Venturia species form sooty mold-like colonies on leaves of Salix: Introducing Venturia fuliginosa sp. nov

Abstract

Collection of ascomycetes in the Lesser Khingan Mountains of China led to the discovery of two species of Venturia on Salix, one of which is described and illustrated as a new species-V. fuliginosa in this paper. Venturia fuliginosa forms a sooty mold-like phenotype on the leaf surface of the host, and differs from known species of Venturia in having fusiform, subcylindrical, sometimes obpyriform and mostly aseptate conidia. Phylogenetic inference based on analysis of combined LSU and ITS sequence data, indicate that the new species is closely related to a strain named V. chlorospora (CBS 470.61) isolated from Salix daphnoides in 1958 in France. The second species, Venturia catenospora, is reported for the first time in China.

Full text

Submitted 2 December 2016, Accepted 27 December 2016, Published 28 December 2016
Corresponding Author: Ying Zhang – e-mail – yinghku@gmail.com 1292
Venturia species form sooty mold-like colonies on leaves of Salix:
introducing Venturia fuliginosa sp. nov.
M. Shen, J.Q. Zhang and Y. Zhang*
Institute of Microbiology, P.O. Box 61, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
* Corresponding author. e-mail: Ying Zhang: yinghku@gmail.com.
M. Shen, J.Q. Zhang, Y. Zhang 2016 – Venturia species form sooty mold-like colonies on leaves of
Salix: introducing Venturia fuliginosa sp. nov. Mycosphere 7 (9), 1292–1300, Doi
10.5943/mycosphere/7/9/4
Abstract
Collection of ascomycetes in the Lesser Khingan Mountains of China led to the discovery of
two species of Venturia on Salix, one of which is described and illustrated as a new species－V.
fuliginosa in this paper. Venturia fuliginosa forms a sooty mold-like phenotype on the leaf surface of
the host, and differs from known species of Venturia in having fusiform, subcylindrical, sometimes
obpyriform and mostly aseptate conidia. Phylogenetic inference based on analysis of combined LSU
and ITS sequence data, indicate that the new species is closely related to a strain named V.
chlorospora (CBS 470.61) isolated from Salix daphnoides in 1958 in France. The second species,
Venturia catenospora, is reported for the first time in China.
Key words – follicolous fungi – phytopathogen – sooty molds – taxonomy
Introduction
Venturia Sacc. (Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Wijayawardene et al. 2014) is a cosmopolitan
genus causing scab on leaves and fruits of woody plants, such as apple scab (V. inaequalis (Cooke)
G. Winter) and willow scab (V. saliciperda Nüesch), while some other species of Venturia are
saprobic on leaves (Nüesch 1960, Barr 1968). Several species of Venturia have been reported from
Salix species, for example, Venturia chlorospora (Ces.) P. Karst. on Salicis vitellince L., Venturia
saliciperda on Salix cordata Michx., Venturia austrogermanica Rehm on Salix reticulate L. and V.
subcutanea Dearn. on Salix reticulate L. (Rabenhorst 1859, Rehm 1906, Dearness 1917, Nüesch
1960). Nüesch (1960) summarized the Venturia species on willows in Europe and reported five
species including V. chlorospora, V. helvetica Nüesch, V. microspora Nüesch, V. saliciperda and V.
subcutanea. Barr (1968) reported V. minuta M.E. Barr from Salix spp. in northeastern and
northwestern North America, which was characterized by smaller ascospores. Sivanesan (1977)
studied the type specimens of V. chlorospora, V. helvetica, V. minuta, V. saliciperda and V.
subcutanea and transferred V. microspora to Niesslia as N. microspora (Speg.) Sivan. Fusicladium
is the asexual morph of Venturia (Schubert et al. 2003, Crous et al. 2007a, b, Zhang et al. 2011,
Rossman et al. 2015). In the monograph on Fusicladium sensu lato, four Fusicladium species had
been reported on Salix species, including Fusicladium catenosporum (Butin) Ritschel & U. Braun,
F. saliciperdum (Allesch. & Tubeuf) Lind, Fusicladium sp. 1 and Fusicladium sp. 2 (= Venturia
chlorospora) (Schubert et al. 2003). As asexual and sexual morphs of the same genus must have one
Mycosphere 7 (9): 1292–1300 (2016) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019
Article – special issue
Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/7/9/4
Copyright © Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences

