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Restricted Spinal Anaesthesia for Ambulatory Surgery: A Pilot Study
... Hypobaric solutions 2,9,23,24 result in a lower incidence, what was confirmed in our study. Similarly, the incidence of arterial hypotension was significantly higher after epidural anesthesia as compared to unilateral spinal anesthesia 25 . Two segments regression time with low doses of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine varies between 67 1 and 99 16 minutes. ...
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Para evitar alterações hemodinâmicas, obter recuperação mais rápida e limitar a dispersão cefálica da raquianestesia apenas no membro operado foi realizado este estudo com bupivacaína a 0,15%, com objetivo de se obter raquianestesia unilateral. MÉTODO: Raquianestesia com 3,3 ml de bupivacaína hipobárica a 0,15% (5 mg) foi realizada através de agulha 27G Quincke em 20 pacientes estado físico ASA I e II submetidos a cirurgias ortopédicas. A punção subaracnóidea foi realizada por via lateral com o paciente em decúbito lateral, com o membro a ser operado voltado para cima, e 3,3 ml de bupivacaína hipobárica foram injetados na velocidade de 1 ml a cada 15 segundos. Bloqueios sensitivo e motor (picada de agulha e escala de 0 a 3) foram comparados entre os lados a ser operado e o contralateral. RESULTADOS: Os bloqueios motor e sensitivo entre o lado operado e o contralateral foram significativamente diferentes em todos os tempos avaliados. Raquianestesia unilateral foi obtida em 75% dos pacientes. Estabilidade hemodinâmica foi observada em todos os pacientes. Nenhum paciente desenvolveu cefaléia pós-raquianestesia. CONCLUSÕES: A bupivacaína hipobárica a 0,15% na dose de 5 mg proporciona um predominante bloqueio unilateral. Vinte minutos são suficientes para a sua instalação. A principal vantagem da raquianestesia unilateral é a estabilidade hemodinâmica.
... Hypobaric solutions 2,9,23,24 result in a lower incidence, what was confirmed in our study. Similarly, the incidence of arterial hypotension was significantly higher after epidural anesthesia as compared to unilateral spinal anesthesia 25 . Two segments regression time with low doses of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine varies between 67 1 and 99 16 minutes. ...
The possibility to achieve unilateral spinal anesthesia with 0.15% bupivacaine was studied with the purpose of minimizing hemodynamic changes, limiting the cephalad dispersion of the anesthetic and promoting a faster recovery.
Twenty ASA I - II patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries were given spinal 0.15% hypobaric bupivacaine through a 27G Quincke needle. Dural puncture was performed with patients in the lateral position, with the limb to be operated upwards, and 3.3 ml (5 mg) hypobaric bupivacaine were injected at the rate of 1 ml.15 s(-). Sensory and motor block (pinprick and 0 to 3 scale) were compared between operated and contralateral sides.
Motor and sensory block in operated and contralateral sides were significantly different in all evaluated times. Unilateral spinal anesthesia was achieved in 75% of patients. All patients remained hemodynamically stable, and no one developed post-dural puncture headache.
Hypobaric bupivacaine (5 mg) is able to provide a predominant unilateral block with the patient being kept twenty minutes in the lateral position. Major unilateral spinal anesthesia advantage is hemodynamic stability.
