII, CD & FV, lt.
SaTrocchia: 6.VI, FV. TFunivia: 8.VI, FV, wp.
NOTES. Mediterranean-Turanian, xerothermophilous
species mostly occurring in open xeric biotopes, often
on rocky slopes, from sea level to middle elevations
(Lepidopterologen Arbeitsgruppe 1994). Bivoltine,
the larvae feed on a number of herbaceous plants,
Taraxacum spp. in particular (Freina & Witt 1987).
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
353

338. Dysauxes punctata (Fabricius, 1781)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 16.X.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli
2006).
NOTES. West-Palaearctic species, which appears to be
more thermophilous than the previous congener, and
usually linked to the Mediterranean belt. Bivoltine,
Freina & Witt (1987) record Rosmarinus offi cinalis as
main larval foodplant.
339. Utetheisa pulchella (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. *“Molto abbondante al Granatello” [= very abundant
at port Granatello, Portici] (A. Costa 1843: 62, as Euchelia pul-
chra). *Torre del Greco: 9.V.1955 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. Subcosmopolitan species widespread in the
Eastern Hemisphere; it is a migrant tropical-sub-
tropical element which in northern areas undergoes
remarkable fl uctuations in abundance among the
years, being often absent at given areas for decades
and subsequently appearing in huge numbers. It
mostly occurs in xerothermophilic habitats, where its
larvae feed on a wide range of herbaceous plants of
different families (Freina & Witt 1987).
340. Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. *Portici: 22.IV-10.V.1983, 30.VI-16.VII.1983 (Paren-
zan & Porcelli 2006).
NOTES. West-Palaearctic ubiquitous species occur-
ring almost everywhere from the coasts to high el-
evations, but particularly abundant in humid zones.
Triple-brooded in southern areas, the larvae feed on a
very wide range of herbaceous plants (Freina & Witt
1987; Sannino et al. 2001).
341. Cymbalophora pudica (Esper, 1785)
RECORDS. Vesuvio, Osservatorio: 29.IX.1983 (Parenzan & Por-
celli 2006).
NOTES. Western-Central Mediterranean thermophi-
lous species mainly occurring in the Mediterranean
belt, although it is also common in xerothermophilic
montane sites, usually in open grassland, inasmuch as
the larvae feed on Poaceae (Freina & Witt 1987).
342. Arctia villica (Linnaeus, 1758)
RECORDS. PNV: 300-700 m, IV-VII (Volpe et al. 1999). *Portici:
10-23.V.1983 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). Vesuvio, Osservato-
rio: 30.V.1985 (Parenzan & Porcelli 2006). EGinestre2: 8.VI,
CD & FV. SaTrocchia: 6.VI, CD & FV.
NOTES. Widely distributed West-Palaearctic species,
common from the coasts to mountain areas, both in
woods and open habitats. Univoltine in spring-ear-
ly summer, the larvae are highly polyphagous on a
wide variety of hostplants, including Taraxacum spp.,
Plantago spp., Achillea spp., Lamium spp., Fragaria
spp. and Centaurea spp. (Bertaccini et al. 1994; San-
nino et al. 2001).
LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL PROFILES
OF SOME HABITAT TYPES
Here, some comments on the Lepidoptera species
composition of the main habitat types which were
investigated in the Vesuvius National Park are given.
It should be noted that the study area is highly frag-
mented into heterogeneous environmental patches
(cf. Filesi 2007; Cona & Di Pasquale 2007). Accord-
ingly, sampling with light devices in widely homo-
geneous plant associations was often unfeasible. This
was the case for the “ETirone” site, where a few meters
beyond the spot where the devices were positioned
in a Genista aetnensis bushland, a reafforested Pinus
stand is present. Similarly, the “EPiazz” site is situated
between volcanic sands with scarce vegetation, if any,
above and Genista aetnensis bushland below. Due to
the positioning of the light sheet, which was facing
downwards, we deem the species collected at light in
this site as coming from the bushland, albeit some of
them might well have been attracted from above.