1293
name, Rossman et al. (2015) recommended Venturia for protection over Fusicladium or Pollaccia,
as the names in Venturia are more widely known. We follow this here.
During a survey of ascomycetes in the Lesser Khingan Mountain area, in the northern part of
Heilongjiang Province in China, we collected two Venturia species on Salix. Based on morphological
and molecular phylogenetic inferences, we introduce one as Venturia fuliginosa sp. nov., while V.
catenospora is a new record for China.
Material & methods
Sample collection, specimen examination and fungal isolation
Samples were collected from leaves of Salix species in August 2014 in the Hailun Expressway
Service Area and Fenglin Nature Reserve of the Heilongjiang Province in China. They were first
dried with absorbent paper in a specimen press. For examination under an Olympus SZ 61 dissecting
microscope leaves were incubated in a moist chamber. Microscopic observations of conidiophores,
conidiogenous cells and conidia were carried out from material mounted in water. Photomicrographs
were taken on a Nikon Eclipse E600 microscope fitted with a Nikon Digital Sight DS FI1 camera
and processed with NIS-Elements F 3.2 software.
Single conidia were isolated on 2 % malt extract agar (MEA; Crous 2002, Gams et al. 2007).
Colonies were subcultured onto fresh MEA, potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 26–28 °C
under continuous near-ultraviolet light to promote sporulation. Fungal isolates and herbarium
specimens were deposited at the Beijing Forestry University (BJFU) and duplicates in the
Mycological Herbarium of the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HMAS).
DNA extraction and PCR amplification
DNA was extracted from mycelium grown on MEA plates with the CTAB plant genome DNA
fast extraction kit (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Beijing, China). The 28S nuc rDNA (LSU) was
amplified and sequenced with primers LR0R and LR5 (Vilgalys & Hester 1990), and the nuc rDNA
internal transcribed spacer (ITS) with primers ITS-1 and ITS-4 (White et al. 1990).
Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis
Sequences generated were analyzed with other sequences obtained from GenBank. A BLAST
query was performed to find possible sister groups of the newly sequenced taxon, and only closely
related sister groups are included in the phylogenetic analysis (Table 1). A multiple alignment was
conducted in MEGA 5 (Tamura et al. 2011) and analyses were performed in PAUP V. 4.0b10
(Swofford 2002) and MrBayes v. 3.1.2 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003). Prior to phylogenetic
analysis, ambiguous sequences at the start and the end were deleted and gaps were manually adjusted
to optimize alignment. A combined LSU and ITS dataset was analysed. Maximum parsimony
analyses were conducted using heuristic searches as implemented in PAUP, with the default options
method. Analyses were done under different parameters of maximum parsimony criteria as outlined
in Zhang et al. (2008). Clade stability was assessed in a bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates,
random sequence additions with maxtrees set to 1000 and other default parameters as implemented
in PAUP. For the MrBayes analysis, the best-fit model of nucleotide evolution (GTR+I+G) was
selected by Akaike information criterion (AIC; Posada & Buckley 2004) in MrModeltest 2.3. The
metropolis-coupled Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMCMC) approach was used to calculate
posterior probabilities. A preliminary Bayesian inference (BI) analysis using MrBayes software
revealed that the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) showed constant average standard deviation
of split frequencies below 0.01 after less than 1,266,000 generations. A conservative burn-in of
12,600 dendrograms was chosen and a full analysis of 5,000,000 generations was carried out with
sampling every 100 generations. Trees were viewed in TREEVIEW (Page 1996). The nucleotide
sequences reported in this paper were deposited in GenBank. Trees and alignments were deposited
in TreeBase with study ID S20293.

