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Copyright compliance and infringement in ResearchGate full-text journal articles
Abstract
ResearchGate is increasingly used by scholars to upload the full-text of their articles and make them freely available for everyone. This study aims to investigate the extent to which ResearchGate members as authors of journal articles comply with publishers' copyright policies when they self-archive full-text of their articles on ResearchGate. A random sample of 500 English journal articles available as full-text on ResearchGate were investigated. 108 articles (21.6%) were open access (OA) published in OA journals or hybrid journals. Of the remaining 392 articles, 61 (15.6%) were preprint, 24 (6.1%) were post-print and 307 (78.3%) were published (publisher) PDF. The key finding was that 201 (51.3%) out of 392 non-OA articles infringed the copyright and were non-compliant with publishers' policy. While 88.3% of journals allowed some form of self-archiving (SHERPA/RoMEO green, blue or yellow journals), the majority of non-compliant cases (97.5%) occurred when authors self-archived publishers' PDF files (final published version). This indicates that authors infringe copyright most of the time not because they are not allowed to self-archive, but because they use the wrong version, which might imply their lack of understanding of copyright policies and/or complexity and diversity of policies.
... Some argue that publications shared on ASNs are not OA at all because, in contrast to the green OA repositories, ASNs do not check for copyright compliance. Thus, a considerable rate of their content is illegally posted and hosted (Jamali, 2017). Due to these issues, some studies exclude ASN-hosted content from their definition of OA (e.g., Piwowar et al., 2018). ...
... Indeed, this study also found that SSH academics prefer to deposit articles in their final version. Yet, some SSH researchers seem to be content with simply uploading links to the published closed article, perhaps because they lack an understanding of copyright policies, as found in other studies (Jamali, 2017;Martín-Martín et al., 2018). ...
... Although most leading scholars and databases do not include ASNs as an integral and legitimate part of the OA green route, due to copyright issues (Jamali, 2017;Piwowar et al., 2018; Scopus database), ASN platforms are referred to by some scholars as an additional channel of green OA (Jordan, 2019;Lovett et al., 2017). However, ASNs do not prevent uploading final manuscripts, even though this action may involve a great risk in terms of copyright violation (Jordan, 2019;Serrano-Vicente et al., 2016). ...
The green open access (OA) model, which offers the most economical approach to comply with open access policies, can increase researchers’ audience and scientific outputs impact by delivering wider and easier access. This study examined researchers’ perceptions from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) and SSH (social sciences, art and humanities) disciplines in order to reveal the types, patterns, motives, and challenges underlying their articles’ self-archiving in the green route to open-access (repositories and institutional repositories) and ASNs (academic social networks). Interviews were conducted with 20 Israeli academic researchers. Half were from STEM and half from SSH disciplines. Interviews were mapped using a bottom-up thematic analysis and follow-up quantitative comparisons. According to the findings, STEM researchers self-archived pre/post-print versions of their articles to subject-based repositories as a part of their discipline norm resulting from their funding grant requirements and as a way to receive recognition and claim priority. SSH researchers post a link to the printed-published article at the publisher’s website in ASNs, and their goal is greater visibility. In addition, findings indicate a lack of awareness, mostly by SSH researchers, regarding copyright issues and OA repositories. The green OA model provides opportunities for researchers to self-archive their work. However, there are differences between the disciplines regarding where, when, why, and how to self-archive, and what is considered a legitimate mode of green OA. This indicates an urgent need to raise SSH researchers’ awareness of the existence of open subject-based repositories and of the terms of self-archiving from publishers.
... The members can create a profile and upload their research papers and projects, can ask and answer questions, can create projects and collaborate on that with other members, and get notified about a number of events ranging from reads to citations. Several previous studies have explored the repository feature of ResearchGate (such as Borrego, 2017;Jamali, 2017;Van Noorden, 2017), while some others examined the various aspects of usage patterns of ResearchGate site (such as Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2020;Lee et al., 2019;Mason & Sakurai, 2020;Meier & Tunger, 2018;Muscanell & Utz, 2017;Ortega, 2017;Yan & Zhang, 2018;Yan et al., 2021). Many other studies have also explored the various aspects of the different metrics computed by ResearchGate, as we will see in the next paragraphs. ...
... The increasing popularity of ResearchGate has attracted the attention of researchers, who explored its various features. It has been explored both as a repository of scientific publications (Borrego, 2017;Jamali, 2017;Lee et al., 2019;Muscanell & Utz, 2017;Van Noorden, 2017) and as an academic social network platform for information sharing and dissemination (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2020;Mason & Sakurai, 2020;Meier & Tunger, 2018;Ortega, 2017;Yan & Zhang, 2018;Yan et al., 2021). There are also many previous studies on different metrics of ResearchGate, including their correlations with metrics from other bibliometric databases, rankings, and online platforms (such as Banshal et al., 2021;Copiello, 2019;Copiello & Bonifaci, 2018Jordan, 2015;Kraker & Lex, 2015;Lepori et al., 2018;Nicholas et al., 2016;Shrivastava & Mahajan, 2015Thelwall & Kousha, 2015, 2017a, 2017bYu et al., 2016). ...
... More studies on differences in Google Scholar and ResearchGate at the level of institutions and/ or journals can be done in order to have a better understanding of the similarities and differences in the Google Scholar and ResearchGate platforms. Major barrier of knowledge sharing in RG RG's features outsmart institutional repositories and therefore RG is more recognised (Borrego, 2017) Self-archiving in RG results in copyright infringement due to lack of awareness of copyright policies among scholars (Jamali, 2017) and the infringement issues are observed to be getting really serious due to site's recommendation system that finds publications and prompts scholars to upload full texts (Van Noorden, 2017) Accessibility (Meier & Tunger, 2018) & altruism (role of self-archiving in promotion of open science), recognition, personal, social, professional factors are the major drivers of self-archiving (Lee et al., 2019) Copyright issues are identified as the major barrier for knowledge sharing in RG (Mason & Sakurai, 2020) 2 Different aspects of usage patterns of RG Relationship between performance of Universities and RG metrics Time spends on browsing and updating of profiles Collaborative-information seeking behaviour of users Disciplinary variations of academic use of scholarly database RG needs to improve user's engagement (Muscanell & Utz, 2017) Indicators in academic social networks such as RG can be used for evaluation of research activities of Universities (Yan & Zhang, 2018). Findings by Lepori et al. (2018) contradicts this and suggests that RG metrics, especially RG score has limitations in assessment & comparison of institutional performance ...
ResearchGate has emerged as a popular professional network for scientists and researchers in a very short span. Similar to Google Scholar, the ResearchGate indexing uses an automatic crawling algorithm that extracts bibliographic data, citations, and other information about scholarly articles from various sources. However, it has been observed that the two platforms often show different publication and citation data for the same institutions, journals, and authors. While several previous studies analysed different aspects of ResearchGate and Google Scholar, the quantum of differences in publications, citations, and metrics between the two and the probable reasons for the same are not explored much. This article, therefore, attempts to bridge this research gap by analysing and measuring the differences in publications, citations, and different metrics of the two platforms for a large data set of highly cited authors. The results indicate that there are significantly high differences in publications and citations for the same authors captured by the two platforms, with Google Scholar having higher counts for a vast majority of the cases. The different metrics computed by the two platforms also differ in their values, showing different degrees of correlation. The coverage policy, indexing errors, author attribution mechanism, and strategy to deal with predatory publishing are found to be the main probable reasons for the differences in the two platforms.
... Specialized social networking platforms have attracted the attention of researchers and scientists because such tools can be effectively used not only for building a portfolio, developing international scientific networks, sharing ideas and convenient communication (Al-Aufi & Fulton, 2014;Greifeneder et al., 2018;Manco, 2019;Meishar-Tal & Pieterse, 2017;Muscanell Utz, 2017), but also for making comparisons, assessing research and researcher impact (Erdt et al., 2016;Hoffmann et al., 2016;Sugimoto, et al., 2017;Yan & Zhang, 2019) and promoting research institutions and developing regions (Asmi & Margam, 2018;Meishar-Tal & Pieterse, 2017McGillivray & Astell, 2019. Researchers have analysed both ASNs, their usefulness and benefits, but also occasionally criticized their disadvantages and defects (Jacsó, 2005;Jamali, 2017;Kraker & Lex, 2015;Thelwall & Kousha, 2017). Many studies have confirmed the benefits of ASNs both for researchers and research institutions and indicate that these tools are necessary at present to improve the international visibility of emerging academic systems (Mason, 2020) and measure many areas of scholarly activity like research, integration, application, teaching, and co-creation (Nicholas et al., 2015). ...
... Thelwall and Kousha revealed that the RG portal is dominated by recent articles and that some disciplines like arts and humanities, health professions and decision sciences are underrepresented (Thelwall & Kousha, 2015). It has been alleged that specialized social networks have facilitated copyright infringement (Jamali, 2017). Some RG users have falsified data in their publications and the platforms do not have the tools required to fight this issue (Meier & Tunger, 2018a). ...
... Of course, using this solution also comes with some opportunities for manipulation. Manipulation may be caused by the researcher themselves who infringes copyright, fakes profile data or generates scores not through research but through social network activity (Jamali, 2017;Meier & Tunger, 2018a;Kraker & Lex, 2015;Thelwall & Kousha, 2015), manipulation may also be caused by the university authorities which use specially selected metrics. For example, to show universities from developing countries in a better light they could use the absolute values of the RG indicators. ...
Social networks have become popular among researchers and scientists. Specialized platforms for researchers offer many metrics and indicators which are used to evaluate various scientists and assess the strength of their impact. In this article the authors perform systematic comparison between the main university level ResearchGate (RG) metrics: total RG Score, number of publications, number of affiliated profiles and ARWU. A tool for acquiring the RG metrics of research units and a framework for calculating alternative university ranks was implemented and tested. As a point of reference the ranking system of the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU, 2019) was used. The authors used a web scraping technique to acquire data. Data analysis was based on Spearman's rho and multiple linear regression (MLR). Ten additional ranks were developed and compared with the benchmark ranking. The k-means clustering method was used to identify the groups of ARWU universities. The research results show that the metrics provided by specialized social networks can be used for the assessment of universities, however, an in-depth evaluation requires a more advanced procedure and indicators to measure many areas of scholarly activity like research, integration, application, teaching, and co-creation. Clustering method showed also that the distance between the ARWU universities measured in values of RG metrics are bigger for the top of the ranking. The university authorities should encourage researchers to use specialized social networks, and train them how to do it, to promote not only their own achievements, but also to increase the impact and recognition of their respective research units. At the end of the article some limitations of the method used and some practical recommendations for the university authorities were formulated.
