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Research paper
Micellar-polymer for enhanced oil recovery for Upper Assam Basin
B.M. Das a,b,*, S.B. Gogoi a,b, D. Mech c
aSchool of Earth, Atmospheric Science, Environment & Energy, India
bDepartment of Petroleum Technology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
cPetroleum Engineering Program, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
Received 20 June 2016; received in revised form 27 October 2016; accepted 17 January 2017
Available online
Abstract
One of the major enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes is chemical flooding especially for the depleted reservoirs. Chemical flooding involves
injection of various chemicals like surfactant, alkali, polymer etc. to the aqueous media. Bhogpara and Nahorkatiya are two depleted reservoirs of
upper Assam basin where chemical flooding can be done to recover the trapped oil that cannot be recovered by conventional flooding process.
Micellar-polymer (MP) flooding involves injection of micelle and polymer to the aqueous phase to reduce interfacial tension and polymer is added
to control the mobility of the solution, which helps in increasing both displacement and volumetric sweep efficiency and thereby leads to enhanced
oil recovery. This work represents the use of black liquor as micelle or surfactant that is a waste product of Nowgong Paper Mills, Jagiroad, Assam,
which is more efficient than the synthetic surfactants. The present study examines the effect of MP flooding through the porous media of two
depleted oil fields of upper Assam basin i.e. Bhogpara and Nahorkatiya for MP EOR.This work also compares the present MP flood with the earlier
work done on surfactant (S) flooding. It was experimentally determined that the MP flood is more efficient EOR process for Bhogpara and
Nahorkatiya reservoirs. The study will pertain to the comprehensive interfacial tension (IFT) study and the displacement mechanism in
conventional core samples.
© 2017 Tomsk Polytechnic University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords: Black liquor; Critical micelle concentration; Interfacial tension; Porous media; Enhanced oil recovery
1. Introduction
Enhanced oil recovery, commonly known as tertiary oil
recovery, is an eminent method of maximizing oil recovery
from the mature oil fields whose production has reached its
peak and has started to decline. The planning for improving,
maximizing or enhancing oil production strategies through
EOR methods is one of the most critical challenges facing the
oil industries today. EOR involves injection of more exotic and
correspondingly more expensive fluids other than water and
non-miscible gases. This method mobilizes and recovers the oil
that has been left behind or cannot be produced economically
by conventional means. Approximately 30–60% or more of the
reservoirs’ original oil can be extracted using EOR as compared
to primary and secondary recovery methods with 20–40%.
EOR includes so many methods such as thermal methods which
incorporates conventional steam, cyclic injection, steam
assisted gravity drainage and in-situ combustion, chemical
injection which incorporates surfactant, polymer, alkaline, sur-
factant with foam, gas injection which involves N2,CO
2, flue,
NGL and injection of microbes which is also known as micro-
bial enhanced oil recovery [1].
Basic mechanisms involved in chemical flooding are reduc-
tion in interfacial tension between oil and brine, solubilization
of released oil, change in the wettability toward more water wet,
reducing mobility contrast between crude oil and displacing
fluid. Chemical flooding is found to be recovering more oil
from the depleted reservoirs such as surfactant flooding,
micellar-polymer, alkaline, polymer flooding etc. Among EOR
techniques, micellar-polymer (MP) flooding process has the
potential as it uses surfactant to reduce interfacial tension (IFT)
and therefore, allow the oil to flow through porous media [2].
Beneficial synergistic effect by combining surfactant and alkali
in a chemical flood has been reported in the literature [3–8]. The
capillary forces reduce on addition of surfactants, which trap
* Corresponding author. Department of Petroleum Technology, School of
Earth, Atmospheric Science, Environment & Energy, Dibrugarh University,
Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India. Fax: 0373 2370323.
E-mail address: borkha2014@dibru.ac.in (B.M. Das).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2017.01.003
2405-6537/© 2017 Tomsk Polytechnic University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer review under responsibility of Tomsk Polytechnic University.