Unilateral spinal anesthesia is a cost-effective and rapidly performed anesthetic technique. An exclusively unilateral block only affects the sensory, motor and sympathetic functions on one side of the body and offers the advantages of a spinal block without the typical adverse side effects seen with a bilateral block. The lack of hypotension, in particular, makes unilateral spinal anesthesia suitable for patients with cardiovascular risk factors e. g. aortic valve stenosis or coronary artery disease. Increasing numbers of surgical procedures are now being performed on an outpatient basis. Until now, spinal anesthesia has been considered unsuitable for this, not only because of the high incidence of intraoperative hypotension and postoperative urinary retention but also because of the prolonged postoperative stay before home discharge. This is not the case with unilateral spinal anesthesia: motor function returns rapidly, the incidence of urinary retention is extremely low, and patients are usually eligible for home discharge sooner than after bilateral spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia. The success of the technique depends on a number of factors. In addition to the local anesthetic, its concentration and dose, and the baricity of the injected solution, the shape of the spinal needle, the injection speed, the patient’s position during injection, and the time the patient remains in this position after injection are equally important parameters. A number of intrathecally applied adjuvant drugs are used to give a more intense and/or longer-lasting block. For this review, we collated the published data on unilateral spinal anesthesia from journals with an impact factor greater than 1.0 and defined an optimized method for performing the technique. In order to achieve an exclusively unilateral block one should use 0.5 % hyperbaric bupivacaine injected at a rate of 0.33 ml/min or slower. During the injection and the following 20 min the patient should lie in the lateral decubitus position on the side intended for surgery with knees drawn to the chest. An injection of 5 mg (1 ml) hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5 % provides an hour-long block to T 12, and a dose of 7.5 to 10 mg (1.5–2.0 ml) extends the block to T 6. Adding clonidine (0.5 to 1.0 µg/kg BW) to the injection prolongs the duration of the block to approximately two to three hours. During the 20-minute fixation period, the cephalad spread of the block can be influenced to a certain extent by raising or lowering the head of the table.
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A raquianestesia causa alterações hemodinâmicas relacionadas com fatores próprios do paciente ou não. Um dos fatores é a densidade do anestésico em relação ao líquor, interferindo no número de dermátomos bloqueados e, conseqüentemente, no nível do bloqueio simpático e na diminuição da pressão arterial (PA). O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a dispersão da bupivacaína hipobárica a 0,5%, preparada assepticamente em laboratório e com uma densidade controlada e uniforme. MÉTODO: Trinta pacientes, ASA I, II ou III, com idade entre 18 e 60 anos, sem comorbidades circulatórias, submetidos a operações ortopédicas no membro inferior participaram do estudo. Eles foram sedados com diazepam 0,03 mg.kg-1, posicionados em decúbito lateral com o lado a ser operado para cima, e puncionados entre L3-L4, com agulha de Quincke 27G, sendo padronizados o direcionamento do bisel e a velocidade de injeção. Foram avaliados os níveis sensitivos e motor (escala modificada de Bromage). RESULTADOS: Ao fim da operação, dois pacientes (6,6%) não apresentaram bloqueio motor classificado como 3 na escala de Bromage, com o bloqueio sensitivo variando entre T4 e T12. Somente 12,9% dos pacientes apresentaram nível sensitivo considerado "alto" para a operação proposta (acima de T6). A diminuição da pressão arterial foi significativa sob o ponto de vista estatístico, sem atingir 20% abaixo dos valores basais, portanto, sem significância clínica. A variação da freqüência cardíaca não foi significativa. CONCLUSÕES: A bupivacaína hipobárica a 0,5% mostrou ser uma opção segura e com poucas repercussões hemodinâmicas para operações ortopédicas nos membros inferiores. A duração média observada, de 250 minutos, possibilita a realização de procedimentos ortopédicos de até médio porte.
Purpose:
Regional anesthesia is the preferred technique for total knee arthroplasty to provide a bridge for early postoperative analgesia, reduce opioid consumption, and improve mobility and rehabilitation. Multiple patient and process factors must be weighed when choosing the appropriate technique to reduce morbidity and facilitate discharge. We hypothesized that a low-dose of intrathecal bupivicaine combined with regional block would facilitate discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and reduce postoperative morbidity.
Methods:
Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia received either 5 mg (low-dose group) or 10 mg (standard-dose group) isobaric bupivacaine in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. The primary outcome measure was time to achieve eligibility for PACU discharge. Secondary outcome measures included time to recovery of S2 dermatome sensation, time to voiding, rate of bladder catheterization, and time required for nursing intervention in the PACU and after discharge to the surgical ward.