... The members can create a profile and upload their research papers and projects, can ask and answer questions, can create projects and collaborate on that with other members, and get notified about a number of events ranging from reads to citations. Several previous studies have explored the repository feature of ResearchGate (such as Borrego, 2017;Jamali, 2017;Van Noorden, 2017), while some others examined the various aspects of usage patterns of ResearchGate site (such as Ortega, 2017;Muscanell & Utz, 2017;Yan & Zhang, 2018;Meier & Tunger, 2018;Lee et al., 2019;Mason & Sakurai, 2020;Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2020;Yan et al., 2021). ...
... The findings also suggested that RG needs to increase user engagement. Jamali (2017) investigated that to what extent the ResearchGate members, as authors of journal articles, comply with publishers' copyright policies when they self-archive full-text of their articles on ResearchGate. A random sample of 500 English journal articles available as fulltext on ResearchGate were investigated. ...
ResearchGate has emerged as a popular professional network for scientists and researchers in a very short span of time. Similar to Google Scholar, the ResearchGate indexing uses an automatic crawling algorithm that extracts bibliographic data, citations and other information about scholarly articles from various sources. However, it has been observed that the two platforms often show different publication and citation data for the same institutions, journals and authors. This paper, therefore, attempts to analyse and measure the differences in publication counts, citations and different metrics of the two platforms for a large data set of highly cited authors. The results indicate that there are significantly high differences in publication counts and citations for the same authors in the two platforms, with Google Scholar having higher counts for a vast majority of the cases. The different metrics computed by the two platforms also differ in their values, showing different degrees of correlations. The coverage policy, indexing errors, author attribution mechanism and strategy to deal with predatory publishing are found to be the main probable reasons for the differences in the two platforms.
... This initiative has been high- 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 DISTANCE EDUCATION 11 2020); and the What is cOALition S? launched in 2018 (European Science Foundation, 2023). As a result of these initiatives, several alternative open access models, namely self-archiving (Eysenbach, 2006;Pinfield, 2004), institutional repositories (Narayan & Luca, 2017), and academic social networking sites (Borrego, 2017;Jamali, 2017), have emerged. These models have both advantages and limitations. ...
Openness in education has received significant attention in recent years. To comprehend this concept in education ecosystems thoroughly, a longitudinal study is crucial, offering a comprehensive perspective of its evolution. The study utilizes bibliometric techniques, social network analysis, and text mining to investigate openness from its origin to the present day. The research highlights that the idea of openness, initially linked to open universities, has expanded into broader education ecosystems due to advancements in digital technologies, especially around the turn of the 21st century. Embracing open access and open scholarship as new business models is essential to consolidate openness in education. Additionally, distance education, online learning, and educational technology play vital roles as catalysts for openness in education, providing a holistic understanding of the concept.
... While open versions of papers shared by the authors themselves on sharing platforms, such as ResearchGate and Academia.edu, are considered in some studies (e.g., Science-Metrix, 2018), they are not collected by WoS, because copyright compliance is not assured in such cases and much of the content could be illegally posted (Jamali, 2017). In addition, use of the green route may be underrepresented in this research, because it includes "green published" and "green 1 3 accepted" items, but not "green submitted" papers, which started to be identified and collected by WoS in 2020. ...
As open publication has become a goal in scholarly communication, interest in how it relates to other features of the research process has grown. This paper focuses on the relationship between funding and open access (OA) in the Spanish National Research Council’s Web of Science publications in three scientific fields with different research practices, namely, Biology & Biomedicine (BIOL), Humanities & Social Sciences (HSS) and Materials Science (MATE). Firstly, the three fields are characterised in relation to OA practices (OA status and OA routes) and acknowledged funding (funding status and funding origin). Secondly, the relationship between OA and funding is explored, and the role of additional influential factors, such as the internationality of research and national/foreign leadership of papers, is unravelled through logistic regression. BIOL shows a higher OA share (66%) than do the other two fields (around 33%). Funded research shows higher OA rates than unfunded research in the experimental fields, but not in HSS, where it is related to a shift towards more publications with article-processing charges. The internationality of research, measured through international collaboration or foreign funding, increases OA, albeit with differences across fields. Foreign-funded papers are more likely to be led by foreign researchers in all three fields, but a foreign first author increases the chances of OA publication in HSS only, perhaps because Spanish leaders in this field have not internalised the importance of OA. The research’s policy implications are reviewed.
... Indeed, green and gold open access complement each other during transition periods [19]. On the other hand, ACM explicitly prohibits sharing on commercial social networking websites such as ResearchGate [4] due to the potential for copyright infringement [22].We do not advocate the practice of sharing papers on commercial social networking websites, but we assess this as an existing practice to understand the level of accessibility via different platforms. ...
... ResearchGate are in infringement of copyright and publishers' policies (Jamali, 2017), which led to major publishers including Elsevier to take legal action against ResearchGate in 2018 (Else, 2018b) 18 . Sci-Hub, founded by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011, is another shadow library with large-scale coverage: an analysis in 2018 found that it provides access to nearly all available scholarly literature (Himmelstein et al, 2018). ...
In 2014, a union of German research organisations established Projekt DEAL, a national-level project to negotiate licensing agreements with large scientific publishers. Negotiations between DEAL and Elsevier began in 2016, and broke down without a successful agreement in 2018; in this time, around 200 German research institutions cancelled their license agreements with Elsevier, leading Elsevier to restrict journal access at those institutions. We investigated the effect on researchers’ publishing and citing behaviours from a bibliometric perspective, using a dataset of ∼400,000 articles published by researchers at DEAL institutions between 2012–2020. We further investigated these effects with respect to the timing of contract cancellations, research disciplines, collaboration patterns, and article open-access status. We find evidence for a decrease in Elsevier’s market share of articles from DEAL institutions, with the largest year-on-year market share decreases occuring from 2018 to 2020 following the implementation of access restrictions. We also observe year-on-year decreases in the proportion of citations, although the decrease is smaller. We conclude that negotiations with Elsevier and access restrictions have led to some reduced willingness to publish in Elsevier journals, but that researchers are not strongly affected in their ability to cite Elsevier articles, implying that researchers use other methods to access scientific literature.
Peer Review
https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway/wos/peer-review/10.1162/qss_a_00255
... Their databases contain, as of May 2022, 135 and 37 million academic papers, respectively. These publications are uploaded by their authors, sometimes in infringement of copyright or in non-compliance with publishers' policy, not so much deliberately as for lack of understanding of the rather complex policies pertaining to the practice (Jamali, 2017). ...
Presents findings from a study into the attitudes and practices of pandemic‐era early career researchers (ECRs) in regard to obtaining access to the formally published scholarly literature, which focused on alternative providers, notably ResearchGate and Sci‐Hub. The study is a part of the Harbingers project that has been exploring the work lives and scholarly communication practices of ECRs in pre‐pandemic times and during the pandemic, and utilizes data from two rounds of interviews with around 170 ECRs from the sciences and social sciences in eight countries. Findings show that alternative providers, as represented by ResearchGate and Sci‐Hub, have become established and appear to be gaining ground. However, there are considerable country‐ and discipline‐associated differences. ECRs' country‐specific level of usage of the alternative providers is partly traceable to the adequacy of library provisions, although there are other factors at play in shaping ECRs' attitudes and practices, most notably convenience and time saving, as well as the fact that these platforms have become embedded in the scholarly dashboard. There is a dearth of evidence of the impact of the pandemic on ECRs' ways of obtaining scholarly papers.
... ResearchGate (RG) was chosen as the sample ASNS for this study given that it has attracted more than twenty million global users since its establishment in 2008 (ResearchGate, 2021). Compared with other ASNSs, RG has more advantages in the number of users, user participation, platform functions and services, and is widely explored by researchers as a typically representative ASNS (Lovett et al., 2017;Jamali, 2017). In this study, the discipline categorization is based on the Web of Science (WoS) classification of research areas into five broad disciplines: Arts & Humanities, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Physical Sciences, Social Sciences, and Technology (Web of Science, 2020). ...
A growing number of scholars are using academic social networking sites (ASNSs) for informal academic exchange online. ASNSs have developed question and answer (Q&A) services to help scholars obtain directly relevant information from their peers. There is a paucity of research on Q&A use and interaction in the scholarly community beyond static analyses on Q&A content and influencing factors of using social Q&A sites. This study fills in the gap by examining the Q&A participants and interactions on ResearchGate, a worldwide ASNS, based on a sample of 3933 Q&A entries across five disciplines with 13,655 participants during 2018–2020. The results show that question respondents tend to have a higher scholarly reputation and social connectivity than questioners in most disciplines. Most core users in the Q&A interaction network are interdisciplinary, with Social Sciences’ core users having the strongest influence. In terms of response time, the question-answer and answer-answer time intervals conform to the power-law distribution of fat tail characteristics. Physical Sciences questions receive the quickest response among disciplines. The findings of this study expand and support the notion of disciplinary differences in information behavior. Research on Q&A behavior of ASNS users not only helps expand our understanding of information behaviors in various disciplinary contexts, but also allows such platforms to formulate incentive strategies to facilitate interaction, information seeking and sharing.
... 51 This adjustment (i.e., phasing out the RG Score) may be part of a trend by RG to adopt its platform and business model to adjust to criticisms by the industry and the research community, such as copyright infringement, in order to create a more robust ASNS for SRAs. 52 Finally, we draw readers' attention to the use of ASNSs in a world of vanity-based academic publishing, where attention in the community increasingly is focused on promoting oneself, as a way to stay relevant, thereby achieving "competitive exposure and existential recognition, " but risking, as a result of this trend, entering not a state of "publish or perish, " as was traditionally perceived, but now a state of "promote or perish. " 53 ASNSs such as RG are becoming an essential aspect of the scholarly publishing landscape, not only for information discovery but also for academic self-preservation. ...
ResearchGate (RG) is a popular academic social media networking platform for scientists, researchers, or academics (SRAs). RG automatically provides a metric, the RG Score, to each RG account holder, and this metric serves as a measure of that SRA's "academic" worth, productivity and interaction with other SRAs. In 2017, this metric was described by RG as "the RG Score takes all your research and turns it into a source of reputation", indicating that "it is calculated based on the research in your profile and how other researchers interact with your content". However, the precise manner in which the RG Score is calculated was never made known to the public because it is a proprietary algorithm, and requests to RG to disclose details of the equations used to calculate it were not met. Not unsurprisingly, RG phased out RG Score after July of 2022. This paper examines what is known in the literature about the RG Score, which may be perceived as a skewed metric because it may add excessive weighting to select aspects, such as questions and answers, rather than to, for example, the published literature of an SRA. The RG Interest Score is also examined and critiqued. An author-based metric such as the RG Score that reflects a realistic balance between the most important academic factors, while downplaying fairly redundant aspects such as the volume of answers, might benefit SRAs. As for any metric, the RG Score should not be used in isolation, nor should it be gamed or used as the basis of any financial remuneration schemes.
... In the era of disruptive technologies, research and development in the field of copyright protection play an important role in providing copyright holders with solutions to fight copyright infringement. A lot of discussion and research has been done to combine blockchain technology with copyright protection problems to ensure the elimination of copyright infringement [33][34][35][36][37]. ...