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t
the oil inside the pores of the rock. The surfactant slug helps to
displace the majority of the oil from the contacted reservoir, by
reduction of the interfacial tension between oleic phase and
aqueous phase. The surfactant flooding in petroleum reservoirs
is an effective way of recovering a fraction of remaining oil and
widely recognizable for providing an ultra low IFT (≈10−3
mN/m) between the oil and the aqueous solution containing
surfactant. Several surfactants have been investigated in the
literatures [9–13]. Babakhani et al. (2011) from his investiga-
tions found that around 60% of the reserves were recovered
with the help of chemical flooding. Surfactant reduces the IFT
value and polymer solution controls mobility and increases the
volumetric sweep efficiency, thereby enhanced oil recovery
[14]. Gurgel et al. also highlighted the use of various chemical
methods for further oil displacement from the depleted reser-
voirs which can be achieved by attaining ultra-low interfacial
tensions and reduced fluid viscosity in the oil reservoirs. He
mentioned the importance of interfacial science, physico-
chemical properties of chemical systems and geological char-
acteristics of the rock matrices to plan and obtain a high yield
processes through optimization and modeling techniques [15].
Mandal (2015) from his analysis also found that chemical
flooding mainly operates on two basic mechanisms, increase of
macroscopic and microscopic displacement efficiencies. The
increase in macroscopic efficiency can be obtained by polymer
injection which increases the viscosity of displacing fluid and
improves the mobility ratio whereas the increase in microscopic
efficiency can be obtained by alkali/surfactant injection through
reduction of IFT, emulsification of oil and water, solubilization
of interfacial films, wettability reversal, etc. [16].
Reduction of IFT is a major contributor for increasing the oil
recovery from the depleted reservoirs. If IFT is reduced, the
emulsification of residual oil will be easier and EOR will prove
to be more efficient. Many literatures have supported the par-
ticular phenomenon [17,18]. Surfactant plays an important role
in reducing the IFT by getting adsorbed into the liquid–liquid
interface and alters the wetting properties of reservoir rock and
fluid. Howard (1927) reported, for the first time, a patent on
surfactant-based chemical EOR where surface tension between
reservoir rock and crude oil was reduced using soap or any
other aqueous solutions [19]. De Groote (1929) granted a patent
where he claimed that water soluble surfactants help to improve
oil recovery [20]. Johnson et al. (1982) invented black liquor
(BL) that can be able to inject into an oil-bearing subterranean
formation before or simultaneously with the emulsion of
chemical flood that gets adsorbed on the active mineral surfaces
of the matrix formation and efficaciously reduces the surfactant
adsorption in the chemical flood. The effluent or BL is used
alternatively to displace the surfactant from the mineral sur-
faces that eventually helps in increasing the recovery of crude
oil [21]. Novosad (1983) claimed that the advantages of ligno-
sulfonates have not come from the activity as a sacrificial agents
[22]. With addition of lignosulfonate, the lowering of IFT can
be achieved, which was quantitatively similar to that observed
by the addition of NaCl, which was provided in the solution
when it was below the optimum salinity level. However, the
quantity of lignosulfonate required was much smaller for low-
ering IFT [23]. Several surfactants of petroleum sulfonate have
been examined to produce such low interfacial tensions.
However, this petroleum sulfonate is high in cost and one of the
major issues in surfactant flooding processes. The possibilities
of using lignosulfonates, which were almost four times cheaper
as compared with petroleum sulfonates for EOR operations,
have been reported [24–28]. About 10% of the total spent
liquors in Canada were processed to recover useful products
such as lignosulfonates [29] for various applications that
involves EOR.
The main objective of this work is to use a locally available
surfactant for an effective chemical flood. Especially, we will
investigate the use of inexpensive black liquor (BL), where the
main constituent is sodium lignosulfonate, which is readily
available from Nagoan Paper Mill at Jagiroad, Assam as a
substitute for the more expensive or commercial surfactant
[30]. This work also examines the comparison between MP and
surfactant flooding on the two depleted oil fields of upper
Assam basin i.e. Bhogpara and Nahorkatiya. The experiments
are conducted on the description of multiphase flow in porous
media based on Darcy’s law and JBN method for unsteady-state
displacements. JBN [31] method is a direct calculation method
derived from the simplified theory and formulation of immis-
cible displacement through porous media according to Buckley
and Leverett [9].
2. Experimental analysis
2.1. Materials
The materials used for the preparation of emulsion were
distilled water and paraffin oil with a density of 0.5742 g/ml
and viscosity 220 mPa.s. The brine solution used is 3000 ppm
of NaCl in DW having viscosity (μw) of 1 mPa.s. The surfactant
used is BL whose main constituent is Na-lignosulfonate, which
is cheap and locally available as waste from Nagoan Paper Mill,
Jagiroad. The polymer used is polyacrylamide with a density of
1.02 g/ml and viscosity 1.5 mPa.s.
