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Studio bot. hung. 26, pp. 7-14, 1995
RED
LIST
OF
MACROFUNGI
OF
HUNGARY
(REVISED
EDITION)
IRÉN
SILLER1 and
GIZELLA
VASAS2
1
Department
of
Botany, University of Veterinary Sciences
H-1400
Budapest, Pf. 2, Hungary
2
Department
of
Botany, Hungarian Natural History Museum
H-1476
Budapest, Pf. 222, Hungary
Several
species
of various
living
organisms
are
under
protection in Hungary, but
fungi,
although,
unfavourable anthropogenic influences do not avoid them either. Lists of protected
fungi
are
usually given by the Red Data Books published recently in
several
European countries. The main
goal of this
paper
is the presentation of a
list
of
endangered
macrofungi in Hungary. The
list
re-
flects our
present
knowledge
about
the
species
recquire urgent potection and
about
the
categories
into
which they
have
to be classified for the
sake
of their
successful
protection.
Key
words: macrofungi, protection, Red Data
List
INTRODUCTION
Increasing anthropogenic influences affect harmfully natural
ecosystems,
and a growing number of
species
becomes
endangered.
Thus, for
about
two de-
cades,
all over the
world
so-called Red Data Books and Red Data Lists
have
been
compiled,
which specify taxa
threatened
by extinction and outline the feasibilities
of
their protection.
Fungi
have
been
simply omitted by the
nature
conservation
measures
and
red
data
lists for a long time
(RAKONCZAY
1990). In Europe the supplementation
of
this insufficiency
began
in the eighties and macrofungi were
also
registered in
some
red lists
(WINTERHOFF
and KRIEGLSTEINER 1984, RASSI and
VÄISÄNEN
1987,
WÖLDECKE
1987,
SCHMID
1990,
BEDIKSEN
and
HOILAND
1992). In the
last
years
some
works were
also
published
about
the possibilities of the protec-
tion
of macrofungi in Hungary (BABOS 1989,
RlMÓCZl
1992a, 1992b,
SILLER
and VASAS 1993, 1995). In his article
RlMÓCZl
(1992Z?) examined the
present
situation in the country and set the most important duties to be
done.
The aim of
the
present
work is to complete the red
data
list
of macrofungi, which can be im-
mediately submitted to the officials who are authorized to
take
the
necessary
legislative
measures.
The proposed
list
was compiled by the contribution of
several
Hungarian
mycologists (Albert L.,
Babos
M., Bohus G., Bratek Z.,
Locsmándi
Cs.,
Rimóczi
I.,
Siller I. and
Vasas
G.), who determined the
endangered
categories
considering
the Hungarian conditions,
discussed
the possible
causes
of threatening as
well
as
the standardized
aspects
necessary
for the selection of
species
for protection. The
above-mentioned mycologists feel it
necessary
to carry out direct
research
for
conservation
purposes,
e.g. evaluation of
mycologically
less
investigated
areas
as
well
as distribution
studies
of
endangered
species.
The
list
published
hereafter
represents
the
first
stage
of an attempt to
rescue
of
endangered
macrofungi in Hungary. The
list
reflects our
present
knowledge
about the
species
should be protected most urgently and about the
categories
into
which
they can be classified to promote their successful protection.
Latin
names
of
macrofungi were taken
from
the works of DENNIS (1978), MOSER (1983) and
JÜLICH
(1984).
RECOMMENDED
RED
DATA
LIST
OF
MACROFUNGI
IN
HUNGARY
1.
Vanished
species.
Species
belonging to this category are
represented
by a
single former known
occurrence
only. At
present
they can not be found, or their
habitat has
been
changed
or destroyed.
Agaricus
lutosus (F. H.
M0ller)
F. H.
M0ller
Clitopilus
hobsonii (Berk, et Broome) P. D. Orton
Clitopilus
scyphoides (Fr.) Singer f. scyphoides Noordel.
Coprinus
micaceus
(Bull.
: Fr.) Fr. var. mammosiis
Babos
Coprinus
spilosporus Romagn.
Coprinus
tigrinellus Boud.
Gymnopilus
spectabilis (Fr.) Singer vm.junonia (Fr.) J. E. Lange
Gymnopilus
stabilis (Weinm.)
Kühner
et Romagn.
Hemimycena cucullata
(Pers.