Nowadays, to protect and secure interest of innovators and research information in decentralized ledger-based echo system using blockchain technology to minimize the challenges and risks faced by conventional copyright system called intellectual property systems, the authors proposed a model using programmable contracts that ensures to extract the features provenance for tracing of ownership, transfer histories which in turns ensures system transparency and traceability. This paper covers basic understanding of blockchain, existing copyright system, and a new echo system can be implemented using blockchain technology effectively. A solution model is designed for the system along with the explanation of the procedure to build the system.KeywordsBlockchainSmart contractsTransparencyTraceabilityDecentralized
... In a sense, such an approach eliminates options with financial necessities for gold access and green access (Lovett, Rathemacher, Boukari & Lang, 2017). Though the copyrights of the openly shared publications are held by journals, researchers publish their full-text studies on academic social networking platforms because they either are not aware or do not take into account this issue (Jamali, 2017). In Turkey, the case is not different from what Jamali (2017) reported. ...
The Center for Open Education Research (COER) is an international research consortium, that was established in 2018 in order to increase international collaborative research projects, furthering innovation and understanding in open education, educational technology, lifelong learning, and international education.
This book provides a cross-country analysis and
comparison of the international developments of OER in various countries.
... In a sense, such an approach eliminates options with financial necessities for gold access and green access (Lovett, Rathemacher, Boukari & Lang, 2017). Though the copyrights of the openly shared publications are held by journals, researchers publish their full-text studies on academic social networking platforms because they either are not aware or do not take into account this issue (Jamali, 2017). In Turkey, the case is not different from what Jamali (2017) reported. ...
This chapter introduces openness in education and open educational resources (OER) in Turkey. To better understand and conceptualize the Turkish case, there is a need to briefly introduce Turkish HE and how openness is perceived by Turkish Society. By 2021, the total population of Turkey is around 85 million and approximately 10% of its population (around 8 million) attends higher education (HE). HE in Turkey is delivered through face-to-face, distance, and open education modalities. In this context, it should be noted that due to Turkish regulations, there are distinct differences in the definition of distance education and open education. Accordingly, open education offers open admissions with minimal entry requirements and flexible learning opportunities (e.g., self-paced, attendance is not required), on the other hand, distance education offers partly flexible admissions (e.g., predefined entry requirements, attendance is required, students should pay for the courses). The demand for HE is high, but the number of accepted students is relatively low compared to the total demand. As such, open education is a viable solution for the Turkish HE system.
... In a sense, such an approach eliminates options with financial necessities for gold access and green access (Lovett, Rathemacher, Boukari & Lang, 2017). Though the copyrights of the openly shared publications are held by journals, researchers publish their full-text studies on academic social networking platforms because they either are not aware or do not take into account this issue (Jamali, 2017). In Turkey, the case is not different from what Jamali (2017) reported. ...
https://edtechbooks.org/oer_around_the_world
... A substantial feature of the current OA implementation situation is that ASNs, a controversial mode, whether it is considered OA implementation or not, provided the most free access to articles in our survey. There are many criticisms of this service regarding its uncertainty of copyright compliance and service stability [16,28]. However, Springer Nature has started a trial program to provide ResearchGate articles published in Nature-branded journals from 2019, and the program has been extended based on the positive feedback from users [29]. ...
Open access (OA) is transforming scholarly communication. Various modes of OA implementation have emerged, which reflect the complexity surrounding OA development. This study aimed to examine this development from the perspective of how OA is implemented. The sample comprised 2,368 randomly selected articles published in 2013 and 2,999 published in 2018 indexed in the Web of Science. We also conducted searches in Google and Google Scholar in 2015 for articles published in 2013 and in 2020 for articles published in 2018. Selected articles were categorized as either an “OA article,” “electronic subscription journal article,” or “not available online.” OA articles were classified into 10 implementation modes: Gold, Hybrid, Delayed, Bronze, Subject Repositories, Institutional Repositories, Personal/Institutional Websites, Academic Social Networks (ASNs), Others, and Web Aggregator. Overall, 56.5% of all sampled articles in 2013 were available for free on at least one website in 2015, while 61.7% of all sampled articles in 2018 were freely available on at least one website in 2020. Concerning implementation mode, ASNs had the highest frequency (44.4% in 2015 and 56.0% in 2020), followed by Subject Repositories (35.0% in 2015 and 39.6% in 2020) and Gold (24.1% in 2015 and 37.4% in 2020). To obtain an overview of OA implementation, we conducted principal component analysis with OA implementation mode as the variable for both 2015 and 2020. The first principal component was the axis indicating the number of overlapping OA implementations for each article in 2015 and 2020, while the second principal component was the axis orthogonal to the first, which was difficult to interpret. We identified three groups of OA implementation in each plot of the principal component scores for articles in 2015 and 2020; however, the OA implementation of each group differed in 2015 and 2020. This diversity reflects the respective positions of various stakeholders regarding OA.
... In a study that investigated the extent to which ResearchGate members adhered to publishers' copyright policies when self-archiving the full text of their articles on ResearchGate, Jamali (2017) found that 201 (51.3%) of 392 non-open access articles violated copyright and did not comply with publishers' policy. According to this finding, authors are infringing copyright, not because self-archiving is not allowed most of the time, but because they use the wrong version, which may mean they do not understand the copyright policies and/or the complexity and diversity of the policies. ...
Academics are both owners and users of copyrighted material. Complex, vague, and ever-changing copyright law creates problems related to copyright for academicians and students who want to access works and digital products. It is important to increase the awareness of these individuals in order to prevent these problems. In this study, it is aimed to classify academicians and graduate students according to their awareness of the copyright of digital products. Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID), one of the Decision Tree (DT) algorithms, was applied to data obtained by questionnaire from academicians and graduate students working in different universities in Turkey. According to the findings of the DT models obtained, the most important variables that affect whether academicians and graduate students obtain digital products legally are found to be age, gender and level of computer use. 60.6% of academicians and graduate students and all those who are in the young age group and who can use computers at an advanced level use pirated software. Age-related concepts are Free Software and Copyleft, and the level of knowledge about these concepts is low. Most academicians and graduate students do not download cracking programs from the internet; do not use the work of others without attribution, and do not share their own licensed software with their friends. When it comes to copyright violations, younger people think that downloading content should be free, while most middle-aged and older people disagree. Although all academicians and graduate students think that the person who violates copyright does not care about social responsibility, academicians agree with this idea more than students. The reasons for copyright violations were determined as insufficient law/legislation, financial reasons and the belief that they would not be caught.
... Morris also found that researchers overestimated publishers' allowances with the published version when it came to self-archiving, with more than half of researchers believing they could always or sometimes self-archive the published version. This finding was replicated by Jamali (2017), who found that 51.3% of papers (n = 201) uploaded to ResearchGate were non-compliant with publisher policies, and of those, 97.5% involved use of the publishers' PDF version. ...
The purpose of this paper is simultaneously to investigate researcher use and awareness of author addenda (e.g., the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition [SPARC] author addendum) and publisher awareness and acceptance of the same. Researchers at U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities institutions were targeted, and a survey was sent to faculty, graduate, and postdoctoral associations to share with their members. Following a low response rate, the survey was sent to a listserv of copyright librarians in Canada with a message that encouraged them to share it with researchers at their institutions. Eighty-one researchers responded to the survey. Eighty-six percent of researchers (n = 70) indicated that they were unaware of author addenda. Researchers were asked to identify how often they negotiate their publishing agreements, and of those who answered the question, 84.2% (n = 64) responded that they never negotiate. Thirteen publishers or publishing organizations were contacted and asked if they would participate in phone interviews about copyright practices and author addenda. Two large multinational publishers agreed to participate. Both publishers indicated that very few authors attempt to negotiate their agreements and that of those who choose to negotiate, even fewer use addenda. Both indicated that they do not accept the SPARC author addendum. This study’s small sample sizes mean that more information needs to be collected before firm conclusions can be drawn. Based on the responses from the two large publishers, the best way to help Tri-Agency-funded researchers may be for libraries and the Tri-Agency to negotiate with publishers for funder-based exceptions.
... An entity's or organization's inscription in a legal framework is important for many ways of conceptualizing legitimacy, and such features may indeed be relevant for academic social networks. The most obvious example, which speaks against legitimacy, concerns infringement on the copyright of publications, which has been an item for discussion and legal action (Jamali 2017). However, for the purpose of this study we draw on a view of legitimacy as the result of a process of social (Suchman 1995) or professional (Deephouse and Suchman 2008) endorsement and as based in acceptance within particular contexts or practices (Deephouse and Suchman 2008: 53). ...
Over the past decade, academic social networking sites, such as ResearchGate and Academia.edu, have become a common tool in academia for accessing publications and displaying metrics for research evaluation and self-monitoring. In this conceptual article, we discuss how these academic social networking sites, as devices of evaluation that build on both traditional values, objects, and metrics in academic publishing and on social media logics and algorithmic metrics, come to fulfil a need in the current academic (publishing) ecosystem. We approach this issue by identifying key affordances that arise in the interaction between platform and user. We then position these affordances in relation to potential needs of academics in today’s publishing landscape by drawing on Hafermalz’s metaphor of the ‘fear of exile’, which provides an alternative way of understanding the importance of visibility in the networked world, as a combination of competitive exposure and existential recognition. We end by considering the grounds on which the platforms may be attributed some level of legitimacy. This is done in order to understand the inherent contradiction between the broad use of the platforms and the fact that their integrity has been questioned repeatedly. We seek an answer to a legitimacy for the platforms in the fact that a pragmatic, mutual benefit exists between them and the research community; a benefit that is enhanced by the audit society influencing current academia.
... Finding professionals with the proper profile has become very complicated, and as a result either these functions are neglected or they are undertaken by professionals lacking sufficient training, which can also lead to serious problems (Carson and Greenhill, 2015). For example, there may be individual or institutional copyright infringements that could have been prevented (Jamali, 2017;Algenio, 2018;Chauham and Willet, 2019); a lack of confidence on the part of users with respect to the quality of the services they receive; or even, due to the lack of adequate personnel, the intervention of a legal office outside the library (Harris, 2015), which might imply that the focus is on avoiding legal problems instead of facilitating access to knowledge. ...