1294
Fig. 1 Maximum parsimony tree generated from sequence analysis of the combined ITS and LSU
sequence dataset. The outgroup taxon is Fusicladium africanum (CPC 12829). Maximum parsimony
bootstrap support values above 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities support above 80% are
given above or under the branches (MP/PP). Ex-type sequences are printed in bold face and new
sequences in red bold face.
Table 1. Species and sequences database accession numbers used in this study (newly generated
sequences are indicated in bold).
Species
Source of
sequences
GenBank accession no.
28S rDNA
ITS
Fusicladium africanum
CPC 12829
EU035424
EU035424
Protoventuria major
CBS 114594
JQ036233
Venturia atriseda
CBS 371.55
EU035448
EU035448
Venturia catenospora
BJFCC140822-1
KU220966
KU220964
Venturia catenospora
CBS 447.91
EU035427
EU035427
Venturia chinensis
CGMCC 3.17685
KP689595
KP689596
Venturia chlorospora
CBS 466.61
EU035453
EU035453
Venturia ditricha
CBS 118894
EU035456
EU035456
Venturia chlorospora
CBS 470.61
EU035454
EU035454
Venturia fuliginosa
BJFCC140827-14
KU220967
KU220965
Venturia helvetica
CBS 474.61
EU035458
EU035458
Venturia inaequalis
CBS 309.31
EU035437
EU035437
Venturia lonicerae
CBS 445.54
EU035461
EU035461
Venturia minuta
CBS 478.61
EU035464
EU035464
Venturia peltigericola
CBS 128206
HQ599579
HQ599579
Venturia polygoni-vivipari
CBS 114207
EU035466
EU035466
Venturia tremulae
CBS 112625
EU035438
EU035438
Venturia tremulae var. tremulae
CBS 257.38
EU035475
EU035475
Venturia viennotii
CBS 690.85
EU035476
EU035476
10
V. minuta CBS 478.61
V. helvetica CBS 474.61
V. chlorospora CBS 466.61
V. chinensis CGMCC 3.17685
V. catenospora BJFCC140822-1
V. catenospora CBS 447.91
V. polygonivivipari CBS 114207
V. lonicerae CBS 445.54
V. atriseda CBS 371.55
V. ditricha CBS 118894
V. tremulae var.tremulae CBS 257.38
V. peltigericola CBS 128206
V. tremulae CBS 112625
V. inaequalis CBS 309.31
V. fuliginosa BJFCC140827-14
V. chlorospora CBS 470.61
V.viennotii CBS 690.85
Protoventuria major CBS 114594
Fusicladium africanum CPC 12829
Sympoventuriaceae
Outgroup
100/1.00
51/*
*/*
*/*
*/*
*/*
*/*
*/*
55/*
Venturiaceae
97/0.98
78/0.92
79/0.84
70/0.91