: Fr.) Singer
Hemimycena delicatella (Peck) Singer
Hohenbuehelia mastrucata (Fr.) Singer
Hygrotramafoetens
(Phill.
: Berk, et Broome) Singer
Omphalina smaragdina (Berk.)
Malençon
et Berth.
(syn.
O. chlorocyanea (Pat.) Singer)
Panaeolus
cyanescens Berk, et Broome
Panaeolus
guttulatus Bres.
Pholiotina
cyanopus (G. F.
Atk.)
Singer
Psathyrelia
abortiva A. H. Sm.
P
sathy
relia
albidula (Romagn.) Moser
Tephrocybe
mephitica (Fr.) Moser
2.
Species
endangered
by extinction, vulnerable and
rare
species.
These
three
categories
- generally
accepted
in the international literature -
were
fused
because
of the insufficiency of the
data
available. Almost extinct and very
rare
macrofungi
living
in extremely
endangered
biotopes
belong to the
first
group;
macrofungi
living
in seriously
endangered
biotopes
as
well
as declining and in
some
areas
already
extinct
species
fall
into the
second
group; at
present
still
not
rare,
however, in
some
areas
sporadic
macrofungi, and generally
those
living
in
endangered
biotopes
or having very special ecological
demands
belong to the
third
group.
These
three,
fused
groups
are
recommended
for protection. The
species
are as follows:
AGARICALES
Agaricus
bernardiiformis
Bohus
Agaricus
macrosporoides
Bohus
Amanita caesarea (Scop. : Fr.)
Pers.
: Schw.
Amanita beckeri Huijsman
Amanita ovo idea
(Bull.
: Fr.) Quel.
Amanita regalis (Fr.) Michael
Amanita solitaria
(Bull.)
Mérat
Boletus
dupainii Boud.
Boletus
fechtneri
Vel.
Boletus
regius Krombh.
Boletus
rhodopurpureus Smotl.
Boletus
rhodoxanthus (Krombh.) Kallenb.
Boletus
torosus Fr.
Camarophyllus lacmus Fr.
Chalciporus
rubinus (W. G. Smith)
Singer
Gomphidius roseus (L.) Fr.
Hebeloma
ammophilum
Bohus
Hebeloma ochroalbidum
Bohus
Hygrocybe
cantharellus (Schwein.)
Murrill
Hygrocybe
laeta
(Pers.
: Fr.) P. Karst.
Hygrocybe
marchii Bres.
Inocybe dunensis P. D. Orton
Jnocybe
halophila R. Heim
Inocybe javorkae
Babos
et Stangl
Lactarius
flexuosus Fr.
Lactarius
lilacinus (Lasch) Fr.
Lactarius
mammosus
Fr.
Lactarius
sphagneti (Fr.) Neuhoff
Leccinum holopus (Rostk.)
Watl.
Leccinum variicolor
Watl.
Leucoagaricus carneifolius
(Gillet)
Wasser
Limacella
ochraceolutea P. D. Orton
Oudemansiella nigra Dörfelt
Phyllotopsis nidulans
(Pers.
: Fr.)
Singer
Pleurotus eryngii (DC. : Fr.) Quel. vox. ferulae Lanzi
Pulveroboletus cramesinus
(Seer.)
Singer
Rhodotus
palmatus
(Bull.
: Fr.) Maire
Russula rhodopoda Zv.
Russula rubra Krombh.
Russula seperina Dup.
Russula torulosa
Bres.
Russula viscida Kudr.
Squamanita
schreieri Imbach
Suillus
aeruginascens
(Seer.)
Snell
Suillus
piacidus (Bon.)
Singer
Tricholoma
atrosquamosum
(Chev.)
Sacc.
Tricholoma
aurantium
(Schaeff.
: Fr.) Ricken
Tricholoma bresadolianum Clémençon
Tricholoma focale (Fr.) Ricken
Tricholoma
goniospermum
Bres.
Tricholoma orirubens Quel.
Tricholoma pardinum Quel.
Tricholoma sulphurescens
Bres.
Volvariella
bombycina
(Pers.
: Fr.)
Singer
Volvariella
surrecta (Knapp)
Singer
Xerocomus parasiticus
(Bull.
: Fr.) Quel.
GASTEROMYCETES
Anthurus archerii (Berk.) E.
Fischer
Geastrum
badium
Pers.