The close relationship between copyright laws and the development of library activities has become more intense and complex in recent years due to the impact of the digital setting. For this reason, librarians must have adequate knowledge about copyright, whether it be to carry out their own functions and tasks, or to help co-workers and users as efficiently as possible. The aim of the present paper is to determine the type of copyright instruction offered, plus its focus and depth, to students of master's programs in library and information studies at today's outstanding universities in this field. The results show that very few LIS programs provide the minimal training required for professionals to be copyright literate. Very few courses are dedicated specifically to copyright issues, as these subjects are usually studied in an excessively generic and superficial manner within broader courses dedicated to information policy, information ethics, or legal issues regarding information. If we also bear in mind that most of these courses are elective, not required, the conclusion is that very few LIS graduates attain the minimal instruction required. The best results are obtained by US and Canadian universities accredited by the American Library Association (ALA), since copyright issues are included in the list of core competences required to achieve accreditation. The solution to this problem may lie in two complementary approaches. One would be to follow the ALA model and the IFLA recommendation and include copyright contents in the LIS curricula worldwide, and the other would be to provide institutional support for those professionals interested in obtaining the required training.
... Besides the general studies on academic social networks covering ResearchGate (Ovadia,2 014;Bhardwaj, 2017;J ordan and Weller,2 018;M anca, 2018), therea re standoutc ontributions about specific issues of the platform. We can thus highlight its use as ar epository (Borrego,2 017;Jamali, 2017;L ee et al., 2019), the operating of the questions and answers tool (Li et al., 2015;Jeng et al., 2017), and the analysis of user patterns (Muscanell and Utz, 2017;L iu and Fang,2 018;M eier and Tunger, 2018). ...
The objective of this work is to identify the main features of ResearchGate as an academic social network and its potential for research evaluation. To do this, first the birth of academic social networks in general, and ResearchGate in particular, are described. Next, a literature review about ResearchGate is carried out, showing the main topics covered by literature. Then, the general features of ResearchGate are identified and categorized, as well as all the metrics and indicators provided, broken down by entity. Finally, the main limitations and shortcomings of ResearchGate to be used as a bibliometric tool are synthetized. As a conclusion, our findings show potential of ResearchGate as a database (great coverage of documents, growing number of active users, and a wide variety of metrics). Nevertheless, it cannot be currently used for research evaluation due to several shortcomings (irreproducible indicators or lack of professional search/export features). These limitations are mainly derived from the ResearchGate business model, which is intended to be employed as a tool to enhance worldwide connectedness among researchers on the one hand and as a marketing tool to disseminate research-related ads and events on the other.
... Similar results have been reported by other studies: researchers think open access is beneficial for science but often do not open up their own publications (Eger et al., 2015). Peekhaus and Proferes (2015) found that half the tenure-track academics in their sample The open-access availability of criminological research to practitioners and policy makers 24 journals automatically submit post-prints of articles to the US National Institutes of Heath PubMed Central database upon acceptance, to be released after a 12-month embargo (Jamali, 2017). This not only makes open access easy, but over time makes it normative as well. ...
Criminology produces policy-relevant research and criminologists often seek to influence practice, but most criminological research is confined to expensive subscription journals. This disadvantages researchers in the global south, policy makers and practitioners who have the skills to use research findings but do not have journal subscriptions. Open access seeks to increase availability of research, but take-up among criminologists has been low. This study used a sample of 12,541 articles published in criminology journals between 2017 and 2019 to estimate the proportion of articles available via different types of open access. Overall 22% of research was available to non-subscribers, about half that found in other disciplines, even though authors had the right to make articles open without payment in at least 95% of cases. Open access was even less common in many leading journals and among researchers in the United States. Open access has the potential to increase access to research for those outside academia, but few scholars exercise their existing rights to distribute freely the submitted or accepted versions of their articles online. Policies to incentivise authors to make research open access where possible are needed unlock the benefits of greater access to criminological research.
... However, because these sites do not check the permissions of content posted there, many articles hosted on ASNs break with copyright permissions either because the publisher does not allow self-archiving or because the author mistakenly posts the wrong version. In 2017, Jamili found that 51.3% of a study sample of articles in ResearchGate were copyright-noncompliant [12]. For this reason, many studies analyzing the prevalence of OA do not include ASNs in the Green category. ...
Many in the library world see open-access (OA) publishing as the way of the future, necessary to combat ever-rising costs, expand knowledge and information production, and level the playing field for researchers and students across the world. However, ingrained notions of the publishing process in academia, and concerns over OA journals’ quality and costs often make researchers less enthusiastic. This study takes a close look at faculty habits at the college-department level by reviewing faculty publishing habits and cited references in those publications. Results show that the faculty in the Psychology Department at California State University, Los Angeles regularly publish at all OA levels, but utilize formal self-archiving less than what is found in their cited references. Furthermore, the department faculty cite fully OA (Gold) journals less than they publish in them.
... The copyright infringement nature of SciHub and to some extent of copyrighted content hosted by academic social networks, on the other hand, has been extensively debated (Björk, 2017;Jamali, 2017;Laakso et al., 2017;Laakso & Polonioli, 2018;Lovett et al., 2017). The possibility that over 80% of UAE librarians have used them with varying degrees confirms Harle's (2016) warning that embracing these piracybased platforms is a natural outcome in light of current high access costs. ...
The advent of open access (OA) has changed the scholarly communication landscape resulting in disruption of traditional relationships between different stakeholders. Thus, the gatekeeping role of academic librarians has been impaired. However, by assuming the role of gate-openers, librarians have become facilitators of OA uptake in the United Arab Emirates. Results of the UAE librarians survey show that they are aware of OA routes and predatory journals; they are using different instruction methods to educate users on OA resources and publishing; and they harness OA resources along the traditional subscription-based products. Readers of international library journals need to be aware of efforts undertaken by their peers to advance OA mandate outside the Eastern European and North American context, often dominating scholarly communication studies.
... The platform is free of charge, offers useful mechanism for promoting scientists and research organisations, allows for uploading many types of scientific content, offers private rooms for sharing confidential data, reports, analysis and provides many user level and organisation level metrics like RG score, total research interest allowing for scientists comparison (Table 3) (Wiechetek and Mastalerz, 2019). Usage of RG platform can cause also some concerns including that published content does not require peer review, a lot of uploaded papers can infringe publisher's copyright (Jamali, 2017), providing the articles published by predatory journals (Memon, 2016), underrepresentation of some disciplines (Thelwall and Kousha, 2017). Finally, the calculation algorithm of RG score is unknown, therefore main RG metric is untransparent and irreproducible. ...
Digital transformation is an irreversible process today. One of the
fundamental tools of the digital economy is the internet and its social networks based on Web 2.0 tools. The purpose of the article is to compare the usage of one of the most popular academic social network ResearchGate by business researchers from Poland and Slovenia (n = 896). The descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, k-means clustering, and tests of significance were used. The analyses showed that ResearchGate portal is not frequently used by researchers. The main differences relate to RG score and number of citations. The RG Score is strongly positive correlated with number of citations, published items and reads. Clustering procedure identified five groups of RG users that could be called balanced, appreciated, beginners, knocking and poets. The researchers should be more encouraged to use specialised social networking sites to promote their achievements and the performance of the research teams or university units.
... Es prudente pensar que pueda haber una relación indirecta pero proporcional entre la calidad percibida y la calidad de la educación, indicadores como Researchgate.net (RG), donde se muestra el impacto y calidad de las investigaciones realizadas por múltiples universidades y, tal como lo muestra la tabla 16, realizado por Campos, Rivera y Rodríguez (2014), se nota que aquellas universidades que invierten más en la calidad percibida son aquellas con mayor impacto en RG, esto quizá se deba a que al percibirse una mayor calidad incita a que aquel que desee realizar una investigación con mayor grado de rigurosidad vea en las universidades con mayor calidad percibida una plataforma no solo más seria sino también profesional y con mayor visibilidad en aras de dar a conocer el trabajo en sí (Uribe, 2017;Jamali, 2017 ...
Aspectos como la globalización, la competitividad y la digitalización de procesos, hacen que las organizaciones se transformen y busquen más y mejores alternativas para sobrevivir, es así como las instituciones educativas, con el objetivo de ser pertinentes a las necesidades del entorno, le apuestan a la investigación como una herramienta de gestión que identifica y fortalece acciones desde la fundamentación y la comprensión de ámbitos internacionales para contextualizarlos a las necesidades nacionales y locales. La Corporación Universitaria Americana con la firme convicción de aportar a la sociedad desde la investigación, presenta el libro denominado Estrategia y gestión organizacional para que se comprendan algunas realidades académicas y empresariales y se brinde desde aquí el inicio de una exploración que perdure en la comunidad. Se considera que, desde la integración de instituciones educativas, grupos de investigación, docentes, estudiantes y empresarios, es la mejor apuesta para fusionar saberes y experiencias que construyan sociedad en un mundo que cada día es más exigente y requiere mejores atenciones. Los líderes de los proyectos investigativos que se articulan a este libro han venido comprendiendo la importancia de profundizar en aspectos locales, nacionales e internacionales que le aporten a las organizaciones y les permitan identificar las fortalezas o debilidades para construir propuestas de valor que apoyen en la gestión de cualquiera de las áreas. Por ello, las temáticas que se exponen en cada uno de los capítulos obedecen a un producto organizado y juicioso de investigadores expertos e integrantes de semilleros que empiezan a ver en la investigación una alternativa para el crecimiento y apoyo a dificultades reales de la sociedad. La naturaleza de las temáticas evidencia una necesidad que, con el planteamiento desarrollado, finalmente muestra una apuesta para que tanto académicos, como empresarios se apoyen en este libro para identificar la contextualización y propuesta de valor y quizá puedan replicar diferentes abordajes que sean de impacto a las organizaciones y a la comunidad en general. En los últimos años la investigación ha ganado importancia en los escenarios académicos, por lo que el apoyo desde la gestión administrativa y académica de las instituciones educativas para los docentes investigadores y estudiantes que integran los semilleros se hace más notoria, ya no solamente se investiga para conocer o profundizar más en determinado tema, sino que también se hace para trascender e impactar las organizaciones que integran la economía de un país. Los productos investigativos que se presentan a continuación brindan una estructura teórica desde el planteamiento problemático, y así mismo demuestran desde la metodología planteada la ruta que permitió un desarrollo importante y unos resultados que esperan aportar a empresas y a sectores claramente definidos. Aspectos como la planeación, organización, innovación y emprendimiento son la constante en este libro y se espera que puedan ser comprendidos en el contexto en el que se desarrollaron y que generen una luz para quienes desean indagar estas temáticas en otros entornos. Los diferentes grupos de investigación asociados a esta obra han construido alternativas para difundir propuestas investigativas que generen un importante reconocimiento a las instituciones educativas y a la sinergia que debe existir con el sector empresarial, sin embargo, una de las principales apuestas que se pretende abordar en los años venideros, será seguir construyendo academia de la mano de todos los sectores económicos y proponer ideas que brinden una mayor solución a las necesidades organizacionales. Es así que pensar en la consecución de temáticas como la adaptación organizacional como ventaja competitiva, herramientas digitales como alternativa de gestión, posicionamiento a partir del entendimiento del entorno, emprendimiento con sabor a café de Colombia, la satisfacción como estrategia educativa, valoración de emprendimientos hechos realidad, evaluación de políticas públicas y medioambientales, retos organizacionales en el contexto actual, la innovación y la competitividad que se plantean en este libro será una oportunidad importante para que desde la academia se continúe explorando y conociendo más información fundamentada y organizada para que las empresas tomen como punto de partida la conceptualización y la apliquen de una manera estructurada, seguramente el resultado será la comprensión, la unión y el creer en los procesos investigativos como generadores de valor para un mejor desarrollo empresarial. El libro Estrategia y gestión organizacional se desarrolla en quince capítulos y está organizado de manera que involucra aspectos de apoyo empresarial desde lo técnico y práctico que permiten brindar una línea en la sostenibilidad organizacional de manera holística y articulada a los diferentes grupos de interés que intervienen en la sociedad.