Results:
Forty-five of the 49 recruited patients completed the study. Patients receiving low-dose spinal anesthesia were eligible for PACU discharge earlier than those receiving the standard dose (P = 0.0036). Patients receiving the standard dose had significantly delayed recovery of S2 dermatome sensation (P = 0.0035). There was no difference between groups in the amount of time required for nursing intervention in the PACU, but patients receiving low-dose spinal anesthesia required more time for nursing intervention within the first four hours of their arrival on the ward (P = 0.009). None of the patients required intraoperative analgesic supplementation.
Conclusions:
In patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, low-dose intrathecal bupivacaine (5 mg) combined with regional block is associated with a reduced time to achieve eligibility for discharge from the PACU.
Purpose: To compare unilateral and conventional bilateral bupivacaine spinal block in outpatients undergoing knee arthroscopy.
Methods: One hundred healthy, premedicated patients randomly received conventional bilateral (n=50) or unilateral (n=50) spinal anesthesia with 8 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%. A lateral decubitus position after spinal injection was maintained in unilateral group for 15 min. Times from spinal injection to readiness for surgery, block resolution, and home discharge were recorded.
Results: Three patients in each group were excluded due to failed block. Readiness for surgery required 13 min (5 – 25 min) with bilateral and 16 min (15 – 30) with unilateral spinal block (P=0.0005). Sensory and motor blocks on the operated limb were T9 (T12 – T2) with a Bromage score 0/1/2/3: 0/2/0/45 in the unilateral group and T7 (T12 – T1) with Bromage score 0/1/2/3: 4/1/6/36 with bilateral block (P=0.026 andP=0.016, respectively). Vasopressor was required only in five bilateral patients (P=0.02). Two segment regression of sensory level and home discharge required 81±25 min and 281±83 min with bilateral block, and 99±28 min and 264±95 min with unilateral block (P=0.002 andP=0.90, respectively).
Conclusion: Seeking unilateral distribution of spinal anesthesia provided more profound and longer lasting block in the operated limb, less cardiovascular effects, and similar home discharge compared with bilateral spinal anesthesia, with only a slight delay in preparation time.
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Um bloqueio simpático restrito durante raquianestesia pode minimizar as alterações hemodinâmicas. Teoricamente, o uso de soluções não isobáricas de anestésicos locais pode produzir anestesia unilateral e restringir a desnervação simpática a apenas um lado do corpo. A dose do anestésico local e o tempo que o paciente permanece em decúbito lateral para a realização da raquianestesia unilateral são desconhecidos. O presente estudo prospectivo investiga a incidência de raquianestesia unilateral utilizando bupivacaína a 0,15% preparada a partir de 1,5 ml de solução isobárica de bupivacaína adicionada de 25 µg fentanil, injetada através de agulha 27G tipo Quincke no paciente em decúbito lateral, com membro a ser operado voltado para cima. MÉTODO: Raquianestesia com 0,15% de bupivacaína mais fentanil foi realizada através da agulha 27G Quincke em 22 pacientes estado físico ASA I e II submetidos à cirurgias ortopédicas. A punção subaracnóidea foi realizada com o paciente previamente colocado com o lado a ser operado voltado para cima e foram retirados de 3 a 5 ml de LCR e injetados 5 ml da solução hipobárica na velocidade de 1 ml.15s-1. Bloqueios sensitivo e motor (picada de agulha e escala de 0 a 3) foram comparados entre os lados a ser operado e o contralateral. RESULTADOS: Os bloqueios motor e sensitivo entre o lado operado e o contralateral foram significativamente diferentes em todos os tempos em ambos os grupos. Raquianestesia unilateral foi obtida em 71% dos pacientes. Estabilidade hemodinâmica foi observada em todos os pacientes. Nenhum paciente desenvolveu cefaléia pós-raquianestesia. CONCLUSÕES: A bupivacaína hipobárica a 0,15% (7,5 mg) associada ao fentanil proporciona um predominante bloqueio unilateral. Vinte minutos são suficientes para a instalação do bloqueio. As principais vantagens da raquianestesia unilateral são a estabilidade hemodinâmica, a satisfação do paciente e a ausência de cefaléia pós-punção.
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