Lavas
On recent lavic rocks still poorly covered with plants,
a remarkable layer of lichens of the genus Stereocau-
lon is often present. Not very many species of Lepi-
doptera were found in this habitat type, and among
them only Eilema caniola can be comfortably associ-
ated with it. In fact, its larvae are well-known licheni-
vores (Bertaccini et al. 1994), even though defi nite
evidence that these may develop on Stereocaulon is
wanting. Remaining species should be better regard-
ed as occasional vagrants, which may however rest
for a while and exploit the scanty nectar resources
available. Macroglossum stellatarum and Lasiommata
spp., among the others (cf. Weidemann 1998), like
environments rich in bare rocks and pay attention to
the few fl owers occurring there. Generally speaking,
lavas below 1,000 m of elevation are covered with
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
354

vegetation, sometimes also wooded one (e.g. “Lava
del 1944” near former lower chair lift station). The
record by [O.G. Costa] (1839) of a species of Alucita
on bare lava rocks is likely, due to the well-known
habit of these micromoths of sheltering in dark places
such as rock crevices. None of the species recorded
from lava rocks still poorly covered with vegetation
are of particular conservation interest.
Anthropogenic Pinus stands
Among the species inhabiting areas reafforested with
Pinus spp., only Traumatocampa pityocampa may
actually be considered as characteristic of this man-
made habitat. In fact, its larvae feed on conifers, spe-
cies of Pinus above all but also Larix spp. and Cedrus
spp., and often undergo massive outbreaks (Maksy-
mov 1978). Another typical species for coniferous
forests was quoted by Cannaviello (1904), namely
Bupalus piniaria, but his record is probably based on
a misidentifi cation, like most records of this species
from peninsular Italy (cf. Parenzan & Porcelli 2006).
Other species occurring in Pinus stands are those as-
sociated with wooded areas in general, like Pararge
aegeria and Hipparchia fagi, the larvae of which feed
on Poaceae of the herb layer (Lepidopterologen Ar-
beitsgruppe 1994; Huemer 2004), and subnemoral
species that enter the wood from wood margins and
hedgerows, e.g. Anthocharis cardamines, Pieris napi,
Amata sp. and Idaea consanguinaria (cf. Sbordoni
et al. 1982; Balletto & Kudrna 1985; Hausmann
2004). Moreover, the presence of xerothermophilous
elements typical of open environments, such as Dy-
sauxes famula (cf. Freina & Witt 1987), demonstrates
that the Pinus stands are generally xeric and open,
with broad sunny patches on the ground. Almost all
the species observed in areas reafforested with Pinus
are generally very ecologically versatile and common
in Italy.
Cultivations and orchards
Our original data essentially relate to apricot tree
plantations (SaTrocchia and SVpalm sites), whereas
most literature records refer to cultivated fi elds in
general. Several species were recorded in the vicin-
ity of orchards; however, most of them are common,
widespread species dwelling in subnemoral habitats
such as wood margins and clearings, hedgerows and
bushlands. The fact that a number of the species asso-
ciated with fruit trees (e.g. Nymphalis polychloros, Sa-
turnia pyri) may also breed on shrubs and trees in the
wild (cf. Huemer 2004) is of conservation relevance,
as they have a potential for rapid recolonization of
orchards treated with pesticides once they are aban-
doned or when pesticides are replaced with biological
control. Very many of the common species observed
in rural habitats (e.g. Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, Tri-
choplusia ni) are ubiquitous elements linked, in these
enviromnents, to herbaceous cultivations, breeding
on cereals and vegetables. Others, like Polygonia egea,
mainly exploit hedgerows, herbs bordering fi elds or
growing on stony terraces and agricultural wasteland
in general; for this reason, the fragmented land prop-
erty on the Vesuvius foothills represents a remarkable
reservoir for the maintenance of lepidopteran diver-
sity (cf. Eliasson et al. 2005).
Spartium junceum bushland with Quercus ilex
clusters
The “EGinestre1” and “EGinestre2” sites are
overgrown with bushes of Spartium junceum, with
scattered clusters of Quercus ilex trees, a situation
which probably follows from the deterioration of
a once continuous evergreen oakwood. Very many
Lepidoptera species were found in this locality, and a
number of them are known to have nemoral habits, e.g.