... Other methods that researchers may use to access articles involve so-called "shadow libraries" or "pirate OA", where articles are made available on the web with disregard to any existing copyright. ResearchGate are in infringement of copyright and publishers' policies (Jamali, 2017), which led to major publishers including Elsevier to take legal action against ResearchGate in 2018 (Else, 2018). Sci-Hub, founded by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011, is another shadow library with large-scale coverage: an analysis in 2018 ...
In 2014, a union of German research organisations established Projekt DEAL, a national-level project to negotiate licensing agreements with large scientific publishers. Negotiations between DEAL and Elsevier began in 2016, and broke down without a successful agreement in 2018; in this time, around 200 German research institutions cancelled their license agreements with Elsevier, leading Elsevier to restrict journal access at those institutions from July 2018 onwards. We investigated the effect of these access restrictions on researchers' publishing and citing behaviours from a bibliometric perspective, using a dataset of ~410,000 articles published by researchers at the affected DEAL institutions between 2012-2020. We further investigated these effects with respect to the timing of contract cancellations with Elsevier, research disciplines, collaboration patterns, and article open-access status. We find evidence for a decrease in Elsevier's market share of articles from DEAL institutions, from a peak of 25.3% in 2015 to 20.6% in 2020, with the largest year-on-year market share decreases occurring in 2019 (-1.1%) and 2020 (-1.6%) following the implementation of access restrictions. We also observe year-on-year decreases in the proportion of citations made from articles published by authors at DEAL institutions to articles in Elsevier journals post-2018, although the decrease is smaller (-0.4% in 2019 and -0.6% in 2020) than changes in publishing volume. We conclude that Elsevier access restrictions have led to some reduced willingness of researchers at DEAL institutions to publish their research in Elsevier journals, but that researchers are not strongly affected in their ability to cite Elsevier articles, with the implication that researchers use a variety of other methods (e.g. interlibrary loans, sharing between colleagues, or "shadow libraries") to access scientific literature.
... See, for example:Graveline, 2010;Gadd, 2017;and Jamali, 2017. ...
INTRODUCTION This study explores the baseline knowledge and interest of faculty and graduate students at a Carnegie-classified Doctoral/Professional University regarding different components of scholarly communication. METHODS A survey was developed to inquire about such topics as scholarly research, scholarly publishing, access to research, copyright, measuring impact, promoting research, and open-educational resources. Responses more significantly represented the humanities and social sciences versus the natural and applied sciences. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Results showed some hesitancy in embracing the open access (OA) publishing model, especially the use of article processing charges (APCs). Faculty largely collect original data and believe public access to original data is important, but this varies by college and includes almost one-fourth of faculty who do not feel that sharing data is important. The areas in which respondents expressed the highest level of knowledge correlate directly with the areas in which respondents expressed the most interest in professional development. Preferences in professional development modality were split between virtual and in-person sessions. With virtual sessions specifically, graduate students prefer synchronous sessions while faculty prefer pre-recorded sessions. CONCLUSION Respondents were generally aware of the library’s current scholarly communications services, but additional promotion and marketing is still needed, especially for colleges with the lowest areas of engagement.
Scholarly communication, Open Access (OA), and open science practices in Psychology are rapidly evolving. However, most published works that focus on scholarly communication issues do not target the specific discipline, and instead take a more “one size fits all” approach. When it comes to scholarly communication, research practices and traditions vary greatly across and within disciplines. This monograph presents a current overview that aims to cover Open Access (OA) and some of the newer open science-related issues that are affecting Psychology. Issues covered include topics around OA of all types, as well as other important scholarly communication-related issues such as the emergence of preprint options, the evolution of new peer review models, citation metrics, persistent identifiers, coauthorship conventions, field-specific OA megajournals, and other “gold” OA psychology journal options, the challenges of interdisciplinarity, and how authors are availing themselves of green and gold OA strategies or using scholarly networking sites such as ResearchGate. Included are discussions of open science strategies in Psychology such as reproducibility, replication, and research data management. This overview will allow psychology researchers to get up to speed on these expansive topics. Further study into researcher behavior in terms of scholarly communication in Psychology would create more understanding of existing culture as well as provide researchers with a more effective roadmap to the current landscape. As no other single work is known to provide a current look at scholarly communication topics that is specifically focused on Psychology, this targeted overview aims to partially fill that niche.
Zusammenfassung
ResearchGate ist eine der erfolgreichsten Webseiten der Wissenschaftskommunikation. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt ist das Bereitstellen von wissenschaftlichen Publikationen durch die Wissenschaftler selbst. Anliegen des Beitrags ist es ein Verständnis für den Erfolg von ResearchGate zu entwickeln, um Erkenntnis für die Verbesserung der eigenen Dienste im Bereich Green Open Access zu erlangen.
Objetivo: Analisar os periódicos indexados na Web of Science (WoS) que possuem artigos de autores com vínculo institucional brasileiro no ano de 2020. Identificou-se as características editoriais dos periódicos; descreveu-se os tipos de acesso dos títulos e discutiu-se as taxas de processamento de artigos. Metodologia: Foi uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O universo foi composto por 52.585 artigos publicados em 4.453 periódicos. A coleta dos utilizou os dados da plataforma Web of Science para a identificação dos artigos e os títulos dos periódicos, o Directory of Open Access Journals para verificar o tipo de acesso das revistas e os valores das APC cobradas e o Journal Citation Reports foi utilizado para identificar o fator de impacto de cada título. Resultados: Os resultados demonstram alta concentração de periódicos publicados por editoras comerciais (74,74%) com Fator de Impacto (FI) na faixa entre 2.001 e 3.000. Identificou-se que 3.707 (83,25%) são periódicos com acesso via subscrição e apenas 746 (16,75%) em acesso aberto (AA), sendo 581 (13,05%) títulos em AA com cobrança de taxas aos autores (APC) e 165 (3,71%) AA sem APC. Foi possível estimar que a média dos APC de artigos publicados por brasileiros foi de US$ 1.946,20. Conclusões: Conclui-se que os publishers comerciais dominam o cenário de publicações de autores com vínculo institucional brasileiro, onde os valores APC estão diretamente relacionados com o Fator de Impacto do periódico. E os pesquisadores respondem aos sistemas de avaliação internacional da ciência e publicam em títulos do chamado mainstream que compõe o oligopólio editorial comercial.
In recent years, various initiatives from within and outside the HCI field have encouraged researchers to improve research ethics, openness, and transparency in their empirical research. We quantify how the CHI literature might have changed in these three aspects by analyzing samples of 118 CHI 2017 and 127 CHI 2022 papers—randomly drawn and stratified across conference sessions. We operationalized research ethics, openness, and transparency into 45 criteria and manually annotated the sampled papers. The results show that the CHI 2022 sample was better in 18 criteria, but in the rest of the criteria, it has no improvement. The most noticeable improvements were related to research transparency (10 out of 17 criteria). We also explored the possibility of assisting the verification process by developing a proof-of-concept screening system. We tested this tool with eight criteria. Six of them achieved high accuracy and F1 score. We discuss the implications for future research practices and education.
List of works referred to in Armstrong & Green (2022) The Scientific Method
Academic Social Network Sites (ASNS) have grown to become a preeminent location for sharing full text scholarly research articles. This paper examines ASNS within the context of open access by suggesting that the framework of “gray open access” best describes ASNS as sites for the dissemination of published research. To understand why authors share their work on ASNS, this paper reviews library and information science literature, finding trends around desire to expand their works’ reach, appreciation of the ease of using ASNS, lack of knowledge regarding copyright restrictions, and desire to share only the final published version of their work. The paper concludes by suggesting avenues academic libraries can take to address the growth of ASNS as de facto repositories.
Since 2015, the University of Toronto Library’s Scholarly Communications and Copyright Office (SCCO) has been working in partnership with the Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (FIFSW) to build the Sophie Lucyk Virtual Library (SLVL), an open access library of social work scholarship.
By focusing on Green Open Access options, the SLVL has reproduced over 350 article articles which continue to be accessed by the public. This partnership provides a model for how open access can be supported at local level by dedicating resources to assisting researchers with negotiating copyright permissions with publishers.
Please note that this poster was accepted into the TRY Library Staff Conference but the conference was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and that the data for the SLVL on this poster may be out of date.
Modern science is constantly developing with digital technologies. The ResearchGate social network occupies a special place among the many platforms for promoting, evaluating and monitoring the results of scientific research. The ResearchGate platform allows scientists and researchers to upload, share, discuss, and collaborate on scientific papers. Given the strong attention to the development of science in our country, today, every researcher should be active in scientific and social networks, and in this study we tried to highlight the content of the ResearchGate platform.
Замонавий илм-фан рақамли технологиялар билан узвий ривожланмоқда. Илмий тадқиқот натижаларини оммалаштирувчи, баҳоловчи ва мониторинг қилувчи кўплаб платформалар қаторида ResearchGate ижтимоий тармоғи алоҳида ўринга эга. ResearchGate платформаси олим ва тадқиқотчиларга илмий ишларни юклаш, улашиш, муҳокама қилиш ҳамда илмий ҳамкорликни йўлга қўйиш имкониятини беради. Республикамизда илм-фан ривожига кучли эътибор қаратилаётган бугунги кунда ҳар бир тадқиқотчи олим илмий-ижтимоий тармоқларда фаол бўлиши лозимлигини эътиборга олиб, ушбу мақолада ResearchGate платформасининг мазмунини ёритишга ҳарақат қилдик.
Diese Publikation ist eine Einführung in Open Access und das wissenschaftliche Publizieren zur Unterstützung der Wissensvermittlung durch Multiplikator:innen im Sinne des Formats Train-the-Trainer. Entsprechend richtet sich dieses Train-the-Trainer-Konzept insbesondere an Personen, die im Rahmen ihrer Tätigkeiten andere Personen hinsichtlich Informations- und Beratungskompetenzen im Bereich Open Access und dem wissenschaftlichen Publizieren aus- und weiterbilden und dazu entsprechende Schulungsangebote erstellen wollen. Das Train-the-Trainer-Konzept umfasst dazu neben den fachlichen Inhalten auch Informationen zu didaktischen Grundlagen und Methoden sowie zur Organisation von Veranstaltungen. Der modulare Aufbau der Inhalte, fertige Ablaufpläne (Lehrdrehbücher) und Übungsvorschläge zu jeder Lehreinheit unterstützen eine flexible, zielgruppengerechte Konzeption von Veranstaltungen im Präsenz- sowie Online-Format.