Geastrum hungaricum Hollos
Geastrum pseudostriatum Hollos
Geastrum
melanocephalum
(Czernajev)
Stanek
Hymenogaster cerebellum
Cavara
Montagnea arenaria (DC.) Zeller (syn. M. radiosa
(Pallas)
P. Henn.)
Myriostoma coliforme (Dicks.
:
Pers.)
Corda
Phellorinia
herculeana
(Pallas
:
Pers.)
Kreisel (syn. Ph. inquinans Berk.)
Pisolithus
arhizus
(Pers.)
Rauschert
(syn. P. tinctoria
(Pers.)
Desv.)
Tulostoma
volvatum
Borscow
ASCOMYCETES
Elaphomyces maculatus
Vitt.
Elaphomyces virgatosporus Hollos
APHYLLOPHORALES
Albatrellus cristatus
(Schaeff.
: Fr.)
Kotl.
et
Pouzar
Albatrelluspes-caprae
(Pers.
: Fr.)
Pouzar
Gomphus clavatus
(Pers.
: Fr.) S. F. Gray
Hydnum repandum L. : Fr.
Hydnum rufescens Fr.
Polyporus
rhizophilus Pat.
Sarcodonfuligineo-violaceus (Kalchbr. in Fr.) Pat.
Sarcodon imbricatus (L. : Fr.) P. Karst.
Sarcodon scabrosus (Fr.) P. Karst.
3.
Care-demanding
species.
Macrofungi, which
became
endangered
be-
cause
of the
mass
gathering and selling as
well
as
those
species,
which are
still
not
rare,
but are
decaying
mycorrhizal
companions
of forest
trees
or important
representatives
of the
characteristic
mycoflora of Hungary, are listed in this
group.
AGARICALES
Agaricus
bernardii (Quel.)
Sacc.
Agaricus
bohusii Bon
Agaricus
maskae
Pilât
Amanita vittadinii
(Mor.)
Vittad.
Armillaria
rickenii
Bohus
Boletinus cavipes (Opat.) Kalchbr.
Boletus appendiculatus
Schaeff.
: Fr.
Clitocybe
alexandri
(Gillet)
Konrad
Clitocybe
maxima
(Fl. Wert. : Fr.) P. Kumm.
Cortinarius
moserianus
Bohus
Cortinariusparacephalixus
Bohus
Cortinarius
parfumatus
Bohus
Studio
bot. hung. 26, 1995
Cortinariuspraestans
(Cord.) Gillet
Cortinarius
xanthophyllus Cooke
Gyrodon
lividus
(Bull.
: Fr.)
Sacc.
Hygrocybe
conicoides (P. D. Orton) Ort. et
Watl.
Hygrophorus
russula
(Schaeff.
: Fr.) Quel.
inocybe aeruginascens
Babos
Lactarius
volemus Fr.
Leucoagaricus
arenicola (Menier) Bon et Boiffard
Leucoagaricus
subvolvatus
(Malençon
et Bert.) Bon
Leucoagaricus
wychanskyi (Pilât)
Singer
Leucopaxillus
cutefractus Noordel.
Leucopaxillus
giganteus (Fr.)
Singer
Leucopaxillus
lepistoides (Maire)
Singer
Leucopaxillus
macrocephalus (Schulzer)
Bohus
Leucopaxillus
rhodoleucus (Romell) Kühner
Limacella
guttata (Fr.) Konrad et Maubl.
Pleurotus
calyptratus (Lindblad in Fr.)
Sacc.
Pleurotus
dryinus
(Pers.
: Fr.) P. Kumm.
Psathyrella
ammophila (Dur. et
Lév.)
P. D. Orton
P
sathy
relia
calcarea (Romagn.) Moser
Psathyrella
subatrata (Batsch : Fr.) Gillet
Russula
aurata
(With.)
Fr.
Russula
paludosa Britzelm.
Russula
sardonia Fr.
emend.
Romell
Strobilomycesfloccopus (Vahl in
Fl.
Dan.
:
Fr.) P. Karst.
GASTEROMYCETES
Battarraeaphalloides (Dicks.)
:
Pers.
Battarraea
stevenii (Liboschitz) Fr.
Endoptychum agaricoides
Czernajev
Geastrum fornicatum (Huds. :
Pers.)
Hooker
Geastrum sessile (Sow.)
Pouzar
Geastrum triplex
Jungh.
Geastrum vulgatum
Vittad.