Cydia fagiglandana, Agrotera nemoralis, Conobathra
tumidana, Acrobasis consociella, A. glaucella, Satyrium
ilicis (cf. Balletto & Kudrna 1985; Lepidopterologen
Arbeitsgruppe 1994; Slamka 1997; Razowski 2001).
This indicates that the fragments of the evergreen
oakwood still maintain their characteristics from
the lepidopterological point of view. Other taxa
sampled in this habitat type are known to be mostly
associated with open environments, e.g. Aethes
bilbaensis, Synaphe punctalis, Homoeosoma sinuella
and Eublemma pulchralis (cf. Slamka 1997; Razowski
2001), and a number of nearly ubiquitous, broadly
ecologically versatile species is present as well (e.g.
Idaea fi licata, Trichoplusia ni). Generally speaking,
both the mosaic structure and the intermediate
elevation of this biotope make it a very diverse
one which hosts a broad range of Lepidoptera
species, particularly micromoths. Furthermore, the
mosaic structure of these sites is well refl ected in
the occurrence of several species with subnemoral
tendencies, among which Eccopisa effractella, Eudonia
mercurella, Catoptria falsella, Iphiclides podalirius,
Anthocharis cardamines, Aporia crataegi, Glaucopsyche
alexis and Melitaea athalia (cf. Balletto & Kudrna
1985; Slamka 1997). Bushlands like this one, and
surviving mantle vegetation in general, represent a
buffer belt for the Lepidoptera between the xeric
uphill areas where harsh conditions prevail and the
downhill man-altered habitats; hence, particular care
is required for their maintenance.
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
355

Quercus ilex woods
Quercus ilex woods were not investigated during the
study campaign of 2000. Nevertheless, a great deal of
information is available for the little wood adjacent
to the Royal Palace of Portici, formerly known as
“Real boschetto” or “Parco della Reggia”, or “Bosco
della Reggia”, and nowadays called “Parco Gussone”,
and for the wood surrounding the Osservatorio
Vesuviano, where old holm oaks are dominant.
Unfortunately, the holm oaks are not autochtonous in
Portici, as the lavic substrate was dynamited in order
to plant them (Anonymous 2006), but the presence
at this site of several moth species characteristic
of the evergreen Mediterranean belt (of Quercus
woods in general, and of Quercus ilex woods above
all), indicates that a composite forest Lepidoptera
association has settled. Examples are Polypogon
plumigeralis, Spudaea ruticilla, Ennomos quercaria,
Campaea honoraria, Eupithecia dodoneata and E.
abbreviata. By far richer is the site of Osservatorio
Vesuviano investigated by P. Parenzan, L. Sannino and
colleagues, although the vegetation is here very mixed
and mostly in the form of Mediterranean maquis.
These circumstances suggest that further research in
natural Quercus ilex woods such as those occurring
on Mt Somma (Cona & Di Paquale 2007) may lead
to the discovery of several other species characteristic
of the evergreen oakwoods in the Vesuvius National
Park. Interestingly, a number of species found in
Portici show hygrophilous tendencies, e.g. Proxenus
hospes, Axylia putris and Mythimna congrua, whereas
others are more typical of open xeric habitats, e.g.
Cucullia santolinae, Paradrina clavipalpis and several
Idaea spp., thus revealing a mixture of sheltered and
exposed habitats. Furthermore, all but negligible
is the presence in both sites of several migrant
elements which nonetheless are most characteristic of
Mediterranean ecosystems, from evergreen woods to
maquis, such as Catephia alchymista, Ophiusa tirhaca
and Cyclophora puppillaria.
Genista aetnensis bushland
A high number of species were found in sites with
scattered bushes of Genista aetnensis, which is not an
autochtonous broom in the Park, but nevertherless
occupies large parts of it (cf. Cona & Di Pasquale
2007). Many of these species are characterized by high
ecological versatility; most are ecologically ubiquitous
elements with wide geographical distributions, usu-
ally as a consequence of their migratory tendencies.