This study seeks to understand the nature of research communications during the global crisis that occurred due to COVID-19. The velocity of the current knowledge delivery patterns vs the information reliability is considered. The instruments of open science are revealed, the open access to the research results being the most important among them. The academic research networks, citizen science patterns, online and offline research conferences are under consideration as well. The existing academic communications, training, and exchanges are interconnected with the problem of massive carbon footprint. For Russia, the new principlesof knowledge dissemination carry the possibility of increasing the visibility of domestic science even while maintaining the current level of scientific productivity. In order to reach higher visibility Russia has to participate more in global scientific exchanges.
This chapter addresses questions related to the complex relationships between information, data, and human beings, frequently treated as the foundation of information and data ecologies. We focus on issues that have varied interfaces with literacies, but are not literacies in the proper sense of the word. The first part of this chapter focuses on openness, reproducibility, credibility, and sharing of digital data. Attention is given to research data’s Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse. There is also a short discussion of the relationship between research data and copyright. In the second part, data journals and data papers are targeted, and attention is paid to the problems of measuring and evaluating research data. The third part touches on varied issues, such as possible coauthorships between librarians and researchers, research data management, reputation management, information and data overload, posttruth phenomena and the influence of posttruth, as well as the deluge of publications related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται μια λεπτομερής περιγραφή του περιβάλλοντος της ακαδημαϊκής έρευνας και κατ’ επέκταση της επιστημονικής επικοινώνησης, όπως αυτό έχει διαμορφωθεί σήμερα, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τη συνεχόμενη ανάπτυξη αυτών. Η ανάπτυξη αυτών μελετάται από την πλευρά των τεχνολογικών εξελίξεων και της επίδρασης που έχει στην έρευνα το κίνημα της Ανοικτής Πρόσβασης. Γίνεται μια επισκόπηση των εργαλείων, των υπηρεσιών και των διαδικασιών που έχουν αναπτυχθεί από βιβλιοθήκες ή άλλους οργανισμούς και τα οποία, με τη σωστή χρήση τους εντός του ακαδημαϊκού χώρου, μπορούν να διευκολύνουν το έργο του ερευνητή/τριας. Σε αυτό το συνεχώς εξελισσόμενο πλαίσιο του μοντέλου της ερευνητικής ακαδημαϊκής παραγωγής, εξετάζεται ο ιδιαίτερα ενεργός ρόλος και ο χαρακτήρας της ακαδημαϊκής βιβλιοθήκης, παίζοντας κεντρικό ρόλο στην καθοδήγηση και την υποστήριξη της ερευνητικής παραγωγής. Αναφέρονται τα είδη των συνεργασιών που θα μπορούσαν να αναπτυχθούν από αυτήν με άλλους οργανισμούς και μονάδες, ιδιαίτερα εντός του ακαδημαϊκού ιδρύματος αλλά και εντός του ακαδημαϊκού χώρου γενικότερα, καθώς και δράσεις που θα μπορούσαν να διενεργηθούν. Επιπρόσθετα, γίνεται και μια αναφορά στις δεξιότητες που απαιτείται να έχει ο/η βιβλιοθηκονόμος για την όσο το δυνατόν πιο αποτελεσματική υποστήριξη όλων των παραπάνω.
Τέλος, παρατίθενται προτάσεις υιοθέτησης καλών πρακτικών από τις βιβλιοθήκες, προκειμένου να συμβάλουν στην ενίσχυση της εγρήγορσης των ερευνητών/τριων στην αξιοποίηση των προσφερόμενων εργαλείων και υπηρεσιών.
Purpose
The open-access (OA) publishing model can help improve researchers’ outreach, thanks to its accessibility and visibility to the public. Therefore, the presentation of female researchers can benefit from the OA publishing model. Despite that, little is known about how gender affects OA practices. Thus, the current study explores the effects of female involvement and risk aversion on OA publishing patterns among Vietnamese social sciences and humanities.
Design/methodology/approach
The study employed Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) on a dataset of 3,122 Vietnamese social sciences and humanities (SS&H) publications during 2008–2019. The Mindsponge mechanism was specifically used to construct theoretical models, while Bayesian inference was utilized for fitting models.
Findings
The result showed a positive association between female participation and OA publishing probability. However, the positive effect of female involvement on OA publishing probability was negated by the high ratio of female researchers in a publication. OA status was negatively associated with the JIF of the journal in which the publication was published, but the relationship was moderated by the involvement of a female researcher(s). The findings suggested that Vietnamese female researchers might be more likely to publish under the OA model in journals with high JIF for avoiding the risk of public criticism.
Research limitations
The study could only provide evidence on the association between female involvement and OA publishing probability. However, whether to publish under OA terms is often determined by the first or corresponding authors, but not necessarily gender-based.
Practical implications
Systematically coordinated actions are suggested to better support women and promote the OA movement in Vietnam.
Originality/value
The findings show the OA publishing patterns of female researchers in Vietnamese SS&H.
Advances in technology have triggered the emergence of a new generation of science communication forms that are based on Open Science (OS), an umbrella for different movements whose goal is to promote transparency, reusability, and connectivity of research. It provides the infrastructure (platforms, tools, and services) to make scientific information freely available. OS can mean many different things—Open Access (OA) to publications, open research data, open peer review, open citations, open-source software, open collaboration, open notebooks, open educational resources, open books, and citizen science. This chapter focuses on the movements promoting (1) OA to publications, (2) Open peer review, (3) Open research data, and (4) OA to citations. It also looks at how preprints, academic social sites, and new communication formats, such as Registered Reports, Lab Protocols, and Study Protocols are challenging the traditional scientific publishing system.
With science becoming more interdisciplinary and the volume of publications growing so fast, it is becoming more and more difficult to sift through so much information and find what is really important. Today, the traditional information retrieval techniques cannot meet the increasing demand for high-quality search results. We now use both formal and informal ways to gain access to the latest research, and sometimes we discover it in unlikely places. Understanding how we can discover information more efficiently helps us make appropriate choices regarding methods and methodology for the questions we are seeking to answer. This chapter examines different approaches to discovering scientific information: searching for information, connecting information (citation linking), encountering information (discovering by accident—serendipity), and sharing information (social media and networking).
As science grew, it became impossible to follow new research, read whole articles, or browse through journals. New digital technologies based on Open Science, Open Access, linked data, artificial intelligence (AI), algorithms, APIs, machine learning, natural language processing, search engine optimization (SEO), text mining, semantic searching, visualization, and voice recognition are transforming the way we discover and use scientific information. Academic libraries, database publishers, and search engines are developing flexible and dynamic “smart” tools that are pointing us in the right direction. Information resources are coming together on a single platform, allowing us to search for literature, properties of chemical compounds, datasets, patents, videos, and other digital assets—from a single access point. Increasing interoperability and establishing frameworks for exchanging information between scholarly literature in an open information ecosystem will allow connecting data with the literature behind it. This chapter looks at how scientific information is processed, disseminated, and delivered. It focuses on indexing, interface design, integration of resources, “smart” discovery tools, and SEO.
With so much information available on the internet, it is difficult for users to figure out which resources are the most appropriate to use. Before going to a bibliographic indexing database, they often do a preliminary search in Google Scholar or in some other popular search engine. A large volume of searches, though, are now also occurring on Baidu Scholar, Dimensions, so.com, and The Lens—newcomers that are beginning to play a critical role on the information landscape. As the integration of diverse information resources on a single platform is becoming a norm, bibliographic literature databases are sharing “home” with resources for finding properties of chemical compounds, patents, book catalogs, and other resources. This chapter presents different scenarios and strategies for discovering scientific information more efficiently. An overview of the current scholarly communication formats is followed by examination of the major science information resources. The process of discovering scientific information is presented through specific examples of searching for literature, properties of chemical compounds, research datasets, and other scientific information; refining and analyzing search results; and using bibliographic management tools to export, store, and cite references. The chapter also looks at some informal ways of keeping up with the most recent research, using social media, and networking.
In the current highly competitive publishing environment, authors cannot entirely rely on publishers, search engines, and indexing services to make their works discoverable. They need to promote their research and build attention to it. There are strategies that authors could adopt to facilitate this process—writing eye-catching titles and abstracts that grab the attention of readers; using keywords that will put search engines “on notice”; choosing the most suitable journals to publish; going for Open Science and Open Access on all fronts; and engaging with social media (tweeting abstracts and posting papers on Academia.edu and ResearchGate) to promote their research. This chapter describes strategies that researchers could use to make their publications more visible and easier to discover.
Resumen:
Desde la década de 1980, México cuenta con el Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI), programa que reconoce el prestigio y la calidad de la producción científica de los académicos que lo conforman. Mediante éste, se otorga un estímulo económico de acuerdo con el nivel obtenido, los cuales pueden ser: candidato, nivel I, II, III y emérito. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar cómo los 125 investigadores del nivel III del área de Sociología han incorporado el uso de herramientas de la ciencia 2.0 para la visibilidad y diseminación de su producción científica, a partir de la creación y actualización de perfiles académicos en Google Scholar y en dos redes sociales académicas: ResearchGate, y Academia.edu. Para ello, independientemente de los indicadores particulares de cada una de estas plataformas, revisamos: nivel de actualización del perfil; tipo de documentos depositados; número de descargas, citas y visitas su perfil.
ResearchGate (RG) is a scholarly social network that possesses an impressive array of reputational metrics and has the potential to supplant publishers as the prime deliverer of scholarly reputation. It possesses 10 reputational mechanisms, and these are the subject of an evaluation employing desk research, expert evaluation, and an analysis of 400 RG members. The main conclusions are: RG (1) provides a rich, albeit confusing, amount of reputational data; (2) struggles with the deployment of alternative, engagement metrics, such as Q&A and follower data, which can lead to reputational anomalies; (3) employs usage data in an especially effective manner; and (4) leads the field in the way it engages with the scholar.