1295
Results
Taxonomy
Venturia catenospora (Butin) Rossman & Crous, in Rossman et al., IMA Fungus 6: 520 2015.
Facesoffungi number: FoF 02755, Fig. 2
Leaf spots occurring on both sides of the leaves, scattered, subcircular or irregular, 4–15 mm
wide, dark olivaceous-brown, margin dark brown to blackish, often causing distortions at the leaf
margin, leaves deformed. Colonies occurring on both sides of the leaves, dense, oblong or circular,
dark olivaceous-brown, sometimes confluent. Mycelium immersed, subcuticular, forming colourless,
circular hyphal plates. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells determinate or
rarely percurrent, 11–23×5–8 μm, 0–1-septate, medium olivaceous-brown, with up to two
annellations, loci truncate or slightly convex, (2–)3–4(–5) μm wide, not to slightly thickened, not
darkened. Conidia 13–27.5×5–8 μm, catenate, in unbranched or rarely branched chains, ellipsoid,
limoniform or fusiform, straight to sometimes slightly curved, 0–1(–2)-septate, pale to olivaceous-
brown, smooth-walled, wall somewhat thickened, truncate at the apex and base, hila 2–3.5 μm wide,
unthickened to occasionally very slightly thickened, slightly darkened.
Cultural characteristics — Colonies 43 mm after 1 month at 25 °C in the dark, erumpent,
spreading, with abundant aerial mycelium and feathery to smooth margins; surface grey-olivaceous,
reverse dark olivaceous.
Known distribution — China, Germany, Latvia.
Specimen examined — CHINA, Heilongjiang Province, Hailun City, Hailun Expressway
Service Area, 47°28′N, 126°53′E, ca. 219 m asl, on leaves of Salix sp. (Salicaceae), 22 August 2014,
leg. Y. Zhang & Y.P. Zhou, HMAS 247006 (living culture, BJFCC140822-1).
Notes: Pollaccia catenospora Butin was described by Butin (1992, type strain: CBS 447.91)
from Europe, and subsequently transferred to Venturia (as V. catenospora) by Rossman et al. (2015).
Butin (1992) and Ritschel (2001) described the conidiogenous cells of V. catenospora as having
annellations. Two conidiogenous loci without annellations, however, were observed in this study,
which agrees with the description by Schubert et al. (2003). The type strain (CBS 447.91) and the
strain isolated in this study of V. catenospora form a conspecific clade on the dendrogram (Fig. 1,
with ITS similarity of 98.7% and LSU similarity of 99.6%), which possibly means annellations or
conidiogenous loci has little significance at species level classification.
Venturia fuliginosa Y. Zhang ter & J.Q. Zhang, sp. nov.
MycoBank 815331; Facesoffungi number: FoF 02756, Figs 3–4
Holotype – HMAS 247007.
Etymology – In reference to the “sooty” mold-like colonies formed on host leaves.
Pathogen on living leaves and petioles, forming sooty mold-like diffuse and flattened
colonies. Mycelium superficial, spreading, dense, brown; hyphae septate, unbranched or rarely
branched, with oblong to cylindrical cells. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Hyphomycetous. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells branched or
unbranched, 2–3 μm wide, septate, medium brown, roughened, with somewhat thickened walls.
Conidia 9–17 × 4.5–7 μm, solitary, ellipsoid to cylindrical, straight, sometimes slightly curved, 0–2-
septae, pale to medium brown, somewhat roughened, with slightly thickened walls, obconically
truncate at the base, hila truncate, 2–3.5 μm wide, slightly thickened, not darkened.
Cultural characteristics — Colonies 14 mm after 1 month at 25 °C in the dark on MEA,
erumpent, spreading, with abundant aerial mycelium and feathery to smooth margins, surface grey-
olivaceous, reverse dark olivaceous. On MEA, hyphae smooth, pale greenish, yellow or medium
brown, branched, 2–5 μm wide, with typically darkened septa, frequently forming coils.
Conidiophores laterally arising from hyphae or reduced to conidiogenous cells, erect, straight to
somewhat flexuous, sometimes geniculate, branched or unbranched, 3–7 μm wide, septate or
aseptate, pale brown or medium brown, smooth, walls somewhat thickened, sometimes only as short

1296
lateral conical prolongation of hyphae, occasionally irregular in shape. Conidiogenous cells
integrated, terminal, sometimes geniculate, 6–30 × 3–7 μm, with sympodial proliferation; loci 1–3
denticle-like, broadly truncate, 2–2.5 μm wide, unthickened, somewhat refractive or darkened.
Conidia 14–23 × 4–7 μm, catenate, formed in unbranched or loosely branched chains, straight to
sometimes curved, sometimes irregularly swollen, fusiform, subcylindrical, sometimes obpyriform,
0–1(–2)-septate, pale brown, smooth, with slightly thickened walls, slightly attenuated towards apex
and base; hila broadly truncate, 1–2(–3) μm wide, unthickened or only slightly thickened, somewhat
darkened-refractive; conidia often germinating when arranged in chains.
Fig. 2 Venturia catenospora (A–I from herbarium specimen HMAS 247006, J–L from BJFCC140822–1). A, B Leaves
infected by V. catenospora. C, E–G, K, L Conidiogenous cells and conidia. D Germinating conidia. H, I Conidial chains.
J. Colony growing on MEA. Scale bars: C–L = 10 μm.