In any case, well represented are both species with
subnemoral habits and those linked to xeric submon-
tane-montane habitats. Although a few monophagous
species were recorded (e.g. Thyris fenestrella and Eupi-
thecia haworthiata, feeding on Clematis vitalba), lar-
val polyphagy seems the most common trophic strat-
egy in this habitat, in some cases restricted to single
plant families but with exploitation of a broad range
of species (e.g. Oligia strigilis on Poaceae and Coni-
sania luteago on Caryophyllaceae). A question arises
as to how many species do actually feed on Genista
aetnensis, viz. the plant responsible of the vegetation
structure of this formation. Unfortunately, no feed-
ing record could be obtained, but in any case several
species occurring in this bushland are polyphagous
ones which include Genista (s.l.) spp. into their diets,
e.g. Etiella zinckenella, Glaucopsyche alexis, Eupithecia
distinctaria and Peribatodes rhomboidaria (cf. Gómez
de Aizpúrua 1990; Volpe & Palmieri 2001; Ebert et
al. 2003; Mironov 2003). In contrast, Pseudoterpna
coronillaria is known to feed exclusively on brooms
and was recorded on Mt Etna (Sicily) in places where
Genista aetnensis was the only available foodplant,
so despite the absence of direct evidence Hausmann
(2001) put forward that this species of Genista is actu-
ally a hostplant for P. coronillaria. Assessing whether
Genista aetnensis actually sustains a defi nite Lepidop-
tera consortium or not is of major relevance. In fact,
should this not be the case, the presence of such a
dominant shrub would essentially be hampering the
settlement of a more natural vegetation and of the
insects associated with it.
Wood clearings and margins
In this habitat type, which should be better consid-
ered as a heterogeneous category comprising several
types, many species were recorded. Also on Mt Ve-
suvius the richness of these “formations” is as a rule
due to four main components: nemoral species (e.g.
Pararge aegeria and Catocala nupta), species of open
habitats (e.g. Plebejus argyrognomon and P. agestis)
subnemoral elements (e.g. Thyris fenestrella, An-
thocharis cardamines, Pieris manni and P. napi) and
euryoecious species (e.g. Etiella zinckenella, P. rapae
and Autographa gamma).
The presence of Glaucopsyche iolas in clearings and
along margins of deciduous woods is worthy of men-
tion. In fact, this species is generally scarce and with
small scattered populations in sites where its food-
plant (Colutea arborescens) occurs (Sbordoni 1964;
Prola et al. 1978)
Unfortunately, wood clearings and margins suffer on
Mt Vesuvius from severe discharge of waste products.
Nonetheless, as they still host well-characterized lepi-
dopteran faunas, they deserve particular protection.
Finally, further studies in these sites are likely to re-
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE, ALBERTO ZILLI
356

veal the presence of several other species, moths in
particular, so far unrecorded from the Park.
Deciduous woods
True nemoral species in the deciduous forests in-
vestigated by us were not many (e.g. Idia calvaria,
Lasionycta calberlai). However, we dedicated most of
the visits to woods either rich in Castanea sativa or
Robinia pseudoacacia, two non-native formations (at
least the second one) which, accordingly, do not host
well-structured composite lepidopteran faunas. Nev-
ertheless, a great deal of forest species were recorded
by P. Parenzan, L. Sannino and colleagues in the site
of Osservatorio Vesuviano (e.g. Ennomos quercaria,
Biston betularia, Laothoe populi), where Mediter-
ranean vegetation prevails but also some deciduous
clusters are present; thus, it is possible that surviving
original deciduous forests of the Vesuvius still host
interesting composite Lepidoptera assemblages. The
presence of Thiodia major in the chestnut grove at
“SMaria2” site is worth to be mentioned, since the
bionomics of this species are still unknown (Trema-
terra 2003). Further research on the lepidopterous
fauna of decidous forests in the Park should focus on
the submontane woods dominated by Betula pendula
and Alnus cordata with Populus tremula and Acer nea-
politanum occurring on Mt Somma (cf. Cona & Di
Paquale 2007). Birch, for instance, is known to be a
potential hostplant for a very high number of species,
some of which might well occur as ecological relics in
the Vesuvius area.