ResearchGate es una de las más importantes redes sociales académicas, con más de 9 millones de usuarios y 80 millones de documentos. Además de importantes herramientas de networking social académico y ofertas de empleo, proporciona un amplio catálogo de indicadores bibliométricos, entre los que se encuentra ResearchGate Score. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es revelar las principales ventajas e inconvenientes de estos indicadores, prestando una atención especial al citado RG Score, indicador insignia de ResearchGate. Pese a que ResearchGate ofrece unas prestaciones e indicadores bibliométricos con enormes posibilidades para obtener datos complementarios acerca del impacto de la producción científica y acadé- mica de un autor, tanto las políticas de comunicación como algunas acciones recientes tomadas en el diseño, elaboración y difusión de sus indicadores generan importantes dudas respecto a su uso con fines evaluativos. Finalmente, respecto a RG Score, se concluye que el indicador no mide el prestigio de los investigadores sino su nivel de participación en la plataforma. Accesible desde: http://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/EPI/article/view/epi.2016.mar.18/30281
Structural changes to the scholarly environment are taking place as a result of the introduction of Web 2.0 technologies,
which have given rise to Open Science 2.0 initiatives, such as open access publishing, open data, citizen science, and open
peer evaluation systems. In turn, this is leading to new ways of building, showcasing, and measuring scholarly reputation
through emerging platforms, such as ResearchGate. The article reports the findings of a survey of the opinions and practices
of 251 European scholars about this emerging scholarly market. Findings showed that traditional research-related activities,
including conducting and collaborating in research, taking part in multidisciplinary projects, and publishing in journals
contribute most to scholarly reputation. The greatest weaknesses of reputational platforms were a lack of trustworthiness
and being open to gaming. The large majority of researchers, despite some reservations, thought that reputational systems
were here to stay and will become increasingly important in the future, and especially for younger researchers.
The large multidisciplinary academic social web site ResearchGate aims to help academics to connect with each other and to publicise their work. Despite its popularity, little is known about the age and discipline of the articles uploaded and viewed in the site and whether publication statistics from the site could be useful impact indicators. In response, this article assesses samples of ResearchGate articles uploaded at specific dates, comparing their views in the site to their Mendeley readers and Scopus-indexed citations. This analysis shows that ResearchGate is dominated by recent articles, which attract about three times as many views as older articles. ResearchGate has uneven coverage of scholarship, with the arts and humanities, health professions, and decision sciences poorly represented and some fields receiving twice as many views per article as others. View counts for uploaded articles have low to moderate positive correlations with both Scopus citations and Mendeley readers, which is consistent with them tending to reflect a wider audience than Scopus-publishing scholars. Hence, for articles uploaded to the site, view counts may give a genuinely new audience indicator.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to detect and describe disciplinary differences in the users and use of several social networking sites by scientists.
Design/methodology/approach
– Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) (Spanish National Research Council) researchers registered in the most currently relevant academic social network sites (Google Scholar Citations, Academia.edu, ResearchGate (RG) and Mendeley) were analysed. In total, 6,132 profiles were classified according the eight research areas of the CSIC.
Findings
– Results show that Academia.edu is massively populated by humanists and social scientists, while RG is popular among biologists. Disciplinary differences are observed across every platform. Thus, scientists from the humanities and social sciences and natural resources show a significant activity contacting other members. On the contrary, biologists are more passive using social tools.
Originality/value
– This is the first study that analyses the disciplinary performance of a same sample of researchers on a varied number of academic social sites, comparing their numbers across web sites.
Google Scholar, a widely used academic search engine, plays a major role in finding free full-text versions of articles. But little is known about the sources of full-text files in Google Scholar. The aim of the study was to find out about the sources of full-text items and to look at subject differences in terms of number of versions, times cited, rate of open access availability and sources of full-text files. Three queries were created for each of 277 minor subject categories of Scopus. The queries were searched in Google Scholar and the first ten hits for each query were analyzed. Citations and patents were excluded from the results and the time frame was limited to 2004–2014. Results showed that 61.1 % of articles were accessible in full-text in Google Scholar; 80.8 % of full-text articles were publisher versions and 69.2 % of full-text articles were PDF. There was a significant difference between the means of times cited of full text items and non-full-text items. The highest rate of full text availability for articles belonged to life science (66.9 %). Publishers’ websites were the main source of bibliographic information for non-full-text articles. For full-text articles, educational (edu, ac.xx etc.) and org domains were top two sources of full text files. ResearchGate was the top single website providing full-text files (10.5 % of full-text articles).
Purpose
– The study aimed to investigate the perceptions of faculty members at a medium-sized university towards self-archiving and participation in institutional repositories (IRs).
Design/methodology/approach
– The research participants were from a medium-sized university. An online survey was distributed and a total of 217 responses were received which yielded a 40 per cent overall response rate. Faculty perceptions of the IR were measured through nine dimensions, the results of which were later summarised using principal component factor analysis.
Findings
– Faculty members’ perception of IRs and willingness to contribute to the IRs were closely associated with scholarly productivity rather than prior knowledge of and experience with IRs. Those who possessed scholarly materials were significantly more likely to have a positive perception of IRs and, therefore, were more likely to contribute to IRs than those who did not. Seniority in faculty rank contributed negatively to faculty members’ perception of the repository.
Research limitations/implications
– The study used a non-probability sampling technique to collect data about the faculty’s perception of IRs at a single institution of higher education. Variables for faculty background were limited to rank and academic discipline.
Originality/value
– In three ways: First, the study contributed to research on faculty perception of IRs in academia and approached the issue from the perspective of a teaching-oriented institution. Second, the relationship between faculty's willingness to participate in and their perception of IRs was measured. Third, a binary logistic regression model was used to estimate factors that influence faculty's perception of the institution's IRs.
This survey of approximately 150 repositories assessed the achievements, impact, and success of digital repositories. Results show that while the size and use of repositories has been relatively modest, almost half of all institutions either have, or are planning, a repository mandate requiring deposit and small gains have been made in raising the profile of the library within the institution. Repositories, then, have made a good deal of progress, but they have not quite come of age. © 2013, David Nicholas, Ian Rowlands, Anthony Watkinson, David Brown, Bill Russell, and Hamid R. Jamali.
The study of highly cited documents on Google Scholar (GS) has never been addressed to date in a comprehensive manner. The objective of this work is to identify the set of highly cited documents in Google Scholar and define their core characteristics: their languages, their file format, or how many of them can be accessed free of charge. We will also try to answer some additional questions that hopefully shed some light about the use of GS as a tool for assessing scientific impact through citations. The decalogue of research
questions is shown below:
1. Which are the most cited documents in GS?
2. Which are the most cited document types in GS?
3. What languages are the most cited documents written in GS?
4. How many highly cited documents are freely accessible?
4.1 What file types are the most commonly used to store these highly cited documents?
4.2 Which are the main providers of these documents?
5. How many of the highly cited documents indexed by GS are also indexed by WoS?
6. Is there a correlation between the number of citations that these highly cited documents have received in GS and the number of citations they have received in WoS?
7. How many versions of these highly cited documents has GS detected?
8. Is there a correlation between the number of versions GS has detected for these documents, and the number citations they have received?
9. Is there a correlation between the number of versions GS has detected for these documents, and their position in the search engine result pages?
10. Is there some relation between the positions these documents occupy in the search engine result pages, and the number of citations they have received?
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which academics are engaged with online communities for research purposes, and the research activities, platforms and tools associated with these communities. In addition, the paper aims to discover the benefits, disadvantages and barriers involved in the use of online communities, and especially in regard to the trust and authority issues, so important in scholarly communications.
Design/methodology/approach
– A layered, mixed-methods approach was used for this complex research topic. Interviews were undertaken with social science and humanities researchers, followed up with focus groups in both the USA and UK. This qualitative work was then followed up with an online questionnaire that generated over 1,000 responses.
Findings
– Over half the sample had experience of an online research community and a majority of researchers are making at least occasional use of one or more Web 2.0 services for communicating their research activity; for developing and sustaining networks and collaboration; or for finding out what others are doing. Big differences exist in membership rates according to subject, but not really by age or other demographic factors. The biggest benefit to joining an online community is the ability to seek information in one’s own specialism. Younger researchers are more engaged with online communities.
Research limitations/implications
– The qualitative research was limited to the UK and USA. While use of online communities is now accepted by both established and younger researchers, the main ways of communicating research remain scholarly journals and books.
Practical implications
– The implications for learned societies and publishers are not clear. Journals are confirmed as the primary way of disseminating research. However, it would be easy for these stakeholders to miss how younger researchers expect to connect in digital communities.
Social implications
– With researchers of all ages accepting the existing and importance of online communities and connections, there are few technical or social barriers to using mainstream digital tools to connect professionally.
Originality/value
– There is little published research considering the role of online research communities, so the study is highly original. It is valuable to discover that researchers still prefer to share research findings primarily through journals, rather than through social technologies.
Open access (OA) is free, unrestricted access to electronic versions of scholarly publications. For peer-reviewed journal articles, there are two main routes to OA: publishing in OA journals (gold OA) or archiving of article copies or manuscripts at other web locations (green OA). This study focuses on summarizing and extending current knowledge about green OA. A synthesis of previous studies indicates that green OA coverage of all published journal articles is approximately 12%, with substantial disciplinary variation. Typically, green OA copies become available after considerable time delays, partly caused by publisher-imposed embargo periods, and partly by author tendencies to archive manuscripts only periodically. Although green OA copies should ideally be archived in proper repositories, a large share is stored on home pages and similar locations, with no assurance of long-term preservation. Often such locations contain exact copies of published articles, which may infringe on the publisher's exclusive rights. The technical foundation for green OA uploading is becoming increasingly solid largely due to the rapid increase in the number of institutional repositories. The number of articles within the scope of OA mandates, which strongly influence the self-archival rate of articles, is nevertheless still low.
ResearchGate is a social network site for academics to create their own profiles, list their
publications and interact with each other. Like Academia.edu, it provides a new way for
scholars to disseminate their publications and hence potentially changes the dynamics of
informal scholarly communication. This article assesses whether ResearchGate usage and
publication data broadly reflect existing academic hierarchies and whether individual
countries are set to benefit or lose out from the site. The results show that rankings based
on ResearchGate statistics correlate moderately well with other rankings of academic
institutions, suggesting that ResearchGate use broadly reflects traditional academic
capital. Moreover, while Brazil, India and some other countries seem to be
disproportionately taking advantage of ResearchGate, academics in China, South Korea
and Russia may be missing opportunities to use ResearchGate to maximise the academic
impact of their publications.
The degree to which scholarly journal articles published in subscription-based journals could be provided open access (OA) through publisher-permitted uploading to freely accessible web locations, so called green OA, is an underexplored area of research. This study combines article volume data originating from the Scopus bibliographic database with manually coded publisher policies of the 100 largest journal publishers measured by article output volume for the year 2010. Of the 1.1 million articles included in the analysis, 80.4 % could be uploaded either as an accepted manuscript or publisher version to an institutional or subject repository after one year of publication. Publishers were found to be substantially more permissive with allowing accepted manuscripts on personal webpages (78.1 % of articles) or in institutional repositories (79.9 %) compared to subject repositories (32.8 %). With previous studies suggesting realized green OA to be around 12 % of total annual articles the results highlight the substantial unused potential for green OA.