1297
Fig. 3 Venturia fuliginosa (HMAS 247007, holotype herbarium). A–C Sooty mold-like colonies on the host. D, E Conidial
chains. F–I Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells. J–M Conidia. N Germinating conidia. Scale bars: C–N = 10 μm.
Holotype – CHINA. Heilongjiang Province, Yichun City, Fenglin Nature Reserve, 48°07′N,
129°11′E, ca. 423 m asl, on leaves of Salix capitata (Salix sect. Subalbae Koidzumi), 27 August 2014,
leg. Y. Zhang & Y.P. Zhou, HMAS 247007 (ex-type strain, BJFCC140827–14).
Notes: Numerous globes fruiting bodies were produced on the surface of the sooty mold-like
colonies after the dried specimen kept for 6 months, while no sexual structures (i.e. asci) were
observed inside. Thus no sexual stage was determined for this species yet.

1298
Fig. 4 Venturia fuliginosa (BJFCC140827–14, ex-type strain). A, B Colony growing on MEA. C, D Conidial chains and
septate hyphae. E–J Conidiogenous cells and conidial chains. Scale bars: C, D = 20 μm; E–J = 10 μm.
Only the asexual morphs of Venturia fuliginosa was observed in this study. Venturia fuliginosa
forms a robust clade with CBS 470.61 (Fig. 1, with ITS similarity of 99% and 28S similarity of
100%). Both CBS 466.61 and CBS 470.61 were collected and named as V. chlorospora by Nüesch
from Switzerland and France on Salix spp respectively, while they were distinct in molecular
phylogeny (Fig. 1, with ITS similarity of 97% and 28S similarity of 99%). The asexual morph of V.
chlorospora formed in culture, and was described by Nüesch (1960) as conidia produced in
unbranched chains (Sivanesan 1977: 55), which differs from the unbranched or loosely branched
chains of V. fuliginosa. In addition, the sooty mould-like asexual colonies of V. fuliginosa on the host
surface, differs from other reported species of Venturia (or Fusicladium). CBS 470.61 proved to be

1299
sterile in culture, and did not produce a Fusicladium morph to enable comparison with the Chinese
strain. In particular, ITS sequence data has proven insufficient to distinguish species of Venturia
(Zhang et al. 2016).
Discussion
Colonies of Venturia fuliginosa form a sooty mold-like layer on leaf surface of Salix capitata,
and have superficial, densely spreading mycelium, causing a diffuse, flattened, plumose subicula
with sooty mould-like appearance. Seven fungal families, viz. Antennulariellaceae, Capnodiaceae,
Chaetothyriaceae, Coccodiniaceae, Euantennariaceae, Metacapnodiaceae and Trichomeriaceae have
been reported as forming sooty molds on host leaves (Chomnunti et al. 2011, 2014). This is the first
report of sooty mold-like colonies caused by a venturiacous taxon.
Venturia chlorospora (CBS 466.61), V. helvetica and V. minuta were phylogenetically
indistinguishable in this study (Fig. 1, with similarities of ITS and LSU being 100%). All the isolates
of these three species used here were collected from Salix species in Swiserland by Nüesch, while
their conspecific status needed to be confirmed by further study. The ex-type isolate of V. catenospora
(CBS 447.91) was used here, which was obtained from willow (Salix triandra) in Germany (Butin
1992). Morphologically, our new collection of V. catenospora (HMAS 247006) is similar with the
original description of V. catenospora (Butin 1992), and the LSU and ITS sequence comparisons
support their conspecific status (see comments above). Venturia catenospora is reported for the first
time in China.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by National Science and Technology Foundation Project
(2014FY210400), National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program, 31370063) and
NSFC Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges (31461143028). Prof. Dr. Pedro W.
Crous was acknowledged for his incubating and checking the asexual morph of CBS 470.61 as well
as improving this manuscript.
References
Barr ME 1968 – The Venturiaceae in North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 46, 799–864.
Butin H 1992 – Pollaccia catenospora sp. nov. associated with leaf spots of willow. Mycological
Research 96, 658–660.
Chomnunti P, Hongsanan S, Aguirre-Hudson B, Tian Q et al. 2014 – The sooty moulds. Fungal
Diversity 66, 1–36.
Chomnunti P, Schoch CL, Aguirre-Hudson B, Ko Ko TW et al. 2011 – Capnodiaceae. Fungal
Diversity 51, 103–134.
Crous PW 2002 – Taxonomy and pathology of Cylindrocladium (Calonectria) and allied genera. APS
Press, Minnesota, St. Paul, USA.
Crous PW, Mohammed C, Glen M, Verkley GJM, Groenewald JZ 2007a – Eucalyptus microfungi
known from culture. 3. Eucasphaeria and Sympoventuria genera nova, and new species of
Furcaspora, Harknessia, Heteroconium and Phacidiella. Fungal Diversity 25, 19–36.
Crous PW, Schubert K, Braun U, de Hoog GS et al. 2007b – Opportunistic, human-pathogenic
species in the Herpotrichiellaceae are phenotypically similar to saprobic or phytopathogenic
species in the Venturiaceae. Studies in Mycology 58, 185–217.
Dearness J 1917 – New or noteworthy North American fungi. Mycologia 9, 345–364.
Gams W, Verkley GJM, Crous PW 2007 – CBS Course of Mycology, 5th ed. Centraalbureau voor
Schimmelcultures, Utrecht.
Nüesch J 1960 – Beitrag zur Kenntnis der weidenbewohnenden Venturiaceae. Phytopathologische
Zeitschrift 39, 329–360.
Posada D, Buckley TR 2004 – Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of
Akaike information criterion and Bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Systematic