CONCLUSIONS
Three-hundred and forty-two species are recorded
altogether from the Vesuvius National Park and sur-
roundings. Needless to say, a complete species inven-
tory for the area still remains to be achieved, par-
ticularly for the microlepidoptera, and a number of
potentially interesting sites are still in need of careful
exploration from a lepidopterological point of view.
Nevertheless, in consideration of the noteworthy sam-
pling effort carried out by all students having tack-
led with the butterfl ies and moths of Mt Vesuvius, its
fauna appears comparatively poor and dominated by
common, often thermophilous or highly ecologically
versatile species. This circumstance is ascribable to
both the harsh conditions prevailing on the volcano
and to the habitat alteration due to human activities.
Interestingly, a species undergoing severe decline in
most of Europe, Glaucopsyche alexis (cf. Van Swaay &
Warren 1999), turned out to be almost ubiquitous in
the Park, so studies on its ecology in the area might
be of use for the conservation of this species in other
countries.
A phenomenon known for some mountain areas
which are characterized by particular colours of the
geological substrates is the so-called adjustment to
background, consisting of adaptation of the cryptic
pattern of moths resting on rocks for camoufl age (Zil-
li 2002). In the Vesuvius Park we were able to clearly
detect increased melanisation in three species, namely
Coenotephria salicata, Conistra rubiginea and Lasionycta
calberlai, which enables the moths to achieve a better
matching with the dark lava. Nevertheless, the phe-
nomenon on Mt Vesuvius is surely not as widespread
as on Mt Etna (Sicily), where numerous species have
clearly undergone darkening (Zilli 2002).
A great deal of species are highly vagile, widespread
in the West-Palaearctic and fall under the so-called
category of “Wanderfalter” (Eitschberger et al. 1991),
e.g. Plutella xylostella, Nomophila noctuella, Acherontia
atropos, Agrius convolvuli, Vanessa cardui, Chrysodeixis
chalcites, Macdunnoughia confusa, Autographa gamma,
Spodoptera exigua, Hoplodrina ambigua, Peridroma
saucia, Noctua pronuba and Agrotis ipsilon. These spe-
cies are known to spread northwards every year from
the warmest quarters of their ranges in the Mediter-
ranean area, and much research has been undertaken
in Central and Northern Europe for monitoring their
movements. Unfortunately, too little information is
available about the departure sites and meteorologi-
cal and climatological conditions associated with the
phenomenon. Accordingly, the geographical position
of Mt Vesuvius, its bioclimatic conditions and the ab-
sence of light pollution above a given elevation would
make this volcano an ideal recording station for the
monitoring of Lepidoptera “migrations”. It is worth re-
calling that the interest of these studies goes far beyond
the aquisition of data on the biology of the Lepidoptera
themselves, but embraces the possibility of monitoring
global changes using migrant Lepidoptera as powerful
climatic indicators (cf. Sparks et al. 2007).
Acknowledgments
This work would not have been possible without the
kind collaboration of several colleagues who helped
us with sampling or supplied valuable information,
namely Costantino D’Antonio (Napoli), Leonar-
do Dapporto (Museo del Territorio, Calci), Paolo
Gentile (c/o Università del Molise, Campobasso),
Franco Izzillo (Napoli), Mario Pinzari (Università di
Roma Tre, Roma), Christian Schmidt (Museum für
Tierkunde Dresden, Germany), Guido Volpe (Napo-
li) and Vincenzo Vomero (Roma). Daniel Whitmore
THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF THE PARK AND SURROUNDINGS (LEPIDOPTERA)
357

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Addresses
FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE
Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen-Museum für Tierkunde
Königsbrücker Landstrasse, 159 • D-01109 Dresden
<napoliacoppe@tiscali.it>
ALBERTO ZILLI
Museo Civico di Zoologia
Via U. Aldrovandi, 18 • I-00197 Roma
<a.zilli@comune.roma.it>
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