Carnegie Mellon faculty Web pages and publisher policies were examined to understand self-archiving practice. The breadth of adoption and depth of commitment are not directly correlated within the disciplines. Determining when self-archiving has become a habit is difficult. The opportunity to self-archive far exceeds the practice, and much of what is self-archived is not aligned with publisher policy. Policy appears to influence neither the decision to self-archive nor the article version that is self-archived. Because of the potential legal ramifications, faculty must be convinced that copyright law and publisher policy are important and persuaded to act on that conviction.
Altmetrics, indices based on social media platforms and tools, have recently
emerged as alternative means of measuring scholarly impact. Such indices assume
that scholars in fact populate online social environments, and interact with
scholarly products there. We tested this assumption by examining the use and
coverage of social media environments amongst a sample of bibliometricians. As
expected, coverage varied: 82% of articles published by sampled
bibliometricians were included in Mendeley libraries, while only 28% were
included in CiteULike. Mendeley bookmarking was moderately correlated (.45)
with Scopus citation. Over half of respondents asserted that social media tools
were affecting their professional lives, although uptake of online tools varied
widely. 68% of those surveyed had LinkedIn accounts, while Academia.edu,
Mendeley, and ResearchGate each claimed a fifth of respondents. Nearly half of
those responding had Twitter accounts, which they used both personally and
professionally. Surveyed bibliometricians had mixed opinions on altmetrics'
potential; 72% valued download counts, while a third saw potential in tracking
articles' influence in blogs, Wikipedia, reference managers, and social media.
Altogether, these findings suggest that some online tools are seeing
substantial use by bibliometricians, and that they present a potentially
valuable source of impact data.
An online survey of institutional repository (IR) managers identified copyright clearance trends in staffing and workflows. The majority of respondents followed a mediated deposit model, and reported that library personnel, instead of authors, engaged in copyright clearance activities for IRs. The most common “information gaps” pertained to the breadth of information in copyright directories like SHERPA/RoMEO. To fill these gaps, most respondents directly contacted publishers for permissions. Respondents typically did not share publisher responses with other IRs citing barriers such as time, expertise, staffing and the need for improved methods for sharing data with copyright directories.
This paper presents an analysis of selected social networking portals for science, research and innovation as the first step in development of a portal for social network of IT professionals in the Czech Republic. First, actual portal implementations of four portals dedicated to scientific communities of researchers are analyzed, compared from the perspective of provided functions, layout and their interdependence and the main features are summarized. Then, the most important recommendations for the portal being developed are presented. The last part of the paper introduces two concepts of structured profiles - knowledge profile and scientific profile - that are proposed in order to precisely and explicitly express knowledge and scientific alignment of an IT professional. These two profiles will make it possible to search and compare IT specialists, their groups and projects or pair the users to the demands on the market. The paper concludes with a list of typical use cases where the profiles will be utilized.
This article is the fourth in a series of six emanating from the UK JISC-funded RoMEO Project (Rights Metadata for Open archiving). It describes an analysis of 80 scholarly journal publishers’ copyright agreements with a particular view to their effect on author self-archiving. 90% of agreements asked for copyright transfer and 69% asked for it prior to refereeing the paper. 75% asked authors to warrant that their work had not been previously published although only two explicitly stated that they viewed self-archiving as prior publication. 28.5% of agreements provided authors with no usage rights over their own paper. Although 42.5% allowed self-archiving in some format, there was no consensus on the conditions under which self-archiving could take place. The article concludes that author-publisher copyright agreements should be reconsidered by a working party representing the needs of both parties.
This is the first of a series of studies emanating from the UK JISC‐funded RoMEO Project (Rights Metadata for Open‐archiving) which investigated the IPR issues relating to academic author self‐archiving of research papers. It considers the claims for copyright ownership in research papers by universities, academics, and publishers by drawing on the literature, a survey of 542 academic authors and an analysis of 80 journal publisher copyright transfer agreements. The paper concludes that self‐archiving is not best supported by copyright transfer to publishers. It recommends that universities assert their interest in copyright ownership in the long term, that academics retain rights in the short term, and that publishers consider new ways of protecting the value they add through journal publishing.
This research evaluates the success of open access self-archiving in several well-known institutional repositories. Two assessment factors have been applied to examine the current practice of self-archiving: depositorship and the availability of full text. This research discovers that the rate of author self-archiving is low and that the majority of documents have been deposited by a librarian or administrative staff. Similarly, the rate of full-text availability is relatively low, except for Australian repositories. By identifying different practices of self-archiving, repository managers can create new strategies for the operation of their repositories and the development of archiving policies.
The main purpose of the paper is to explore how research scholars of University of Delhi integrated Social Networking Sites (SNSs) into their daily communication for research work. A structured questionnaire was designed and personally distributed 160 respondents. Most used SNSs for “lurking” while few used such sites for promoting one’s research. Additionally, most respondents preferred the SNS Facebook and ResearchGate for academic purposes. Collaborative and peer-to-peer learning were common benefits from SNSs while some expressed concern regarding cyber-bullying and privacy. Finally, a majority of respondents said using SNSs may be a waste of time.
This study clarified the actual use of infringed content for university students in Japan using a survey on the target video and audio contents. In this study, the following became clear. (1) The use of digital content has been pervasive. The demand for music-related content is high. (2) Most users watch and listen to digital contents without consideration for copyright infringement. Indeed, users indicated feeling no guilt and concern for the risks involved when accessing infringed materials. These results show that many users lack a proper understanding of copyright laws.
Learning involves mental processes, acquisition of some skills and competencies which must be relatively permanent within the cognitive abilities of the learners. These skills may be acquired in a formal learning environment or an informal learning environment. The later explains a situation in which people acquire knowledge through direct and indirect contact with various forms of mass media, like newspapers, television, radio, etc.
Oje and Babalola (2000), defined learning as the mental activity by which knowledge and skills, habits and attitudes, virtues and ideas are acquired, retained and utilized, resulting in the progressive adaptation and modification of conduct and behaviour. It is important to note here that this process of learning is usually enhanced through the various learning resources used by undergraduate students in higher institutions of learning.
Learning resources according to Oje and Babalola (1999) are information, represented and stored in variety of media and format, that assist students’ learning as defined by provincial or local curricula, this includes but is not limited to materials in print, video and software formats. These learning resources are usually made available for access to the learners in the library; hence the library is usually referred to as a storehouse of information. Muazu’tt (1987) in Apotiade (2002) defined a library as a repository of knowledge or an intellectual storehouse serving as giant memory to mankind”
A library could is a social institution concerned with the collection, processing, storage and dissemination of recorded information for the purpose of reading, study and consultation; in order to satisfy the varying information needs of its clientele. (Aina, 2004)
Undergraduate students need information to improve their social, economic and political experiences and this information is best retrieved from the libraries. Kargbo (2002) noted that libraries are derivative agencies. They arise from particular needs within a society and their types and functions reflect the diversity within the society. Hence we can say that libraries are institutions that assist its user in deriving and accessing various information.
Information materials and learning resources available in the library are not restricted to the use of the learners alone but also teachers who impact the knowledge.
Teaching, as defined by Abolade (1986) in Oje (2000), is the process of imparting knowledge or encoding information so that the decoder may be able to modify his behaviour. Teaching and learning resources available to users and the teachers could be in various formats like print, audio, visual, audiovisual, electronic, e.t.c., but the most commonly used learning resources by undergraduate students in the University of Ibadan is the print form. It is also very necessary that the intellectual contents of these learning resources be protected from being infringed on by users and this can only be achieved through the implementation of copyright. There can be no issue of copyright if the learning resources are not being utilized; infringement therefore occurs in the process of using learning.
The object of the protection of the “intellectual content or creativity” is a right conferred by law on an individual or legal entity in respect of the product of his or her intellect, guaranteeing the exclusive right to control the exploration of the work. The protection of the intellectual content of the different aspects of an authors work helps to promote creativity and improves the economy in the long run.
Research articles disseminate the knowledge produced by the scientific community. Access to this literature is crucial for researchers and the general public. Apparently, “bibliogifts” are available online for free from text-sharing platforms. However, little is known about such platforms. What is the size of the underlying digital libraries? What are the topics covered? Where do these documents originally come from? This article reports on a study of the Library Genesis platform (LibGen). The 25 million documents (42 terabytes) it hosts and distributes for free are mostly research articles, textbooks, and books in English. The article collection stems from isolated, but massive, article uploads (71%) in line with a “biblioleaks” scenario, as well as from daily crowdsourcing (29%) by worldwide users of platforms such as Reddit Scholar and Sci-Hub. By relating the DOIs registered at CrossRef and those cached at LibGen, this study reveals that 36% of all DOI articles are available for free at LibGen. This figure is even higher (68%) for three major publishers: Elsevier, Springer, and Wiley. More research is needed to understand to what extent researchers and the general public have recourse to such text-sharing platforms and why.
The paper has made an attempt to study the activities and reasons for using Social Networking Sites (SNS) by the research scholars of North Eastern Hill University (NEHU). For that the study has covered two social networking sites namely Facebook and ResearchGate based on popularity and widely used by research scholars. a self administered questionnaire was distributed among the research scholars of NEHU. And the primary data gathered through questionnaire were analyzed and discussed in accordance with the objective of the study. Here it is found that most of the scholars from social science background use SNS from education and research point of view; on the contrary scholars from pure science think that SNS has no role on research and education. They use SNS just for entertainment. The paper concludes with some suggestions given by the respondents for making SNS better research tool.
Giant academic social networks have taken off to a degree that no one expected even a few years ago. A Nature survey explores why.
This research examined self-archiving practices by four disciplines in seven institutional repositories. By checking each individual item for its metadata and deposition status, the research found that a disciplinary culture is not obviously presented. Rather, self-archiving is regulated by a liaison system and a mandate policy.
This research evaluates the success of open access self-archiving in several well-known institutional repositories. Two assessment factors have been applied to examine the current practice of self-archiving: depositorship and the availability of full text. This research discovers that the rate of author self-archiving is low and that the majority of documents have been deposited by a librarian or administrative staff. Similarly, the rate of full-text availability is relatively low, except for Australian repositories. By identifying different practices of self-archiving, repository managers can create new strategies for the operation of their repositories and the development of archiving policies.
With support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the GSLIS Center for Informatics Research in Science and Scholarship at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign undertook a one-year pilot study to investigate advances in institutional repository (IR) development. The project was initiated by the Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC) and was designed to learn about successes and challenges experienced by university libraries that had made a substantial commitment to developing and sustaining an IR. Three sites with varying approaches to IR development were studied using the comparative case study method. The cases are highly illustrative of the kinds of progress, but also the tradeoffs, being made in active IR development, and the report provides a provisional baseline for determining realistic goals and promising approaches for IR development at similar institutions. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation not peer reviewed
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Emerging reputation mechanisms for scholars, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
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Posting your latest article? You might have to take it down
- J Howard
Howard, J. (2013). Posting your latest article? You might have to take it down, chronicles of higher
education. http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/posting-your-latest-article-you-might-haveto-take-it-down/48865. 6 December 2013.