Nomenclature
EOR enhanced oil recovery
IFT interfacial tension
CMC critical micelle concentration
S surfactant
MP micellar-polymer
g/ml gram per milliliter
mPa.s. millipascal.second
ppm parts per million
mg/l milligram per liter
kro relative permeability of oil
Swi irreducible water saturation
krw relative permeability of water
Sor residual oil saturation
mN/m millinewton per meter
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The core samples were from well no. BH(A) and NH(B)
which were cut into small cylindrical section of 7 cm length and
3.8 cm diameter, and were cleaned using Soxhlet apparatus
with a solvent mixture of xylene and toluene (50:50) which
took approximately 80 hours. They were then cleaned with
ultrasonic cleaner and finally dried with humidity control oven.
The total time taken for drying of all the samples is approxi-
mately 20 hrs.
Fluid formulation [Table 1] will be composed of locally
available Nagoan black liquor (BL) whose main constituent is
Na-lignosulfonate [C10H14N2Na2O82H2O] with a molecular
weight of 372 g/mol, a waste from Nowgong Paper Mills,
Jagiroad, Assam [32]. A polyacrylamide polymer will be used
for mobility control. The polymer concentration will be chosen
to provide a favorable mobility ratio between the oil bank and
displacing fluid.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. IFT test
The sample MP was prepared by mixing 20 ml of brine,
20 ml of polymer and 20 ml of micellar thoroughly in the ratio
of 1:1 by vigorous shaking in bottles. Then in this sample 40 ml
of paraffin oil was added and the bottles were mixed gently and
allowed to equilibrate for 4 weeks.
After that the IFT test was conducted in KRUSS Easy Dyne
Tensiometer, which is used for measurements of the surface
tension of liquids, the interfacial tensions between two liquids
and measurements of the density of a liquid. The main principle
of the measuring method is the attractive forces between mol-
ecules which provide a certain work to change the size of a
liquid interface or surface. The interfacial or surface tension is
the force to be spent referring to the circumference of the
surface. The term surface tension is used when the liquid phase
borders to a gaseous phase, the term IFT refers to an interface
between two liquids.
The EasyDyne S measures the surface or interfacial tension
with a measuring probe suspended from a force sensor. This
probe is a ring or a plate consisting of a material with optimum
wetting properties (platinum respectively platinum–iridium)
and the experiments were conducted using Du Nouy ring
method [33].
2.2.2. Displacement experiments
The setup for permeability test essentially comprises a cylin-
drical section of 0.3048 m length and 0.0381 m packed with
crushed rock sample, pressure gauges, sample reservoir, sample
collector, stirrer and a pump all connected by pipes of 0.0127
and 0.022225 m outside diameter as shown in Fig. 1.
The core sample was crushed in such a way that the grains
were not broken. The crushed grains were made into a pack by
using emseal, purchased locally, compressed uniformly in order
to obtain a pack of uniform packing characteristics, and packed
into the test cylinder. The permeability experiment was not
carried with the actual core obtained from the oil field because
the clay minerals in the actual core samples encountered prob-
lems like swelling and also to gain further understanding of the
physical mechanisms of emulsion flow in porous media. The
measured effective porosity obtained by TPI-219 Teaching
Helium Porosimeter before flooding was found to be in between
18.78 and 21.90%. The pack was covered with a sieve of 320
mesh size at the top and the bottom. Flooding solutions were
stirred in the reservoir and injected at the bottom of the cylin-
drical section at a constant volumetric flow rate of 0.0002 m/s
by self-priming monoblock 186.425 watt (0.25 HP) pump sup-
plied by Telco, Coimbatore, India. The inlet and outlet pressures
of the cylindrical section were recorded from pressure gauges.
The general procedure for the coreflood experiment was:
1. The core was saturated with brine.
2. The core was placed in an oven and heated to reservoir
temperature.
3. The core is flooded with brine at 6 m/d until it was satu-
rated with brine to determine the absolute permeability
[K] of the core sample
4. Paraffin oil was flooded at 3 m/d until no more brine was
produced (about 2 PV) to determine the relative perme-
ability of oil to water at irreducible brine saturation [kro at
Swi]. The Swi averaged 0.30.
5. Water was flooded at 3 m/d until no more oil was pro-
duced (about 2 PV) to determine the relative permeability
of water to oil at residual oil saturation [krw at Sor]. The Sor
averaged 0.70.
6. The sequence of chemical floods, surfactant and micellar-
polymer (MP) was injected at 0.3048 m/d (1 ft/d)
3. Results
3.1. IFT test
The results of the IFT experiments are represented graphi-
cally below in Fig. 2. The IFT test shows that with the addition
of surfactant into the aqueous phase, the IFT between the
aqueous and oleic phases reduces and further addition of
Tab le 1
Fluid formulation.