Mycenastrum corium
(Guersent
: DC.) Desv.
Tulostoma brumale
Pers.
:
Pers.
Tulostomafimbriatum Fr.
Tulostoma kotlabae
Pouzar
Tulostoma melanocydum Bres. in Petri
Tulostoma
squamosum
Gmel. :
Pers.
Studia
bot. hung. 26, 1995
APHYLLOPHORALES
Polyporus
tuberaster
(Pers.)
: Fr.
ASCOMYCETES
Tuber
aestivum
Vittad.
To
promote the protection of macrofungi in Hungary introduction of the
following
measures
is recommended:
-
endangered
macrofungi in the national parks,
nature
reserves,
as
well
as
landscape
protection
areas
should be in practice protected (gathering of the
mushrooms in
these
areas
must be prohibited
with
the exception of
salable
species).
-
macrofungi, recommended for protection, should not be permitted to sell.
-
care-demanding macrofungi should be
gathered
only moderately.
REFERENCES
BABOS,
M. (1989):
Magyarország kalaposgombáinak
(Agaricales s.l.)
jegyzéke.
I.
(The Agaricales
s. 1.
taxa
of Hungary.
\.)-Mikol.
Közlem.,
Clusiana 1989(1-3):
3-233.
BEDIKSEN,
E. and
HOLLAND,
K. (1992): Red
list
of
threatened
macromycetes
in Norway. -
Direc-
torate
for
Nature Management, Report
6:
31-42.
DENNIS,
R. W. G. (1978):
British
Ascomycetes. - J.
Cramer
Verlag, Vaduz.
JÜLICH,
W. (1984): Die
Nichtblätterpilze,
Gallertpilze und Bauchpilze. Kleine Kryptogamenflora,
Band
II b/1. - G.
Fischer
Verlag, Stuttgart, New
York.
MOSER,
M. (1983): Die
Röhrlinge
und
Blätterpilze.
Kleine Kryptogamenflora Band II b/2. - VEB
G.
Fischer
Verlag,
Jena.
RASSI,
P. and
VÄISÄNEN,
R. (1987): Threatened animals and plants in Finland. - English summary
of
the report of the Committee for the Conservation of
Threatened
Animals and
Plants
in
Finland.
RAKONCZAY,
Z.
(ed.) (1990):
Vörös
Könyv.
A
Magyarországon
kipusztult és
veszélyeztetett
növény-
és
állatfajok. [The Hungarian Red Data Book. Extinct and
threatened
plant and animal
species
in Hungary.] -
Akadémiai
Kiadó,
Budapest,
360 pp.
RlMÓCZl,
I.
(1992«):
Gombaválogató.
[An illustrated guide to
selected
mushrooms.] -
Szépia
Kiadó,
Budapest.
RlMÓCZl, I.
(1992b): Adatok a
magyarországi nagygombák vöröskönyvének összeállításához.
[Con-
tributions to the compilation of the red
list
of the Hungarian macrofungi.] - A KÉE
Kiadvá-
nyai.
A Lippay
János tudományos ülésszak előadásai
és poszterei.
Környezettudomány,
pp.
244-247.
SCHMID,
H. (1990):
Rote
Liste
gefährdeter Großpilze
Bayerns. - Beitr. zum Artenschutz
14/106:
1-138.
SILLER,
I. and
VASAS,
G. (1993):
Védelemre
javasolt
magyarországi nagygombák. (List
of the
mushrooms recommended for protection in Hungary.) -
Mikol. Közlem., Clusiana
32(1-2):
75-80.
SILLER, I.
and
VASAS,
G. (1995):
List
of the mushrooms recommended for protection in Hungary. -
Acta
bot. hung. 38(1-4): 309-314. (1993-1994).
WINTERHOFF,
W.
and
KRIEGLSTEINER,
G. J. (1984):
Gefährdete
Pilze in
Baden-Württemberg.
(Rote
Liste
der
gefährdeten Großpilze
in
Baden-Württemberg.)
-
Beih.
Veröff. Naturschutz Land-
schaftspflege
Baden-Württemberg
40:
1-120.
WöLDECKE,
K.
(1987): Rote Liste der in Niedersachsen und Bremen
gefährdeten Großpilze.
- In-
formationsdienst Naturschutz Niedersachs. 3/87: 1-28.
(Received on 15 December, 1994)