1300
Biology 53, 793–808.
Rabenhorst 1859 – Fungi Europaei Exsiccati, ed. nov., ser. 2, no. 48.
Rehm H 1906 – Beiträge zur Ascomyceten Flora der deutschen Alpen und Voralpen. Österreichische
Botanische Zeitschrift 56, 291–348.
Ritschel A 2001 – Taxonomische Revision der Gattungen Pollaccia und Spilocaea (Hyphomycetes,
Venturia-Anamorphen), Diplom-Arbeit, Martin-Luther-Universität. Halle, 1–88.
Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP 2003 – MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed
models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572–1574.
Rossman AY, Crous PW, Hyde KD, Hawksworth DL et al. 2015 – Recommended names for
pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes. IMA Fungus 6, 507–523.
Schubert K, Ritschel A, Braun U 2003 – A monograph of Fusicladium s. lat. (Hyphomycetes).
Schlechtendalia 9, 1–132.
Sivanesan A 1977 – The taxonomy and pathology of Venturia species. J. Cramer, Vaduz,
Liechtenstein. pp. 138 .
Swofford DL 2002 – PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods). Version
4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G et al. 2011 – MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics
analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony
methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28, 2731–2739.
Vilgalys R, Hester M 1990 – Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified
ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172, 4238– 4246.
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J 1990 – Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal
RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds), PCR
Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322.
Wijayawardene NN, Crous PW, Kirk PM, Hawksworth DL et al. 2014 – Naming and outline of
Dothideomycetes–2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic
names. Fungal Diversity 69, 1–55.
Zhang JQ, Dou ZP, Zhou YP, He W et al. 2016 – Venturia chinensis sp. nov., a new venturialean
ascomycete from Khingan Mountains. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 23, 592–597.
Zhang Y, Crous P, Schoch C, Bahkali A et al. 2011 – A molecular, morphological and ecological re-
appraisal of Venturiales―a new order of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Diversity 51, 249–277.
Zhang Y, Jeewon R, Fournier J, Hyde KD 2008 – Multi-gene phylogeny and morphotaxonomy of
Amniculicola lignicola: a novel freshwater fungus from France and its relationships to the
Pleosporales. Mycological Research 112, 1186–1194.