Concentration type Formulation
Surfactant (S) concentration BL
0.5–1.5 wt%
Polymer concentration Polyacrylamide
2000–3500 mg/l
Brine 3000 ppm NaCl
Fig. 1. Permeability apparatus.
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Please cite this article in press as: B.M. Das, S.B. Gogoi, D. Mech, Micellar-polymer for enhanced oil recovery for Upper Assam Basin, Resource-Efficient Technologies (2017), doi:
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surfactant further reduces the IFT value to 4.8 mN/m with a
CMC value of 0.335 g/ml [34]. With the addition of micellar-
polymer emulsion into the aqueous phase, the IFT value
reduced to a very low value of 0.9 mN/m with a CMC value of
0.3 g/ml which may lead to more enhanced oil recovery from
the porous media.
3.2. Displacement experiments
The results of the core flood experiments are represented
graphically below in Figs. 3 and 4 and are shown in tabulated
form in Table 2.
4. Discussion
Several mechanisms may be responsible for enhanced oil
recovery from the porous media of Bhogpara and Nahorkatiya
oil fields. These may be reduced IFT, better mobility ratio and
reduced chemical interaction.
Better IFT behavior was most evident when comparing the
two floods as in Fig. 2. The value of IFT obtained with the
addition of surfactant was 4.8 mN/m with CMC value as
0.335 g/ml whereas with the addition of micellar-polymer
Fig. 2. IFT between the phases of surfactant solution [34] and micellar-polymer emulsion.
Fig. 3. Oil recovery by S and MP flooding for BH(A).
Fig. 4. Oil recovery by S and MP flooding for NH(B).
Tab le 2
Core flood results obtained.
Flood Core sample % EOR
MP 50
S BH(A) 38
MP 56
S NH(B) 40
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emulsion, the IFT was found to be 0.9 mN/m with CMC value
as 0.3 g/ml. Without having much difference in the CMC value,
MP emulsion shows much reduced IFT value. Therefore, the
IFT experiments prove that addition of surfactant gives rise to
low IFT between the oleic and the aqueous phase but addition
of MP emulsion, which is a Winsor Type-I emulsion, gives rise
to lowest IFT which are very much in demand in enhanced oil
recovery projects. Reduction of IFT finally leads to the release
of residual oil droplets from the capillaries in the porous media,
thereby increasing substantially the amount of petroleum
obtainable from a given porous media. Many literatures have
reported that addition of surfactants lowers the IFT, thereby
leading to enhanced oil recovery [17,18].
The maximum recovery achieved by S flooding is 38% and
40% whereas by MP flooding, recovery is 50% and 56%, which
is quite high as compared to S flooding. This may be due to
more reduction of IFT due to addition of Winsor Type-I MP
emulsion and presence of polymer in MP helps to reduce the
mobility of the water, thus forcing the water to flow through
more flow channels in the rock and thereby providing a good
volumetric sweep. Therefore in MP flood, surfactant has been
found to increase oil production and polymer solution was
found to be a significant means of controlling mobility and
increasing volumetric sweep efficiency as is also found by
Babakhani et al. [14].
5. Conclusions
The emulsions prepared and used for the above study have
been characterized in terms of IFT and finally efficiency was
determined by displacement experiment. In S flooding, there
is only lowering of IFT which helps in releasing 40% oil
from the porous media. However, in MP flooding, micelle
helps in lowering the IFT value and added polymer helps in
increasing the volumetric sweep efficiency thereby helping in
releasing the residual droplets from the porous media and
enhances the oil recovery. Therefore, the enhanced oil
recovery was more from MP flooding as compared with S
flooding. The injection of a micellar slug into the core
samples of two depleted reservoirs leads to the release of oil
from the pores of the reservoir rock like a grease releases
from dishes using dishwashing detergent followed with
flushing by water. The micellar solution helps to release much
of the oil trapped in the rock of the oil-bearing formation in
the reservoir. Further enhancement of the oil production,
polymer-thickened water is injected behind the micellar slug
for mobility control. This method has one of the highest
recovery efficiencies of the current EOR methods and one of
the cost effective method than any other EOR methods to
implement BL as micelle in MP flooding which is a waste
product.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support
provided to this project (SB/S3/CE/057/2013) from Depart-
ment of Science and Technology, Government of India.
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